29.06.2021

GPS got to a meter. Eight top-secret aircraft that can easily be confused with a UFO Strong and directional signals

Sturgeon is a real delicacy from which you can prepare many delicious dishes! Find out interesting recipes and use them.

Some useful information

Sturgeon belongs to the sturgeon family and is found in the basins of many seas, such as the Caspian, Azov and Black. Also, these aquatic inhabitants can be found in freshwater bodies of water, for example, in large rivers: the Volga, Ural, Kama. It is difficult to confuse the sturgeon with other representatives, because it has pronounced external characteristics, such as needle-shaped processes running along the ridge, as well as a rounded and flattened nasal part of the head, called the snout.

How is sturgeon useful? This fish is highly valued in cooking, and for good reason, because it contains protein, omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, phosphorus, vitamins D, E and A, as well as other nutrients. The calorie content of 100 grams of product is about 110-130 calories.

Regular consumption of sturgeon will help strengthen hair, nails and bones, increase brain activity, ensure proper muscle function, stimulate the formation of new healthy cells, and improve skin condition.

The cost of 1 kilogram of fresh sturgeon varies from 600-700 rubles to 1-1.5 thousand, depending on the region.

How to make the right choice?

Sturgeon is sold in stores and official markets in frozen, chilled and fresh form. It is better to purchase fresh or chilled fish, but it is not available in all regions. When purchasing, you should pay attention to the pulp: it should be quite elastic and have a pleasant pink-beige tint. There cannot be any damage, dents or stains on the surface. The smell is characteristic of fish, but fresh, not putrid.

Sturgeon preparation

How to clean sturgeon? Its preparation is not as simple as pre-processing other fish, which is due to some features of the body structure. To make the dish tasty and, most importantly, safe, proceed in stages:

First, wash the sturgeon well in cool water, then pour boiling water over it: this will remove mucus from the surface.
Next, use a sharp knife to carefully cut off the needle-like growths running along the back.
Then you need to cut the carcass. To do this, rip open the fish's belly and carefully remove all the contents from it. It is important to be careful not to damage the gall bladder, otherwise the pulp will spoil and become rancid.
Now you need to remove the so-called vizig - a vertebral chord, which can be poisonous without proper treatment. To do this, make an incision at the base of the tail down to the bone, trim the vertebra and begin to twist the tail, as it were. When a white-transparent vein appears, pull it: it should be easily removed from the ridge.
Next, scald the carcass with boiling water or place in hot water for a couple of minutes. Having made an incision along the ridge, you can remove the skin, starting from the tail and moving towards the head.

Sturgeon dishes

How to prepare dishes from such a delicious fish as sturgeon at home? We invite you to consider interesting recipes.

Baked

Delicious sturgeon can be cooked in the oven. For this you will need:

1400-1500 g sturgeon fillet or approximately two kilogram carcass;
three large onions;
250-300 g mayonnaise;
vegetable oil;
dill;
ground pepper (preferably black);
salt.

Preparation:

The sturgeon carcass should be cut and cut into fairly thin steaks. If you use fillet, then it is cut into pieces about one and a half centimeters thick.
Peel the onion, cut into half rings or rings.
After washing, dry the dill and chop it.
Take a baking dish or baking sheet, grease its walls and bottom generously with vegetable oil.
Place a layer of onion half rings or rings on the bottom, place sliced sturgeon on them in a thin layer, sprinkle it with salt, chopped dill and pepper, and brush with mayonnaise.
Next, lay the ingredients in layers, not forgetting to salt, sprinkle with dill and pepper the sturgeon. The last one should be mayonnaise; it forms an appetizing crust on the surface of the dish and prevents burning.
Place the baking sheet in an oven preheated to 190 degrees for about an hour. To make the dish more juicy, you can cover the pan with a lid or wrap it in foil.

Shashlik

You can cook aromatic sturgeon kebab on the grill or coals. You will need the following ingredients:

1.5 kg sturgeon;
2 large onions;
2 bell peppers;
2 tomatoes;
2/3 glass of white semi-sweet or dry wine;
a fifth or a fourth of a glass of olive or vegetable oil;
half a lemon;
ground pepper;
salt.

Instructions:

Cut the sturgeon into medium-sized cubes. Immerse them in a marinade, which is a mixture of vegetable oil, pepper, lemon juice, salt and white wine. Leave the fish to marinate for a couple of hours.
Prepare the vegetables. Cut the tomatoes into slices, onions and bell peppers into fairly large rings. Season all this with salt and pepper if desired.
Place vegetables and fish on skewers or skewers.
Next, cook the shish kebab on the coals or grill until a crust appears.

Sturgeon in sauce

Try making juicy and flavorful sturgeon. To do this you will need the following ingredients:

1 kg sturgeon fillet;
half a stick of butter;
two eggs;
half a glass of sour cream;
two tablespoons of flour;
a small amount of broth (preferably fish);
breadcrumbs;
dill;
pepper;
salt.

Process description:

Sturgeon should be cut into portions. Next, rub them with salt and pepper and leave for a while. Break the eggs into a bowl and whisk them.
Heat the butter in a frying pan. Dip the fish pieces first in flour, then in the egg mixture, and then in breadcrumbs. Fry the sturgeon on each side until golden brown.
Next, place all the fried pieces in a fireproof container, having previously greased it with oil.
Prepare a sauce from the remaining oil in the pan. To do this, bring it to a boil again, then pour in the broth. When the mixture boils, reduce the heat to low and add sour cream, as well as chopped dill, pepper and salt.
Pour the prepared sauce over the sturgeon. Place the container, uncovered, in an oven preheated to 170 degrees for fifteen minutes.
Ready!

Now you can prepare several interesting and delicious dishes from sturgeon and please your family or guests.

More than 300 million people in the world use the GPS system, with the help of which a traveler can determine his coordinates, and a pilot can land a plane in a zone with zero visibility. Over the next decade, the capabilities of the global positioning system will expand significantly.

The capabilities of the global positioning system will become much wider in the next 10 years. The user will be able to determine their coordinates with an accuracy of up to a meter. The capabilities of the GPS system will be expanded through modernization, implying: the introduction of additional signal channels on the satellite, increasing the signal power and improving its correction system, the use of directional antennas, as well as integration with television and telephone cellular networks.

Its new capabilities will primarily be used by the military, for whom it was created. US Navy aircraft will be able to land on the deck of an aircraft carrier in complete darkness. The system will be able to track the location of aircraft throughout the flight. In the near future, GPS will help control the movement of road transport, ensuring road safety; the improved system can be used in the electric power industry, telecommunications, mining, cartography and even in agriculture. In addition, any traveler will be able to use GPS throughout the globe.

The sky limits

The creation of a global positioning system began in the United States in 1978 with the launch of the first Navstar satellite. At that time, the Department of Defense decided to help 40 thousand American military personnel learn to determine their coordinates on land, in water and in the air. Only in the 80s. Cartographers and geophysicists have had access to satellite signals, and civilians have been using the system since the early 1990s, when there were 24 GPS satellites in orbit. Today, about 30 million people use GPS navigation, thanks to which ship captains, car drivers and adventure enthusiasts determine their coordinates. About 200 thousand receivers are sold in stores every month. They sold $3.5 billion worldwide in 2003, and marketing firm Frost@Sallivan predicts annual figures could rise to $10 billion from 2010. (Figures do not include revenue from businesses operating in the industry. ) More than 50% of equipment is purchased by private individuals, 40% by commercial entities, and only 8% by the military.

America is not alone in deploying space-based navigation systems. During the Cold War, Russia deployed Glonass satellites into space orbit. In the near future, this industry will develop rapidly and both cars and mobile phones will be equipped with GPS receivers. The European Galileo project will soon start, which could redistribute the satellite navigation market.

By purchasing a GPS receiver that costs $100, a person can expect a deviation of 5–10 m. Military devices can determine location with an accuracy of up to 5 m. If the GPS receiver receives a signal from a ground station and corrects the data accordingly, its accuracy increases to 0.5 m.

Information rain from space

To understand what awaits us in the future, let's look at what we have today. Satellites transmit two types of signals. One of them carries information about the location of the satellite and the time of signal transmission. It is received by fixed ground stations, processed and sent to a satellite, which transmits it to all users of the system. The second signal is the code necessary to determine the time of signal transmission. The creators of the system call it pseudo-random noise.

It takes time for a signal to travel a distance of 20 thousand km. If the user can, using his receiver, which contains the code, determine the time of its departure, then it will not be difficult to record the time of its passage and, by multiplying the received data by the speed of propagation, calculate the distance to the satellite.

If you install a clock in the GPS successor, then, having received the distance from three satellites, the user will be able to determine the latitude, longitude and altitude of his location. The signal coming from the satellites resembles three spheres intersecting at different times at different points. For a user on Earth, there is only one moment of their contact in a given period of time. For more consistent signal synchronization, the satellites are equipped with atomic clocks that provide accuracy up to one part in a billion. With most GPS receivers, they can be off by one or more seconds per day. It can be calculated that an error of just one second will change the distance from the satellite to the user by 300 thousand km. Engineers call the process of measuring the distance between a satellite and a user pseudo-measurement. The fact is that the error is also present in the signals from four satellites, as a result of which we get four equations with four unknowns.

Modern GPS receivers are able to take into account the Doppler effect if measurements are taken while moving. When the receiver moves in the direction of wave propagation, its length becomes longer, and when moving in the opposite direction, it becomes shorter. Each satellite resembles a high-speed train. If it moves towards you, then its whistle becomes louder as it approaches, and if it moves away, the signal loses power. Taking this effect into account, the speed of the GPS receiver can be obtained. This method of measuring speed is very accurate.

Thus, GPS receivers determine three coordinates and three velocity vectors, and also synchronize time through the network. At the same time, the receivers themselves do not transmit signals on the air. Cell phones will soon be equipped with GPS, which will lead to an increase in price of the latter by only $5.

Overcoming the ionosphere

GPS satellites transmit a signal with a classic sine wave shape at a regular radio frequency. Now two signals are transmitted at microwave frequencies - L-1, L-2. Channel L-1 is available to everyone. It is believed that it is intended for civilian users, although the military does not forget about it. Channel L-2 is intended for military personnel. Civilian users receive this channel on their GPS receivers, but due to the fact that they do not have access to the PRN code, a positioning error occurs. Only expensive receivers allow civilian users to operate in the L-2 band. Therefore, most of them receive the L-1 signal, which allows accurate determination of coordinates from 5 to 10 m.

Difficulties in signal reception are caused mainly by the fact that radio waves on their path overcome the Earth's ionosphere, which is a plasma cloud formed by the Solar wind. Its boundaries extend from 70 to 1300 km above the Earth's surface, and when passing through the ionosphere, radio signals are weakened and distorted. At night, when the ionosphere is at rest, the signal transmission delay is 1 m, and during the day, when plasma activity is high, it is more than 10 m.

In order to minimize the influence of the ionosphere, differentiated D-GPS is used. In this scheme, two receivers are used: one is mobile, and the second is located at a point with known coordinates. The data coming from these GPS is compared and processed, after which the readings of the mobile receiver are adjusted. The closer they are, the more accurately the coordinates are determined.

Strong and directional signals

Beginning in 2005, satellites will transmit additional signals that will help eliminate interference from the ionosphere. Two signals will be added to the military L-1 and L-2 and one to the civilian L-1, and the existing signals will not undergo any changes. The next stage of system improvement will begin in 2008. The satellites will transmit another civil signal, L-5, which will be 5 times more powerful than now. The dual signal will minimize the influence of the ionosphere. Future GPS receivers will be able to compare the distortion of two signals, making the necessary adjustments to the calculations.

Operators using D-GPS receivers will also benefit. Recall that the accuracy of the D-GPS system decreases as the distance between the fixed receiver and the mobile GPS increases. This is due to the fact that the receivers receive signals from satellites that have passed through different layers of the ionosphere. When working with two signals, mobile GPS is able to estimate the influence of the ionosphere, and data from a fixed receiver will help minimize other errors, which can range from 30 to 50 cm.

To obtain positioning accuracy within centimeters or even millimeters, users can use D-GPS receivers. Their modern models, having communication with a stationary station via a radio channel, transmit information about their location and receive corrected data. The wavelength at which the signal is transmitted from the satellite is 19 cm. The receiver can measure the time of receipt of the signal with an accuracy of 1%. In absolute terms, this value will be several millimeters.

To make more accurate measurements, the receiver must identify the signal wave from the satellite. Modern GPS compares signals from satellites via L-1 and L-2 channels. In the GPS system, the wavelengths differ by 85 cm, which allows measurements with an accuracy of 8 mm. The reliability of such a measurement system is hundreds of times greater than that of systems working with PRN codes. Their limit is 50 cm. D-GPS receivers working with one L-1 channel provide measurement accuracy of up to 19 cm. Expensive GPS models have the ability to increase measurement accuracy by comparing the frequencies of signals received via L-1 and L-2 channels. With the beginning of transmission of additional signals from satellites, the accuracy and reliability of GPS receivers will significantly increase. Civilian users will have access to the open portion of the L-2 channel and the new L-5 channel. In the future, GPS will be able to compare three pairs of channels (L-1 with L-2, L-2 with L-5, L-2 with L-5L).

Flights with GPS

What other opportunities will open up for GPS users? The US Federal Aviation Administration is developing new rules for flying using the GPS system. Many aircraft are already equipped with such receivers, but their use is limited. The new equipment will allow landing in zero visibility. However, this will require that, firstly, in any situation, the pilot takes into account that instrument readings do not always correspond to the real location of the aircraft, and in emergency cases, make adjustments to the flight mode. (During landing, the deviation from the given trajectory should not exceed 10 m.) Secondly, aviation systems must have a very high degree of reliability.

Representatives of the US Federal Aviation Administration proposed two systems based on D-GPS technology. The ground part of the complex includes transmitting and receiving antennas connected to the control center. In 2003, a network of WAAS ground stations appeared, which allows real-time correction of the coordinates of all GPS users. (Engineers in Europe, China, Japan, India, Australia and Brazil are working on similar systems.) In case of an error, WAAS makes a correction to the D-GPS user within 7 seconds. Thanks to this, during landing approach, the pilot can guide the aircraft to an altitude of 100 m. In the airport area, the crew switches to piloting mode using ground navigation equipment.

Over time, LAAS navigation systems operating in the shortwave range will be able to provide zero visibility landings using the L-5 channel. The US Navy is developing a JPALS precision aircraft guidance and landing system for aircraft carriers, which is based on the principle of a D-GPS system operating on L-1 and L-2 channels. When approaching and landing, a naval aviation pilot must control the distance to the deck of an aircraft carrier with an accuracy of 1 m so that a special hook on the aircraft body can engage the brake rope. Testing of the JPALS system will begin in 2006.

Scientists and engineers are already working on creating a third-generation GPS system. The launch of new satellites will take place no earlier than 2012. Through the use of satellite communications and the installation of more powerful computing systems on them, the capabilities of the system will be significantly expanded.

Care.

This is the primary manifestation of love that we encounter. We urgently need it in the first years of life, so its importance is extremely great for us. We know how to appreciate it, especially in its absence.

Especially those who received little of it and have not learned to take care of themselves. Through caring we receive the message “You are needed.”

At the same time, it doesn’t matter whether they care about us or whether we care. Yes, yes, we fall in love with the person we care about because we also feel needed. The projection mechanism is activated. Considering that love is a complex feeling, essentially being more of a verb than a noun, care, being an action, is easily mistaken for love.

Pity.

Pity is possible subject to sensitivity and the ability to show empathy. This is an important component of love. They used to say “he regrets, it means he loves.” The mother feels sorry for the child - he is smaller, weaker.

A man should be able to feel sorry for a woman for the same reason. Becoming psychologically more of a mother, a woman feels sorry for a man like a child. And this leads to a devaluation of his strength. Therefore, it can be argued that a man’s love should contain a greater share of pity than a woman’s love for a man. When people feel sorry for us, it’s as if we are returning to childhood, to where there was love.

Admiration.

This is the most common pitfall. The easiest thing to confuse with love is admiration.

Women are especially often confused when they admire a man. Because admiration is a recognition of strength, abilities, etc. But! Admiration shines with bright colors, eclipsing the partner’s shortcomings better than an invisibility blanket. The shine will sooner or later be erased, but it is rarely possible to predict in advance what real gold or rusty iron will be underneath. Well, only if your parents didn’t teach you this, or... if you weren’t admired enough. And just like in the previous feelings, the trap works in both directions. We lose our heads when people admire us and are sure that we are in love with the person we ourselves admire.

Sex appeal.

The same hormones are released into the blood during love and orgasm. The difference is in the intensity and speed of their occurrence. In the case of sexual attraction, everything happens quickly. Hormones cloud your thinking and that's it, you're trapped. Having had enough of each other, after some time you are faced with the question - who is this stranger or stranger in front of you.

Romanticism.

Reading poems dedicated to me and listening to songs, I could easily decide that the authors are head over heels in love with me. I wouldn't be a psychologist.

But I know that there is also a type of personality that lives in fantasy, not reality.

And all these magic words are just her flight. Art is the highest manifestation of human creativity. Talent is rare to come across, and we have different explanations for its presence in another person. As a rule, love, in case we are the object of his creativity. Laura was confident in the love of Petrarch, Dulcinea in the love of Don Quixote, and so on.

Addiction.

When they can’t live even a second without you, it’s hard not to get confused. Necessity is one of the important components of love. The desire to belong and own is very strong. We appeared in a strong merger with our parents and were their physical part. For many people it will be a great surprise to learn that you can love another not in fusion, but at a distance, for example. This can also include jealousy, as a desire to possess. “He’s jealous, that means he loves...”

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