Hypokinesia entails various diseases. The effect of hypokinesia on the human body. Impact on the respiratory system

Hypokinesia, physical inactivity and their effect on the human body

The decrease in physical activity in the conditions of modern life, on the one hand, and the insufficient development of mass forms of physical culture among the population, on the other hand, lead to the deterioration of various functions and the appearance of negative states of the human body.

The concepts of hypokinesia and hypodynamia

To ensure the normal functioning of the human body, sufficient activity of skeletal muscles is necessary. The work of the muscular apparatus contributes to the development of the brain and the establishment of intercentral and intersensory relationships. Motor activity increases energy production and heat generation, improves the functioning of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other body systems. Insufficiency of movements disrupts the normal operation of all systems and causes the appearance of special conditions - hypokinesia and hypodynamia.

Hypokinesia is reduced motor activity. It may be associated with the physiological immaturity of the body, with special working conditions in a confined space, with certain diseases, and other reasons. In some cases (gypsum bandage, bed rest) there may be a complete lack of movement or akinesia, which is even more difficult for the body to tolerate.

There is also a close concept - hypodynamia. This is a decrease in muscle effort when movements are carried out, but with extremely low loads on the muscular apparatus. In both cases, the skeletal muscles are completely underloaded. There is a huge deficit of the biological need for movement, which sharply reduces the functional state and performance of the body.

Some animals are very difficult to tolerate the lack of movement. For example, when keeping rats for 1 month under conditions of akinesia, 60% of animals survive, and under conditions of hypokinesia, 80%. Chickens grown in conditions of immobility in cramped cages and then released into the wild died at the slightest run around the yard.

It is difficult to tolerate a decrease in physical activity by a person. A survey of submariners showed that after 1.5 months of being at sea, the strength of the muscles of the trunk and limbs decreased by 20-40% of the original, and after 4 months of swimming - by 40-50%. Other violations were also observed.

Hypodynamia

Consequences of hypodynamia

Even in ancient times, it was noticed that physical activity contributes to the formation of a strong and hardy person, and immobility leads to a decrease in efficiency, diseases and obesity. All this is due to metabolic disorders. A decrease in energy metabolism associated with a change in the intensity of decomposition and oxidation of organic substances leads to a violation of biosynthesis, as well as to a change in calcium metabolism in the body. As a result, deep changes occur in the bones. First of all, they begin to lose calcium. This leads to the fact that the bone becomes loose, less durable. Calcium enters the bloodstream, settles on the walls of blood vessels, they become sclerosed, that is, they are saturated with calcium, lose their elasticity and become brittle. The ability of blood to clot increases dramatically. There is a threat of formation of blood clots (thrombi) in the vessels. High levels of calcium in the blood contribute to the formation of kidney stones.

The lack of muscle load reduces the intensity of energy metabolism, which adversely affects the skeletal and cardiac muscles. In addition, a small number of nerve impulses coming from working muscles reduces the tone of the nervous system, previously acquired skills are lost, and new ones are not formed. All this has a negative impact on health. The following should also be taken into account. A sedentary lifestyle leads to the fact that the cartilage gradually becomes less elastic and loses its flexibility. This can lead to a decrease in the amplitude of respiratory movements and loss of body flexibility. But the joints are especially affected by immobility or low mobility.

The nature of movement in the joint is determined by its structure. In the knee joint, the leg can only be bent and unbent, and in the hip joint, movements can be made in all directions. However, the range of motion depends on the training. With insufficient mobility, the ligaments lose their elasticity. During movement, an insufficient amount of joint fluid is released into the joint cavity, which plays the role of a lubricant. All this complicates the work of the joint. Insufficient load also affects the blood circulation in the joint. As a result, the nutrition of bone tissue is disrupted, the formation of articular cartilage covering the head and articular cavity of the articulating bones, and the bone itself goes wrong, which leads to various diseases. But the matter is not limited to this. Violation of blood circulation can lead to uneven growth of bone tissue, resulting in loosening of some areas and compaction of others. The shape of the bones as a result of this may become irregular, and the joint may lose mobility.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Hypodynamia is not the only reason that causes disturbances in the skeleton. Improper nutrition, lack of vitamin D, diseases of the parathyroid glands - this is not a complete list of reasons that disrupt the function of the skeleton, especially in children. So, with a lack of vitamin D in the diet, the child develops rickets. At the same time, the intake of calcium and phosphorus into the body decreases, as a result of which the bones of the legs are bent under the influence of the gravity of the body. Due to improper ossification, thickenings are formed on the ribs, heads of the digital bones, and the normal growth of the skull is disturbed. With rickets, not only the skeleton suffers, but also the muscles, endocrine and nervous systems. The child becomes irritable, whiny, shy. Vitamin D can be formed in the body under the influence of ultraviolet rays, so sunbathing and artificial irradiation with a quartz lamp prevent the development of rickets.

The cause of joint disease can be foci of purulent infection with lesions of the tonsils, middle ear, teeth, etc. Influenza, tonsillitis, severe hypothermia may precede the disease of one or more joints. They swell, hurt, movements in them are difficult. In the joints, the normal growth of bone and cartilage tissue is disturbed, in especially severe cases, the joint loses its mobility. That is why it is important to monitor the condition of the teeth, throat and nasopharynx.

Joints can also be damaged by overtraining. With prolonged skiing, running, jumping, thinning of the articular cartilage occurs, sometimes the knee menisci suffer. In the knee joint between the femur and tibia are cartilaginous pads - menisci. Each knee joint has two menisci - left and right. Inside the cartilaginous meniscus is fluid. It absorbs the sharp shocks that the body experiences during movement. Violation of the integrity of the meniscus causes severe pain and severe lameness.

Hypokinesia

Phenomenological picture of hypokinesia

The fact that physical activity improves physical features, increases efficiency, is well known. It has been repeatedly confirmed in special experiments and observations.

It is no less known that the scientific and technological revolution leads to a decrease in the share of heavy physical labor both in production and in everyday life, and, consequently, to a steady decrease in the share of active motor activity. What are the causes of the adverse effects of hypokinesia?

A decrease in motor activity leads to a violation of the coherence in the work of the muscular apparatus and internal organs due to a decrease in the intensity of proprioceptive impulses from skeletal muscles to the central apparatus of neurohumoral regulation (brain stem, subcortical nuclei, cerebral cortex).

At the level of intracellular metabolism, hypokinesia leads to a decrease in the reproduction of protein structures: the processes of transcription and translation are disrupted (removal of the genetic program and its implementation in biosynthesis). With hypokinesia, the structure of skeletal muscles and myocardium changes. Immunological activity decreases, as well as the body's resistance to overheating, cooling, lack of oxygen.

Already after 7-8 days of immobile lying, functional disorders are observed in people; apathy, forgetfulness, inability to concentrate on serious activities appear, sleep is disturbed; muscle strength drops sharply, coordination is disturbed not only in complex, but also in simple movements; the contractility of skeletal muscles worsens, the physicochemical properties of muscle proteins change; calcium content decreases in bone tissue.

In young athletes, these disorders develop more slowly, but even in them, as a result of physical inactivity, coordination of movements is disturbed, autonomic dysfunctions appear. Hypodynamia is especially detrimental to children. With insufficient physical activity, children not only lag behind their peers in development, but also get sick more often, have posture and musculoskeletal function disorders.

For the last half million years, man has been evolving phyletically, that is, without changes in his genetic program. Meanwhile, the conditions in which our distant ancestors lived, and the conditions in which we live, differ, first of all, in the requirements for the volume of movements performed. What was necessary for ancient people has become unnecessary for modern man. We spend incomparably less physical strength to ensure our own existence. But the norm of motor activity, fixed for thousands of years in the human genome, did not become an anachronism for him, because it is not easy to get rid of the programs of vital activity determined by him with an unchanged genome.

Indeed, the normal functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, hormonal and other systems of the body unfolded for thousands of years in conditions of active motor activity, and suddenly, at the last 100-50-year period of evolution, living conditions offer the body a completely unusual form of implementation of the existing ways of life of its organs and systems with a lack of movements. . Human nature does not forgive this: hypokinesia diseases appear. Their development is associated with profound functional and structural changes at the level of reproduction of cellular structures in the DNA-RNA-protein chain.

Hypokinesia at the cellular level

What mechanisms generate disorders of physiological functions visible to the naked eye during hypokinesia? The answer to this question was obtained in the study of intracellular mechanisms of growth and development of the organism.

Numerous experimental facts indicate that hypokinesia is a stress agent for warm-blooded animals and humans. The emergency stress phase of experimental hypokinesia continues from the first to the fifth day. It is characterized by a sharp increase in the production of catecholamines and glucocorticoids, the predominance of catabolic processes. The weight of the animals is falling. The thymus undergoes the most intense destructive effect at this stage due to the migration of lymphocytes, which make up about 90% of its cell populations. The increased sensitivity of lymphocytes to stress hormones can be considered as the main reason for their migration and decrease in thymus mass.

In the next 10 days, the spleen and liver are exposed to destructive effects. The cerebral hemispheres remain practically unchanged. From the 30th to the 60th day of hypokinesia, the weight of the animals stabilizes, but, as studies have shown, normal physiological growth stops. The content of nucleic acids in cells correlates with the processes of animal growth and its arrest during hypokinesia.

The brain is least affected by hypokinesia. In the first 10 days of hypokinesia, an increase in DNA is noted in it while maintaining the initial level of RNA. The concentration and total content of RNA in the heart decreases, which leads to disruption of protein biosynthesis in the myocardium. The ratio of RNA/DNA falls, therefore, the rate of transcription (reading of the biosynthesis program) from DNA genetic templates also decreases. In the first 20 days of hypokinesia, the absolute content of DNA also decreases, and destructive processes begin in the heart.

From the 20th to the 30th day, the DNA content in the heart increases. This growth is associated with its increase in the endothelium and fibroblasts of the heart (60% of heart DNA is located in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, 40% in muscle cells - cardiomyocytes). It is known that the number of muscle cells of the heart from the 20th day of postnatal ontogenesis does not increase.

From the 30th to the 60th day, there is no increase in the DNA content in the heart. Decreased ploidy of cardiomyocytes. Under normal conditions of life, the number of cardiomyocytes with more than two nuclei increases. Consequently, the activity of the cell's genetic apparatus is closely related to the intensity of its functioning, and hypokinesia acts as a biosynthesis inhibition factor. These changes are especially demonstrative in the skeletal muscles: if the amount of RNA increases by 60% in 2 months with a normal animal content, then with a two-month hypokinesia it becomes below the norm.

To ensure the normal functioning of the human body, sufficient activity of skeletal muscles is necessary. The work of the muscular apparatus contributes to the development of the brain and the establishment of intercentral and intersensory relationships. Motor activity increases energy production and heat generation, improves the functioning of the respiratory, cardiovascular and other body systems. Insufficiency of movements disrupts the normal operation of all systems and causes the appearance of special conditions - hypokinesia and hypodynamia.

Hypokinesia is reduced motor activity. It can be associated with the physiological immaturity of the body, with special working conditions in a confined space, with certain diseases, etc. reasons. In some cases (gypsum bandage, bed rest) there may be a complete absence

movement akinesia, which is even more difficult for the body to tolerate.

There is also a close concept - hypodynamia. This is a decrease in muscle effort when movements are carried out, but with extremely low loads on the muscular apparatus. In both cases, the skeletal muscles are completely underloaded. There is a huge deficit of the biological need for movement, which sharply reduces the functional state and performance of the human body.

Some animals are very difficult to tolerate the lack of movement. For example, when keeping rats for 1 month under conditions of akinesia, 60% of animals survive, and under conditions of hypokinesia - 80%. Chickens grown in conditions of immobility in cramped cages and then released into the wild died at the slightest run around the yard.

It is difficult to tolerate a decrease in physical activity by a person. A survey of submariners showed that after 1.5 months of being at sea, the strength of the muscles of the trunk and limbs decreased by 20-40% of the original, and after 4 months of swimming - by 40-50%. Other violations from various organs and systems were also observed.

INFLUENCE OF INSUFFICIENT MOTOR ACTIVITY ON THE HUMAN BODY

In the central nervous system, hypokinesia and hypodynamia cause the loss of many intercentral relationships, primarily due to impaired conduction of excitation in interneuronal synapses, i.e. asynapsia occurs. At the same time, the mental and emotional sphere changes, the functioning of sensory systems worsens. The defeat of the brain control systems of movements leads to a deterioration in the coordination of motor acts, errors occur in the addressing of motor commands, inability to assess the current state of the muscles and make corrections to the action programs.

In the motor apparatus, some degenerative phenomena are noted, reflecting the atrophy of muscle fibers - a decrease in the mass and volume of muscles, their contractile properties. The blood supply to the muscles, energy exchange is deteriorating. There is a drop in muscle strength, accuracy, speed and endurance at work (especially static endurance).

During locomotion, oscillations of the common center of mass increase, which sharply reduces the efficiency of movements when walking and running.

Respiration with insufficient motor activity is characterized by a decrease in VC, depth of respiration, minute

respiratory volume and maximum pulmonary ventilation. Oxygen demand and oxygen debt increase sharply during work. Basal metabolism and energy metabolism are reduced.

The activity of the cardiovascular system is disrupted. Atrophy of the heart muscle occurs, myocardial nutrition worsens. As a result, coronary heart disease develops. A decrease in the volume of the heart leads to lower values ​​of cardiac output (decrease in systolic and minute blood volumes). In this case, the heart rate increases both at rest and during physical exertion.

Weakened skeletal muscles cannot adequately promote venous return. The insufficiency or complete absence of their contractions practically eliminates the work of the “muscle pump”, which facilitates blood flow from the lower extremities to the heart against gravity. The loss of help from these "peripheral hearts" makes it even more difficult for the heart to pump blood.

The circulation time of the blood increases markedly.

The amount of circulating blood decreases.

At low physical exertion and a small increase in the depth of breathing during work, the blood flow and the “respiratory pump” almost do not help, since the suction effect of low pressure in the chest cavity and the work of the diaphragm are negligible. All these consequences of reduced physical activity are causing a huge increase in cardiovascular diseases in the modern world.

In the endocrine system, there is a decrease in the functions of the endocrine glands, the production of their hormones decreases.

In cases of akinesia, the most profound lesions of the body are observed and the daily biorhythms of fluctuations in heart rate, body temperature and other functions are smoothed out.

OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE DOCTOR. All forms of activity of a doctor in occupational health (hereinafter referred to as V.) are conventionally divided into preventive and ongoing sanitary supervision, organizational and methodological work, and health education.

Preventive sanitary supervision is the most important element of medical prevention. Its main content in the field of occupational health is control over compliance with the requirements of sanitary norms and rules in the design, construction and commissioning of industrial facilities, the development of technical specifications for new technological processes, chemical compounds, as well as for equipment, instruments, etc. This provision has found reflection in Art. 12 and 13 of the Federal Law of March 30, 1999 No. 52-FZ "On the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population." In accordance with SNiP II-01-95 "Instruction on the procedure for the development, approval, approval and composition of project documentation for the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures" project documentation developed in accordance with state norms, rules and standards (which is certified by the corresponding record of the responsible person - the main project engineer, chief architect of the project, project manager) is not subject to agreement with the state supervision authorities and other interested organizations, except as otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation. Preventive sanitary supervision provides for the examination of the feasibility study for the construction and reconstruction of facilities and their draft designs, the general construction plan. V. supervises the progress of construction and supervises the commissioning of the constructed facility; participates in the examination of technical specifications (TU) for new types of raw materials, industrial products, building polymer and synthetic materials; evaluates new products and technologies.

Current sanitary supervision - a deep study of hygienic conditions and the nature of labor activity, the health of workers at controlled facilities in order to protect their health and maintain a high level of efficiency. Control is exercised over the implementation by the administration of the organization of the specified Federal Law, the requirements of sanitary norms and rules, and other regulatory documents (RD) on occupational health. The following items are considered:

compliance of the device and the maintenance of the facility with sanitary requirements;

compliance of technological processes and equipment with regulatory and technical documents to ensure optimal working conditions at each workplace;

observance of sanitary rules for the maintenance of premises and territory of objects, conditions for storage, use, transportation of substances of hazard classes I and II, pesticides, mineral fertilizers and other substances equated to them;

compliance of the parameters of physical, chemical, physiological and other factors of the production environment with optimal or acceptable standards at each workplace;

providing optimal TS for women, adolescents, persons of retirement age, disabled people and other groups of workers;

providing employees with means of collective and individual protection, amenity premises;

development and implementation by the administration of health-improving measures to improve the UT, life, rest of workers, to prevent occupationally conditioned morbidity;

the effectiveness of the implementation of recreational activities to prevent, reduce the intensity and eliminate adverse production factors;

control over the organization and conduct of preventive medical examinations, the implementation of measures based on the results of examinations;

determination of contingents subject to preliminary and periodic medical examinations, fluorographic examinations, etc., participation in the formation of plans for medical examinations;

determination of contingents subject to priority additional, special examinations in connection with adverse UT, emergency situations that have arisen, the use of substances with unexplored toxic and hygienic properties, etc.;

the correctness of the employment of workers - according to the conclusion of the medical institution;

the correctness of the organization of preventive nutrition, treatment-and-prophylactic and health-improving procedures (for example, when working with a vibrating tool, straining the organ of vision, etc.);

organization of medical examinations and participation in the work of commissions based on their results.

The main form of supervision is the examination of organizations: a visit by a specialist to an object, its part; conducting laboratory research; familiarization with various documents. The survey can be targeted, thematic, continuous, selective. Prior to the survey, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the available regulatory and technical documentation for the surveyed object. The specialist is obliged to notify the administration of the facility about the upcoming inspection. The examination is carried out in the presence of an official and ends with the issuance of a document (act) confirming the amount of work performed, as well as a protocol of laboratory tests, a certificate, a report with the obligatory signature of a representative of the administration who participated in the examination. One copy of the survey report remains with the organization, the other copy is kept in the file of the Central State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.

1. The functional state of the nervous system during various types of labor activity (muscular labor, intellectual labor, etc.). Research methods. Criteria of severity and intensity of labor.

Depending on the light source, industrial lighting can be: natural, created by the sun's rays and diffuse light from the sky; artificial, it is created by electric lamps; mixed, which is a combination of natural and artificial lighting. Natural lighting is divided into lateral - through light openings in the outer walls; upper - through anti-aircraft lamps and light openings in the ceilings; combined - combining side and top natural lighting. Artificial lighting can be general and combined. General lighting is lighting in which the luminaires are placed in the upper zone of the room (not lower than 2.5 m above the floor) evenly (general uniform lighting) or in relation to the location of the equipment (general localized lighting). Combined lighting consists of general and local. It is advisable to use it for high-precision work, as well as when it is necessary to create a luminous flux in a certain direction. Local lighting is designed to illuminate only work surfaces and does not create the necessary illumination even in the areas adjacent to them. It can be stationary and portable. The use of only local lighting in industrial premises is prohibited. According to the functional purpose, artificial lighting is divided into the following types: working, emergency, evacuation, security, duty. The worker is called the lighting of the premises of buildings, as well as sections of open spaces intended for work, the passage of people and traffic. Emergency lighting is used to continue work in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. It is provided in cases where the shutdown of working lighting and the associated violation of the normal maintenance of the equipment can cause an explosion, fire, poisoning of people, as well as in workshops where it is necessary to provide conditions for continuous operation. The lowest illumination of working surfaces in emergency mode should be 5% of the rated illumination. Evacuation lighting (emergency for evacuation) is provided for the evacuation of people from the premises in case of emergency shutdown of working lighting. It is necessary in the aisles, on the stairs, in industrial premises where more than 50 people work; in the premises of auxiliary buildings, where more than 100 people can be at the same time. The lowest illumination during evacuation lighting on the floor of the main passages and on the steps of the stairs is 0.5 lux. Emergency lighting fixtures are connected to an independent power source. Security lighting (in the absence of special technical means of protection) is provided along the borders of territories protected at night. Illumination should be 0.5 lux at ground level in the horizontal plane. The emergency lighting of the premises is resorted to after hours, while using part of the lamps of one or another type of lighting. The following factors influence the level of illumination in natural light: light climate; window orientation; area of ​​light openings; the degree of purity of glass in the light openings; painting the walls of the room; depth of the room; obscuring light objects both indoors and outdoors.

1. Modern ideas about the nature of fatigue and rest (recovery). Performance dynamics. The main measures to improve performance and prevent fatigue (social, economic, medical and preventive).

1. Physiological basis of exercise and training. Rational mode of work and rest. Leisure. The phenomenon of I.M. Sechenov. Its use in the optimization of the labor process.

1. Influence of physical work on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Dynamics of oxygen consumption during various types of work. Training, exercises, their role in increasing labor productivity.

phases of performance. Efficiency is manifested in maintaining a given level of activity for a certain time and is determined by two main groups of factors - external and internal. External - the information structure of signals (the number and form of information presentation), the characteristics of the working environment (the convenience of the workplace, illumination, temperature, etc.), relationships in the team. Internal - the level of preparation, fitness, emotional stability. Working capacity limit - variable value; its change in time is called the dynamics of performance.

All labor activity proceeds in phases (Fig. 2.2):

I. Pre-working state (mobilization phase) - subjectively expressed in thinking about the upcoming work (ideomotor act), causes certain pre-working shifts in the neuromuscular system, corresponding to the nature of the upcoming load.

II. II. Workability or the stage of increasing working capacity (hypercompensation phase) is the period during which the transition from a state of rest to a working one takes place, i.e. overcoming the inertia of rest of the system and establishing coordination between the systems of the body participating in the activity. The duration of the working period can be significant. For example, in the morning after sleep, all characteristics of sensorimotor reactions are significantly lower than in the daytime. Labor productivity during these hours is lower. The period can take from several minutes to two or three hours. The duration is affected by: intensity of work, age, experience, fitness, attitude to work.

III. The period of stable performance (compensation phase) - the optimal mode of operation of the body systems is established, stabilization of indicators is developed, and its duration is approximately 2/3 of the entire operating time. Labor efficiency during this period is maximum. The period of stable performance is the most important indicator of a person's endurance for a given type of work and a given level of intensity.

1. Mental labor, its physiological features. Changes in the body during nervously intense activities. Measures to prevent mental fatigue.

1. Physiological-hygienic and psychological features of modern forms of labor and types of its organization. The work is operator, conveyor, mental. Measures to optimize modern forms of labor.

Hypokinesia is a special condition of the body due to lack of physical activity. In some cases, this condition leads to hypodynamia.

Hypodynamia- a set of negative morphofunctional changes in the body due to prolonged hypokinesia. These are atrophic changes in the muscles, general physical detraining, detraining of the cardiovascular system, a decrease in orthostatic stability, changes in the water-salt balance, changes in the blood system, bone demineralization, etc. Ultimately, the functional activity of organs and systems decreases, the activity of regulatory mechanisms that ensure their interconnection is disrupted, resistance to various adverse factors worsens; the intensity and volume of afferent information associated with muscle contractions decreases, coordination of movements is disturbed, muscle tone (turgor) decreases, endurance and strength indicators decrease.

The most resistant to the development of hypodynamic signs are muscles of an antigravitational nature (neck, back). The abdominal muscles atrophy relatively quickly, which adversely affects the function of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive organs.

Under conditions of hypodynamia, the strength of heart contractions decreases due to a decrease in venous return to the atria, the minute volume, heart mass and its energy potential decrease, the heart muscle weakens, and the amount of circulating blood decreases due to its stagnation in the depot and capillaries. The tone of the arterial and venous vessels is weakened, blood pressure falls, the supply of oxygen to tissues (hypoxia) and the intensity of metabolic processes (imbalances in the balance of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water and salts) worsen.

The vital capacity of the lungs and pulmonary ventilation, the intensity of gas exchange decreases. All this weakens the relationship between motor and autonomic functions.

monotony- this is a functional state of reduced performance that occurs in situations of monotonous work with frequent repetition of stereotypical actions in a depleted external environment. It is accompanied by feelings of boredom, apathy, drowsiness and a desire to change the type of activity. It is also characterized by such physiological and psychological symptoms as a decrease in tone, a weakening of conscious control, and the main measure to combat fatigue is the elimination of excessive working hours. In this regard, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of the measures taken in our country to reduce the length of the working day and the working week.

A rational system of alternating periods of work and breaks between them is also of great importance. The duration of the breaks should be sufficient to restore physiological functions. However, it should be borne in mind that long breaks can lead to the loss of the state of "workability" and to a decrease in labor productivity.
Physical exercise during short breaks (active rest) has a positive effect.
The rhythm of work plays a significant role. It should be remembered that too much automation of movements can lead to the development of premature fatigue. Therefore, a feature of the flow method used in our enterprises is the change of operations performed by the worker.
Important measures to combat fatigue are the automation and mechanization of production, the improvement of production facilities, the reduction of attention and memory.

1. Physiological features of labor when working on the conveyor and on the control panel. Fatigue warning. The role of outdoor activities and psycho-emotional state.

Hypokinesia - what is it? You can find out the answer to this question from this article. In addition, we will tell you in detail about the reasons why such a pathological condition occurs, describe its types and present methods of treatment.

General information

Hypokinesia is a special state of the body due to insufficient. It should be noted that such a deviation does not pose a danger to the patient's life. However, in some cases, when the patient has a pronounced immobility, it can lead to quite serious complications (pulmonary embolism, sepsis, etc.).

Despite the fact that this condition is not very common, hypokinesia still requires special attention, as it leads the patient to significant social and functional limitations.

Causes

Hypokinesia is a restriction of a person's mobility, which can occur due to various reasons. Let's consider some of them in more detail:

Other reasons

Hypokinesia is a complex of movement disorders that can occur against the background of a person's psychiatric instability.

1. Depression. This condition quickly and easily leads to psychomotor retardation. So, due to prolonged depression, spontaneous movements of a completely healthy person can become limited and slowed down.
2. Catatonia. This deviation is accompanied by a pronounced limitation of spontaneous movements. As a rule, this happens due to the fact that a person is in a stationary state for quite a long time. Outwardly, such people look like they just woke up. Informally, this phenomenon is called "wax flexibility".

Among other things, the cause of the development of hypokinesia can also be metabolic disorders, including hypothyroidism. Typically, such deviations are accompanied by a general slowdown in all motor functions. In addition, the mentioned condition often occurs against the background of neuromuscular disorders. Such a pathological condition is characterized by pronounced rigidity of muscle tissues, slowing down the pace of movements, especially in the muscles of the upper and lower extremities.

Types of hypokinesia

Now you know what hypokinesia is. It should be noted that in medical practice there are several types of such a pathological condition. Let's consider them in more detail.

Hypokinesia and hypodynamia

As you can see, hypokinesia can develop against the background of various mental and neurological disorders. In addition, such a condition is often caused by the sedentary nature of a person's work activity or his lifestyle in general. In such cases, this deviation can lead to hypodynamia.

Hypokinesia - what is it? We answered this question just above. Now we should talk about what hypodynamia is. This word was formed from Greek and literally means reduced mobility.

Such a deviation is accompanied by violations of the functions of the body (circulation, musculoskeletal system, digestion and respiration) with a noticeable limitation of human motor activity, as well as a decrease in the strength of muscle contraction. The prevalence of physical inactivity is increasingly increasing due to urbanization, mechanization and automation of labor.

According to experts, physical inactivity is a consequence of the liberation of people from physical labor. Very often, such a deviation is unofficially called the "disease of civilization."

What is dangerous?

Physical inactivity has a particularly strong effect on the cardiovascular system. Indeed, as a result of such a deviation, a person’s ability to work decreases, the strength of heart contractions weakens, and vascular tone also decreases. The detrimental effect also affects the exchange of energy and substances. The results of hypodynamia can be atherosclerosis and obesity.

Other deviations

Speaking of hypokinesia, they almost always mean the state of the human body, which is accompanied by reduced motor activity. However, such a medical term is often used to refer to diseases of the internal organs. So, in patients, hypokinesia of the gallbladder is quite often observed. This deviation is characterized by delayed emptying of the presented organ. As a rule, such a disease leads to indigestion in children and adults. Moreover, if a person has a hereditary predisposition, then the disease can easily cause cholelithiasis. For the treatment of such a pathology, patients are recommended to take choleretic agents or herbal decoctions that have the same healing properties.

Among other things, people may experience hypokinesia of the heart, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and so on.

Prevention

The main prevention of such a deviation is the constant movement of a person, physical activity, as well as maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Patients who have a predisposition to hypokinesia or hypodynamia are advised to give up smoking and other bad habits, since they can only aggravate the already difficult condition of the patient.

It should also be noted that a reasonable person must necessarily be combined with a balanced diet, regular walking and morning exercises.

Treatment

Hypokinesia and physical inactivity caused by any chronic or acute disease require a mandatory medical examination. After identifying the causes of such a deviation, doctors begin to eliminate it.

It should be noted that in the clinics of orthopedics and nervous diseases, an effective complex restoration of the human body after a period of physical inactivity is carried out. As a rule, neurologists, orthopedists, nutritionists, masseurs and physiotherapy instructors are present during such procedures. Individual classes are held in combination with massage and physiotherapy, which helps to restore. In addition, for such patients, a separate nutrition program is provided that helps to normalize body weight and stabilize the functions of internal organs. The developed motor stereotypes retain their effectiveness for a long time.

Hypokinesia called a decrease in the normal volume, amplitude or speed of automatic or voluntary movements. The term bradykinesia is often used when slow motion predominates. The term akinesia is sometimes used to refer to severe limitation of range or range of motion. In fact, rarely does one of the three parameters of physical activity change in isolation.

Thus, in patients with bradykinesia usually, along with a slowdown in movements, a decrease in their volume and amplitude is detected. Bradykinesia is often seen in parkinsonism. At the same time, bradykinesia is only one of the four cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease, which also include rigidity, rest tremor, and postural imbalance.

Therefore, the presence bradykinesia in the absence of other disorders is not a sufficient basis for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. The term parkinsonism is used to group conditions that are characterized by the presence of one or more of these cardinal features and clinically resemble idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), but are histologically distinct and often accompanied by additional neurological disorders.

The term can be used both to describe slow voluntary movements (for example, when reaching an object), and automated motor acts (such as blinking, hand movements when walking). Surprisingly, the patient himself and his relatives, with the development and existence of hypokinesia for several months, may not notice these problems.

Significant decrease in flashing frequency only after some time attracts the attention of the patient or family members. Patients are aware of the presence of motor disorders when hypokinesia leads to a limitation of functionality, however, they tend to describe the essence of the resulting disorders rather as "weakness" than as a change in the speed or amplitude of movements. It is possible to distinguish between weakness and hypokinesia by carefully studying the anamnesis. After that, it is important to determine whether the slowing or lack of movement is a sign of extrapyramidal systemic disorders (Parkinson's disease) or refers to some psychiatric disorders (catatonia or severe depression).

Hypokinesia, caused by disorders in the motor sphere, rarely poses any danger to the life of the patient, except in some cases when severe immobility can lead to such serious complications as sepsis or pulmonary embolism. Nevertheless, hypokinesia deserves serious attention, since it often leads to significant functional and social limitations.

Etiology of hypokinesia

Dysfunction of the basal ganglia is the most common cause of hypokinesia. The most striking example of striatal dysfunction involving the nigrostriatal tract leading to hypokinesia can be considered UPS. It is believed that the restriction of motor activity is the result of a decrease in excitation processes in the motor cortex that occur in connection with a violation of the function of the striopalidar-thalamic conductors. Sometimes correction of hypokinesia is possible by pharmacological intervention at the level of neurotransmitters of these connections or, more rarely, by stereotaxic destruction of the components of the extrapyramidal sphere in order to restore the balance of inhibitory and excitatory influences in the motor system.

There are several mechanisms of pathological effects on the basal ganglia and their neurotransmitter system.

1. Degenerative disorders with damage to the area of ​​the basal ganglia lead to the loss of specific groups of cells with the appropriate neurotransmitters and physiological purpose.

2. Pharmacological agents cause hypokinesia by disrupting the release or reuptake of neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia or by blocking their receptors. Of particular importance in this case is a violation of the capture of dopamine.

3. Vascular disorders can lead to isolated infarcts in the basal ganglia. Most often, hypokinesia occurs in a multi-infarction state, when many zones of bilateral ischemic brain damage diffusely disrupt the structural and functional organization of the extrapyramidal system.

4. Injury can cause dysfunction of the basal ganglia in a variety of ways. One possible mechanism is direct injury to this area in gunshot wounds. Repeated head injuries over several months or years often lead to the development of parkinsonism, which is based on the cumulative effect of microdamage to midbrain structures and blood vessels. In this case, there is a violation of the functions of the substantia nigra and striatal projection fibers. A typical example is boxer traumatic encephalopathy.

5. intoxication can cause dysfunction of the extrapyramidal system against the background of generalized manifestations of toxic encephalopathy. However, damage to specific neurons of the basal ganglia and connections of the substantia nigra occurs more often.

6. CNS infections can cause extrapyramidal disorders when the lesion is localized (for example, during the formation of an abscess) in the basal ganglia. Extrapyramidal disorders may occur months or years after a viral infection, as exemplified by the development of parkinsonism after epidemic encephalitis that appeared in the early twentieth century.
Psychiatric disorders may be accompanied by severe limitation of motor activity.

1. Depression traditionally associated with psychomotor retardation, where spontaneous movements may be limited and slowed down.

2. Catatonia characterized by marked limitation of spontaneous movement and a tendency to remain motionless in one position for an extended period of time, even when passively given this position by the doctor. This phenomenon is known as "wax flexibility".
metabolic disorders, especially hypothyroidism, may be accompanied by a general slowdown in motor functions. D. Neuromuscular disorders, which are accompanied by severe muscle rigidity, slow the pace of movement, especially in the axial muscles and muscles of the extremities, but rarely in the muscles of the face.