What is local fluoridation. Is Deep Teeth Fluoridation Harmful? At what age is fluoridation allowed?

Everyone strives to become the owner of a beautiful smile. But today without dental care, it becomes more and more difficult. Carbohydrates predominate in the diet of a modern person, mostly soft food is consumed, plus poor ecology and a lack of vitamins and minerals. All this leads to the destruction of enamel and the formation of caries, which does not decorate the smile. Teeth fluoridation can prevent such problems. Consider the features of such a procedure.

What is fluoridation?

During fluoridation, hard dental tissues are saturated with fluorine compounds. The procedure is characterized by the application of special agents to the tooth enamel. This method of protecting teeth from caries is very effective and is used both for children's teeth and for adult patients.

This technique is very popular among both patients and dentists.

Consider the main advantages of using fluorine-containing products:

• enamel increases its resistance to acids and the action of pathogenic bacteria;
• restored teeth last longer;
• there is a decrease in hypersensitivity;
• the risk of occurrence is significantly reduced;
• enamel matures faster in children.

Types of fluoridation

The procedure for saturation of dental organs with fluorine-containing substances can be divided into the following types:

1. Simple fluoridation is a painless procedure that can be done in several ways, which makes it more popular among other types. In order to strengthen tooth enamel, a special spoon is used, filled with a fluorine-containing preparation, which is used for 15 minutes. For best results, this procedure is carried out 15 times. A special varnish applied with a brush can also be used. With this procedure, 3-4 repetitions are sufficient, while calcium fluoride is not deposited on the enamel.
2. The mineralization procedure is also fluorination. It is carried out by coating the previously cleaned surface of the teeth with fluorine varnish and drying with a special lamp. Repeat this method at least four times so that the effect is at the highest level.
3. used when you need to significantly enrich your teeth with fluoride. To do this, take preparations with enamel-sealing abilities. Before the procedure, the teeth must be cleaned in dentistry. The surface of the teeth is dried, and a special preparation is applied to them with a cotton swab. Then dry again and fix. At the same time, the teeth are not only enriched, but also their structure is strengthened.
4. Children's fluoridation is done depending on the desired effect. It can be simple or deep. This strengthens the enamel, and minimizes the risk of caries. But, in addition to this procedure, it is also important for the child to resort to other preventive measures in dentistry and at home.

Indications

Fluoride-containing products are very useful for teeth, as they are able to strengthen and restore enamel.

1. As a preventive measure in order to reduce the likelihood of cavities. This is especially true for residents of regions with a low content of fluorine in water.
2. With multiple caries.
3. After removal.
4. At the last stage of the restoration of the dental organ.
5. In order to relieve hypersensitivity.
6. After the teeth whitening procedure.

Cases of using fluoridation for milk teeth are not uncommon. With weak dental tissue, it is possible to use endogenous or exogenous prophylaxis. As a result of fluoridation courses in children, the enamel becomes stronger, but is able to disappear.

Contraindications

Fluoridation is contraindicated in the following situations:

• if the patient has allergic reactions to the components in the drugs used or fluorosis (fluorine intolerance);
• in the presence of endemic mottling of teeth;
• if the patient lives in a region where there is an increased content of fluoride in the water;
• with diabetes.

Advantages and disadvantages

The positive aspects of fluoridation are as follows:

• reduces sensitivity;
• reduces the risk of caries;
• the procedure is painless;
• prevents the growth of harmful bacteria;
• can be used for children;
• strengthens and heals enamel.

Negative sides:

• if this method is abused, there is a risk of bone tissue damage;
• reduces the ability of the body to absorb sugar.

Why does enamel break down?

Consider the main reasons for the destruction of tooth enamel:

• the use of aggressive toothpastes;
• poor oral hygiene;
• the presence of high acidity in the mouth;
• problems of the gastrointestinal tract;
• excessive consumption of sweet and sour foods;
• frequent dental interventions.

How to identify problems with enamel?

Symptoms that the patient's enamel coating is not in order are as follows:

• high sensitivity to cold and hot foods;
• bad breath;
• the occurrence of microcracks;
• pain when brushing your teeth;
• plaque accumulated near the gum;
• caries.

Features of saturation of teeth with fluoride in childhood

Fluoridation is safe, making it suitable even for children. This procedure in children has only positive reviews. And the passion of kids for sweets only emphasizes its necessity.

The most favorable for this procedure is children's age at 2-4 years. At this time, babies do not yet experience fear of the dentist and sit quietly, and teeth at this age are most sensitive to sugar and temperature changes.

The best for children is deep fluoridation. With it, you do not have to visit the dentist often. One visit every 6 months will suffice.

It is important to know: It is important to entrust the procedure only to an experienced doctor who has done fluoridation for children more than once. He will examine the bone tissue and select the most appropriate type of procedure.

For the purpose of self-enrichment of children's teeth at home, parents can use children's fluoride-containing pastes, and if there is a lack of calcium and fluorine, you can give a child of dietary supplements.

Do not forget also about the daily thorough oral hygiene. So the result of fluoridation will last much longer.

You can learn more about fluoridation of milk teeth.

Fluoridation for pregnant women

Fluoridation involves the artificial saturation of the patient's teeth with the minerals they need: fluorine, calcium and phosphorus. Fluorine is firmly connected with other components of dental tissue, helping the enamel to withstand the effects of negative factors as effectively as possible.

For health in this procedure there is no threat. Therefore, it can be used and even recommended to do it during pregnancy.

During the bearing of a child, you can, in addition, use elixirs and whitening toothpastes, which does not pose a threat to either the pregnant woman or the unborn baby.

Used drugs

The main preparations saturated with fluoride are:

1. Dentin-sealing liquid is used to demineralize enamel and for.
2. Enamel-sealing liquid is used during the processing of cavities and crowns.

It is important to check with a specialist which drug will be used, especially if you brought a child to the procedure.

Procedure depth value

Fluoridation can be normal or deep. Which type to apply in this case is determined by the specialist after a thorough diagnosis of the state of the enamel.

Conventional (simple) fluorination

In simple fluoridation, fluoride is injected regularly. The doctor prepares a mold-spoon, individual for each patient, and fills it with a special fluorine-containing composition (gel).

Apply such caps on the teeth for about 15 minutes. For reliable prevention, 10 to 15 procedures will be required. At first, the dentist does this, then the patient can handle it at home himself.

One impression can be used several times.

Another option for simple fluoridation is enamel coating with fluoride varnish. It contains resins, sodium fluoride and cedar balm. The composition is applied to all teeth with a brush, and then dried. The procedure is repeated 4 times.

Deep fluoridation

The most reliable and effective, relatively simple.

As a result, there is a deep movement of fluorine ions into the crystal lattice of the dental organ, where they are converted into molecules and deposited as complex conglomerates.

According to experts, calcium fluoride contained in hard tissues becomes a protective barrier against caries.

Teeth that have received such an impregnation are strengthened 10 times with the help of a high concentration of ions. This method differs from simple fluorination in speed and disposability. It is recommended to do it once a year.

Stages of the deep fluoridation procedure

Let's consider the step-by-step actions:

1. Teeth are cleaned of calculus and plaque to prevent fluoride penetration from being delayed.
2. Thorough cleaning of spaces between teeth.
3. Drying of the tooth surface.
4. Applying a special agent for two minutes.
5. Air drying.
6. Quenching with a solution of copper-calcium hydroxide.
7. Thorough rinsing of the mouth.

Fluoridation at home

The procedure for saturating teeth with fluorine-containing substances is not cheap, and you need to know that one procedure will not give the desired effect and you will need to go through the entire course.

For many patients, the possibility of carrying out such a procedure at home is interesting, because a special tool for this can be purchased at a pharmacy, and its price will be much lower than the procedure in the dentist's office.

But the fact is that such a medication can be used only under the strict supervision of an experienced specialist, because if too much fluoride enters the body, unpleasant consequences can occur or severe poisoning can occur. If the patient uses the drug himself, there is a high risk of ingestion and contact with soft tissues. This speaks of a senseless risk to your health, chasing savings.

At the same time, at home, you can use tools such as:

• toothpastes containing fluoride;
• gels based on this mineral;
• special conditioners.

When choosing a toothpaste, it is important to pay attention to the dosage of fluoride indicated on the package, which is measured in ppm units. For prevention purposes, adults can use a paste with a content of 1500 ppm, and for children, pastes with an element concentration of no more than 800 ppm are suitable.

The most common Elmex-gel containing aminofluoride. It is used once a week, cleaning their teeth like a regular paste. It is important not to swallow this remedy.

Through tooth elixirs, you can freshen your breath, as well as wash pieces of food from hard-to-reach places, and enrich the enamel with the substances it needs. The fluorine content in the elixir is 0.15%. They should rinse their mouth twice a day after eating.

Is fluoridation harmful?

Fluoridation is a harmless procedure and the safest option for caries prevention. But it is important to know that this method cannot be used for patients who live in regions with a high content of fluoride in the water.

In general, fluorine is one of the most important minerals. He is responsible for all the properties of tooth enamel. With a low content in the body, this is reflected negatively on the teeth. Thus, in order to strengthen the teeth and protect them from negative influences, it is necessary to constantly replenish the reserves of this mineral in the body. And the safest way to pursue such a goal is just fluoridation.

What do you get after the procedure?

The course of fluoridation procedures allows you to even out the surface of the enamel, improve (whiten) the color of the teeth, and reduce the risk of caries and other diseases and inflammations. As a result, the enamel hardens significantly and performs a protective function much better.

After the procedures, the patient will not have to go to the dentist often, in addition, he will smile more often and wider. The effect of the completed course of fluoridation lasts for several years.

How much does the procedure cost?

Fluoridation is quite affordable, so it is a common procedure. It is used at any age and in almost all clinics, because at no extra cost you can protect your teeth from harmful effects.

The cost of fluoride enrichment of one tooth starts from 100 rubles, depending on the method used to carry out the procedure. It is very important for parents that for this low price, they can protect their child's milk teeth.

FAQ

Question

- What is the cost of dental fluoridation?

Answer

The cost of the procedure depends on the chosen method (regular or deep fluoridation) and on the drug used. Fluorine varnishes produced in the CIS countries are cheaper than imported analogues. To cover one tooth with varnish, you need about 50-400 rubles, and for deep fluoridation you will need to pay from 120 to 600 rubles per tooth.

Question

- At what age can the procedure be applied to children?

Answer

The main criterion for the procedure for a child is his ability to sit with his mouth open for about 15 minutes. Children at the age of six are already capable of this, but there are exceptions. The procedure for strengthening the enamel of milk teeth is very important, as well as during the period of their change by permanent or with strong sensitivity.

Question

- How to carry out fluoridation at home and is it harmful?

Answer

The procedure is absolutely harmless, it is only important to entrust it to a good specialist who will follow all the instructions of the manufacturing companies. Swallowing the solution during the procedure is resisted by a saliva ejector. But at home, you can’t use professional preparations, because you can damage the mucous membrane or swallow them.

Question

- Is fluorination inferior to silver?

Answer

Fluorination has more than one advantage over silver plating. With it, there is no discoloration of the tooth enamel, while silvering stains them in black, which cannot be eliminated. In addition, with silvering, the development of caries stops, and with fluoridation, it is prevented by strengthening the enamel. But for the treatment of caries, fluorine enrichment can be used only at the initial stage of the disease.

Question

- How often should the procedure be carried out?

Answer

With deep fluoridation, it is enough to repeat it once every 1-2 years, it is usually better to do it at least once every six months.

Deep fluoridation of teeth is most often done for children, but for adults this procedure can be extremely beneficial. In just one visit to the dentist With the help of this technique, you can solve a lot of problems with tooth enamel.

What is tooth enamel fluoridation

Fluoridation is the saturation of the upper layers of the tooth with active ingredients. There are different types of methods, but the principle of their action is always the same: a special preparation with a high content of active substance is applied to the patient's teeth, fluorine ions form calcium fluoride when in contact with the enamel, the process helps to strengthen hard tissue and prevent the development of a number of diseases.

The procedure is safe, requires minimal time and painless, so it is actively used in pediatric dentistry.

Indications for fluoridation of teeth

The main task of fluoridation is to strengthen the enamel. This effect is necessary in the treatment of a huge number of diseases, for their prevention and even to improve the appearance of a smile.

Dentists prescribe the procedure in the following cases:

• Hypersensitivity, strong reaction to hot or cold.
• The presence of external defects in the enamel: scratches, chips.
• Prevention of caries development in children and adults.
• Treatment of the initial stage of caries in children's teeth.
• Strengthening enamel after wearing braces.
• Prevention of hypersensitivity after professional cleaning or bleaching.
• Increasing the strength of the composite restoration or filling.

Most often, fluoridation is used to prevent problems with enamel, less often to strengthen it. Fluoridation alone will not be able to restore the protective enamel layer, but in combination with other measures, it gives good results.

In the treatment of milk teeth, the procedure is also not a panacea. If the child actively deteriorates the enamel, then first of all it is necessary to reconsider his nutrition and oral care. Fluoridation is only an additional measure.

Contraindications for dental fluoridation

Fluorine is a useful component for tooth tissues, but if used incorrectly, it can be very dangerous. Excess fluoride in the body leads to fluorosis, with this disease, the teeth suffer especially strongly: spots appear on the enamel, its sensitivity increases.

It turns out that enamel fluoridation can lead to an effect opposite to that expected. Therefore, the procedure is prohibited to carry out if:

• The patient has already been diagnosed with fluorosis.
• A person consumes water with a high content of fluorine.
• The patient uses oral care products with this component in the composition.

Another contraindication to the procedure is diabetes. This is explained by the fact that fluoride can negatively affect the absorption of sugar, and in diabetes this is already a problem. However, people with this disease still carry out the strengthening of enamel with fluorine. The element can harm her only if there is too much of it in the body.

Types of fluoridation

Relatively recently, fluoridation meant covering the enamel with a special varnish, but today there are several options for carrying out the procedure:

• fast fluorination;
• the use of fluorine varnish;
• deep fluoridation;
• electrophoresis.

Efficiency and indications for different procedures are different, you will also have to pay for each service in different ways.

Rapid fluoridation

If you calculate all the time spent, it turns out that the name of this technique does not suit her at all. One procedure takes 5-10 minutes. Compared to other methods, this is really short-lived. But in order to achieve the same result as after the same deep fluoridation, it is necessary to complete a course of 10 procedures - one every week.

Rapid or simple fluoridation is more gentle than other methods. Therefore, it can be carried out even at home without the supervision of a specialist.

Usually such treatment is done after wearing braces or recent whitening. Some experts recommend the procedure after professional cleaning from plaque, if it was unsuccessful and damaged the surface of the tooth.

To carry out rapid fluoridation, caps and a special gel with an average content of fluorine and other useful components are needed. After soft brushing of the teeth, a cap with gel is placed in the oral cavity. After 5-10 minutes, it is removed, and the remnants of the product are removed with water.

Express fluoridation of tooth enamelcan be performed in the dental office and at home. In the second case, a drug with a lower content of active substances is used so that the patient cannot harm himself.

The use of fluorine varnish

The simplest and fastest method of enamel restoration is the application of fluoride varnish. , with its help, you can process all the teeth in just 2-3 minutes. The lacquer not only strengthens the enamel, but also creates a protective layer on its surface, which stays on the teeth from several days to several weeks. All this time, the tool protects the teeth from irritants and coloring substances, in the same way it acts on filling compositions.

Most often, the coating of teeth with fluoride varnish is carried out as an addition to other procedures:

If there are no contraindications, the dentist always uses fluorine varnish after in-office cleaning. It has become so common that the procedure is not even paid separately.

Deep fluoridation of tooth enamel

Deep fluoridation of teeth gives the greatest effect in strengthening and restoring enamel.. Electrophoresis also bears fruit, but it has many contraindications, and the procedure itself causes discomfort to the patient. Therefore, deep saturation of enamel with fluorine is firmly in first place among all such methods.

During this procedure, useful substances remain not only on the surface, but also penetrate far deep into the enamel. If the patient has hypersensitivity, such fluoridation can be performed every 6 months - discomfort from cold or hot will not be felt until the next procedure.

Deep saturation with fluorine takes the most time, as it is carried out in several stages:

1. A professional cleaning is a must. The choice between the available techniques depends on the individual characteristics of the patient. Most often, specialists resort to ultrasonic cleaning.
2. The teeth are well dried with a stream of warm air.
3. The enamel is covered with a preparation with a high content of calcium and magnesium fluoride, then dried again. This time, special lamps are used.
4. Finally, calcium hydroxide varnish is applied to the enamel. It seals the first composition inside and allows it to restore the structure of the protective layer of the tooth even after the procedure is completed.

Deep fluoridation of tooth enamel takes 30-40 minutes, teeth cleaning is usually paid separately.

electrophoresis

This procedure is also carried out in two stages, each of which uses different active substances. It is aimed not only at saturating the enamel with fluorine, but also at the deep penetration of this substance. For this, minimal electrical discharges are used. An electrode with a pad impregnated with a calcium solution is applied to the patient's teeth. The device delivers weak current discharges, which may be unpleasant for the patient, but it will be difficult to call the resulting sensations pain.

The duration of the current is selected individually and depends on the health of the enamel and the number of fluoridation procedures carried out before. The first time the exposure lasts only a few minutes, then the time is gradually increased.

When the first stage is completed, the pads of the electrodes are changed. This time, a 2–4% sodium fluoride solution is used. After exposure to this substance, active chemical processes begin in the enamel, contributing to its strengthening, and a protective layer is formed on the surface.

Teeth fluoridation at home

After toothpastes with a high fluoride content became available in regular stores, dentists sounded the alarm. The number of people suffering from fluorosis has increased significantly. However, even today, such products are still the only way to fluoridate teeth at home. Only when using them you will have to follow some rules:

• You need to choose toothpastes that contain sodium monofluorophosphate, tin or aluminum fluoride. These active ingredients are the most effective and safe.
• The amount of active substance should not exceed 0.15%.
• Fluoride-containing paste alternates with conventional means at least every other day.
• The course of home fluoridation lasts no more than one month.
• Between courses there is a break of 1.5–2 months.

In addition to pastes, special medicines in the form of a gel, which contain a fairly large amount of active fluorine, are suitable for enamel fluoridation at home. These gels should be applied to all teeth immediately after they are cleaned.

Prices for fluoridation of teeth

Fluoridation of teeth is usually carried out in a complex for the entire row. In Moscow, a quick procedure with caps will cost 2.3-3 thousand rubles. for the entire course, deep fluoridation - from 2.7 to 4 thousand rubles. depending on the clinic. Electrophoresis usually costs 2–2.5 thousand rubles.

Enamel coating with fluoride varnish is the cheapest procedure. Usually it costs from 1 to 2 thousand rubles. for all teeth. Treatment of one tooth costs from 100 to 400 rubles.

The cost of the procedure is very affordable, and the benefits from it can be enormous, so it does not hurt to carry out fluoridation at least once a year.

Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body, but it also tends to wear out, which leads to an increase. Also, when the enamel is damaged, bacteria begin to actively multiply, which leads to the formation of caries.

And if until the middle of the last century it was almost impossible to prevent the wear of enamel and the appearance of caries, then with the discovery of the beneficial properties of fluorine by dentists, a new procedure appeared - fluoridation of teeth.

- a dental procedure in which a special preparation with a high fluorine content is applied to the surface of the enamel to strengthen and protect the hard tissues of the tooth and prevent the development of caries.

Types of fluoridation of teeth

Simple fluoridation of tooth enamel- performed using trays with the application of fluoride gel or varnish. This procedure is carried out 10 to 15 times, since fluorine affects only the upper layers of tooth enamel, closing cracks and other damage. With simple fluoridation, an active substance with fluorine is applied to the teeth (sometimes to a mouthguard), after which the dentition is closed with a mouthguard for 15 minutes.

Deep fluoridation- is carried out using enamel-sealing preparations, which are applied in stages to the surface of the teeth. With this procedure, fluoride is deposited in the tissues of the tooth, which not only helps to prevent development, but also.

Teeth fluoridation methods

Depending on the technology of exposure to fluorine on tooth enamel, dentists distinguish several methods of fluoridation. But for all methods there is one common element - the initial examination of the oral cavity and, if necessary, professional cleaning of plaque and tartar.

1. Quick Method. After the examination, the doctor takes casts of the dentition, on the basis of which elastic mouth guards are made. The tray cavity is filled with a preparation with a high fluorine content and put on the patient's dentition for up to 15 minutes. In order for fluoridation to be successful, you need to complete a full course of 10 procedures, which are carried out at a certain interval, depending on the patient's response.
2. electrophoresis- a more effective method of fluoridation than the first. Electrophoresis takes place in two stages. At the first stage, electrodes are impregnated with a 10% calcium solution, which are applied to the teeth to saturate hard tissues with a mineral. At the second stage, the electrodes are impregnated with a 4% sodium fluoride solution. The course of treatment consists of 10 procedures.
3. Fluorine varnish. This method of strengthening tooth enamel is considered outdated, but no less effective. Fluorine varnish is applied in a thin layer on tooth enamel, creating a protective thin but strong film. To cover the teeth with this substance is required from 2 to 5 times a year.
4. Deep fluoridation. Tooth enamel is covered with a sealing solution containing magnesium fluoride silicate. Magnesium fluoride silicate has small molecules that penetrate the hard tissues of the tooth faster. The accumulation of fluorine occurs in stages, so this method of fluoridation is considered the most effective. In this case, the procedure is recommended to be carried out no more than twice a year.

The method of fluoridation of teeth can only be prescribed by an experienced dentist. The choice of method depends on both the age of the patient and the state of health.

Who Can Have Teeth Fluoridation?

Fluoridation is often prescribed during the transition from milk to permanent teeth. During the teething period, the enamel is very thin and subject to negative influences. It takes 1.5-2 years for the enamel to become strong, like in an adult, that is, fully formed. Therefore, pediatric dentists recommend simple fluoridation of teeth to strengthen tooth tissues and prevent caries.

Teenagers fluoridation of tooth enamel is prescribed for hormonal surges, when the body needs more minerals. During puberty, adolescents experience an increased viscosity of saliva, which negatively affects the enamel. In addition, there is a rapid appearance of plaque. Fluoridation will help to further protect the tissues of the tooth.

Teeth fluoridation procedure adults patients may be prescribed due to increased sensitivity of the teeth. The doctor determines the method of treatment based on the individual characteristics of the patient.

Quite often, fluoridation is prescribed for pregnant women, as there is a surge of hormones, which negatively affects the condition of the teeth. Pregnant women undergo only simple fluoridation using solutions, gels and varnishes.

Indications and contraindications

Fluoridation is prescribed in case of:

1. Prevention or when observing the multiple and frequent spread of caries.
2. Low fluorine content in water.
3. After teeth whitening, when the enamel is weakened and most sensitive to external influences.
4. After treatment of bite with braces or other orthodontic structures.

Contraindications include:

1. Allergic reaction to fluorine or other components of the drug.
2. Fluorosis is a chronic disease of tooth enamel that manifests itself in spots on the surface of the tooth. This disease is observed in people who have been eating foods or water with a high fluoride content for a long time (most often since childhood).
3. Increased fluorine content in water.

Fluorine is an essential element for healthy and strong teeth. After fluoridation, the sensitivity of the teeth is noticeably reduced, and all microcracks and minor damage to the surface of the tooth are sealed, which prevents microbes and bacteria from destroying the enamel more.

How much does dental fluoridation cost?

The price for the fluoridation procedure can vary significantly depending on the method of treatment and the drugs chosen. In addition, much depends on the status of the dental clinic itself.

Simple fluoridation of teeth, in which the drug is applied to one tooth or to the entire dentition, may cost from 50 to 200 rubles for one tooth.

Deep fluoridation, as a more effective way to strengthen enamel, is more expensive - from 1500 to 4000 rubles.

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Method of deep fluorination.SuggestedA. Knappvost ’om (University Professor, Doctor of Physical, Chemical and Medical Sciences. Institute of Physical Chemistry with the Department of Biophysical Chemistry and Scientific Research in Dentistry, Hamburg, Germany)

Introduction

Thanks to the so-called deep fluoridation, which initiates a strong and long-term remineralization process, including in problem areas, not only prevention, but also non-invasive or slightly invasive therapy has become possible. This therapy is based on the developed theory of caries remineralization, originally called the theory of the protective layer, which has now received such a great development that it makes it possible to give clear characteristics of remineralization as a process opposite to demineralization.

Microstructure of the tooth enamel softening zone

Imagine the structure of the enamel in the area of ​​1000 angstroms - 1 angstrom is approximately equal to the diameter of 1 atom. Data obtained by radiographic method using a radioactive isotope (Ca 40). Imagine a tiny patch of "enamel prism". The enamel is permeated with keratin fibers, to which prismatic apatite crystals about 250 angstroms long and about 50 angstroms thick are chemically, epitactically attached on one side. There are reasons to believe that all enamel apatite crystals are thus fused with keratin fibers. This means that with an average apatite crystal thickness of about 50 angstroms, the distance between the fibers is 100 angstroms (2 apatite crystals). According to the results of our studies, acidic plaque agents do not act on the enamel frontally, but diffuse into the fibers and laterally exfoliate apatite from them. The result is a very narrow attack funnel with a maximum inlet diameter of about 100 angstroms. With prolonged exposure to acids, the sides of the funnels collapse. As shown by measurements, the depth of the funnels is 10 microns. The funnels of corrosion are extremely narrow and taper even more with distance. This surface zone is about 10 microns thick and is the softening zone. In it, more or less periodically, the processes of dissolution and remineralization occur in such a way that in the remineralization phase, the physiological restoration of enamel occurs with the assistance of fibers as centers of crystallization.

Remineralization

According to our theory, remineralization occurs when saliva in plaque is oversaturated with ions that form apatite (calcium-, phosphate-, hydroxide or fluorine). As observations show, the concentrations of Ca and PO 4 ions in saliva quite consistently remain at a sufficient level, while the concentration of OH - ions can decrease by a factor of 1000, for example, at pH 4 in the interdental region. The processes of remineralization - demineralization are regulated by OH - ions. Fortunately, they can be replaced by structurally similar fluorine ions. Measurements show that at the usual concentration of fluoride in saliva, therefore, when the fluorine content in drinking water is about 0.2 to 0.3 mg per liter, the pH limit value in saliva in plaque is 5.5 (critical remineralization pH). Above this limit, the process of remineralization occurs, below - demineralization. When the pH of saliva in plaque is below this value, it is possible to direct the process towards remineralization by compensating for the lack of OH ions with fluorine ions. The resulting apatite has a significantly higher fluorine content. With the help of radioactive phosphate, it has been proved that the anti-caries preventive effect of fluorine is carried out only according to this scheme, and is not the result of replacing OH- ions with fluorine ions in solid apatite.

Evaluation of different fluorination methods

Fluoridation of drinking water, often regarded as an effective measure worthy of widespread use, can, together with fluoride in foodstuffs, increase the concentration of fluoride ions in saliva to a maximum of 10 to the minus fifth power of mol / l, which is equivalent to OH ions pH 9. This fluoride concentration is capable of in the best case, compensate for the deficiency of OH- ions in a very thin layer of plaque on a smooth tooth surface. To compensate for the deficiency of OH- ions in thicker layers of plaque in problem areas, for example, in the interdental space with pH 4, the oral intake of fluorine is insufficient and the intake of iodized table salt is absolutely insufficient. At first glance, the so-called local fluorination with simple fluorides, such as sodium fluoride or amine fluoride, seems much more attractive. (This, however, does not apply to the slightly soluble calcium fluoride). The treatment of enamel with these salts, which are part of varnishes or gels, leads to a chemical reaction with the enamel and the formation of relatively coarse-grained calcium fluoride, which lies freely on the surface of the enamel. Due to its very low solubility, the saturation concentration of ions on the enamel surface is 10 to the minus third power of mol/l. It is sufficient to compensate for the deficiency of OH- ions at pH4. However, since these crystals are loose on the surface of the enamel, they are quickly removed by abrasion or rinsing of the mouth. The crystals do not penetrate inside the funnels of the softening zone, since they are much larger than the diameter of the funnel inlet. The action of these fluorides is therefore too weak and short-lived to effectively stimulate the remineralization process.

Deep fluoridation

Under the deep fluorination understand the chemical formation of highly dispersed calcium fluoride with an average particle diameter of 50 angstroms and having a significantly higher solubility in the pores of the softening zone. When treating enamel with sodium fluoride, no deep fluoridation occurs. Deep fluoridation is observed only as a result of successive wetting of the enamel with a slightly acidic solution of magnesium fluoride silicate and subsequent quenching with an alkaline suspension of copper-calcium hydroxide. Subsequently, the fluoro-silicate complex spontaneously decomposes with the formation of fluorine silicate crystals and polymerized silicic acid. Calcium fluoride crystals lie deep in the pores in the silicic acid gel, protected from leaching. They release fluorine in high concentration for a long time (more than 1 year), which contributes to reliable remineralization, including in problem areas. In this case, apatite is formed, clearly enriched in fluorine, which, in the case of intact kerative fibers, leads to a complete restoration of the carious area. If the demineralization has gone so far that the edges of the corroded funnel are erased, the defect that has arisen reaches the average values ​​​​of visible light waves (about 5000 angstroms). This is how the famous chalk spots are created. With still existing keratin fibers, even in these cases, an increase in remineralization apatite can occur on them. After deep fluoridation, the disappearance of chalk spots is often observed. As a result of the studies, a significant difference was noted in the effect of deep fluoridation with an enamel-sealing preparation with copper-calcium hydroxide from local fluorination with a fluorinating preparation based on sodium or calcium fluoride.

Role of copper ions

Inorganic copper compounds play in dentistry, for example, as an additive to phosphate cements, a very important, but unfortunately very little known role. Among other aspects, its use in endodontics during depophoresis with copper-calcium hydroxide is relevant. According to Effinger research results, copper ions show strong bactericidal properties, especially against anaerobes. In addition, they are extremely powerful suppress the proteolytic activity of microorganisms. Of particular importance is the longevity of their action, due to the catalytic oxidation of the resulting copper sulfide. How great the activity of copper ions against microorganisms that cause caries of enamel and dentin is evident from the vast experience gained with the use of copper amalgam (Rebel), which was especially widely used in pediatric dentistry. Currently, amalgam is not used due to the release of metallic mercury. In these amalgams, metallic copper in solution was an ignoble component in relation to mercury and formed with saliva a sparingly soluble alkaline salt of copper, which protected not only a tooth with a copper-amalgam filling from caries, but also adjacent teeth. Copper ions also protected dentin from caries. Today, due to the negative attitude of people towards metals, it is necessary to draw the attention of patients to the fact that copper, like iron, although it is a heavy metal, is at the same time an essential trace element that plays an important role in metabolism. The serum concentration of copper is about the same as iron, and it is just as weak an allergen. The liquid used for deep fluoridation of enamel contains copper fluoride silicate. Liquid for deep fluoridation of dentin contains copper in a significantly higher concentration. The combination of deep fluoridation effects, namely strong long-term remineralization and protection of keratin fibers from proteolysis, represents a non-invasive or, in advanced caries, slightly invasive caries therapy. This is especially important for milk teeth - sparing attitude to the tooth substance and effective protection of the pulp.

Teeth fluoridation is a procedure aimed at additional strengthening of tooth enamel. Dentists at the CELT clinic recommend it for patients with a predisposition to the development of caries or hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity of the teeth). Since tooth enamel fluoridation is an absolutely painless event, it is often carried out in our clinic even for small children.

The process uses special tools that allow you to impregnate tooth enamel with fluorine ions. The latter is one of the most important minerals "responsible" for the strength of tooth enamel. After fluoridation, the teeth are not only reliably protected from the destructive effects of acidic environments, but they will not accumulate a large number of bacteria on themselves.

Indications

According to numerous reviews, fluoridation of teeth is effective when it is necessary to restore and strengthen tooth enamel. The indications for its use are as follows:

• caries prevention;
• end of treatment with braces;
• after the whitening procedure;
• with increased sensitivity of the teeth;
• as the last stage in the restoration of teeth;
• children with insufficient hardness of the tissues of milk teeth.

Contraindications

The procedure is not carried out only in extreme cases:

• individual intolerance to the components of fluorine-containing drugs;
• fluorosis due to the consumption of water with a high content of fluoride.

Types of fluoridation

Superficial - carried out according to casts of the client's jaw. Based on them, a cap is created, which is applied to the teeth. Previously, it is filled with a therapeutic composition with a high concentration of fluorine. The procedure is performed at least 10 times and lasts up to 20 minutes.

An alternative to this method is to cover the enamel with dental varnish using a brush. You can achieve an excellent result in 4 procedures with a specialist.

Deep - contributes to the creation of a strong protective layer on the teeth, which protects them from the removal of calcium and helps protect against bacteria. The procedure is carried out in 6 stages:

1. The teeth are cleaned of soft and hard plaque, dirt between them is removed with the help of a floss and an irrigator.
2. The surface is dried and saliva is completely removed from the enamel.
3. A fluoride medication is applied to the teeth and gently rubbed for 3 minutes.
4. The drug is dried if it is not completely frozen.
5. The surface of the teeth is shaded with calcium hydroxide and copper (they form microcrystals of calcium fluoride). Quenching provides accelerated transport of minerals into the pores. At the same time, the concentration of fluorine is 7 times higher than with the surface coating.
6. The mouth is rinsed with filtered water.

What is simple fluoridation?

Simple fluoridation of teeth can be carried out in two ways:

• The first involves the use of wax casts of teeth, which are made individually. For the procedure, they are filled with a preparation based on fluorine - for example, sodium fluoride. After that, the cast is placed on the teeth and kept for ten to fifteen minutes. To achieve the desired effect, the dentist will have to visit from 10 to 15 times;
• In the second method, a special varnish is used, which is applied to the tooth enamel with a brush. In order to achieve the desired effect, the procedure is carried out at least 3 times.

The price of teeth fluoridation in simple ways is lower than the cost of deep fluoridation.

What is deep fluoridation?

When carrying out deep fluoridation of teeth, calcium fluoride penetrates deep into the pores of tooth enamel, thereby providing it with the necessary nutrition. Thanks to this procedure, the teeth will become stronger and stronger. The procedure itself is carried out in several stages:

• Preparation for the fluoridation procedure - brushing teeth from plaque;
• After that, the teeth are dried with a stream of warm air, followed by the application of an enamel-sealing preparation. After a few minutes, the teeth are dried again;
• Teeth shading is the treatment of their surface with milk, which includes copper and calcium hydroxide. Subsequently, microscopic crystals of calcium fluoride are formed from it, capable of penetrating even into the deepest layers of tooth enamel.

Teeth fluoridation at home

Despite the rather high price of teeth fluoridation in Moscow, it is better to carry out the procedure in a dental office. This is due to the fact that excessive intake of fluorine in the body can lead to very unpleasant consequences, including serious poisoning. Savings in this case can turn into much higher costs for treatment! At the same time, there are a number of products that are approved for use at home. They are presented in our table:

Fluoridation in children

Teeth fluoridation (Moscow) can be done at any age. Dentists recommend it:

• Children during the change of milk teeth to permanent ones, to prevent the appearance of superficial caries;
• Adolescents in a period of intensive development, to provide auxiliary protection and the need of a growing body for mineral elements.

The price of fluoridation of teeth in children in Moscow depends on how it will be carried out: superficial or deep.

Advantages of the procedure:

• Decreased sensitivity of teeth to hot, cold and sour;
• Strengthening of tooth enamel, its resistance to acidic environments;
• Destructive processes are significantly slowed down;
• The risk of developing caries is minimized;
• Tooth enamel receives all the necessary nutrients, becomes stronger.

Dental care after fluoridation

• Strengthen your immune system.
• Brush your teeth 2 times a day, use a floss and an irrigator.
• Quit smoking.
• Use vitamin and mineral complexes with a balanced composition.
• Limit sugary foods (especially those high in sugar).
• Visit the dentist 2 times a year for diagnosis.

It is not necessary to supplement with fluoride if your city has a high concentration of fluoride in tap water. An additional intake can cause an overabundance of the mineral.

Prices for fluoridation of teeth in Moscow depend on the chosen method. With the cost of fluoridation of teeth in our clinic, you can find on our website or by calling us.