ALT and AST
23.06.2020

Isovaleric acid properties. Method for the production of isovaleric acid. Isovaleric acid is a chemical

The rhizome contains 0.3-2% essential oil. The main component of the essential oil is bornylizovalerianate, isovaleric acid, borneol, valepotriate.

Isovaleric acid:

Valepotriate: iridoids

DV is defined as the unknown nature of DV or when the unknown is the method of their determination

Method of determination: Add 70% alcohol or c / f mixture for 2 hours. The extractant extracts all extractive substances, evaporated for concentration. the extractant evaporates. + NH4OH (for the hydrolysis of esters of valeric acid) + FeCl3

FEC x=D*100*20*100/10.5*A*5*(100-W)

The extractant is standardized. This is a special group of liquid and dry extracts. The mixture is intended for the rapid preparation of infusions and decoctions. Honey. extracts are prepared from standardized MRS 2: 1 (from 1 unit of LRS 2 parts of the liquid extract). 40% ethanol is used as an extractant to bring the extract closer in terms of the composition of the extracted substances to an aqueous extract.

Scheme: extraction, purification, evaporation, drying, standardization.

Infusion: the swollen or dry material is loaded into the percolator on a sieve bottom tightly so that as little air as possible remains in the raw material. from above, they are pressed with a perforated disk. The extractant is fed into the percolator from above in a continuous stream, as soon as the extractant begins to flow into the receiver, the percolator tap is closed, and the extractant is returned to the raw material in the extractor. After that, a pure extractant is added to the percolator to the “mirror”, and incubated for 24-48 hours - a maceration pause.

Actually percolation is the continuous passage of the extractant through the layer of raw materials and the collection of percolate. A tap is opened at the percolator, and an extractant is continuously fed to the raw material. Percolation ends with obtaining an extract in one step - in the preparation of tinctures, thick and dry extracts, or in two steps - in the production of liquid extracts.

cleaning: settling for less than 2 days, temp. not less than 10C, filtered through a druk filter.

Standardization: content of active substances, heavy metals; in liquid - + alcohol content or density, dry residue.

Determination of heavy metals. To 1 ml of a liquid extract or 1 g of a thick or dry extract, add 1 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, carefully burn and ignite. The resulting residue is treated with heating with 5 ml of saturated ammonium acetate solution. Filter through an ashless filter, rinse with 5 ml of water and bring the volume of the filtrate to 200 ml. 10 ml of the resulting solution must withstand the test for heavy metals (no more than 0.01 % in the preparation) (GF XI, no. 1, With. 165).


Determination of dry residue. 5 ml of the liquid extract is placed in a weighed bottle, evaporated on a water bath and dried for 3 hours at (102.5 ± 2.5)°C, then cooled in a desiccator for 30 minutes and weighed.

Determination of moisture. About 0.5 g of the drug (accurately weighed) is dried in an oven at (102.5 ± 2.5) °C for 5 hours, then cooled in a desiccator for 30 minutes and weighed.

ZhLF-Mixture for internal use. Caffeine-sodium benzoate: check doses. *3=0.09 - not overestimated. V water \u003d 10.0 * 1.8 + 4.0 * 2.4 + 200.0 \u003d 227.6 ml Ctotal \u003d 0.4 + 3.0 + 0.18 / 200.0 * 100 \u003d 2.1% This is less than 3%, which means we do not take into account the KUO. Mint infusion contains essential oil, first in the infunder. we weigh a glass of 10.0 g and 4.0 g of mint leaves + measure 227.6 ml of water and into a water bath, leave for 15 minutes. and cool for 45 minutes, then filter into a stand through a double filter and first of all weigh the items of list B, then sodium bromide and magnesium sulfate, dissolve and filter through a double gauze swab into a dispensing bottle

Rhizomata cum radicibus Valerianae 10.0

Folia Menthae 4.0

Coffeini Natrii benzoates 0.4

Natrium bromide 3.0

Magnesium sulfatis 0.8

Biotechnology: Use tissue of radiola rosea, ginseng, foxglove

Pharma.analysis:caffeine-benzot Na(1,3,7, trimethylxanthine) l r in water, tr in alcohol. Light absorption in IR, UV

Magnesium sulfate - white pores or b/cv prism crystals, weathering in air, l.r. in water, very easy in boiling water, practically not soluble in alcohol.

Quality analysis:

Na+ - burner flame color

Br- - +Cl= yellow precipitate; in this recipe: + H2SO4 + KMnO4 + x / f = x / f env in yellow-brown color.

Mg - with sodium hydrogen phosphate: MgSO4 + Na2HPO4 + NH4OH = NH4MgPO4 (white) + 2NaCl + H2O

SO4 + BaCl2=BaSO4(bel)

Caffeine: with tannin p-rum = white precipitate, p-th reagent in the hut.

With Wagner solution (J2+HJ)=brown precipitate.

Murexide test - oxidative-hydrolytic decomposition in an acidic environment at t.

Benzoate +FeCl3=flesh color precipitate

Quantity. Analysis:

Caffeine: - A method of reverse iodometry in an acidic medium, based on the ability of caffeine to form a precipitate of periodide.

The precipitate is filtered off, the first portions are discarded, titrated in ½ of the volume of the filtrate.

E \u003d M / 4, par-but k / o.

Benzoate (in the second sample) - acidimetry. Ind-r - m / o + m / s (2: 1), titrated in the presence of ether. Ether - to extract benzoic acid from the aqueous phase.

BIOTECHNOLOGY:

Cultures of growing cells used in biotechnology: ginseng, snake rauwolfia, barberry, small cornflower, common yew, pink periwinkle.

The advantages of using cell cultures are as follows:

solves the problem of shortage of raw materials, especially valuable endangered species that are not amenable to plantation cultivation;

it is possible to obtain phytomass completely free from herbicides, pesticides, heavy metals, etc.; it is possible to obtain new substances that are not synthesized by the corresponding target plant; it is possible to control the biosynthesis of target products due to the cultivation conditions, the composition of the nutrient medium, and other methods;

there is a possibility of industrialization and reduction in the cost of production of some biologically active substances, the synthesis of which has not yet been developed or is very expensive.

Isovaleric acid has been widely used in medicine, in a modified chemical formula it is present in validol (menthyl ester of isovaleric acid with a small amount of menthol solution), in bromisovaleric acid. And for the synthesis of other sedative drugs - valocordin, corvalol, etc.

In the food industry, ethyl, pentyl and isoamyl esters of isovaleric acid are used.

In the chemical industry, it is used for the chemical synthesis of 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid racemates.

In the perfume industry, isovaleric acid esters are used - they have various fruity odors and are used as flavorings.

Description

Physicochemical characteristics

Colorless or yellowish transparent liquid.

Density: 0.926 g/cm3

Melting point: -37.6oC

Solubility in water: 25 g / 100 ml (at 20oC)

Boiling point: 176.7oC

Additional Information.

  • Isovaleric acid is an isomer valeric acid(one of the main four isomers).
  • Do not allow contact with skin and mucous membranes, as this causes burns with irreversible consequences. not allowed to enter the gastrointestinal tract.
  • It is also dangerous for the inhabitants of the aquatic environment.
  • isopropylacetic acid also soluble in ethyl And diethyl ether And chloroform.
  • produced anaerobic bacteria during the fermentation reaction of the protein substrate.
  • isovaleric acid is also present in the culture fluid of propionic bacteria
  • Item Code: 208-01
  • Availability: In stock
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Isovaleric acid(English) isovaleric acid, or 3- Methylbutanoic acid, or β- methylbutyric acid- carboxylic acid, the most important isomer of valeric acid for human physiology. Synonyms: 3-methylbutanoic acid, 3-methylbutyric acid, 1-isobutanecarboxylic acid, isopropylacetic acid. Short designation - isoC5 or iC5.

It is used in the production of Validol, Valocordin and some other drugs.

Isovaleric acid is a chemical
Isovaleric acid is a monobasic saturated branched carboxylic acid. The chemical formula of the compound: CH 3 -CH (CH 3) -CH 2 -COOH. The empirical formula of isovaleric acid is C 5 H 10 O 2 . Salts and esters of isovaleric acid are called isovalerates. Melting point - -29.3°C. Boiling point - 176.5°C. Molar mass - 102 g/mol. Isovaleric acid at room temperature is a colorless liquid with a pungent, unpleasant odor. Partially soluble in water, soluble in ethyl alcohol.

Isovaleric acid (as well as isobutyric acid) is a so-called "branched fatty acid" and belongs to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Previously, the term volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was common. This terminology is accepted in works on the physiology of the digestive organs. It should be borne in mind that in a number of classifications, carboxylic acids with a "branched chain" do not belong to fatty acids.

Gut bacteria that produce isovaleric acid
Isovaleric acid, in particular, is a waste product of the normal intestinal microflora. Here, isovaleric acid is formed primarily from the microbial metabolism of proteins (leucine) in the colon. Isovaleric acid producers belong to the following genera of bacteria: Clostridium, Megasphaera(Hakopyan A.N.), Bacteroides, Propionibacterium. In the intestine, most of the SCFA is absorbed and only no more than 5% of the total volume of SCFA is excreted. The content of isovaleric acid in the feces of a healthy person in adults (Ardatskaya M.D., Loginov V.A.) and children (Akopyan A.N., Narinskaya N.M.) - 0.4 ± 0.1% or 0.04 ± 0.02 mg/g, the ratio of isovaleric acid to valeric acid is up to 2.1 (Minushkin O.N. et al.).

On the site in the "Literature" section there is a subsection "Microflora, microbiocenosis, dysbiosis (dysbacteriosis)", containing articles affecting the problems of microbiocenosis and dysbiosis of the human gastrointestinal tract.

Isovaleric acid as a marker of abnormalities in the human body
Modern science does not allow, based on quantitative assessments of isovaleric or other SCFAs in feces, saliva, blood, duodenal contents, other biological fluids, to make a diagnosis, however, deviations from normal values ​​already today provide important information for a number of diseases and conditions.

There is a statistically significant increase in the mean concentrations of isovaleric (0.0008 ± 0.0003 mmol/l) and acetic (0.618 ± 0.17 mmol/l) acids in saliva in infants with inflammatory lesions of the upper digestive tract, compared with similar indicators in functional disorders (0.270 ± 0.060 and 0.0002 ± 0.00006 mmol/l, respectively). The high level of isovaleric and acetic acids in saliva in young children with organic lesions of the upper digestive tract reflects microecological disorders in the body as a whole (Zavyalova A.V.).

Rhizome and roots of valerian
contain essential oil (up to 2%),
consisting of bornylizovalerianate
(main part), valerian and
isovaleric acid, camphene,
terpineol, pinene, borneol, etc.;
more than 10 alkaloids (valerine, actinidin
hatinin, etc.); sugar, tannins
substances, saponins, glycoside valeride,
enzymes and malic, acetic,
formic, palmitic,
stearic acid

In children with atopic dermatitis, the total production of SCFA in the feces increases as a manifestation of the metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora, which is expressed, in particular, by an increase in the production of acetic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids (Narinskaya N.M.).
Isovaleric acid in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron
Isovaleric acid, the main component of natural valeric acid, corresponds to isoamyl alcohol, which does not act optically; is prepared from the latter by oxidation, as well as synthetically from isobutyl cyanide. Liquid, smells strongly of valerian and boils at 175°; slightly soluble in water. Some of its salts are, as mentioned above, used in medicine; its salts with alkali and alkaline earth metals dissolve well in water; their crushed crystals thrown onto the surface of water are at first poorly wetted by it and during dissolution they quickly move and jump over the surface, as if repelling each other; salts of other metals are more difficult to dissolve in water. All salts in a freshly prepared and dry state almost do not smell of anything, but when stored, they spread the pungent smell of valeric acid itself, and partly turn from medium salts into basic ones. Esters of valeric acid, such as methyl, ethyl and amyl, are highly odorous, slightly or completely insoluble liquids in water, distilled without decomposition. The latter, i.e., isovalerianoamyl ester C 5 H 9 O (C 5 H 11 O) has a wonderful apple-pineapple smell; a weak alcoholic solution of it, called apple essence, is used in the production of artificial fruit essences. It is obtained, as a by-product, in the preparation of isovaleric acid by the oxidation of isoamyl alcohol with a mixture of dichromic potassium salt with sulfuric acid, and also, and in much larger quantities, by heating valeric acid or its sodium salt with amyl alcohol and sulfuric acid. (ESBE, volume V, 1881, article "Valeric acid", author M.L. Lvov (1848-1899)).

Isovaleric acid and its compounds have contraindications, side effects and peculiarities of use; when using medicinal preparations containing isovaleric acid, isovalerates and other derivatives for the purpose of rehabilitation, consultation with a specialist is necessary.

Name Isovaleric acid Synonyms isovaleric acid (mixture of isomers); a mixture of isomers of 2- and 3-methylbutanoic acids; CAS registration number 503-74-2 Molecular formula C 5 H 10 O 2 Molecular weight 102.13 InChI InChI=1S/C5H10O2/c1-4(2)3-5(6)7/h4H,3H2,1-2H3,(H ,6,7) InChIKey GWYFCOCPABKNJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N SMILES CC(C)CC(=O)O EINECS 207-975-3

Chemical and physical properties

Density 0.926 Boiling point 176°C Melting point -35°C Flash point 70°C Refractive index 1.399-1.407 Solubility 25 g/l (20°C) in water. Appearance Colorless or yellowish transparent liquid.

Risks, safety and conditions of use

Safety instructions S26; S28; S36/37/39; S38; S45 Risk Statement R22; R24; R34 Hazard category 6.1 Hazard symbols

Classification of chemical reagents

Pure ("pure") Isovaleric acid Ch. The content of the main component is 98% and above (without impurities). The color of the strip on the packaging is green. Pure for analysis (“analytical grade”, “analytical grade”) Isovaleric acid analytical grade. The content of the main component is higher or significantly higher than 98%. Impurities do not exceed the allowable limit for accurate analytical studies. The color of the strip on the package is blue. Chemically pure (“chemically pure”, “chemically pure”) Isovaleric acid chemically pure. The content of the main component is more than 99%. The color of the strip on the packaging is red. Extra pure (“high purity”) Isovaleric acid of high purity. The content of impurities in such a small amount that they do not affect the basic properties. The color of the strip on the packaging is yellow.

In addition to the essential oil, the underground organs of valerian contain the main sedative active substances called valepotriates.

These compounds are iridoid epoxides in which the cyclopentanepyran skeleton has 5 hydroxyl groups. Two hydroxyls form an epoxide (cyclic ether) and the remaining three are esterified with isovaleric and acetic acids.


VALEPOTRIAT-VALTRAT BALDRINAL

Depending on the esterifying acids, different valepotriates are distinguished. In the process of drying freshly dug rhizomes, valepotriates are partially subjected to enzymatic cleavage with the formation of free isovaleric acid or its analogues and an iridoid - baldrinal. At the same time, the raw material acquires a smell characteristic of valerian.

Harvesting, primary processing, drying

Rhizomes with roots dug by hand. On plantations - valerian digger (potato digger). Picked up in September. Dug out rhizomes with roots are shaken off the ground, the aerial part is cut off, thick rhizomes are cut along, quickly and thoroughly washed off the ground. Dried under a canopy for 2 days and dried in a dryer at a temperature not exceeding 35-40°C. The color of the roots and rhizomes is from light brown to dark brown. The smell is strong, fragrant, peculiar.

Standardization

The quality of raw materials is regulated by GF XI and is determined by the content of extractives (at least 25% when extracted with 70% alcohol) and isovaleric acid, with a content of at least 1% (roots and rhizomes). FS 42-1530-89 (fresh rhizomes and roots). TU-64-4-44-83 - (valerian herb).

Medicinal raw materials

Whole or cut along the rhizome up to 4 cm long, up to 3 cm thick. Numerous thin adventitious roots depart from the rhizome. The smell is strong, specific. The color of the rhizome and roots is yellowish-brown on the outside.

Storage

Store raw materials in dry cool rooms on racks separately from non-aromatic types of raw materials. The shelf life of dried valerian raw materials is 3 years, fresh - 3 days.

Main action. Soothing.

Application

Valerian preparations reduce the excitability of the central nervous system, enhance the effect of sleeping pills, and have antispasmodic properties. They are used as sedatives for nervous excitement, insomnia, neuroses of the cardiovascular system, spasms of the gastrointestinal tract (often in combination with other sedatives and heart remedies).



The calming effect of valerian appears slowly, but quite steadily. In patients, the feeling of tension, irritability disappears, sleep improves.

Preparations: infusion, decoction, tincture, thick and dry valerian extracts.

Valocormid- a combined preparation (containing valerian tincture) - a sedative and antispasmodic. Applied with cardiovascular neurosis, accompanied by bradycardia.

Valosedan– combined preparation (containing valerian extract) – sedative

Corvalol- a combined preparation (containing ethyl ester of a-bromoisovaleric acid). It is used for neurosis, insomnia, in the early stages of hypertension, spasms of the coronary vessels.

Valocordin- a combined drug in composition and action close to Corvalola.

Dormiplant- combined preparation (containing dry extract of valerian root and lemon balm leaves) - sedative effect.

From fresh raw materials, valerian tincture is obtained, which is part of the complex preparation - Cardiovalena .

Valerian herb is used to obtain an extract that is part of the drinks.

pine buds Gemmae Pini sylvestris
Pinus sylvestris – Pinus sylvestris L.
Sem. pine – Pinaceae

Genus. name Pinus i, f. image. from the Celt. pin(rock, mountain) and is associated with the frequent habitat of pine (rocky cliffs, mountain cliffs).

View. defined . silvestris (silvester, tris, tre- forest) - characterizes the place of growth.

An evergreen coniferous tree up to 30-40 m high. Pine is one of the main forest-forming species of the CIS. Due to its wide ecological amplitude, it is distributed from the forest-tundra to the steppe zone.

Chemical composition

Pine buds contain up to 0.36% essential oil, which includes: pinene, limonene, resins; flavonoids, tannins, ascorbic acid, carotene.
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