Gradation. Examples in various fields. The meaning of the word "gradation"

Therefore, depending on what the word gradation is used in connection with (examples are given above), we can talk about completely different things.

General concept. This word itself is taken from the Latin language and is translated as “gradual transition”, “increase”. Gradation is a non-jumping movement of any attribute or property, as well as successive stages or steps.

Let's look at the meaning of this word in more detail.

Color gradation. Examples. These are steps of any color, which are arranged in a certain order, or it is a set of different shades from dark to light and vice versa. The rainbow is the most striking example of color gradation. Here is the transition of primary colors from one to another.

The gradation of the quality of goods is a combination of categories, classes or varieties of various goods. A product's qualities such as suitability for use or usefulness can be judged. An example of quality gradation is tea varieties or trays of eggs of different grades: highest, first and second. Also in the railway or aviation sector tickets are offered: reserved seat, compartment, first class; business or economy class.

In business, this term can be used when distributing goods according to criteria: quality, etc. This greatly simplifies the trading procedure.

Russian language and gradation. Examples. Consecutive weakening or strengthening in an expression is called in Russian language and literature. Previously, it was also called “menopause”. However, recently it has been given a different name - gradation. Example: “I beg you, I beg you, I beg you.” Now literary scholars attribute menopause to varieties of gradation. But the difference in them is so subtle that it is barely perceptible for “ordinary” people.

Age gradation. Examples. This concept has found its application in cultural studies and sociology. Age gradation is a system that exists in any society. Under this system, people belonging to the same age group have equal responsibilities and rights. The term can also be used to refer to animals in biology. A common example is puppies and older dogs. Here the age gradation is quite pronounced. Moreover, the breed of dogs does not matter. The term "age gradation" is also used. In this case, people are divided into groups for some specific purpose within an institution.

Thus, gradation is a very versatile concept, but in general it is understood in the same way - it is the gradual transition of one property to another or the division of something into stages or steps.

Gradation

Gradation

GRADATION - the arrangement of a series of expressions relating to one subject, in a sequential order of increasing (see Climax) or decreasing (see Anticlimax) semantic or emotional significance of the members of the series. For example, Block:

“But the fiery distances turn black -
Don’t leave, don’t get up and don’t breathe” (climax),

from Bely:

“All facets of feelings, all facets of truth have been erased:
In worlds, in years, in hours” (anti-climax).

G.'s impression is enhanced by a special rhythmic-syntactic structure, often by anaphora (see). So from Balmont:

“I love you with a capricious dream,
I love you with all the strength of my soul,
I love you with all my young blood,
I love you, I love you, hurry!”

Sometimes the middle terms of a phrase, by their logical meaning, do not form a strict progression, but thanks to the melody of the verse and its syntactic features, the impression of a phrase is obtained, which in this case is more obvious during recitation. Eg. from Tyutchev:

“...I love this, invisibly
There is a mysterious evil spilled throughout everything -
In flowers, in a source transparent as glass,
And in the rainbow rays, and in the very sky of Rome.”

And conversely, a semantic increase that is not supported rhythmically and syntactically does not provide a sufficient sense of G. For example. from Zhukovsky:

“Both summer and autumn were rainy,
Pastures and fields were drowned,
The grain in the fields was not ripe and was lost,
There was a famine, the people were dying.”

G. can be the principle of composition of an entire poem; eg strophic G. with anaphora in Tyutchev’s poem: “The East turned white... The East turned red... The East flared up...” G. is the principle of plot composition, especially in folk tales, epics, etc. The most common is three-part G. Bibliography:
Zhirmunsky V. M., Composition of lyric poems, P., 1921; Tomashevsky B., Theory of Literature, ed. 4th, Guise, L., 1928.

Literary encyclopedia. - At 11 t.; M.: Publishing House of the Communist Academy, Soviet Encyclopedia, Fiction. Edited by V. M. Fritsche, A. V. Lunacharsky. 1929-1939 .

Gradation

GRADATION(lat. Gradatio, step increase), synonyms: menopause(Greek κλι̃μαξ ladder), also aggravation, - a stylistic figure (see), consisting of a successively increasing grouping of expressions relating to one subject. For example: “I came, I saw, I conquered” (the words of Caesar); “To the village, to my aunt, to the wilderness, to Saratov” (Griboyedov); “Where is Mazepa? Where is the villain? Where did Judas run in fear?” (Pushkin); “In sweet-foggy care Not an hour, not a day, not a year will pass” (Boratynsky); “Not what you think, nature is not a cast, not a soulless face. It has a soul, it has freedom, it has love, it has language” (Tyutchev). In many cases, the feeling of gradation is associated not so much with a semantic increase, but with the syntactic features of the structure of the phrase. So, at the beginning of Tyutchev’s poem “Malaria” - “I love this, invisible, mysterious evil spilled throughout everything - In flowers, in a source, transparent as glass, And in rainbow rays, in the very sky of Rome!” - in themselves, more or less equivalent images of flowers, a source, rays and the sky form an increasing series, mainly due to the fact that the first image is expressed in one word - a general concept, in the second an essential feature is highlighted, and the third and fourth begin with an anaphoric And, increasing intonation, which culminates in the intensifying adjective “most”, which precedes the last image. Strictly carried out polynomial gradation is not very common. Between two extreme points the increase usually follows a wavy line, the subsequent expression is often inferior in strength to the previous one, or even all intermediate expressions can be more or less equivalent, forming a simple enumeration. In the latter case, it sometimes happens that the effect of gradation seems to be given in possibility, so that in recitation it can be realized quite naturally. (Compare, for example, this potential gradation in the second half of the first stanza of Tyutchev’s Malaria, where a series of equivalent images only ends with a strong rise in the last generalizing expression: “And this is all death!”). To what extent is the figure of gradation, so akin to melodic growth in music, closely connected precisely with melody(see) phrases, can be seen from such examples where the obvious semantic increase is not sufficiently supported by the rhythmic-syntactic structure, and therefore the gradation is not felt as such. (For example, in Zhukovsky: “Both summer and autumn were rainy, pastures and fields were flooded, the grain in the fields did not ripen and disappeared, there was famine, the people were dying”). Gradation can serve as an architectural principle for an entire poem. For example, one of Tyutchev’s poems forms a clear strophic gradation with its anaphors(see) at the beginning of each stanza: “The East turned white... The East turned red... The East flared up...”; or Fet’s poem: “I came to you with greetings.” In the same way, we can observe gradation in the plot structure of larger literary genres, fairy tales, short stories, etc., for example, in the folk tale “Mena” (by Afanasyev, parallels by the brothers Grimm, Andersen, etc.), in “The Fairy Tale about the fisherman and the fish”, etc., in Leonid Andreev’s story “The Life of Basil of Thebes”, in the biblical story of Job, etc.

M. Petrovsky. Literary encyclopedia: Dictionary of literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what “Gradation” is in other dictionaries:

- (Latin gradatio, from gradus step, degree). Graduality, consistency. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. GRADATION [lat. gradatio gradual elevation, intensification] sequence, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

gradation- and, f. gradation f., German Gradation lat. gradatio. 1. lit. Gradation; elevation or rise: one of the Rhetorical figures by which the Speaker gradually ascends from one thought to another, constantly increasing, until he reaches ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Gradation- GRADATION (Latin Gradatio, stepwise increase), synonyms: menopause (Greek κλι̃μαξ ladder), also aggravation, stylistic figure (see), consisting of a successively increasing grouping of expressions related to one subject. For example... Dictionary of literary terms

GRADATION, gradations, female. (lat. gradatio) (book). Measured sequence when moving from one to another. Gradation of musical tones. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Graduality, gradation, sequence, alternation, figure Dictionary of Russian synonyms. gradation noun, number of synonyms: 7 climax (7) ... Synonym dictionary

Gradation- Gradation, class, grade - a category or rank assigned to objects that have the same functional application, but different quality requirements Notes: 1 Gradation (class, grade) reflects the intended or recognized difference in ... ... Encyclopedia of terms, definitions and explanations of building materials

English grading - division of goods sold under derivatives contracts, futures on commodity exchanges, into groups according to quality criteria, to simplify the trading procedure. Dictionary of business terms. Akademik.ru. 2001... Dictionary of business terms

- (Latin gradatio gradual increase, from gradus step, degree), sequence, gradualness in the arrangement of something, successively located stages, steps in the transition from one to another... Modern encyclopedia

- (lat. gradatio gradual increase from gradus step, degree), sequence, gradualness in the arrangement of something, successively located stages, steps in the transition from one to another ...

A stylistic figure, a consistent intensification or, conversely, a weakening of the power of homogeneous expressive means of artistic speech (I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry..., Yesenin). Wed. Amplification… Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Graduality of transition - (in printing) a certain sequential series of values ​​of the optical characteristics of a print, original, photographic form, arranged in ascending or descending order. Explanatory dictionary of printing

The definition of the concept “gradation” can be different depending on what we are talking about when using these words. Thus, we can talk about gradation as a stylistic figure and age gradation in sociology or, for example, about the gradation of color in art and in computer programs and about the gradation of the quality of goods in trade. Therefore, depending on the context in which the word gradation occurs - we gave examples of this above - it can mean completely different things.

What is gradation - general definition

The word “gradation” itself is of Latin origin. Translated from Latin, “gradatio” means “gradual increase.” The same root word “degree” is one of the stages of such an increase. Gradation represents a consistent change (increase, decrease) of some property or attribute, as well as successively located steps or stages - for example, when moving from one quality to another. Now let's look at the different meanings of this word in more detail - in specific phrases.

What is color gradation

A color gradation is a set of different shades or, as they sometimes say, steps of a particular color, arranged in a certain order - from lighter to darker shades or vice versa. Gradation is often understood as a transition from one color of the spectrum to another. In nature, the most striking and perfect manifestation of color gradation is the rainbow, where all the colors of the spectrum are represented in their sequential transition from one to another.

Gradation of product quality

The gradation of the quality of goods is a set of varieties, categories or classes of goods, with the help of which one can judge such properties of a product as its usefulness or suitability for use or consumption. A striking example of quality gradation is tea varieties. Many of you probably remember that back in Soviet times, tea was divided into premium, first and second grades. This does not mean that second-class tea could not be drunk; it was simply inferior in taste to first-class, and even more so, second-class tea. We find another common example of gradation in air and rail transport. Airlines offer us to buy tickets in economy, business and first class. And on the railway there are places located in general carriages (seated), in reserved seats, compartments and in SV - luxury sleeping cars. This is what gradation of quality of goods and services is.

Gradation in Russian

Gradation in Russian language and literature is a stylistic figure. True, at the time when I was studying, we called this figure “climax” (from the Greek word “ladder”), but recently the word “gradation”, which is more euphonious for many, has begun to be used. Although, if we follow the scientific approach to the end, some literary scholars consider gradation to be one of the varieties of menopause, but this difference is often too subtle to be noticeable. In essence, gradation is a consistent strengthening or weakening of the expressive means of speech. Here is a vivid example of such a figure of speech from a poem by Sergei Yesenin, a wonderful Russian poet: “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry.”

Age gradation

The concept of “age gradation” is used in sciences such as sociology and cultural studies. Age gradation is a system in a particular society according to which people of the same age group have equal rights and responsibilities. The term is also used in biology - in relation to animals. Among domestic animals, the age gradation is quite clearly expressed, for example, in dogs: younger dogs often treat older dogs with great respect - regardless of breed and size of each other. In addition, the concept of “age gradation” is often used when we are talking about the distribution of people according to age for some purposes. For example, when applying to universities or getting a job.