Instrumental methods for studying the endocrine system. Methods for studying the endocrine glands - abstract. Chemical analysis of extracts and synthesis of hormonal drugs

Endocrine diseases are all kinds of hormonal disorders that most often arise due to dysfunction of the thyroid and pancreas, as well as as a result of systemic diseases. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the endocrine diseases, the number of cases of which is steadily increasing in recent years and becomes truly menacing. All diseases endocrine system cause complex disorders in the body, reducing the quality of life and destroying human health.

Routine examinations of the endocrine system:
Since the probability of development diabetes mellitus increases in frequency and commitment over the years control tests depends on age.
Up to 45 years of age, a blood test for glucose is done if there is any suspicion of hormonal disorders (as directed by a doctor).
After 45 years of age, a blood glucose test should be done at least once every three years.
At any age, if you are at risk for diabetes, you need to do it regularly.

More information about diseases and risk factors of the endocrine system -.

Blood glucose test

Target. The level of glucose (sugar) in the blood shows how well carbohydrates are being processed in the body. water exchange with the participation of the hormone insulin. Exceeding the normal glucose level indicates hyperglycemia (one of the indicators of type 2 diabetes), falling below normal indicates hypoglycemia (indicative of a lack of energy).

Way. In the classic case, blood is taken for glucose on an empty stomach: at least 8-10 hours must pass between the last (evening) meal and blood sampling. Also during this period you should not drink sweet drinks, alcohol, you can only drink water and weak unsweetened tea. Also, as prescribed by the doctor, blood is taken for glucose under load: in this case, a control blood sample is first taken on an empty stomach, then the person drinks a sweet solution, and his blood is taken again - several times over two hours. This allows you to track the dynamics of the increase and regulation of blood sugar levels.

Conclusions. Normal level blood sugar is 3.3 - 5.5 mmol/l. The closer your score is to upper limit, the more alarming the result. Increased level glucose in the blood signals not only the possibility of developing diabetes mellitus, but also a number of other disorders, for example, pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic dysfunction. Even severe stress can cause blood glucose levels to rise.

Blood test for hormones

Target. Characteristic feature hormones produced by the thyroid, pancreas, reproductive system, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, is overall impact on the body. Therefore, if any hormonal imbalance occurs, the consequences can be very diverse - from the development of diabetes mellitus to problems with reproductive function, leather, etc. Hormone analysis allows you to determine the level various hormones in the blood, compare it with the norm and draw appropriate conclusions.

Way. Blood for hormones is donated on an empty stomach from a vein: 10 hours before blood collection you should not eat or drink, you should also refrain from physical activity and hectic activity at work. If you are taking any medications, especially hormonal ones, consult your doctor and decide on a temporary withdrawal regimen so as not to harm yourself and to obtain reliable test results.

Conclusions. The result of a blood test for hormones is a list of hormones (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, luteinizing hormone, hormones thyroid gland etc.) and the level of their content in your blood. If one of the values ​​does not fit into the norm, we can talk about a violation. But only a doctor can draw conclusions, because not only individual values ​​are important, but also their combination.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands

Target. Ultrasound of the endocrine glands - the thyroid gland and adrenal glands - allows us to identify disorders in the health of the organs themselves, which led to hormonal imbalance. An ultrasound is performed to determine the causes hormonal disorders, as well as in cases where there are suspicions of changes in the glands (nodules in the thyroid gland).

Way. Ultrasound is performed using an ultrasound machine: a specialist places a sensor in the area of ​​the thyroid gland or adrenal glands and, receiving a picture on the monitor, can visually assess the condition of the organ and the nature of the disorders. The shape, size of the glands, the presence of deviations and deformations, as well as neoplasms are assessed. Also considered lymph nodes And circulatory system.

Conclusions. The result of the analysis is an ultrasound image and its visual interpretation relative to the norm. As a rule, ultrasound of the endocrine glands allows high degree accurately detect the presence of neoplasms in organs and visible changes in their structure. The image analysis is carried out exclusively by a doctor.

The endocrine system, or internal secretion system, consists of glands internal secretion, so named because they secrete specific products of their activity - hormones - directly into internal environment body, into the blood. There are eight of these glands in the body: thyroid, parathyroid or parathyroid, goiter (thymus), pituitary gland, pineal gland (or pineal gland), adrenal glands (adrenal glands), pancreas and gonads (Fig. 67).

General function The endocrine system comes down to the implementation of chemical regulation in the body, establishing connections between its organs and systems and maintaining their functions at a certain level.

Hormones of the endocrine glands are substances with very high biological activity, that is, they act in very small doses. Together with enzymes and vitamins, they belong to the so-called biocatalysts. In addition, hormones have a specific effect - some of them influence certain organs, others control certain processes in the tissues of the body.

Endocrine glands participate in the process of growth and development of the body, in the regulation metabolic processes, ensuring its vital functions, in mobilizing the body’s forces, as well as in restoring energy resources and renewing its cells and tissues. Thus, in addition to the nervous regulation of the body’s vital functions (including during sports), there is endocrine regulation And humoral regulation, closely interconnected and carried out using a “feedback” mechanism.

Since classes physical culture and especially sports require more and more advanced regulation and correlation of the activities of various human systems and organs in difficult conditions emotional and physical stress, the study of the function of the endocrine system, although not yet included in widespread practice, is gradually beginning to occupy an increasing place in the comprehensive study of the athlete.

Correct assessment of the functional state of the endocrine system allows us to identify pathological changes in it in case of irrational use physical exercise. Under the influence of rational, systematic physical education and sports, this system is being improved.

Adaptation of the endocrine system to physical activity characterized not simply by an increase in the activity of the endocrine glands, but mainly by a change in the relationships between individual glands. Development of fatigue during long work is also accompanied by corresponding changes in the activity of the endocrine glands.

The human endocrine system, improving under the influence of rational training, helps to increase the body's adaptive capabilities, which leads to improved sports performance, in particular in the development of endurance.

Research of the endocrine system is complex and is usually performed in a hospital setting. But there are a number simple methods studies that allow, to a certain extent, to assess the functional state of individual endocrine glands - anamnesis, examination, palpation, functional tests.

Anamnesis. Information about the period of puberty is important. When questioning women, they find out the start time, regularity, duration, abundance of menstruation, the development of secondary sexual characteristics; when questioning men, the time of onset of voice loss, facial hair, etc. For older people, the time of onset menopause, i.e., the time of cessation of menstruation in women, the state of sexual function in men.

Information about the emotional state is essential. For example, quick change mood, increased excitability, anxiety, usually accompanied by sweating, tachycardia, weight loss, low-grade fever, rapid fatigue, may indicate increased thyroid function. When the function of the thyroid gland decreases, apathy is observed, which is accompanied by lethargy, slowness, bradycardia, etc.

Symptoms of increased thyroid function are sometimes almost identical to the symptoms that appear when an athlete overtrains. This aspect of the history should be given particular importance, since cases of increased thyroid function (hyperthyroidism) have been observed in athletes.

Determine the presence of complaints characteristic of patients with diabetes - increased thirst and appetite, etc.

Inspection. Pay attention to following signs: proportionality of development individual parts body in tall persons (is there a disproportionate increase in the nose, chin, hands and feet, which may indicate hyperfunction of the anterior pituitary gland - acromegaly), for the presence of bulging eyes, pronounced shine of the eyes (observed with hyperthyroidism), puffiness of the face (observed with hypothyroidism ), as well as for such signs as an enlarged thyroid gland, sweating or dry skin, the presence of fat (predominant deposition of fat in the lower abdomen, buttocks, thighs and chest is characteristic of obesity associated with dysfunction of the pituitary gland and gonads), sudden weight loss (occurs with thyrotoxicosis, diseases of the pituitary gland - Simmonds disease and adrenal glands - Addison disease).

In addition, during examination, the hair on the body is determined, since hair growth depends to a large extent on hormonal influences gonads, thyroid gland, adrenal gland and pituitary gland. Availability in men hairline, characteristic of women, may indicate insufficiency of the function of the gonads. The male type of hair in women can be a manifestation of hermaphroditism - the presence in one individual of characteristics characteristic of both sexes (such persons are not allowed to play sports).

Excessive hair growth on the body and limbs, and in women, on the face (mustache and beard) suggests a tumor of the adrenal cortex, hyperthyroidism, etc.

Palpation. Of all the endocrine glands, direct palpation (as well as inspection) can be performed thyroid gland and male gonads; during gynecological examination - female gonads (ovaries).

Functional tests. When studying the function of the endocrine glands, many such tests are used. Of greatest importance in sports medicine are functional tests used in the study of the thyroid gland and adrenal glands.

Functional tests when studying the function of the thyroid gland are based on the study of metabolic processes regulated by this gland. The thyroid hormone - thyroxine stimulates oxidative processes, participating in the regulation of various types of metabolism (carbohydrate, fat, iodine metabolism, etc.). Therefore, the main method of studying the functional state of the thyroid gland is to determine the basal metabolism (the amount of energy in kilocalories consumed by a person in a state of complete rest), which is directly dependent on the function of the thyroid gland and the amount of thyroxine secreted by it.

The value of basal metabolism in kilocalories is compared with the proper values ​​calculated using the Harris-Benedict tables or nomograms, and is expressed as a percentage of the proper value. If the basal metabolism of the examined athlete exceeds the expected one by more than +10%, this suggests hyperfunction of the thyroid gland, if less by 10%, its hypofunction. The higher the percentage of excess, the more pronounced the hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. With significant hyperthyroidism, the basal metabolic rate may be greater than +100%. A decrease in basal metabolism by more than 10% compared to normal may indicate hypofunction of the thyroid gland.

Thyroid function can also be examined using radioactive iodine. This determines the ability of the thyroid gland to absorb it. If more than 25% of the administered iodine remains in the thyroid gland after 24 hours, this indicates an increase in its function.

Functional tests when studying adrenal function provide valuable data. The adrenal glands have a wide range of effects on the body. The adrenal medulla, secreting hormones - catecholamines (adrenaline and norepinephrine), communicates between the endocrine glands and nervous system, participates in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, maintains vascular tone and heart muscles. The adrenal cortex secretes aldosterone, corticosteroids, and androgenic hormones, which play a vital role in the functioning of the body as a whole. All these hormones are involved in mineral, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism and in the regulation of a number of processes in the body.

Tense muscle work enhances the function of the adrenal medulla. By the degree of this increase one can judge the effect of the load on the athlete’s body.

To determine functional state adrenal glands, the chemical and morphological composition of the blood (the amount of potassium and sodium in the blood serum, the number of eosinophils in the blood) and urine (determination of 17-ketosteroids, etc.) is examined.

In trained athletes, after a load corresponding to their level of preparedness, there is a moderate increase in adrenal function. If the load exceeds the athlete’s functional capabilities, the hormonal function of the adrenal glands is suppressed. This is determined by a special biochemical test of blood and urine. With adrenal insufficiency, mineral and water metabolism changes: the level of sodium in the blood serum decreases and the amount of potassium increases.

Without perfect, coordinated function of all endocrine glands, it is impossible to achieve high sports performance. Apparently various types sports are associated with a predominant increase in function different glands internal secretion, because the hormones of each gland have a specific effect.

When developing the quality of endurance, the main role is played by hormones that regulate all main types of metabolism, when developing the qualities of speed and strength important has an increase in the level of adrenaline in the blood.

An urgent task of modern sports medicine is to study the functional state of the athlete’s endocrine system to clarify its role in increasing his performance and preventing the development of pathological changes both in the endocrine system itself and in other systems and organs (since dysfunction of the endocrine system affects the body as a whole).

1. Complaints from the central nervous system

2. From the SSS side

3. From the genital area

4. Complaints due to metabolic disorders

1 – irritability, increased nervous excitability, causeless anxiety, insomnia, neurovegetative disorders, tremors, sweating, feeling hot, etc. (diffuse toxic goiter, thyroid disease); hypothyroidism – lethargy, indifference, indifference, drowsiness, memory impairment.

2 – shortness of breath, palpitations, pain in the heart area, interruptions in heart function, changes in pulse, blood pressure.

3 – decreased sexual function. Irregular menstruation, impotence, decreased libido lead to infertility.

4 – loss of appetite. Change in body weight. Polyuria, thirst, dry mouth. Pain in muscles, bones, joints.

They may complain of slow growth (with diseases of the pituitary gland); changes in appearance. They may complain of hoarseness, rough voice, difficulty speaking. Changes in skin, hair, nails.

Objective examination.

Changes in the patient's appearance and characteristics of his behavior. With diffuse toxic goiter– mobility, fussiness, animated gestures, frightened facial expression, exophthalmos.

Hypothyroidism - slowness, low mobility, swollen sleepy face, poor facial expressions, ballroom withdrawn, indifferent, etc.

Changes in the patient's height, changes in size and ratio of body parts - gigantic growth (above 195 cm), with diseases of the pituitary gland, as well as the gonads, develop according to the female type. Dwarf height - less than 130 cm - children's body proportions. Acromegaly – disease of the pituitary gland – increase in the size of the limbs – big head with large facial features.

Changes in body hair – with pathology of the gonads – thinning of hair growth. Premature graying and hair loss.

Accelerated growth hair.

Features of fat deposition and nutritional pattern - weight loss up to cachexia (DTC), with hypothyroidism - weight gain, obesity. Predominantly fat deposits in the area pelvic girdle. Pituitary gland diseases.

Changes in the skin – the skin is thin, tender, hot, moist – DTZ. With hypothyroidism, the skin is dry, flaky, rough, and pale.

Palpation. Thyroid gland. Size, consistency, mobility.

1. 4 bent fingers both hands, placed on back surface neck, and thumb to the front surface.

2. The patient is offered swallowing movements during which the thyroid gland moves along with the larynx and moves between the fingers.

3. The thyroid isthmus is examined by sliding fingers along its surface from top to bottom.

4. For ease of palpation, each of the lateral lobes of the gland is pressed on thyroid cartilage from the opposite side. Normally, the thyroid gland is not visible and usually not palpable.

Sometimes the isthmus can be palpated. In the form of a transversely lying smooth painless roll of elastic consistency no wider than the middle finger of the hand. During swallowing movements, the fluid will move up and down by 1-3 cm.

There are three degrees of thyroid enlargement:

0 - no goiter.

I. The thyroid gland is not visible, but is palpable. Moreover, its dimensions are larger distal phalanx the patient's thumb.

II. The thyroid gland is visible and palpable. "thick neck"

Palpation results:

1. The thyroid gland is uniformly enlarged, of normal consistency, painless, and displaced.

2. The thyroid gland is enlarged, with nodes, painless, displaced - endemic goiter.

3. Thyroid with dense nodular or tuberous formations, fused to the skin, growing into the surrounding tissues and not dislodging when swallowing - thyroid cancer

Laboratory methods.

Biochemical analysis blood.

Blood test for hormones - TSH, T3 - triiodotyranine, T4 - triiodotyraxine.

Determination of glucose in blood. OTTG – oral glucose tolerance test.

Urine examination. General analysis urine. Daily amount of urine for sugar. 2 cans are given - one is 3 liters, the second is 200 ml. before examination usual drinking regime. No night urine. Stirred. Pour into a small jar. We attach the direction, with the inscription of the amount of urine.

Instrumental research. X-ray. Ultrasound.

Clinical syndromes:

1. Hyperglycemia syndrome

2. Hypoglycemia syndrome

3. Hyperthyroidism syndrome

4. Hypothyroidism syndrome

5. Hypercortisolism syndrome

6. Hypocortisolism syndrome

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Abstract on the topic:

“Methods for studying patients with diseases of the endocrine system”

Completed:

Student of group 33-L

Sirotkina Olga

Supervisor:

Chuprova N.K.

Kovrov, 2009

The procedure for studying patients with diseases of the endocrine system

The endocrine glands produce hormones that perform various functions, and when their activity is disrupted in the body, the most various disorders. Therefore, it is almost impossible to identify a small number of complaints that are characteristic only of endocrine pathology. Most often, complaints are identified due to malfunction of the following systems:

Central nervous system

Cardiovascular system

Genital area

Metabolism

CNS disorders are detected in all patients with VVS diseases. It appears as:

Irritability;

Increased nervous excitability;

Unreasonable anxiety;

Insomnia.

These complaints are characteristic of hyperthyroidism—increased thyroid function.

With hypothyroidism, a decrease in thyroid function, the following are observed:

Drowsiness;

Memory impairment;

Chilliness

Patients are also characterized by neurovegetative disorders:

Sweating;

Feeling hot;

Cardiovascular disorders occur in many types of endocrine pathologies, but are most typical for diseases of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands and pituitary gland.

Patients complain of:

Tingling in the region of the heart;

Heartbeat;

Shortness of breath on exertion.

Sexual disorders.

Decreased sexual function (cessation of menstruation, impotence, decreased libido) occurs primarily in diseases of the gonads, but is often observed in cases of dysfunction of the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, and thyroid gland.

Complaints related to changes in metabolism.

Appetite disturbances are possible both in the direction of increasing it (polyphagia, bulimia) and decreasing it up to the point of aversion to food (anorexia).

Changes in the patient's body weight are not always adequate to changes in appetite.

With hypothyroidism (myxedema), patients gain weight with decreased appetite.

People with hyperthyroidism and diabetes mellitus lose weight, despite a good appetite.

Polyuria, thirst, dry mouth are observed in diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus and are associated with impaired water and carbohydrate metabolism.

Pain in muscles, bones, joints is constantly observed with dysfunction of the adrenal glands, pituitary gland and is explained by osteoporosis (rarefaction bone tissue), which sometimes leads to pathological bone fractures from minor injuries. These phenomena are a consequence of disturbances in mineral metabolism.

Other complaints.

Slow growth - with pathology of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland;

Changes in appearance - with Itsenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome, diseases of the thyroid gland, pituitary gland;

Changes in skin, hair, nails:

Dry skin - with hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus;

Swelling - with hypothyroidism;

Skin itching - with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus;

Fragility, hair loss on the head, loss of eyebrows, eyelashes, brittle nails - with hypothyroidism;

Hair loss on the head, excess hair on the face and body - in case of Itsenko-Cushing's disease and syndrome;

Constipation - with hypothyroidism;

Diarrhea - with thyrotoxicosis;

Vomiting, abdominal pain - with untreated diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease).

Medical history

Determining the history of the development of the present disease is carried out according to the general scheme:

Risk factors;

Onset of the disease;

Development of the disease;

The treatment carried out, its duration, effectiveness.

Life history

From the life history for the diagnosis of endocrine diseases, the following information is of particular importance:

Place of birth and residence of the patient.

Geographical location is essential for identifying possible endemic goiter caused by a lack of iodine in the soil and water of some areas.

Features of the individual development of the patient:

Birth injuries;

Growth pattern;

Data on sexual disorders.

Particular attention is paid to the onset of puberty and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics.

Delay in sexual development may be a manifestation of a disorder of the gonads, adrenal glands, or thyroid gland;

Early development of sexual characteristics is a consequence increased function gonads.

Gynecological history in women.

Find out the time of appearance and nature of menstruation, as well as the appearance of signs of menopause. How did pregnancy and childbirth proceed?

Often endocrine diseases occur during puberty, after childbirth or during menopause.

Working and living conditions:

Conflict situations;

Occupational hazards and accidents.

The use of hormonal and antihormonal drugs (treatment with insulin, mercazolil, steroid hormones of the adrenal cortex, use anabolic steroids to build muscle mass).

Hereditary predisposition.

General inspection

Examination is a valuable method in diagnosis endocrine disorders. Often the diagnosis can be assumed at the first glance at the patient based on some characteristic signs.

In many diseases of the endocrine glands, the appearance and behavioral characteristics of patients attract attention:

Mobility, fussiness, animated gestures and a tense-frightened facial expression, which is caused by exophthalmos, rare blinking, increased shine of the eyes;

Slowness, low mobility, sleepy, swollen face, almost without facial expressions;

Closedness of patients, indifference to the environment;

"Moon Face";

Changing the shape of the neck.

The patient’s height, size and ratio of parts of his body:

Gigantic growth

Dwarf stature

Increased size of limbs, large head with large facial features

Changes in body hair:

Hair thinning;

Accelerated hair growth in children;

Change in hair type.

Nutritional pattern and fat deposition characteristics:

Emaciation;

Increase in body weight;

Predominant fat deposition in the pelvic girdle;

Even distribution of fat throughout the body;

Excessive fat deposition on the face and torso.

Skin changes:

Tender, moist, with hyperemia, hot to the touch;

Rough, pale;

Thin, atrophic, flabby, with numerous fine wrinkles;

Rough, thickened, compacted;

Oily, acne-prone, with stretch marks;

Bronze color.

Palpation

Palpation as a method of studying endocrinological patients is used to evaluate the thyroid gland and male reproductive glands - the testicles.

Rules for palpation of the thyroid gland.

Four bent fingers of both hands are placed on the back surface of the neck behind the anterior edges of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, and the thumb is placed on the front surface.

The patient is asked to make swallowing movements, during which the thyroid gland moves along with the larynx and moves between the fingers of the examiner.

The isthmus of the thyroid gland is examined by sliding fingers along its surface from top to bottom.

For ease of palpation of each of the lateral lobes of the gland, pressure is applied to the thyroid cartilage from the opposite side.

Percussion, auscultation

These methods occupy a secondary place in the diagnosis of endocrinological disorders:

Percussion above the manubrium of the sternum reveals a substernal goiter;

Auscultation allows you to listen to noise over the thyroid gland in cases of its hyperfunction, the appearance of which is explained by increased vascularization of the gland and is combined with its pulsation determined by palpation.

Additional research methods.

Determination of hormones in the blood;

Glucose tolerance test;

Scintigraphy;

Test with the absorption of radioactive I131 by the thyroid gland;

X-ray methods;

Thermography;

Thermometry.

References

1. Great medical encyclopedia.

2. Propaedeutics in therapy.

3. Fundamentals of nursing in therapy.

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Puncture (puncture biopsy) of the thyroid gland- puncture of the thyroid gland under ultrasound control.

This method is prescribed only if no other method provides sufficient information to prescribe treatment.

Indications:

• diagnosis of thyroid diseases;
• the presence of cysts or nodules larger than 1 cm;
• the likelihood of a malignant process.

The procedure is carried out under ultrasound control and allows you to accurately prescribe the type of treatment.

A very thin needle is used for the puncture. Under ultrasound control, the needle reaches exactly the right place, which reduces the likelihood of injury. The procedure is safe and has no contraindications.

After the puncture, the patient may feel slight pain at the site of manipulation, which quickly passes.

Ultrasound of the pancreas.

Ultrasound of the pancreas is recommended for suspected acute and chronic pancreatitis(inflammation of the pancreas), as well as jaundice (suspected tumors or cancer of the pancreas), and the appearance of symptoms of other diseases of the pancreas (for example, type 1 diabetes).

Preparation for ultrasound of the pancreas as for ultrasound of all organs abdominal cavity.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland is one of the methods for studying the thyroid gland, which allows you to assess its size and identify the presence of certain structural changes observed in diseases of the thyroid gland (goiter, thyroid tumors, thyroid adenoma, etc.). Using an ultrasound of the thyroid gland, its smallest changes, reaching 1-2 mm in diameter, can be detected.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland does not require special preparation. This is an absolutely safe and painless research method.

Ultrasound of the adrenal glands.

Ultrasound of the adrenal glands - ultrasound examination structures of the adrenal glands located above the upper poles of the kidneys.

Indications for ultrasound of the adrenal glands:

• Suspicion of an adrenal tumor.
• Clinical manifestations hyper- or hypofunction of the adrenal glands.
• Clarification of the causes of hypertension.
• Episodes of gratuitous muscle weakness.
• Clarification of the causes of obesity.
• Clarification of the causes of infertility.

Preparation for an ultrasound scan of the adrenal glands is not required, however, some ultrasound diagnostic specialists prescribe a 3-day low-slag diet, a light dinner no later than 19 hours the day before the test, and an ultrasound scan of the adrenal glands on an empty stomach.

X-ray of the skull bones ( study of shape, size and contours sella turcica- bone bed of the pituitary gland) - is carried out to diagnose a pituitary tumor.

Radioisotope scanning (scintigraphy) of the thyroid gland With radioactive iodine, based on the degree of absorption of which a conclusion is made about the function of the thyroid gland and the iodine-binding ability of serum proteins is determined

COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT)- a method of x-ray examination, based on the unequal absorption of x-ray radiation by various tissues of the body, is used in the diagnosis of pathology of the thyroid gland, pancreas, and adrenal glands.

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGRAPHY (MRI) - instrumental method diagnostics, with the help of which in endocrinology the condition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system, skeleton, abdominal and pelvic organs is assessed.

List of literature

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