Purulent inflammation. Types, causes, morphology, outcome. Antibiotics for purulent wounds - which are the most effective, a review of drugs Purulent inflammatory processes on the skin

Like any other, purulent inflammation is the body's response to the impact of any irritant, aimed at limiting the pathological site, destroying provoking agents and restoring damage.

The inflammatory response consists of three successive phases: injury, swelling, repair. It is the nature of the edema that determines the type of inflammation.

Purulent inflammation develops with the predominance of pathogenic pyogenic bacteria in the edematous fluid (exudate). It can be Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, staphylo-, gono-, streptococci, Klebsiella, Proteus. The degree of contamination of the lesion with bacteria determines the likelihood and nature of the inflammatory reaction.

Pus is a liquid medium containing in its composition dead blood cells (leukocytes, phagocytes, macrophages), microbes, enzymes (proteases), destroyed and dead tissues, fats, protein fractions. It is the proteases that are responsible for the dissolution of tissues (lysis) in the lesion.

There are the following types of purulent inflammation:

• empyema - accumulation of pus in the cavity represented by the walls of the organ;
• abscess - a cavity resulting from tissue melting, filled with purulent exudate;
• phlegmon - a diffuse purulent lesion of the subcutaneous tissue throughout the vessels, nerves, in the fascia.

Atheroma inflammation

One of the most common benign tumors in the subcutaneous tissues is atheroma. It is formed in the places of the greatest distribution of the sebaceous glands: head, coccyx area, face, neck. Atheroma has the appearance of a rounded formation, is a cavity enclosed in a capsule, containing fat, cholesterol, skin cells.

It occurs as a result of the fact that the excretory duct of the sebaceous gland is clogged. Atheroma can be single, but in most cases there is a multiple distribution of these formations of various sizes. This tumor is painless and, in addition to cosmetic discomfort, does not cause inconvenience.

There are primary (congenital) and secondary atheromas that occur with seborrhea. On palpation, they are dense, moderately painful, have a bluish tint. Secondary tumors are localized on the face, chest, back, neck. After their opening, ulcers with undermined edges are formed.

In ambulatory surgery, atheroma inflammation is a common problem. Predisposing factors for this are the following conditions:

• insufficient hygiene;
• independent squeezing of acne, especially if antiseptic rules are not followed;
• microtrauma (scratches and cuts);
• pustular skin diseases;
• decreased local immunity;
• hormonal disorders;
• cosmetic abuse.

Festering atheroma is characterized by soreness, local redness and swelling. At large sizes, fluctuation can be noted - a feeling of fluid flow in an elastic cavity. Sometimes the formation breaks out on its own and fat-like pus is released.

Inflammation of atheroma is treated only surgically. A skin incision is made, the contents are peeled off with the obligatory removal of the capsule. When it is not completely removed, a relapse is possible after the operation. If atheroma is re-formed, inflammation can develop in the same area.

Suppuration of wounds

Wounds arise for numerous reasons: domestic, industrial, criminal, combat, after surgery. But inflammation of the wound is not always purulent. It depends on the nature and location of the damage, the condition of the tissues, age, contamination with microbes.

Factors predisposing to inflammation of the wound surface are as follows:

• wound with a contaminated object;
• non-observance of hygiene rules;
• the use of steroid hormones and / or cytostatics;
• excess body weight;
• malnutrition;
• vitamin deficiency;
• elderly age;
• decrease in local and general immunity;
• chronic skin diseases;
• severe somatic diseases;
• hot, humid weather;
• insufficient drainage of the wound after surgery.

Usually, suppuration of the wound is characterized by the accumulation of purulent inflammatory exudate in the tissue defect. At the same time, hyperemia (redness) and a “warm” edema appear around the edges, due to vasodilation. In the depth of the wound, "cold" edema predominates, associated with impaired lymphatic outflow due to vascular compression.

Against the background of these signs, bursting, pressing pain appears, and the temperature is locally elevated in the affected area. Under a layer of pus, a necrotic mass is determined. Absorbed into the blood, decay products, toxins cause symptoms of intoxication: fever, weakness, headaches, loss of appetite. Therefore, if inflammation of the wound occurs, treatment should be immediate.

Suppuration of postoperative sutures

The process of inflammation of the postoperative suture occurs, as a rule, on the 3rd-6th day after surgical procedures. This is due to the ingress of pyogenic microorganisms into the site of tissue damage. Bacteria can be brought into the wound primarily (by the subject of injury, poorly processed instruments, by the hands of medical personnel and / or the patient himself) and indirectly from the focus of chronic infection: caries, tonsillitis, sinusitis.

Predisposing factors to the development of the pathological process in the suture area:

• insufficient disinfection of medical equipment;
• non-compliance with the rules of asepsis, antisepsis;
• reduced immunity;
• poor drainage of wound discharge;
• damage to the subcutaneous tissue (hematomas, necrosis);
• low-quality suture material;
• non-compliance with hygiene by the patient;
• areas of ischemia (lack of blood supply) due to clamping of the vessel ligature.

If inflammation of the suture has developed, then symptoms such as redness and swelling of the skin around, soreness will be observed. First, serous fluid mixed with blood can separate from the suture, and then suppuration occurs.

With a pronounced process of inflammation, fever with chills, lethargy, refusal to eat appear.

A festering surgical suture should be treated only under the supervision of a physician. Incorrect independent actions can lead to the spread of infection, deepening of inflammation and the development of formidable complications up to sepsis. In this case, a rough tortuous scar is formed.

Purulent lesions of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Pathological processes in the skin and underlying layers are very common in surgical practice. The skin and its appendages are the body's first protective barrier against various adverse effects.

Negative factors provoking the development of skin inflammation are the following:

• mechanical damage (scratches, abrasions and cuts, scratches);
• exposure to high and low temperatures (burn, frostbite);
• chemical agents (household alkalis, acids, abuse of antiseptics and detergents);
• excessive sweating and sebum secretion can cause purulent inflammation of the skin;
• poor hygiene (especially in obese people);
• diseases of internal organs (pathologies of the endocrine, digestive systems;
• ingrown nail.

Purulent inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue can be caused by microbes introduced from the outside, and / or representatives of opportunistic flora. Suppurations of the skin are diverse in terms of localization and clinical course.

Furuncle

Suppuration of the hair follicle and sebaceous gland - furuncle. It can be localized in areas of the skin where there is hair. Occurs at any age. Most common in diabetic and/or obese patients.

Clinical manifestations are expressed in typical inflammation: hyperemia, pain, increased local temperature, swelling. Sometimes this condition is accompanied by a reaction of closely spaced lymph nodes.

Complications of furunculosis can be lymphadenitis, abscess, thrombophlebitis (inflammation of the veins), phlegmon, reactive purulent arthritis, sepsis, meningitis.

Carbuncle

Carbuncle is an acute infectious inflammation of several hair follicles with sebaceous glands at the same time. It occurs more often in adults and the elderly. Endocrine disorders play an important role in the development of this inflammation. Typical localization is the back of the neck, back, abdomen, buttocks.

At the site of infection, a dense diffuse edema occurs, the skin becomes purple and painful. There is a necrotic fusion of tissues. The carbuncle is opened in several places, creamy pus is released. The lesion with such inflammation of the skin looks like a honeycomb.

Hydradenitis

Inflammation of the sweat glands occurs mainly with uncleanliness, diaper rash, scratching. In the first place among the provoking factors is shaving the armpits. There are microtraumas of the skin, and the use of deodorant contributes to blockage of the excretory ducts of the glands.

In the area of ​​the armpit, a dense, painful tubercle is formed, the skin becomes purple-cyanotic. As the inflammation develops, the pain intensifies and interferes with movement. There is a fluctuation, the skin in the center becomes thinner, and thick pus breaks out.

With the spread of inflammation to other areas, due to the abundance of lymphatic tissue, a conglomerate of nodes with protruding papillae of the skin is formed - “bitch's udder”. If treatment is not carried out, the process can spread - an abscess or phlegmon is formed. A formidable complication of hidradenitis is sepsis.

Abscess

A cavity of a purulent-necrotic nature, limited by a capsule, is an abscess. It often occurs as a complication of inflammation, pustular diseases on the skin.

The cause of the development of a purulent cavity can be inflammation of a stab wound or injection site, when the outflow of pus is impaired.

Clinically, the abscess is manifested by edema and hyperemia of the skin in the affected area. In the depths of the tissues, a densely elastic painful formation is palpated. The skin over the abscess is hot to the touch. Symptoms of intoxication appear.

When opening an abscess and incomplete emptying or the presence of a foreign body in the cavity, the walls of the capsule do not fully close, and a fistula is formed. A breakthrough of pus can occur on the skin, into the surrounding tissues, into the cavity of the organs.

Phlegmon

A purulent-necrotic process of inflammation, located in the cellular space, without clear boundaries. The causes of phlegmon are the same as with an abscess.

In connection with the development of aesthetic medicine, the formation of phlegmon can be provoked by corrective procedures: liposuction, the introduction of various gels. The places of localization can be any, but the areas of the abdomen, back, buttocks, and neck are more likely to become inflamed. Not uncommon - damage to the tissues of the leg.

Gradually melting the tissues, the phlegmon spreads through the fiber, fascial spaces, destroying the vessels and provoking necrosis. Often phlegmon is complicated by an abscess, hydradenitis, furuncle.

Paronychia and felon

Panaritium - inflammation of the soft tissues, bones and joints of the fingers, less often the foot. Pain with panaritium can be unbearable, deprive of sleep. At the site of inflammation - hyperemia and swelling. With the development of the process, the function of the finger is disturbed.

Depending on the localization of the lesion, panaritium can be of different types:

• skin - the formation of suppuration between the epidermis and the following layers of the skin with the formation of a "bubble";
• subungual - flow of pus under the nail plate;
• subcutaneous - purulent-necrotic process of the soft tissues of the finger;
• articular - damage to the phalangeal joint;
• tendon - suppuration of the tendon (tendovaginitis);
• bone - the transition of a purulent process to the bone, proceeding according to the type of osteomyelitis.

Paronychia - damage to the roller near the nail. The nail bed can become inflamed after a manicure, cutting the cuticle. There is a throbbing pain, redness, separation of pus in this condition.

Treatment

Purulent inflammation of the soft and other tissues of the body deals with surgery. If symptoms appear that indicate a purulent lesion, be sure to consult a doctor. Self-treatment is fraught with the spread of the process and aggravation of the situation. The main directions of treatment:

• antibacterial therapy with the use of local anti-inflammatory agents (ointments, solutions) and systemic drugs (Penicillin, Ceftriaxone, Clindamycin, Vancomycin);
• antitoxic therapy (intravenous glucose, saline solutions, forced diuresis);
• treatment of concomitant chronic pathologies;
• immunocorrection (introduction of vaccines, serums, toxoids);
• diet food with the exception of simple carbohydrates, flour, fatty, fried and salty;
• vitamin therapy;
• primary and secondary surgical treatment of wounds (excision and removal of dead tissue, washing and drainage);
• physiotherapy after surgery (UVI, laser therapy, magnetic field treatment).

For surgical treatment of wounds, the following methods are used:

• physical (laser radiation, plasma flows, vacuum treatment of the inflammation zone);
• chemical (various enzyme preparations: Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Lysosorb);
• biological (removal of necrotic tissues by larvae of green flies).

With conservative therapy, the following drugs are used:

• antiseptics (Povidone-iodine, Miramistin, Etacridine, Chlorhexidine);
• water-soluble ointments (Dioxidin, Methyluracil);
• creams (Flamazin, Argosulfan);
• draining sorbents (collagenase);
• aerosols (Lifuzol, Nitazol).

In the period of regeneration (healing) after surgery, the following means are used:

• dressings with antibacterial ointments (Levomekol, Tetracycline, Pimafucin), stimulants (Vinilin, Actovegin, Solcoseryl);
• special wound dressings against inflammation and for healing (Vokopran);
• preparations based on natural polymers (Algipor, Kombutek).

Purulent inflammation of various parts of the body is common and has many different forms. The course of the process can be smooth or bring terrible complications leading to death. Therefore, treatment should be approached comprehensively and the full range of prescribed therapeutic measures, preventive measures to prevent the secondary occurrence of the disease should be carried out.

Purulent inflammation

It is characterized by the formation of serous cell exudate with a predominance of leukocytes (neutrophils). Neutrophils disintegrating in tissues (in a state of dystrophy and necrosis) are called bottom bodies. Serous exudate and purulent bodies form purulent exudate.

Pathogenesis. Associated with the damaging effect of pyogenic factors on the neurovascular apparatus and physico-chemical parameters in the focus of inflammation, increased porosity of the vessels of the microvasculature and active emigration of leukocytes - the formation of purulent exudate.

Depending on the localization, there are:

The accumulation of pus under the epidermis is called a pustule, purulent inflammation of the hair follicle, the sebaceous gland with adjacent tissues is called a furuncle.

The course can be acute and chronic.

Focal purulent inflammation with the formation of a cavity filled with pus.

Macroscopically has the appearance of an inflamed focus of a rounded shape, has a dense texture with a tense surface and a fluctuation in the center. In chronic course, a connective tissue capsule is formed, an encapsulated abscess is formed. At autopsy, a limited cavity with pus and a purulent membrane surrounding it of a dark red, reddish-yellow or gray-white color are found. The consistency of pus is thick, creamy (benign) or has the appearance of a cloudy watery liquid with a small content of purulent bodies (malignant). There may be fistulas around the abscess, or fistulas.

Microscopically characterized by the presence in inflammatory foci of hypremic vessels and purulent infiltrates, leukocytes with their transformation into purulent bodies, young connective tissue cells - granulation tissue - fibrous connective tissue membrane, dystrophic and necrotic processes in altered cellular and tissue elements.

This is an accumulation of pus in the natural cavity of the body (pericardial, pleural, abdominal, articular, etc.) as a result of purulent inflammation of its serous membranes (purulent pericarditis, pleurisy, peritonitis, etc.).

Macroscopically pus of different consistency is found in the cavity. The serous membranes are unevenly reddened, dull, swollen, ulcerated, with punctate and spotty, sometimes striped hemorrhages and a purulent mass on the surface.

Microscopically note the plethora of vessels of the serous membrane, exudation and emigration of leukocytes and diapedesis of erythrocytes, stratification of connective tissue fibers with purulent exudate, the presence of infiltrates consisting of purulent bodies, histeocytes and macrophages, individual lymphocytes, desquamated mesothelial cells.

Acute diffuse (diffuse) purulent inflammation, in which purulent exudate spreads between tissue elements. It develops in organs with loose connective tissue (muscle tissue, under the capsule and in the stroma of organs, mucous membranes, etc.)

Macroscopically It has the appearance of a diffuse swelling that does not have clear boundaries of a doughy (soft phlegmon) or dense (hard phlegmon) consistency of a bluish-red color. A cloudy, purulent liquid flows from the cut surface. Dead tissue is gradually shed.

Microscopically note inflammatory hyperemia, the accumulation of purulent exudate between the expanded tissue elements, cell necrosis and the breakdown of connective tissue and muscle fibers (Zenker necrosis of skeletal muscles).

Meaning and outcome. There may be complete or incomplete tissue regeneration. Or under adverse conditions, encapsulation.

Purulent inflammation on the skin

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Medical reference book → Purulent inflammation on the skin

- why these problems arise, how to treat them and how to treat them, we will talk in this article.

Stages of purulent inflammation on the skin

Inflammatory diseases of a purulent nature have two stages of development:

In this case, the second stage in terms of the prevalence of the process can be gangrenous, phlegmous or abscessing.

Types of purulent inflammations on the skin

Consider the main purulent skin diseases.

Furuncle. The hair follicle during the period of acute purulent inflammation involves surrounding tissues (for example, adipose tissue or sebaceous gland) into it. The cause of this disease is most often staphylococcus aureus or white, penetrating deep into the injured areas of the skin (abrasions, wounds, cracks). If only one hair follicle is inflamed, they usually talk about folliculitis (these include sycosis of the beard, teenage acne). Furuncles that appear in the plural are called furunculosis.

Serous inflammation rather quickly develops into a necrotic stage: first, a hyperemic skin tubercle appears, touching which is very painful, and the intensity of the pain is increasing. After two or three days, the boil increases to the maximum, the purulent pustule inside bursts. If you remove the crust, a whitening purulent-necrotic core will be visible. The next 3-5 days, the necrotic area is rejected and a scar is formed at the site of the wound.

At the initial stage of the development of a boil, a doctor can prescribe antibiotics and antiseptics, it is also recommended to treat the problem area locally: with alcohol, iodine, apply bandages containing antiseptics, the focus of inflammation can be chipped with a solution of antibiotics and novocaine, UHF therapy is indicated.

After "ripening", the boil is opened, the rod is removed, and then dressings with proteases are used, with a sorbent - hypertonic solution. It will not be superfluous to use an ointment for purulent wounds on a hydrophilic basis (for example, levomekol, reparef-1 and others). You can speed up the process of rejection of the rod by locally acting on it with powders with salicylic acid.

Surgeons do not recommend using ichthyol ointment for boils: it can clog the sweat and sebaceous glands and contribute to the spread of the inflammatory process. In case surgery is needed, ichthyol must be removed from the skin, and this is not easy and rather painful.

A furuncle is not just a pimple that can be cured with Vishnevsky ointment. This disease can become dangerous at any time, leading to sepsis or meningitis. In no case do not postpone a visit to the doctor if a boil appears on the face!

Carbuncle. Several hair follicles, located nearby, are drawn into acute purulent inflammation of the surrounding sebaceous glands and fatty tissue. The pathogenesis and etiology of boils and carbuncles are similar: these are related diseases, the difference lies in the number of affected hair follicles.

The purulent focus of the carbuncle opens after “ripening” with numerous holes, from where purulent-necrotic masses come out, from above it resembles a honeycomb.

The main difference between a carbuncle and a boil is the general condition of the patient. Almost always there is weakness, fever up to degrees, sleep disturbance, leukocytosis. Pain of high intensity, skin color is blue-purple, lymphadenitis or lymphangitis is often manifested, thrombophlebitis is possible. The most dangerous carbuncles appear in the head and face.

Carbuncle is always treated in a hospital, patients are prescribed antibacterial detoxification therapy. At the first stage of the development of this disease, doctors tend to give the inflammation an abortive course, the treatment methods are almost the same as for a boil.

The purulent-necrotic stage requires surgical intervention. After excision of tissues affected by necrosis, swabs containing sodium chloride, 10%, are placed on the wound. The ointment that draws out pus helps well: dioxicol, levomekol and others. Vishnevsky's ointment, the use of which was very popular not so long ago, is now used less frequently.

A timely visit to the doctor with the development of a carbuncle will protect you from a lot of unpleasant consequences.

Abscess. Focal purulent inflammation of the tissues causes them to melt, after which the so-called pyogenic capsule is formed, which separates the purulent masses from healthy organs and tissues.

The cause of an abscess is also often staphylococcus aureus, as well as Proteus, Escherichia or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and other microorganisms. In most cases, an abscess develops in muscle tissue or under the skin, although it can form in any tissue or organ due to infection through a hematoma, injury, purulent process, gray. Foreign bodies and injections can also contribute to the appearance of an abscess.

If the necessary measures are not taken in time, the abscess will progress, the purulent cavity may break through, the consequences are unpredictable.

The serous-infiltrative stage of the abscess involves antibiotic treatment, physiotherapy, compresses help well, it is possible to use a short novocaine blockade with antibiotics. Surgical treatment is required at the purulent-necrotic stage of abscess development, while general anesthesia is used. In the postoperative period, in addition to other drugs and procedures prescribed by the doctor, it is advisable to use ointments that have a dehydrating effect, this is again levomekol. During regeneration, biostimulants are indicated: helium-neon laser, metabolites, various multicomponent ointments, physiotherapy.

Phlegmon. Acute purulent inflammation occurs in adipose tissue, and, unlike an abscess, this inflammation has an unlimited character. The pathogenesis and etiology of abscess and phlegmon are almost identical.

The exudative inflammatory process quickly becomes purulent-necrotic, the fiber undergoes purulent or putrid fusion, while there is no purulent capsule that could prevent the penetration of inflammation into other tissues and organs.

Patients with phlegmon are, as a rule, in a serious condition: intoxication, leukocytosis, throbbing pain of high intensity, signs of septic shock, edema. Treatment of phlegmon is carried out only in a hospital, before surgery, infusion therapy is performed.

After the operation, drainage and tamponade (as with an abscess), intensive antibiotic therapy, increased immunity, and general detoxification of the body are indicated. Despite the high level of modern science, the likelihood of deaths with phlegmon remains.

Treatment of purulent inflammations on the skin

For the treatment of harmless purulent diseases, it is necessary to decide which ointment is able to draw out pus and which ointment is advisable to apply in the case of interest to you.

Balsamic liniment according to Vishnevsky is a drug traditionally used to treat such problems. Its main component is birch tar. On the one hand, it is able to improve blood circulation in tissues affected by a purulent disease, it can dry, soften and disinfect the desired areas. Most often, Vishnevsky's ointment is applied to tampons, dressings or compresses to treat wounds and ulcers. A gauze bandage with this ointment will help the maturation of the abscess, you need to keep it for 8-10 hours, then dry the skin and wipe it with alcohol.

On the other hand, Vishnevsky's ointment for boils or acne can help by accelerating spontaneous opening if the abscess is close to the surface and the wound has not yet formed. In such cases, the erupted furuncle heals quickly. But if the focus of purulent inflammation is located deep in the subcutaneous tissue, then there is a risk of involving nearby tissues in the pathophysiological process. Modern doctors (and especially surgeons) strongly advise not to engage in any self-treatment, but immediately go to the doctor.

Ichthyol ointment, the use of which we have already briefly considered above, has the same properties as Vishnevsky's ointment, has similar pros and cons. It is applied to the damaged area, a gauze bandage is applied over it (it can be glued with a plaster), then left for a while. A categorical contraindication for the use of both drugs is only individual intolerance to any of its components.

Historically, it so happened that for the treatment of boils and similar purulent skin diseases, people most often use traditional medicine.

A short list of folk remedies for pulling pus:

• baked onion
• baked onion + grated laundry soap
• cabbage leaf
• beeswax
• warm salt baths
• aloe leaf
• essential oils of chamomile and lavender

What can be said in conclusion? This article is intended for a thoughtful reader who understands well that in the event of any purulent skin disease, first of all, you should consult a doctor.

What is purulent inflammation called?

TREATMENT FOR INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES. ASEPTIC AND PURULENT PROCESSES

Clinically, inflammation is manifested by five signs: redness, swelling, pain, fever (fever) and impaired function. These symptoms are due to changes in the nervous system, blood vessels, cellular elements and humoral environment.

The vascular reaction is accompanied by the expansion of blood and lymphatic vessels, the functioning of the smallest vessels, which were empty in healthy tissue.

The liquid part of the blood that goes beyond the blood vessels fills the interstitial gaps and spaces, leading to the formation of swelling. The inflammatory exudate contains not only the liquid part of the blood, lymph, but also a significant number of cells of vascular (vasogenic) and tissue (histiocytes) origin, as well as proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen). As a result, osmotic and oncotic pressure increases in the lesion.

Pain is caused by the accumulation of acid products of impaired metabolism, increased interstitial pressure, and exposure to protein breakdown products.

Forms and nature of inflammation. According to the predominance of one or another process, inflammation can be exudative, proliferative, alternative. Based on the severity of protective-adaptive and compensatory-restorative processes, the general and local reactions of the body, norm-ergic, hyperergic and hypoergic inflammation are distinguished.

Normergic inflammation is characterized by the fact that a normal reaction occurs to a common stimulus, the nervous system functions normally, and destruction processes are minimally manifested with pronounced protective processes.

Hyperergic inflammation proceeds rapidly with a predominance of destructive processes over regenerative-restorative ones and is observed in a sensitized organism.

Hypoergic inflammation proceeds with a weak severity of general and local responses and does not correspond to the strength of the impact. It is observed in animals with impaired metabolism, old, emaciated, etc.

By localization, inflammation can be superficial and deep, limited, diffuse and progressive.

According to the duration of the course, inflammation can be acute (lasting 1-2 weeks), subacute (two to four weeks) and chronic (more than four weeks).

Inflammation is divided into aseptic and infectious. By the nature of the exudate, aseptic inflammation can be serous, fibrinous, serous-fibrinous, hemorrhagic, ossifying. Infectious inflammation can be purulent, putrefactive, specific infectious (actinomycosis,1 botryomycosis, tuberculosis, etc.) and anaerobic.

Serous inflammation develops after moderate mechanical, physical, chemical trauma. It is accompanied by the formation of serous exudate. Liquid, transparent or slightly turbid serous exudate contains a small amount of blood cells and local tissue cells, metabolic products and cell decay, as well as 3-5% protein.

Fibrinous inflammation occurs with more severe damage to tissues and anatomical formations lined with synovial, serous membranes (joint, tendon sheath, abdominal cavity, etc.). The exudate contains many formed elements and fibrin.

Serous-fibrinous inflammation is observed when anatomical cavities (joints, tendon sheaths, synovial bags, etc.) are damaged and is characterized by the presence of fibrin flakes in the serous exudate.

Purulent inflammation is accompanied by the formation of purulent exudate (pus). Purulent exudate is a cloudy liquid of gray, grayish-white, yellowish-gray, grayish-green liquid or creamy consistency. Pus contains a huge number of living and dead leukocytes, various cells of the reticuloendothelial system and cells of dead tissue. In pus, living and dead microbes, cell decay products, various enzymes released during cell destruction and secreted by microbes, proteins and their decay products, salts, etc. are found.

Therapeutic measures in inflammatory processes. Treatment for inflammatory processes should be aimed at finding out and eliminating the causes, normalizing the course of inflammation, activating protective and regenerative processes, stimulating the overall defenses of the body and the activity of all its systems.

Treatment of acute aseptic inflammation. Give rest to the sick animal and the affected organ during the first hours. The animal must be released from work, transferred to a stall, provided with a separate machine with plentiful soft bedding; apply immo-bilizing cotton-gauze dressings.

In the first hours after the onset of the disease, cold is prescribed. It reduces pain, slows down the development of inflammatory edema. Cold procedures are prescribed intermittently to prevent hypothermia of the body and the development of venous congestion. For therapeutic purposes, cold compresses, foot baths, dry cold (heaters, bags of ice, snow), cold clay are prescribed. Cold is combined with a moderate pressure bandage (if the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe body allows). This prevents an abundant exit of blood, lymph in the tissue and reduces pain.

From the second day, heat is prescribed. Thermal procedures reduce pain, improve blood circulation, and accelerate the resorption of exudate. Soprevayuschie compresses, hot compresses, hot baths, paraffin therapy, various physiotherapy procedures (light therapy, electrotherapy) are used. On the 4-5th day, with a decrease in pain, massage is prescribed along with thermal procedures. Massage accelerates the resorption of inflammatory exudate, enhances blood circulation and improves metabolic processes in the tissues of the pathological focus, reduces the pain response.

In the treatment of acute aseptic inflammatory processes, pathogenetic therapy is used (povocaine blockade, intravenous administration of novocaine solution).

Treatment of chronic aseptic rights of the process. Therapeutic measures are aimed at improving blood and lymph circulation and resorption of the inflammatory infiltrate, proliferate. For this purpose, massage, thermal procedures, cauterization, irritating ointments and liniments are used.

Treatment of acute purulent inflammation. In the first 1-2 days, the animal is given rest and locally wet-drying alcohol dressings, warming compresses are prescribed. Widely used means of etiological therapy (antibiotics, chemical antiseptics) and pathogenetic therapy (novocaine blockade).

If it is not possible to interrupt the development of the inflammatory process and there is an accumulation of purulent exudate in separate foci, then they resort to surgical treatment - opening the lesion and removing the purulent exudate.

surgical infection. There are purulent, putrefactive, anaerobic and specific (actinomycosis, brucellosis, necrobacteriosis, etc.) surgical infections

Purulent infection. The causative agents of purulent infection in animals are aerobic microbes (staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, etc.). They constantly live on the skin and mucous membranes of animals, on harness and animal care items. Various traumatic injuries of the skin and mucous membranes contribute to the penetration of microbes into the animal's body.

In animals, the clinical development of a purulent infection often manifests itself in the form of an abscess, phlegmon, furuncle, carbuncle, purulent arthritis, purulent myositis, etc., and less often in the form of sepsis.

Putrid infection. The causative agents of putrefactive infection are facultative anaerobes. They grow and multiply on dead tissues with a lack of oxygen; they do not penetrate into healthy tissues. A putrefactive infection is characterized by putrefactive decay of dead tissues with the formation of a fetid exudate of a gray-bloody, gray color. This foul-smelling exudate is called ichorous. Putrefactive microbes often develop simultaneously with staphylococci, streptococci, and anaerobic infections. Most of the causative agents of putrefactive infection do not release toxins, but due to their high enzymatic ability actively breaks down the proteins of dead tissues Putrid infection develops in wounds with extensive tissue damage with the formation of niches and pockets, as well as the ability to penetrate and develop endogenously with intussusception, intestinal incarceration, and its wounds .

With a putrefactive infection, a strong inflammatory edema develops, the affected tissues become flabby black-brown in color. The animal is depressed, the body temperature rises significantly, disturbances in the cardiovascular system (frequent weak pulse, deafness of heart tones) are noted.

In the treatment of wounds, pathological processes complicated by putrefactive infection, dead tissues are removed, oxygen is provided with long wide incisions and the cavities are washed with strong oxidizing agents (3% hydrogen peroxide solution, 1-3% potassium permanganate solution). Carry out general antiseptic and symptomatic treatment.

anaerobic infection. Anaerobic infection is caused by pathogens from the so-called group of four. These pathogens are soil anaerobes and are ubiquitous, constantly living in the intestines, on the body of the animal. They are found in large numbers in manure, soil contaminated with animal feces, etc. Under adverse conditions, these microbes form spores that can remain outside the body for years.

Anaerobic infection develops as a complication of gunshot, bruised and lacerated wounds, and sometimes with minor damage to the skin and mucous membranes, after intramuscular injections of solutions and vaccines.

Anaerobic microbes that enter the wound may develop; only under certain conditions: 1) in the presence of crushed tissue in the wound, insufficient blood supply to this area due to damage to blood vessels and lack of oxygen; 2) if the surgical treatment of the wound is performed after 10-12 hours from the moment of injury, foreign bodies are left in the wound, pockets, niches are not eliminated, tight tamponade is applied; 3) in the absence of immobilization in case of wounds, fractures of the limbs.

Usually, anaerobic surgical infection develops relatively rarely.

Clinical signs of anaerobic infection in most cases appear on the 2-3rd day. The animal's body temperature rises, the pulse quickens. The inflammatory process develops rapidly and progresses rapidly. Local temperature is increased only at the beginning of the disease, and then decreases due to vascular thrombosis and compression by inflammatory edema. A gray liquid exudate with an unpleasant odor is plentifully released from the wound.

Tissue edema during anaerobic infection spreads rapidly and reaches a significant size. Often the development of infection is accompanied by the formation of gases. With the development of intoxication, the pulse quickens, weakens, and the body temperature decreases, which is an unfavorable sign.

Clinically, anaerobic infection, depending on the predominance of the development of one or another microbe, can take a gaseous, edematous, or mixed form.

The prognosis for anaerobic infections in most cases is unfavorable.

For treatment, it is necessary to open the focus with several wide deep incisions and provide oxygen access, exudate drain. The wound is washed with strong oxidizing agents (1-2% potassium permanganate solution, 3% hydrogen peroxide solution), tampons and dressings are not used on the wound. Carry out general antiseptic therapy.

Prevention of anaerobic infection is the timely and thorough surgical treatment of wounds. Animals with an anaerobic infection must be isolated, and when processing them, observe personal prevention measures. With extensive and crushed wounds, they resort to specific prophylaxis by administering anti-ganlrenous serum.

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If the wound is inflamed, it means that the process of cell death has begun in it, as a result of which pus begins to accumulate. Such damage is called purulent, and the main symptoms of inflammation hidden in the wound cavity are swelling, redness and pain.

If treatment is not started quickly, an inflamed wound threatens first with necrosis (death) of tissues, and then with gangrene. It is not worth mentioning how this irreversible process of cell death usually ends.

Indeed, today pharmacology has stepped far forward, and modern drugs can quickly stop suppuration and prevent the development of complications from purulent wounds. It all depends on how timely the treatment will be, and whether the medicines will be selected correctly.

Why is a festering wound dangerous?

Most often, a purulent wound occurs after external damage to the skin with piercing, cutting or pointed objects.

Less commonly, wounds occur on their own in the human body, in the form of internal abscesses that try to break out (furunculosis, lymphadenitis, etc.).

Neglect of the means of primary wound treatment, concomitant chronic diseases and low immunity - all this can provoke inflammation of the damaged tissue area.

If, in addition, the wound treatment was not carried out efficiently and in a timely manner, then the affected area becomes infected with bacteria:

The inflamed area can cause a secondary infection when other organs are affected by bacteria.

First of all, the circulatory system is hit, and the global purulent process can lead to sepsis (blood poisoning). Bones can also suffer from a pathological process in the tissues, since the main complication of limb wounds is osteomyelitis (purulent process in the bones and bone marrow).

Immediate treatment is the key to rapid relief of the development of bacteria inside the purulent focus.

What to do if there is suppuration in the wound?

A wound in which the process of tissue necrosis has already begun cannot be treated with antiseptics alone. Even the highest quality dressing and treatment of purulent wounds with special solutions does not guarantee that complications will not occur.

As well as vice versa: taking only antibacterial agents inside, and ignoring the rules of wound dressing, you should not expect a quick cure. In any case, a purulent infection should be treated through an integrated approach.

The surgical process of repairing damaged tissues includes the following measures:

The accumulation of exudate in the wound is characteristic of inflammation. Elements of dead cells and accumulation of bacteria - this is pus. Before treating inflammation with medications, you need to clean the wound from exudate. To prevent pus from accumulating in the cavity again, frequent washing or drainage is required.

Comprehensive treatment must necessarily include antibiotic therapy. You can use both external ointments and antibiotics taken orally in various ways (orally, intramuscularly, intravenously).

Antibiotic ointments are aimed at preventing further proliferation of bacteria inside the wound and stopping the inflammatory process. External preparations should be used in the early stages of the treatment of purulent wounds. Since at the very beginning of inflammation it is impossible to determine the bacterial flora, which is the source of the purulent process, ointments with a wide spectrum of action are used.

• Penicillin;
• Tetracycline;
• Cephalosporins;
• synthetic antibiotics.

In case of serious wounds and the threat of complications, it is necessary to combine external antibiotic therapy with internal therapy.

The wound is festering, it hurts, there is a strong swelling, how to treat?

Depending on the patient's condition, antibiotic therapy is also prescribed. However, it must be understood that antibiotics cannot completely replace the surgeon. You need to know when and how to treat the wound, as long as the suppuration is not very pronounced.

At the initial stage, ointments and creams with antibiotics are used to treat a purulent wound. Antibiotics for oral use are used in the form of tablets or injections for the purpose of prevention in the early stages of inflammation, and for therapeutic purposes when complications are threatened. However, it should be understood that the possibilities of antibiotics are limited.

Many cases of medical practice with a sad outcome prove that the most important thing in the treatment of purulent inflammation is not to miss that important moment when you cannot do without the hand of a surgeon.

Patients often overestimate the possibilities of antibiotics, and seek help late, not realizing that purulent lesions need to be treated comprehensively.

And only in the early stages, without the accumulation of a large amount of exudate, the wound will heal without the participation of a surgeon.

In addition, in order to successfully cure a patient with a purulent wound, you need to understand which pathogen caused the inflammation.

It is not uncommon for patients to independently use outdated varieties of “first generation” antibiotics in the fight against new strains of bacteria. At the same time, there is no question of the adequacy of treatment, and ointment or tablets that do not bring the desired effect will also harm the patient.

Among other things, the antibiotic does not heal the wound, it only kills the microbes that have settled in it. If the wound is severely inflamed, and tissue necrosis caused suppuration, then it is difficult to create the prerequisites for wound healing with ointment alone. But it all depends on the condition of the patient, his age, tissue tone. Therefore, treatment should be prescribed individually in each individual case.

Are all antibiotics effective in the treatment of purulent wounds?

Among all the causes of inflammation and suppuration in the wound, staphylococcus occupies the main place. And it is this type of bacteria that most often turns out to be the most resistant to antibiotics of the “first generation” from the penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline groups.

Other pathogens include gram-negative bacteria:

• Proteus;
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

These microorganisms in recent years show high resistance to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline "first generation". At the same time, even antibiotic dependence in these types of bacteria is often established. This is because antibiotics cause microorganisms to mutate.

Opportunistic pathogens, which include anaerobes (can develop in an airless space), can also become the causative agent of inflammation and cause suppuration in the wound. However, this species shows high resistance to a large number of antibiotics.

Due to these facts, for the treatment of purulent wounds, it is worth choosing antibiotics of the second and subsequent generations. At the same time, combined preparations acting on various pathogens have a special effect. This is especially important in the treatment of suppuration without determining the resistance of the flora.

What antibiotic will help cure a festering wound?

When prescribing antibiotic therapy, it is worth considering not only antibiotic resistance. Each drug has its pros and cons in treatment. We will talk about the possibilities of various types below.

The natural antibiotic "benzylpenicillin" has already lost its activity against many bacteria. In the modern world, semi-synthetic variants are used, which show a wide spectrum of action on various microorganisms.

• Oxacillin (Ampioks);
• Ampicillin;
• Carbenicillin (Securopen) and others.

These types of antibiotic have inhibitory activity on benzylpenicillin-resistant strains of staphylococci. If you are allergic to penicillin or if resistance is detected, as well as in the presence of other pathogenic flora, other antibiotics are indicated for use: cephalosporin, fusidine, erythromycin.

Synthetic drugs of the first and second generation based on cephalosporins - these are cefazolin, cephalexin, cefuroxime are effective against purulent infections caused by staphylococci. They are used to destroy streptococcal and pneumococcal flora, as well as for enterobacteria lesions.

At the same time, it should be borne in mind that microorganisms develop rapid resistance to these drugs, so improved types of synthetic antibiotics appear on the pharmaceutical market.

Today, the latest drugs are actively used - cephalosporins of the "third and fourth generations":

• panzef,
• ceftazidime,
• ceftibuten,
• cefepime.

These drugs can be used as a systemic remedy in the treatment of purulent wounds caused by all possible microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus. It does not act only on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, viruses, trichomonas and chlamydia.

The first antibiotics of this group are streptomycin and its varieties: kanamycin, neomycin. However, due to uncontrolled intake, their effectiveness against staphylococci, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Klebsiel and Shigella has significantly decreased due to the resistance developed by these microorganisms.

Gentamicin belongs to the second generation aminoglycosides and today is widely used in the treatment of various diseases, including purulent ones, when it is impossible to use penicillins due to allergies or flora resistance.

Third generation drugs are less toxic than streptomycin and gentamicin. They are effective against staphylococci, enterococci, streptococci and other anaerobic bacteria.

These are drugs such as:

• Tobramycin;
• Sizomycin.

Since aminoglycosides are well absorbed through the skin, they are most often used in the form of external ointments. Systemic antibiotics are used for complications of purulent wounds (sepsis, osteomyelitis). However, aminoglycosides are ineffective in chronic infections, as they act on bacteria only during the period when they are in the stage of reproduction.

Preparations of this group of antibiotics can rightfully be called "skin", since they are effective in combating various bacterial skin lesions, including purulent wounds.

Semi-synthetic tetracyclines are more effective in combating various anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms. This is metacycline, doxycycline.

Erythromycin helps to treat patients in cases where the bacterial flora is resistant to other antibiotics (penicillins, gentamicin, tetracycline). Its effectiveness increases when combined with tetracyclines.

However, it should be noted that when using erythromycin, patients quickly develop flora resistance to this antibiotic. Therefore, it is used only in cases where other antibiotics are powerless.

This antibacterial substance quite effectively copes with a purulent infection. Since this type of antibiotic penetrates the tissues very well and deeply, it is used mainly in the form of an ointment.

Fuzidin shows high performance both against inflammation caused by penetration into the tissues of staphylococci and other pathogenic microbes. It inhibits the growth of streptococci, corynobacteria, bacterioids, meningococci.

Ointments for external use with an antibiotic

Consider the most popular ointments, which include an antibiotic that can inhibit the growth of a wide variety of microorganisms. First of all, the most effective of them are ointments with a combined composition. All these drugs in the first stages of treatment give the most positive result, since they act on various types of microorganisms, and some even on viruses.

Baneocin

Combined preparation of antimicrobial action for the external treatment of wounds, burns, infectious skin diseases. The composition of the ointment includes two antibiotics belonging to different groups:

• neomycin sulfate (aminoglycoside);
• Bacitracin (polypeptide antibiotic).

The ointment is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It also suppresses fusobacteria and actinomycetes. The combined composition of the drug, due to the synergy of the two antibiotics, also works well against staphylococci.

Baneocin is indicated for use in various purulent skin diseases, including deep tissue lesions. It is widely used for cuts, abrasions, secondary eczema and dermatitis, boils and folliculitis.

Flaws: The drug is toxic. It can not be used on large areas of the skin, as well as in patients with impaired liver and kidney function. Do not combine with other antibiotics that are part of the aminoglycoside group. It is worth noting that now some bacteria have already managed to develop resistance to neomycin.

The drug can be attributed to the combined antibacterial medicines. The composition of the ointment includes a synthetic antibiotic - chloramphenicol (levomecithin), and a substance that increases tissue regeneration - methyluracil.

The ointment shows high performance against many bacteria (spirochetes, rickettsia, chlamydia), microorganisms of any type.

Positive characteristics: The main advantage of Levomekol is that it acts even when there is pus in the wound. Unlike, for example, lincomycin ointment, it is not necessary to clean the wound from pus and remove necrotic tissue before using Levomekol.

To the positive properties of the ointment, you can add the fact that it accelerates regeneration, relieves swelling. All this makes Levomekol one of the most effective synthetic drugs for combating various inflammations. The ointment is effective for the following skin lesions:

• Inflamed wounds with suppuration;
• burns;
• Purulent-inflammatory dermatitis;
• ulcers;
• Furuncles.

The ointment can be used under sterile dressings, as well as injected directly into the wound cavities through a syringe.

The composition of this ointment includes the natural antibiotic gentamicin, which is part of the subgroup "other antibiotics", as well as a vasoconstrictor. The antimicrobial activity of the agent is aimed at gram-positive microorganisms and some viruses.

The ointment is widely used for pyoderma, wounds with a large affected area, for various pustular inflammations of the skin, infected eczema. The drug is practically non-toxic, therefore it is successfully used in the treatment of rhinitis and inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Effective for trophic ulcers and bedsores.

The ointment is approved for use by both adults and infants. She can treat the nipples of a nursing woman, wounds and inflammation on the skin of babies.

Fusiderm (analogue of Fucicort)

An antibacterial drug, the active substance of which belongs to antibiotics of natural origin - fusidic acid (group "other antibiotics"). Ointment "Fuziderm" is prescribed for resistance of staphylococcus to other antibacterial drugs. It is effective in the following wound and inflammatory lesions of the skin with infection:

• Burns and wounds;
• All types of eczema (including infected and secondary);
• Secondary dermatitis;
• Psoriasis;
• Acne.

The ointment penetrates into the deep subcutaneous layers and spreads through the tissues. Main feature: the action of the product after application lasts up to 8-10 hours.

The specificity of the ointment is that the therapeutic effect depends on the amount of the applied agent. Fusiderm can be used both as a drug to suppress the growth of bacteria, and as a means for the total destruction of microorganisms. The result of treatment depends on the dosage.

Staphylococci, streptococci, meningococci, fungi cause *purulent inflammation*, resulting in pus. There are many types of them: abscesses, post-injection abscesses, purulent diseases of the rectum (proctitis), empyema, boils, carbuncles, phlegmon,. A furuncle is an inflammation of the sebaceous gland or hair follicle. This disease is the most common. The carbuncle is characterized by a purulent - necrotic process of the subcutaneous tissue and skin, which comes from the hair follicles and sebaceous glands located nearby. Hidradenitis, or as the people call it “bitch udder”, caused by a pyogenic microbe, is an inflammation of the sweat apocrine glands. Most often, the process is localized under the armpits. Panaritium is an inflammatory disease of the tissues of the fingers of the hand, the cause of which are: splinters, stab wounds, hangnails, cut wounds.

This inflammation can be acute or chronic. Acute to a greater extent spreads through the interstitial layers or is localized, like an abscess. A breakthrough of such an abscess can occur spontaneously if surgical intervention is ignored. Due to the melting of purulent capsules, there may be a breakthrough into neighboring cavities, and if the process is localized in the subcutaneous tissue, then out. In this case, fistulas appear between the cavity with pus and abscess and purulent inflammation spreads to neighboring organs (if a lung abscess, then pleurisy will occur, and if a liver abscess, then peritonitis).

Symptoms of purulent inflammation

Symptoms of *purulent inflammation* can be local and general. General malaise, weakness, loss of appetite, fever, headache are all common symptoms. Redness, swelling, pain on palpation are local symptoms. Also, on palpation, you can feel the fluctuation of pus. In addition to these symptoms, changes in the blood occur: the level of red blood cells increases and the ESR increases.

Treatment of purulent inflammation

Treatment is prescribed by a surgeon. If symptoms of inflammation appear, you should immediately consult a doctor. Most often, this is a surgical procedure. In addition, to remove toxins from the body of toxins, antibacterial and antitoxic therapy (broad-spectrum antibiotics and sulfanilamide drugs) is prescribed. Also in such cases, doctors prescribe desensitizing, restorative, symptomatic, physio and immunotherapy. Do not forget about good nutrition and vitamin therapy.

Consequences of purulent inflammation

In case of symptoms of *purulent inflammation*, you should immediately consult a doctor. If this is not done, the consequences can be very serious, even fatal. For prompt treatment

Purulent diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue include such pathological phenomena as furuncle, abscess, hydradenitis, carbuncle, phlegmon, etc. Most often, the causative agent of such diseases is staphylococcal flora (70-90%), and the factors for the development of purulent-inflammatory diseases of the skin and subcutaneous fat include a decrease in general and local resistance and immune defense of the body and the presence of a sufficient amount of microflora for the development of the disease.

Types of purulent inflammation of the skin and their treatment

Furuncle

Furuncle is a purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle, as well as the tissues that surround it. In the process of development, inflammation covers the sebaceous gland and surrounding tissues. The pathogen is predominantly Staphylococcus aureus, and contributing factors are pollution and non-compliance with hygiene standards, cracks, hypothermia, beriberi, and a number of others. On skin devoid of hair, boils do not develop.

Treatment of boils carried out according to the general canons of the treatment of surgical infection. It is important that when the boil is located above the nasolabial fold, it is necessary to carry out active detoxification, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, restorative therapy, bed rest is required here, as well as a ban on chewing and talking. Food should only be served in a liquid state. The ancient formula is especially important here - squeezing a boil on the face is deadly!

In chronic recurrent furunculosis, in addition to general and local treatment, it is also important to undergo non-specific stimulating treatment in the form of autohemotherapy. The method of transfusion of small doses of canned blood, immunization with staphylococcal toxoid, γ-globulin, subcutaneous administration of an autovaccine or staphylococcal vaccine are also used. After the analysis of the immunogram, immunostimulating treatment is often prescribed to correct immunodeficiency, laser irradiation of autologous blood and ultraviolet irradiation.

Carbuncle

The fact that confluent purulent-necrotic inflammation affects several hair follicles and sebaceous glands, with the formation of extensive general necrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. More often this pathology is provoked by staphylococcus aureus, but infection with streptococcus is also possible. With the formation of extensive necrosis, suppuration develops around it. Signs of intoxication are noticeable. Possible complications in the form of lymphangitis, thrombophlebitis, lymphadenitis, sepsis and meningitis.

Carbuncle Treatment carried out in a hospital, while bed rest is required. Under general anesthesia, excision of a purulent-necrotic focus is performed. At the same time, restorative, detoxifying, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial treatment is mandatory. If the process develops on the face, liquid nutrition and a ban on talking are prescribed.

Hydradenitis

Purulent inflammation of the apocrine sweat glands located in the armpits is called "hydradenitis". The process can also develop in the perineum and in women in the nipple area.

The infection penetrates through the lymphatic vessels or through the damaged skin through the ducts of the glands and a painful dense nodule appears in the skin, and the process ends with the spontaneous opening of the abscess with the formation of a fistula. Infiltrates merge and there is a conglomerate with multiple fistulas.

Hidradenitis differs from a boil in the absence of pustules and necrosis. In addition, hydradenitis develops in the thickness of the skin, and other types of lymph node damage develop in the subcutaneous tissue.

Predominantly using a radical operation and excising conglomerates of inflamed sweat glands. Another option is anti-inflammatory radiation therapy. In case of relapse, specific immunotherapy and restorative drugs are prescribed.

Abscess or ulcer

An abscess, or abscess, is a limited accumulation of pus in various organs or tissues.

An abscess may develop as a result of penetration of an infection through damaged skin, but it may also be the result of a complication of local infections such as furuncle, hidradenitis, lymphadenitis, etc., or metastatic abscesses in sepsis.

Treatment of abscesses involves both medical therapy and surgery.

Phlegmon

Phlegmon is a diffuse inflammation of the intermuscular, subcutaneous, retroperitoneal and other tissues. The development of phlegmon is initiated by both aerobic and anaerobic microbes. Phlegmons are divided into serous, purulent and putrefactive. With the serous form, conservative treatment is possible, but the remaining forms are treated according to the general principles for the treatment of surgical infections.

Purulent inflammation is a fairly relevant topic for discussion, since recently more and more people have begun to turn to doctors with similar problems. The reasons for such a sharp deterioration in the health status of the population can be various factors. We want to talk about them and much more in our article. The collected information is aimed at helping victims of this disease.

What is inflammation

Purulent inflammation is one of the and before we begin to deal with its types, we need to understand what it is. Even the ancient healers determined that this is a protective reaction of the human body to an irritant. Both a virus and a splinter can act as an irritant. There are many terms that characterize this process, but the most basic is phagocytosis, which the famous Mechnikov spoke about, that is, the process of destroying an irritating agent inside the cell.

Causes of purulent inflammation

In medicine, several possible reasons are known when putrefaction begins. Among the most common options are:

• the entry of infections and their toxin into the human body;
• consequences of exposure to external factors such as burns, radiation, frostbite;
• consequences of bruises or other kinds of injuries;
• exposure to chemical irritants;
• internal processes in the body, like or salt deposits.

What happens at the moment when purulent inflammation of the tissues begins? To understand the essence, let's take the simplest example: hitting a splinter. When it has just entered the skin, it is absolutely impossible to pull it out, but after a while we can easily remove it from the skin along with pus, which has time to collect during this time. What happened, and why did pus collect, how did purulent inflammation begin? A splinter that has entered the skin is perceived by the body as a foreign body and a threat. How does the body react? It increases blood flow to the affected area, blood brings with it many useful elements that work like clockwork, and each of them performs its task:

• the platelet sticks together with its own kind and thus forms a protective layer on the wound;
• erythrocyte supplies the affected area of ​​the skin or organ with oxygen;
• plasma brings nutrients for the speedy healing of the wound;
• white bodies (leukocytes) enter into battle with the foreign body directly.

Where does pus come from? The fact is that in the process of struggle, white blood cells die, their role is to wrap around a foreign body, absorb it and destroy it. But, destroying the enemy, the leukocyte itself is destroyed, while acquiring a yellowish color, this is pus. If, in the process of fighting the irritant, some parts of the skin or organ die off, the leukocyte also embraces the dead parts in order to prevent them from developing the process in the body. Thus, leukocytes pave the way for pus to the top. If you have pain when pressing on a purulent inflammation, it means that the nerve endings were affected here, of which there are a huge number in the body. In this case, you need to carefully examine the affected area so as not to get a complication.

Forms of inflammation

Considering where the process began, and how strong or weak the human immunity is, we can distinguish the following forms of purulent inflammation:

• Abscess - this is the name of a purulent formation that forms in the tissue, while it is isolated in a separate capsule. The formation of an abscess indicates a good one. A protective crust immediately begins to form around it, preventing the spread of infection. Often this is characterized by purulent inflammation of the tooth.
• Phlegmon - characterized by a looser texture of the formation, which most often occurs in the space between the muscles. It is an indicator that a person does not have very good immunity. Most often, the patient is admitted to the hospital to resolve the problem.
• Empyema is a collection of pus in organs with a hollow structure. In this case, the boundaries of the abscess is the natural tissue of the organ.

The course of purulent inflammation

This kind of inflammation is of two types: acute and chronic. Acute purulent inflammation spreads quite quickly, and soon we can observe a splash of exudate outward, either onto the surface of the skin, or into the adjacent organ cavity. A large amount of pus can lead to intoxication of the body, and, as a result, to its exhaustion. Chronic purulent inflammation changes the composition of the cell, and lymphocytes and microphages begin to appear in its composition. Also, this form is characterized by the formation of scars and hardening, but all this is possible only with the wrong decision.

Outcome of the disease

Of course, the outcome of the disease, like any other disease, depends on the correctness of the treatment and the nature of the wound. What should be feared first of all?

• Scarring. Few people are decorated with scars after an unsuccessful fight against inflammation.
• Bleeding. If the disease has reached the lymph nodes, then there may be just such an outcome.
• Gangrene. This is one of the most terrible options, tissue death begins, that is, necrosis.

Purulent inflammation of the skin

Most often, we all encounter this type of inflammation. In what ways can we see it?

• Pyoderma - appears due to improper handling of insect bites, small skin incisions, etc. On the skin it looks like small bubbles around the wound.
• Follicle - in this case, the hair follicle is threatened, it begins to fester.
• A furuncle is a melting of a hair follicle. A dangerous factor is that it very easily develops into a furunculosis disease, when there are already many such formations.
• Carbuncle - also but large, usually treated with surgical methods, after which a large empty cavity remains in the skin, then scars appear at the site of the wound.
• Hidradenitis is a purulent formation in the groin or armpit in the place where the sebaceous glands are located.

Complications

How the decay process ends depends on several important factors:

• the degree of aggression of the irritating element;
• depth of infection penetration;
• quality of immunity of the victim.

After the treatment is over and the cavity with pus has emptied, soft tissue remains in its place, which is then replaced by fresh skin, but scarring is possible. If the treatment was not carried out correctly, then a complication process may begin, which does not reflect very well on the human condition:

• pus can spread to other tissues and organs;
• in the process of decay, the infection can enter the bloodstream, and, as a result, sepsis, bleeding and thrombosis may begin;
• death of the skin and tissues of organs;
• weakening of the immune system and the general condition of the human body, which can lead to underdevelopment of organs.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the severity of the disease. Both treatment at home and surgical intervention, as well as treatment in a hospital, are allowed.

Consider the options for possible treatment:

• with an abscess, an incision is made to a person and the cavity where the pus was was washed, the wound is closed from environmental exposure;
• with phlegmon, it is necessary to use drugs after opening abscesses and deep cleaning;
• with epiema, surgical intervention is necessary, when the tissue of the organ is opened, pus is removed, the cavity is cleaned, then enhanced treatment is carried out aimed at raising immunity and healing the wound.

It is important to know that when treating various kinds of abscesses, it is necessary to avoid contact with water, no compresses or massages can be done so as not to provoke the spread of infection. The skin needs to be treated with special means for the same purpose. Zelenka and iodine are the most common alcohol solutions that are used for this purpose.

If you are faced with an elementary splinter, then, of course, you can deal with it at home, but you also need to be very careful. Before removing a splinter, you need to carefully treat both the affected area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe skin and the tool with which you will remove it. After extraction, immediately treat the skin with alcohol and seal the wound with a plaster until healing or the formation of a protective crust.

Antibiotics

The use of antibiotics is allowed only under the strict supervision of the attending physician. Self-medication is not allowed, as this can significantly worsen the patient's condition. Before you start taking the medicine, you need to determine the sensitivity of a person to its components. Of course, it is not recommended to use antibiotics unless they are urgently needed. It is important to remember that the use of antibiotics, especially uncontrolled, can harm the normal functioning of the body. After you have a suspicion of the presence of purulent inflammation, urgently contact a specialist for help. If you have undergone surgery and scars remain, then modern plastic surgery can correct any imperfections.