“I think, therefore I exist” (lat. Cogito ergo sum) is Descartes’ philosophical reflection on the awareness of one’s thinking as an argument for discovering oneself existing.

Every person is endowed with the ability to think. Human thinking, including ideas and images, is not only an indicator of the mindset (reason, wisdom) and intellect (IQ), but also, depending on the type, type, form of thinking, an indicator of his feelings, emotions and behavior, and therefore a life program fate, if you like...

Today on the psychological site http://site, you, dear visitors, will learn about such types, types and forms of human thinking as abstract, visual, effective, figurative, verbal-logical, scientific thinking, etc., and about how it affects our life and destiny.

So, what are the types, types and forms of human thinking

As I think, so I live (or exist). The whole scheme: How I think (think, imagine) in this or that situation (with this or that life event), this is how I feel myself ... and how I feel (emotions), I behave (actions, behavior, physiology) .
In general, all this forms learned, automatic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving in similar situations, i.e. lucky, banal or unfortunate (the latter is comic, dramatic or tragic) scenario of life. Solution: Change your thinking and you will change your life

There are many types, types and forms of human thinking, through which our psyche perceives, processes and transforms all information read by the five senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste) coming from the outside world.

We will consider the main types, types and forms of thinking: visual, figurative, objective, effective, verbal-logical, abstract, professional and scientific, as well as thinking errors that lead a person to psychological, emotional and life problems.

Visual and figurative thinking

Visual-figurative thinking - the work of the right hemisphere of the brain - is mainly a visual (visual) processing of information, although it can also be auditory (auditory). This type of thinking is inherent in animals (they do not have a second signaling system - they cannot think in words) and small children.

In adult life, visual-figurative thinking (it is also called an artistic view) is characteristic of people with a leading right hemisphere, creative professions, for example, artists, actors ...

People with imaginative thinking often think in pictures, like to imagine situations in an image, fantasize, dream ... and even daydream ...

Practical or objective, actionable thinking

Operating objects, interacting with them: examining, feeling, listening, maybe even sniffing and tasting - is object-effective thinking. It is characteristic of small children, who learn the world in this way, gaining some life experience, and animals.

An adult also manifests objective and effective thinking - this type of practical, concrete thinking is used not only by people of practical professions, where objects need to be constantly manipulated, but also in ordinary, everyday life, for example, when a person puts all objects in their places and knows where what is located (in contrast to the creative type of thinking - such people are characterized by a "creative mess" and a constant search for something new).

Verbal-logical thinking

With development and maturation, a person learns to speak and think logically. Pictures and images, direct perception (see, hear, feel, smell, taste) are replaced by verbal designations and logical chains of reasoning leading to certain conclusions.

For many, the left hemisphere begins to work more, people perceive and interpret the world: life situations and various phenomena in words, trying to logically comprehend what is happening around.

The right hemisphere (figurative, emotional thinking) also does not go away, and everything that was perceived visually-figuratively and objectively-effectively, along with emotional coloring, is stored in the human subconscious. However, most people do not remember their childhood and especially childhood experiences, because. as an adult, a person thinks logically, in words, and not in images and pictures, as in childhood.

And for example, if someone was frightened by a dog in childhood, as an adult, he can continue to be afraid of them in a panic, not at all understanding why ... because he does not remember the moment of fright, because. then he thought in images and objects, and now in words and logic ...
And in order for a person to get rid of cynophobia, one needs to “turn off” (weaken) the left, verbal-logical hemisphere for a while ... go to the right, emotional-figurative, remember and relive the situation with the “terrible” dog in fantasies, thereby working out this fear.

Abstract thinking

Abstraction, distraction from what can be perceived directly, seen, felt ..., thinking in generalized concepts, is an abstract thinking characteristic of older students and adults who have already developed verbal-logical thinking.
For example, the concept of “Happiness” is an abstraction, i.e. it generalizes many different human benefits, it cannot be touched and seen, plus everything - everyone understands in his own way what happiness is for him ...

For example, it often happens that due to too abstract thinking, a person generalizes every situation in life, instead of looking at it in detail, objectively and practically. Those. if someone strives for something abstract, not concrete - for the same happiness - then he will never achieve success.

Professional and scientific thinking

In adulthood, a person receives a profession, he begins to think in professional terms, and perceives the world and what is happening around.

For example, if you say the word "Root" out loud, what do you think people of such professions as a dentist, a teacher of literature, a gardener (botanist) and a mathematician will think?

Professional thinking intersects with the subject, and scientific - with creative, because. any scientist, researcher, constantly in search of new discoveries.

However, all these people are not alien to verbal-logical, abstract, and visual-figurative thinking. Another thing is when people often make - usually unconsciously, as if according to a program - a lot of mental errors. Those. they subconsciously confuse when and how to think in order to achieve success in life, and the same notorious happiness ...

Thinking errors that lead a person to failure and collapse

Our thinking (words, pictures and images) largely depends on internal global, often generalized beliefs stored in the depths of the psyche (laid there from the outside, in the process of education, cultivation and primary socialization) (

Thinking is a function of the brain and an important component of human intelligence. Thanks to thinking, we are able to generalize the reflected reality, to represent not only the external side of the object, but also its internal content and function. We can imagine objects during their absence and foresee their changes in time. But not every one of us thinks about how voluminous this concept is. The classification of thinking is extensive, and understanding it, you can achieve the development of its desired type.

Content Thinking

One of the classifications of types of thinking, according to its content, is distinguished:

• abstract or verbal-logical thinking;
• visual and effective;
• visual-figurative thinking.

Thinking and logic are inextricably linked, which is why the process of thinking is often called logical. In fact, logical thinking is all the same, but only with the use of logical connection, prudence and evidence in its conclusions.

Verbal-logical or abstract thinking allows you to think about something, while abstracting from the details, and consider the situation as a whole. That is, with verbal-logical thinking, all the little things and details become secondary and attention is not riveted to them. The presence of abstract thinking makes it possible to find extraordinary solutions to a given situation. The characterization of the logical side can be seen in the following example. A person receives some information from one source, adds to it another, his own or possibly someone else's, sums it all up in his head and draws a logical conclusion. Summing up and analyzing the information received, a person ends up with a verbal-logical picture with his own characteristics.

Also, the verbal-logical form is one of the latest in development, relative to other forms. Begins to form at the age of seven years. It is believed that the verbal-logical or abstract form is not inherent in animals, but only in humans.

Visual-effective thinking is based on the direct perception of the subject. There is a real transformation of the situation and the implementation of a motor act. In other words, this is the kind
thinking based on the direct perception of objects. This form is typical for children under the age of 1.5-2 years.

Visual-figurative or creative thinking. In this case, the situation is transformed into a plan of images. Visual-figurative thinking is characteristic of creative people, artists, writers, fashion designers. Also, its manifestations are expressed in early childhood, at preschool age, when children think in images, but over the years, the logical component of the process in most cases begins to dominate. This form reaches the peak of its development at preschool age from three to seven years.

The main point here is visibility, you do not need to feel the object being represented in your hands, but you need to see it. This form is also inherent in ordinary adults, without creative inclinations, just less pronounced. For example, we use this function at the time of repair, when, before starting it, we already clearly imagine how the wallpaper will look, how the furniture will stand and what color this or that object will be.

Thinking by the nature of tasks

This classification divides thinking into:

• practical;
• theoretical.

Theoretical thinking, its characteristics in the knowledge of laws and rules. It reflects the essential phenomena, objects, etc. This form of thinking was inherent in Mendileev, an example of this was his discovery of the Periodic system. In this case, abstract concepts are generalized.

Practical thinking is the physical transformation of reality. As a rule, this form is considered more complex, as it often unfolds under conditions where it is not possible to test the hypothesis.

Other classification

Types of thinking in psychology according to originality and novelty are divided into the following forms:

• reproductive, in this case, the solution of problems or certain situations occurs in a known way or way. In this case, a person will not use new algorithms and judgments, but will follow the beaten track;
• productive for this form of thinking is characterized by the creative potential and intellectual abilities of a person. To resolve the issue in this case, a person uses his own knowledge, that is, they provide productive transformations in the activity of the individual. A characterization of this kind will go beyond facts and habitual connections. The brain will use the intuitive and creative component of human intelligence.

There are also such forms as analytical or intuitive thinking. In the first case, thinking is described, deployed in time, with clear boundaries and stages. The intuitive form is characterized by the opposite, it is folded in time, it has no stages, and the idea of ​​the situation has arisen in the mind.

The maximum development and progress of thinking falls on the school years, when the student has to solve a large number of different tasks and look for answers to different questions. Even the mass of the brain increases three times by the age of six, compared with its mass in the first year of life. This is due to intellectual development and scooping up a large amount of information.

Logic and its absence in thought processes

Freud considered the process of thinking a little differently and came to the conclusion that this function is far from always associated with logic, from which the concept appeared as a non-logical thought process. To clearly explain the characteristics of this concept, we give an example. Many experienced marketers often use methods in promotional materials that affect the lack of logic. Here, for example, is the following ad text: "Gifted people brush their teeth with Colgate toothpaste." Such an awkward text at first glance has its own chain, which marketers rely on, it is as follows:

• gifted people brush their teeth with Colgate toothpaste;
• I brush my teeth with Colgate toothpaste;
• therefore, I am a gifted person.

Such a relationship on a subconscious level occurs in a considerable part of people, and this one, at first glance,
nonsense works. Today, teachers are alarmed by the situation of the development of logic in adolescents, since the non-logical form of perception of reality manifests itself much more often. As a result, a person who cannot think logically can be easily fooled by fraudulent propaganda or advertising, one of the most straightforward examples is given above.

Regarding illogicality and fraudulent advertising, I would like to briefly give another example. A person receives a letter stating that he won a certain amount of money or a valuable prize, but in order to receive it, he had only a little to buy the goods of the company that carried out this promotion, and he became lucky. Many people will not even pay attention to such letters, but there are some people who will sacredly believe in their winnings, logical thinking does not work for them, for example:

• I have not played any lotteries, where did this letter come from?
• why, if I am so lucky, does the notification come without official stamps, seals and signatures?
• why, if I have already won, should I buy something else, is there some kind of deception here?

And there are a lot of such illogical moments, but this whole marketing ploy is designed just not for logic, but for its absence and an excess of feelings and emotions.

In such cases, psychologists recommend developing critical thinking. To do this, before making any decision, operate primarily with logic and only then connect emotions. This is a problem for many, especially women, the elderly and children, where emotion comes to the fore, not logic. The following recommendations:

• learn to distinguish judgments based on emotions and logic;
• weigh the pros and cons before making a decision;
• pay attention to the discrepancy between what you see and what you hear;
• do not rush into making a decision if you have doubts.

If you follow these recommendations, you will have a greater chance that you will not be deceived by dishonest people. This applies to completely different areas of life, ranging from advertising propaganda on the street or in a store, ending with large-scale fraudulent fraud.

All types of thinking are closely interconnected, they even pass from one form to another. So, for example, working with a table, graph or diagram involves several thought processes at once: visual-figurative and verbal-logical. And this happens in all areas of activity. The development of all these processes is an important component of learning and intellectual growth of a child and an adult.

Reading strengthens neural connections:

Cheat sheet on general psychology Rezepov Ildar Shamilevich

50. Types of thinking

50. Types of thinking

Depending on the content of the problem being solved in psychology, it is customary to single out three kinds of thinking: practical-effective, visual-figurative and verbal-logical.

Action-Practical Thinking characterized by the fact that here the mental task is solved directly in the process of activity. Practically effective thinking is both historically and ontogenetically the earliest type of human thinking. It was from this type that the development of thinking in a person began in the process of the birth of his labor activity, when mental activity had not yet separated from subject-practical activity. From this species begins the development of thinking in ontogeny. Initially, the child solves problems by directly acting with the object.

This kind of thinking turns out to be necessary and indispensable in all those cases when it is most expedient to solve a mental problem directly in the process of practical activity.

Practical-effective thinking is applied and turns out to be the most expedient in solving incomparably more complex problems.

Meaning Practical-effective thinking is determined by the greater weight that the practical activity of people has, by the fact that many tasks in the process of this activity can be solved more productively and economically in the process of practical-effective thinking.

Visual-figurative thinking is characterized by the fact that here the content of the mental task is based on figurative material. We can talk about this type of thinking in those cases when a person, solving a problem, analyzes, compares, and seeks to generalize various images of objects, phenomena, and events.

Meaning visual-figurative thinking in that it allows a person to reflect objective reality in a more multifaceted and diverse way.

The development of visual-figurative thinking in the learning process should include tasks that require operating with images of varying degrees of generalization, direct depiction of objects, their schematic representation and symbolic designations.

feature verbal-logical thinking is that the task here is solved in a verbal (verbal) form. Using the verbal form, a person operates with the most abstract concepts. It is this type of thinking that makes it possible to establish the most general patterns that determine the development of nature and society, of man himself. Thanks to this type of thinking, a person manages to solve mental problems in the most generalized way. This is the main advantage, but also the possible disadvantages of this type of thinking.