What leukocytes increase in physiological leukocytosis. There are several types of physiological leukocytosis. Pathological leukocytosis: mechanisms, pathogenetic significance

The species composition and functions of leukocytes are diverse. The reaction to the events occurring in the body is instantaneous. In most cases, leukocytosis is considered as a protective reaction, but there are other reasons for an increase in the number of white blood cells.

The population of leukocytes (Le) is quite organized, it even gives the impression that they almost have intelligence, because everyone knows: what is happening and where, they are unmistakably sent to the lesions, they recognize “ours” and “theirs”, they kill unwanted “guests”, which are often infectious agents. They respond to trouble in the body by increasing activity and increasing levels in the peripheral blood. Leukocytosis is the name of this process.

There is a strict hierarchy in their population: who is destined to command, and who is to execute flawlessly. It is perfect, because otherwise the complex structure of interactions will be disturbed and then the body will not cope. That is why, as soon as a person gets to the hospital, the first thing they take is a "deuce", that is, leukocytes, since leukocytosis is an important diagnostic sign of many diseases.

Causes of leukocytosis

In order not to be frightened and correctly assess the situation when the analysis is passed and there is a clear increase in white blood cells, you need to know causes of leukocytosis, which can be very diverse:

• Any acute infectious process, even SARS, even influenza, even, God forbid, plague or cholera will give leukocytosis, since leukocytes, being immunocompetent cells, will definitely react;
• Chronic inflammatory diseases localized in any organ also give leukocytosis, although not so pronounced, since the body seems to get used to it and fights not so actively;
• Due to the fact that leukocytes rush to places where there is a problem, the damaged tissues with injuries leukocytes will definitely “call” for help;
• Leukocytosis will manifest itself and accepted food, therefore, it is not recommended to take it before passing the analysis. Digestive (food leukocytosis) occurs when leukocytes enter the circulation from the blood depot and accumulate in the submucosal layer of the intestine after a heavy meal (protective function). This is a physiological process, however, it will make a person worry, and the doctor can be misled;
• With obvious manifestations allergies it is better not to take an analysis - leukocytes will be increased for sure, the same applies to people who have autoimmune diseases, because the body is in constant struggle;
• An increased level of leukocytes can be observed with strong pain and emotional influences, because white blood cells will not remain indifferent to pain, severe physical And psycho-emotional load;
• Leukocytes can "feel someone else's" when they enter the body of some medicinal substances in and, “deciding” that they need to fight, begin to multiply intensively;
• Leukocytosis in children is caused more often than in adults, the causes of its occurrence are all of the above factors, but, plus, it must be borne in mind that the child's body reacts faster and more often to any impact. Children love outdoor games, they run a lot, and if they take an analysis immediately after physical activity, leukocytosis is guaranteed. An elevated white blood cell count performs a metabolic function in newborns, so its high rate is also not a warning sign;
• Such a physiological process pregnancy, also leads to leukocytosis, since the woman's body begins to prepare to protect herself and the child long before childbirth, therefore, an increased content of white blood cells during pregnancy is a completely natural phenomenon. Leukocytosis in pregnant women usually prevents infection from entering the woman's body during childbirth and stimulates the contractile function of the uterus;
• The leukocyte formula of a man is more stable if he is not fond of gluttony, does not engage in power sports and is not particularly zealous in heavy muscular work, since these factors under physiological conditions are the main causes of leukocytosis. At what, myogenic, causing an increase in white cells by 3-5 times, leukocytosis can be both redistributive and true due to increased leukopoiesis;
• Impaired leukopoiesis in the bone marrow, not associated with physiological effects - the worst reason for an increase in the number of white cells, because then it will not be about the reaction of the body, but about a specific disease.

In connection with the foregoing, there are varieties of leukocytosis, which formed the basis of its classification.

Classification and characterization of white blood cells

Approximately half a century ago, the lower limit of the norm of leukocytes ranged from 5.5-6.0 G/l, at present this level has dropped to 4.0 G/l, or even less. This is due to the widespread urbanization, increased radioactive background, the use of a large number of drugs, sometimes unreasonable. However, leukocytosis has not disappeared anywhere and, under certain circumstances, makes itself felt as a symptom of some disease, since it is not an independent nosological unit.

There are the following types of leukocytosis:

1. Physiological ( redistributive or, as they used to call it, relative), due to the redistribution of an increased number of white blood cells between the vessels of various organs;
2. Pathological (reactive or absolute), associated with a violation of leukopoiesis in the pathology of the hematopoietic organs or arising as a response of the body to infectious, purulent-inflammatory, septic and allergic processes.

The classification of leukocytes and leukocytosis is based on the types of white blood cells, their functions and behavior. White blood cells, depending on the presence or absence of specific granules in the cytoplasm, are divided into two rows: granulocytic And agranulocytic.

What kind of cells are these - leukocytes? Why do they behave like this and why do they care about everything? What do the concepts mean neutrophilic and eosinophilic leukocytosis, which are often mentioned by doctors? Why is leukocytosis dangerous or is it not dangerous at all?

And you can understand this if you know the basic properties of leukocytes.

The main properties of leukocytes, their tasks and functions

The size of leukocytes, depending on the type, ranges from 7.5 to 20 microns, they contain many enzymes (peptidases, lipases, diastases, proteases), which are in a calm state in isolation (in lysosomes) and are called lysosomal enzymes. Leukocytes perform their functions outside the vessels, and they use the vascular bed only as a road. They are characterized by an amoeboid movement, with the help of which they penetrate through the capillary endothelium ( diapedesis) and go to the lesion ( positive chemotaxis). The reverse movement of leukocytes from the source of irritation is called negative chemotaxis.

If we talk about the norm of leukocytes, then here the range of variation is quite wide (4.0-9.0 G/l) Moreover, blood taken from a finger contains information about only a sixth of white cells, because their main habitat is tissues. And in order to understand where the norm is and where the pathology is, of course, you need to know what the population of leukocytes is, what tasks it performs, what they are for, and whether it is worth worrying at all if suddenly a large content of white cells is found.

The lifespan of leukocytes depends on the type and ranges from a few days to 20 or more years. Those leukocytes that have turned into “memory cells” are destined to live long, because even after a long period of time they are required to recognize the “alien” that they met many years ago. "Remembering" it, they must immediately "inform interested" species. Those, in turn, must "give the command" to destroy the stranger.

The main tasks of white blood cells can be represented as follows:

• Leukocytes take part in the formation of cellular and humoral immunity, which makes them protective function;
• They enter the gastrointestinal tract, capture nutrients and transfer them to the blood, which is especially important for newborns who, while breastfeeding, along with milk receive ready-made, unchanged mother's immunoglobulins that can protect a small person from many infections. That is why a child up to a year is not afraid of, for example, the flu. Nature has thought of everything by endowing leukocytes metabolic function;
• Dissolve (lyse - lysis) damaged tissues and carry out histolytic task;
• Destroy various bookmarks that are not needed at all, even in the embryonic period - morphogenetic function.

A detailed blood test provides for counting not only the total number of leukocytes, but also the percentage of all types of white blood cells in the smear. By the way, the percentage must be converted to absolute values ​​( leukocyte profile), then the information content of the analysis will increase significantly.

Granulocyte series

The ancestors of leukocytes (myeloblasts), belonging to the granulocytic series, originate in the bone marrow, where they go through several stages and do not enter the bloodstream until the end of maturation. In peripheral blood, under some pathological conditions (or purely by chance - 1 cell), metamyelocytes can be found. These are young (young) cells, they are also precursors of granulocytes. However, if for some reason young people appear in the blood, and at the same time they can not only be seen, but counted in a smear, then we can judge left shift(for leukemia, infectious and inflammatory diseases). An increase in the smear of old forms indicates right shift formula.

formation of blood cells from stem cells in the bone marrow

Cells of the granulocytic series are endowed with pronounced enzymatic and metabolic functions, therefore their characteristic neutrophilic, eosinophilic and basophilic granularity is closely related to the activity of the cell and for each species it strictly specific, i.e., cannot transform from one species to another.

Representatives of granulocytes

Uncontrolled malignant proliferation (multiplication) is called (not to be confused with leukocytosis). Leukocytes in this disease cease to perform their function, as they could not differentiate due to a failure in hematopoiesis. Thus, leukemia is dangerous not so much because of the increased growth in the number of white cells, but because they lack the skills to perform their functions. The treatment of leukemia is a difficult task for hematologists, which, unfortunately, is not always solved successfully. It depends on the form of leukemia.

Many people believe that leukocytes exist in order to show the presence or absence of inflammation, and meanwhile, the scope of white blood cells is very wide. If leukocytes (in particular, T-cells) had not been affected by HIV infection, we would probably have been able to defeat AIDS.

Leukocytosis is a condition of the body characterized by an excess of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and perform a protective function in the body.

The number of leukocytes in the circulatory system is not constant. With psychological or strength stress, excessive consumption of protein foods, sudden changes in ambient temperature and diseases, the number of leukocytes in the blood increases.

Leukocytosis can be pathological (in case of disease) or physiological. An increase in the number of leukocytes up to several hundred thousand is called leukemia - a serious blood disease. An increase in their number to tens of thousands signals an inflammatory process or tumor.

Causes of leukocytosis

The main reasons for an increase in the number of leukocytes are:

• acute infectious disease is the most common cause;
• chronic inflammation in any organ;
• bruises, fractures and other injuries resulting in tissue damage;
• disorders in the immune system, which often occur in people suffering from allergic reactions;
• bone marrow damage;
• constant being in a state of stress, excessive emotional stress;
• side effect of the use of pharmacological drugs.

Leukocytosis in children is most often manifested as a result of:

• diseases caused by infections;
• improper power supply system;
• excessive physical exertion on a growing organism;
• stressful situations and increased stress on the emotional state;
• acute leukemia.

Types of leukocytosis

This condition has several varieties. Leukocytosis is true and redistributive. With true white blood cells in large quantities are produced directly in the bone marrow. With redistribution - the number of leukocytes increases due to the formation of blood clots or their distribution in the vascular system, for example, during inflammation.

The types of leukocytosis are as follows:

• physiological leukocytosis that occurs after power loads and improper food intake;
• pathological - manifested in diseases associated with infectious infection, as well as in purulent-inflammatory processes, bone marrow reactions to tissue damage, toxic effects and disorders of the circulatory system;
• short-term - characterized by a sharp increase in the level of leukocytes in the blood. This is possible with stress or a sharp temperature drop;
• neutrophilic - observed in blood diseases, acute infectious diseases and a long-term inflammatory process;
• eosinophilic - characterized by an accelerated release of eosinophils into the blood vessels. The main reason for this is an allergic reaction to foods and drugs, as well as helminthic invasion;
• basophilic leukocytosis is observed in pregnant women;
• lymphocytic - characteristic of viral infections;
• monocytic - a rare type of leukocytosis. It is observed in oncological diseases and some bacterial infections.

Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of leukocytosis

This deviation is not an independent disease. Its symptoms, as a rule, coincide with the manifestations of the disease that caused the increase in leukocytes.

Symptoms of leukocytosis that are cause for concern are the following:

• malaise, fatigue or weakness for no apparent reason;
• increased sweating at night;
• increase in body temperature;
• the appearance of bruises and bruises without external physical impact;
• dizziness, fainting;
• pain in the extremities and abdominal cavity;
• difficulty breathing;
• lack of appetite;
• weight loss.

If a person has these symptoms, then this is a reason to see a doctor. These symptoms indicate a serious illness. The doctor will perform an examination and prescribe an additional study using laboratory tests and instrumental methods.

The methodology for treating leukocytosis depends on the cause that caused it. Drugs are prescribed to eliminate the disease that caused the jump in the level of leukocytes. In some cases, leukopheresis is prescribed - a procedure for removing excess leukocytes. Treatment is not carried out without finding out the cause of this condition.

What is leukocytosis and why is it dangerous?

• What condition is considered leukocytosis
• Types of leukocytosis
• Causes
• Symptoms
• Treatment
• What is the danger
• Finally

Leukocytosis is a change in the absolute level of leukocytes in the blood towards an increase. These cells perform a protective function in the body: they have the ability to recognize harmful agents and destroy them. Leukocytosis is not a disease, according to ICD 10. It is a reaction to the actions of any harmful factors. It reflects the pathological processes occurring in the body. A change in the level of leukocytes is considered an important diagnostic sign.

What condition is considered leukocytosis?

The norm of leukocytes in the blood is from 4 to 8.8X10⁹ / liter for adults. For children, this indicator differs, depending on age:

• for newborns, it ranges from 9.4 to 32.2;
• for menstruation - from 9.2 to 13.8;
• from one to three - from 6 to 17.5;
• from 4 to 10 years - 6-11.4;
• by the age of 20 - 4.5-10.

They say about leukocytosis if the level of white cells exceeds 10X10⁹ / liter.

Types of leukocytosis

There are several forms of leukocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils. Each type performs specific tasks. In this regard, lymphocytosis, monocytosis, basophilic, eosinophilic, neutrophilic leukocytosis are distinguished. White cells can qualify due to changes in the ratio in the leukocyte formula, which shows which of them are more susceptible to changes:

• neutrophils - 65%;
• lymphocytes - 45%;
• monocytes - 9%;
• eosinophils - 5%;
• basophils - 1%.

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Neutrophilia is the most common of all types. Caused by disease, it is called true leukocytosis. It can last from several days to several weeks, depending on the nature of the disease and the severity of its course.

With neutrophilic leukocytosis, the release of neutrophils into the blood increases. This occurs in inflammatory diseases, especially of an infectious nature, and severe intoxication. An intensive release of neutrophils from the bone marrow is observed in acute processes. When intoxicated, morphological changes in neutrophils occur, such as toxic granularity.

There are regenerative and degenerative neutrophilia. In the first case, all types of granulocytes proportionally increase with the release of immature forms into the blood. In the degenerative form, there is a change in the ratio of different forms of neutrophils: a decrease in segmented with a simultaneous increase in stab, while dystrophic changes in the cells are observed.

True neutrophilic leukocytosis is caused by various pathologies, while in the blood, in addition to mature and transitional forms, young and blast ones appear. Young and blast neutrophils indicate a more severe course of the disease.

True neutrophilia occurs with oxygen starvation, acute hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells), bleeding.

With physical exertion and stress of any origin in the blood, an increase in the level of neutrophils occurs - transistor leukocytosis. There are no symptoms, it lasts from several minutes to several hours.

Lymphocytic leukocytosis

A high level of lymphocytes is observed in viral hepatitis, whooping cough, mononucleosis, syphilis, tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, etc.

Eosinophilia

An increase in the level of eosinophils occurs, as a rule, only in diseases, including:

• bronchial asthma;
• nodular periarteritis;
• pulmonary infiltrates;
• worms;
• angioedema;
• scarlet fever;
• myeloid leukemia;
• dermatoses;
• lymphogranulomatosis;
• Loeffler's syndrome.

Monocytosis

An increased level of monocytes is observed in septic processes, tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis, typhus, diffuse connective tissue diseases, breast and ovarian cancer, and malaria.

Basophilia

The growth of basophils is a rather rare phenomenon. It is noted during pregnancy, ulcerative colitis, myeloid leukemia, myxedema.

In most diseases, there are constant changes in the ratio of different types of leukocytes in the blood. Observation of the process makes it possible to judge the severity of the course and the further development of the pathology. During the period of illness, the doctor has to deal with different types of leukocytosis. Changes in the leukocyte formula reflect the course of the inflammatory process.

Causes

An increase in the level of white cells in the blood can be physiological and pathological.

Physiological leukocytosis occurs in healthy people. Most often characterized by a slight increase in the level of white cells. It is observed in the following cases:

1. Physical exercise. Such leukocytosis is called myogenic. An increase in white cell levels is associated with the body's production of lactic acid during muscle tension.
2. Nutritional leukocytosis. An increase in white cells in the blood occurs as a result of food intake, especially protein. In this case, the level of leukocytes changes slightly and, after a few hours, returns to normal. Due to nutritional leukocytosis, blood must be taken on an empty stomach.
3. Stressful situations, psycho-emotional stress (severe pain, anxiety, etc.)
4. Influence of high and low temperatures.
5. Leukocytosis in women during pregnancy. It is observed in the second trimester and is associated with hormonal changes. During this period, it is important to distinguish a natural increase in leukocytes from a disease, so additional examination may be required.
6. Leukocytosis of the newborn. This is a natural reaction of the body. Thus, the immune system protects the baby from a new environment for him and possible infections.
7. Premenstrual.
8. Leukocytosis in parturition. May occur in the first weeks after childbirth.

There are physiological long-term and short-term acute leukocytosis. The first is observed in pregnant women, newborns, women in labor and is associated with an increase in the function of the myeloid germ of the bone marrow.

The mechanism of short-term development is explained by the release of mature white cells from the spleen and bone marrow into the bloodstream. It has a redistributive character, disappears along with the disappearance of the cause that caused it.

The causes of pathological leukocytosis are diverse and are caused by the following diseases and conditions:

1. Inflammatory infectious diseases. In any process, the causative agent of which is bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, the immune system reacts by increasing the number of white blood cells. This is the most common cause of severe leukocytosis. When bacteria enter the body, neutrophils increase, with a viral infection - lymphocytes.
2. Inflammatory diseases of non-infectious origin (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and others).
3. Severe burns and other tissue damage.
4. Allergies. When an allergen enters the body, the level of basophils and eosinophils increases.
5. Infarcts of various organs.
6. Uremia.
7. Significant blood loss. An increase in the level of leukocytes, like other cells, occurs as a result of a decrease in plasma volume.
8. Malignant tumor processes.
9. diabetic coma.
10. Splenectomy.
11. Taking certain medications.

Symptoms

Symptoms of leukocytosis are signs of certain diseases that caused an increase in the level of white cells. In this case, we can name the general signs of inflammatory diseases:

• fever, chills;
• sweating;
• rapid pulse;
• weakness, malaise, fatigue;
• loss of appetite;
• weight loss;
• shortness of breath, shortness of breath;
• pain in the limbs and abdomen;
• blurred vision;
• dizziness;
• possible fainting.

It is not always possible to suspect leukocytosis by well-being. It can only be detected during a blood test.

Treatment

Treatment of leukocytosis depends on the underlying disease. The following methods are commonly used:

• antiviral, antiallergic, antibacterial therapy;
• with leukemia - chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation;
• in case of bleeding - plasma transfusion;
• with burns, heart attacks - restoration of affected tissues;
• with uremia - detoxification.

What is the danger?

Physiological moderate leukocytosis is not dangerous. The threat is a disease to which the body reacted with an increase in the level of leukocytes. In this case, it is important to undergo a complete examination in order to find out the causes and make a diagnosis.

Finally

Leukocytosis is a reaction of the body to some physiological and pathological processes. In any case, you need to find out the causes of its occurrence and, if necessary, begin to treat the detected disease.

1. What does this pulse mean?
2. Is bradycardia dangerous?
3. Reasons for the appearance
4. Symptoms of bradycardia
5. Diagnostics
6. Methods for the treatment of bradycardia
7. Self Help

The pulse is the vibration of the heart muscle. When measuring, the frequency of contractions of the organ is shown. The normal value of the pulse is from 65 to 85 beats per minute. Exceeding or decreasing these indicators indicates deviations in the work of the body, which may be associated not only with heart disease. It is a qualified specialist who will best tell you what to do with a pulse of 50 beats per minute. You can't do self-treatment.

What does this pulse mean?

For an adult, a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute is considered low. Otherwise, this condition is called bradycardia. Most often, a pulse of 50 beats per minute is observed in people with low blood pressure. However, harmless factors can also provoke a violation. Among them:

• deep dream;
• long stay in the cold;
• drastic climate change.

Basically, a decrease in heart rate indicates a violation in the work of the cardiovascular system. It is impossible to independently determine the causes of this problem and treat it, only doctors can do this.

Is bradycardia dangerous?

A low pulse of 50 beats per minute provokes an increase in the normal content of potassium in the blood. Against the background of bradycardia, the blood supply to the internal organs and the brain slows down, which can cause disruption of their work. A low pulse is most dangerous for the elderly, as they experience weakening of the vessels. Bradycardia only exacerbates it.

A low pulse can occur suddenly, in the form of a severe attack. It is called "blockade of conduction". If you do not immediately call an ambulance, then the delay can provoke the appearance of a fatal arrhythmia. A pulse up to 30 beats per minute can cause loss of consciousness.

Reasons for the appearance

Bradycardia is divided into three types.

1. Physiological.
2. Pathological.
3. Idiopathic.

The physiological appearance is not dangerous for health, as it is not a symptom of any disease. There are several reasons why the heart rate drops.

1. With good physical shape, when the heart gets used to heavy loads. At rest, 50 strokes are enough for the normal functioning of the organ. This is enough for proper blood circulation.
2. During a long stay of a person among low temperatures. As a result, it also decreases in the body, and the pulse below 60 beats becomes a protective reaction of the body, which begins to save energy.
3. Stimulation of reflex zones on the human body (tight tie, eye rubbing, etc.). After the cause of bradycardia is eliminated, the pulse quickly returns to normal.
4. Body aging. In older people, metabolic processes are disturbed, muscles weaken, tissues no longer require as much oxygen as they did when they were young.

Pathological bradycardia indicates the presence of diseases. The reasons may be:

• heart disease;
• hypothyroidism;
• endocrine diseases;
• intracranial pressure;
• constant stress;
• bad habits (alcohol and smoking);
• diseases of the nervous system;
• big blood loss;
• depletion of the body;
• poisoning;
• infectious diseases.

The third type of appearance of a low pulse is called idiopathic. Such a diagnosis is made when it is impossible to determine the diseases or physiological factors that provoked bradycardia. The idiopathic appearance may be temporary or permanent.

Symptoms of bradycardia

Some people with a slow pulse feel fine and have no health complaints. This mainly refers to physiological bradycardia. However, a low heart rate may be accompanied by signs that impair the quality of life. Among them:

• dizziness due to lack of oxygen;
• sweating;
• general weakness of the body;
• nausea;
• "flies" before the eyes;
• headache;
• increased fatigue;
• pain in the chest.

The patient has pale skin. Even slight physical exertion is accompanied by shortness of breath and rapid breathing. In the pathological type, the listed symptoms are accompanied by signs of the disease that caused bradycardia.

Diagnostics

If the pulse is low, it is necessary to contact a general practitioner who, if necessary, will write a referral to a cardiologist. This doctor is mainly involved in the treatment of bradycardia. However, if the low pulse is caused by stress, mental disorders, diseases requiring surgery, then the help of neurologists, surgeons and other specialists may be required.

First, doctors conduct a general examination. Attention is drawn to diseases already transferred and existing at the time of the examination. The exact pulse is determined, auscultation and percussion of the heart are performed (listening and tapping the organ). Then it is carried out:

• electrocardiogram;
• analysis for the presence of toxins in the blood;
• phonocardiography;
• general blood analysis;
• daily ECG monitoring;
• blood test for thyroid hormone levels.

Treatment is prescribed on an individual basis, taking into account the characteristics of the organism and existing diseases.

Methods for the treatment of bradycardia

Only physicians should treat bradycardia. If no diseases are detected with a low pulse, then the intervention of a cardiologist or other specialists is not required. In case of disorders of the cardiovascular system, a pacemaker may be required.

If bradycardia is a consequence of other diseases, then priority is given to their treatment. A low heart rate can be triggered by medications. In this case, others are prescribed or the dosage of medications is reviewed. With bradycardia, antibiotics are prescribed, drugs that improve metabolism (Levothyroxine or other drugs).

Self help

To restore a normal pulse, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle. Running, walking and exercising lead to a temporary increase in heart rate, which stimulates the heart muscle and strengthens it. Daily walks in the fresh air are essential. It is important to monitor your weight and get rid of extra pounds in time.

A healthy diet plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of bradycardia. All foods that increase cholesterol should be excluded from the diet. Allowed fruits and vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products. In unlimited quantities, you can eat fish.

If you find yourself with a low pulse, you should consult a doctor. Bradycardia itself is not dangerous. Most often, this is a signal from the body about a malfunction in the work of internal organs. Without the recommendation of a doctor, you can not take any medicines and engage in treatment with folk methods.

Leukocytosis is an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood over 8000-9000 in 1 mm 3; hyperleukocytosis - more than 40,000-50,000 in 1 mm 3. Leukocytosis occurs as a result of increased leukopoiesis or from the redistribution of leukocytes in the body. There are physiological and pathological leukocytosis. Physiological leukocytosis includes digestive (coming after eating), muscular (after physical exertion), leukocytosis, pregnant and leukocytosis from cooling. Pathological leukocytosis occurs as a reaction to irritation caused by infectious, toxic, purulent-inflammatory, radiation and other agents. Leukocytosis is also observed during tissue necrosis (myocardial infarction, tumor decay), after large blood loss, injuries, brain injuries, etc. Leukocytosis, as a rule, is a transient phenomenon, it disappears along with the cause that caused it. Temporarily advancing leukocytosis with the appearance of immature forms in the blood is designated as (see), a persistent similar blood picture is observed in leukemia (see). In most cases, leukocytosis occurs with an increase in the number of neutrophils - neutrophilic leukocytosis, often with a shift to the left (see). Eosinophilic leukocytosis (see) accompanies many allergic conditions (bronchial asthma,), helminthic invasions, itching, etc. Lymphocytosis (see Lymphocytes) is noted with some infections and intoxications. Monocytosis is observed in septic, malaria, rubella, syphilis, etc.

Leukocytosis - an increase in the total number (or individual forms) of leukocytes in peripheral blood under physiological conditions and pathological processes.

Leukocytosis is temporary and disappears along with the cause that caused it. The normal number of leukocytes in the blood is 6000-8000 per 1 mm 3 with limiting fluctuations from 4000 to 9000 per 1 mm 3. In healthy people, the number of leukocytes is not constant during the day, it fluctuates within the physiological norm. In addition, the average error in the count of leukocytes is 7%. An increase in the number of leukocytes to 40,000-50,000 or more is called hyperleukocytosis. Leukocytes are normally unevenly distributed in the bloodstream of various organs and systems. Their content was found to be significantly higher in the liver, spleen, and also in the central vessels compared to the vessels of the skin. Leukocytosis can occur as a result of the redistribution of leukocytes in various vascular areas, their mobilization from the depot (redistributive, or neurohumoral, leukocytosis), when the bone marrow is irritated by pathological agents, increased leukopoiesis with the appearance of young forms of leukocytes in the blood (absolute, or true, leukocytosis). Both true and redistributive leukocytosis can be observed simultaneously. The tone of the vessels matters: their expansion and slowing of the blood flow is accompanied by the accumulation of leukocytes, the narrowing is accompanied by a decrease in their number. There are physiological and pathological leukocytosis.

Physiological leukocytosis, mostly redistributive, transient, observed during pregnancy (especially in the later stages), during childbirth and in newborns, with muscle tension (in athletes, in children after crying) - myogenic leukocytosis; with a quick transition from a vertical to a horizontal position - static leukocytosis; after a cold shower or bath. Digestive leukocytosis occurs 2-3 hours after eating, especially protein; it is often preceded by leukopenia. In the development of this type of leukocytosis, conditioned reflex reactions matter: leukocytosis can be observed at the mention of food, by the time of the usual meal. Mental arousal can lead to leukocytosis.

Pathological leukocytosis is observed in many infectious diseases, inflammatory processes, especially purulent, toxic effects, under the influence of ionizing radiation (very briefly), with skull injuries, brain concussions, cerebral hemorrhages, after operations, with shock (traumatic leukocytosis). This includes toxic leukocytosis observed in case of poisoning (arsenic, mercury, carbon monoxide, acids), tissue decay, necrosis due to local circulatory disorders (gangrene of the extremities, heart attacks of internal organs, malignant neoplasms with decay), as well as uremic leukocytosis, drug-induced (when taking collargol, antipyrine), adrenaline (irritation of the sympathetic nerve). Posthemorrhagic leukocytosis occurs after heavy hemorrhages (irritation of the bone marrow by blood decay products). High degrees of leukocytosis with a significant rejuvenation of leukocytes occur with leukemoid reactions, especially with leukemia. In some diseases (appendicitis, croupous pneumonia, angina pectoris), an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood taken from the skin over the affected organ was noted - local leukocytosis.

Pathological leukocytosis is most often neutrophilic (neutrophilia) and is often accompanied by qualitative changes in neutrophils (“nuclear shift”). The severity of leukocytosis during infection depends on its severity, nature and reactivity of the organism. In young people, the reaction of the hematopoietic tissue is more pronounced, in the elderly it is often absent. In addition to neutrophilic leukocytosis, there are leukocytosis, depending on the increase in the number of other types of leukocytes.

Eosinophilic leukocytosis (eosinophilia) often occurs without an increase in the total number of leukocytes. Eosinophilia is observed in allergic conditions (bronchial asthma, angioedema, intolerance to drugs, such as penicillin, etc.), with helminthiases (ascariasis, echinococcosis, trichinosis), as well as with scarlet fever, periarteritis nodosa, hemorrhagic vasculitis, rheumatism, syphilis, tuberculosis, lymphogranulomatosis. The appearance of eosinophilia in acute infectious diseases during the period of fever subsidence is regarded as a favorable prognostic sign.

Basophilic leukocytosis is rarely observed, for example, with the injection of a foreign protein (vaccinations), hemophilia, hemolytic anemia, leukemia.

The noted types of leukocytosis occurring with an increase in granulocytes can be considered as granulocytosis. There may also be an increase in blood lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) and monocytes (monocytosis). Monocytosis is noted in infections (typhus, malaria, smallpox, measles, mumps, syphilis), protozoal diseases, protracted septic endocarditis, chronic sepsis.

Pathological leukocytosis has a certain diagnostic and prognostic value, in particular for the differential diagnosis of a number of infectious diseases and various inflammatory processes, assessing the severity of the disease, the reactive ability of the body, and the effectiveness of therapy. This should take into account the increase in the number of leukocytes of certain types, the qualitative features of neutrophils ("nuclear shift") and the clinical picture of the disease as a whole.

Leukocytosis- This is an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood, which is evidence of both normal physiological processes in the body and many diseases. Leukocytes are called white blood cells, which are formed and mature in the cells of the bone marrow. They are involved in protecting the human body from foreign microorganisms. The normal number of white blood cells in the blood fluctuates throughout the day and depends on various factors. For adults, the norm is their number from 4 to 9 × 10 9 per liter of blood.

Causes of leukocytosis

Among the main causes of leukocytosis are the following:

• The presence of a chronic inflammatory process in the body.
• Acute infectious diseases.
• Tissue damage during trauma, accompanied by a large loss of blood.
• Wrong nutrition.
• Autoimmune diseases, severe allergic reactions.
• Bone marrow damage.
• Prolonged stress and psychological stress.
• The use of certain drugs.
• Malignant neoplasms.

Types of leukocytosis

There are several classifications of leukocytosis.

1. By the number and distribution of leukocytes:

• Absolute, or true, leukocytosis - its cause is an increase in the production of leukocytes in the bone marrow and their entry in large quantities into the blood.
• Relative, or distributive, leukocytosis - its cause is thickening of the blood, while leukocytes from the parietal position in the vessels pass into the channel of active circulation. As a result of the examination, a blood test shows their increased number, although the total number of leukocytes in the blood remains at a normal level.

2. According to the principle "pathology - temporary deviation":

• Pathological leukocytosis- it is also called symptomatic, indicates the presence of an infection or purulent inflammation in the body.
• Physiological- this is a short-term leukocytosis that occurs as a result of stress, during pregnancy, after bathing in too hot or cold water, after exercise or eating certain foods.

3. Leukocytes include several types of cells that perform various protective functions: lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, therefore, depending on their type, leukocytosis is divided into:

• Neutrophilic- observed in chronic inflammatory processes, acute infections, various blood diseases.
• Basophilic- the number of basophils increases with ulcerative colitis, pregnancy, hypothyroidism.
• monocytic- observed in malignant tumors and some bacterial infections.
• Eosinophilic- occurs with various allergic reactions of the body, very often - with helminthiases.
• lymphocytic- its cause is such chronic infections as tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, syphilis.

Symptoms of leukocytosis

Symptoms of leukocytosis may not appear at all or be detected in the form of:

• General malaise, fatigue, "weakness".
• Increase in body temperature.
• Fainting, dizziness.
• Pain in the muscles, in the abdominal cavity.
• Deviations in vision.
• Difficulty breathing.
• Decrease in body weight.

It should be noted that the presence of several of these symptoms may indicate the presence of leukemia, a malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic tissues.

Features of leukocytosis in children

The number of leukocytes in the blood of children varies depending on age: on the first day of life, the indicators can be 8.5–24.5 × 10 9, in one month - 6.5–13.8 × 10 9, from one to six years - 5–12 × 10 9, at 13–15 years old - 4.3–9.5 × 10 9.

Due to the fact that in childhood the number of white blood cells changes very quickly, parents should not panic when they detect an increased number. However, this should be taken seriously and the white blood cell count should be monitored regularly with a routine blood test. In children, leukocytosis can be asymptomatic for a long time, if you do not control the condition of the child, you can miss the onset of serious diseases.

The following factors contribute to the development of leukocytosis:

• Temperature failure.
• Improper nutrition and distribution of physical activity.
• Stress and hereditary factors.
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system, malignant formations.
• Infectious diseases.
• Blood loss and massive burns.

It is important to control the level of white blood cells in the child's blood in order to prevent serious consequences. Symptoms to watch out for parents:

• Decreased appetite.
• Complaints of the child about fatigue.
• Weight loss.
• The appearance of bruises on the body.
• Sweating, complaints of dizziness.

The presence of these symptoms, as in adults, may be a signal for the development of leukemia, so additional diagnostics are required.

If, after the examination, it turns out that leukocytosis in a child is caused by physiological factors, parents should not worry. With an increase in leukocytes during infectious diseases, their level will quickly return to normal after the appointment of adequate therapy.

If the causes of leukocytosis are more serious diseases, for example, of the cardiovascular system, then a specific examination should be immediately carried out and therapy aimed at curing the underlying disease should be prescribed.

Diagnostics

To diagnose leukocytosis, it is enough to conduct a general blood test. To obtain reliable data, blood must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. If necessary, the doctor prescribes additional tests, such as a bone marrow biopsy or a peripheral blood smear.

Treatment of leukocytosis

Physiological leukocytosis does not require special treatment, it is enough to normalize nutrition, eliminate negative psychological factors and excessive physical activity.

An increase in white blood cells in pregnant women is a normal process, if their number does not exceed 15 × 10 9 per liter of blood, do not worry.

To normalize the level of white blood cells in pathological leukocytosis, it is necessary to prescribe the correct treatment for the disease that caused the change in the number of leukocytes. It can be antibacterial, hormonal, antihistamine therapy; leukemia requires chemotherapy. When the underlying disease is cured, the blood counts will return to normal on their own.

Sometimes a leukopheresis procedure is required - the extraction of leukocytes from the blood using a special apparatus.

From the recipes of traditional medicine, you can use a decoction of the leaves and berries of lingonberries; a decoction of the leaves and berries of strawberries. It is also useful to eat plant foods, nuts, soy, seeds. Alternative methods of treatment are allowed for use only after finding out the cause of leukocytosis and consulting a doctor.

Complications of leukocytosis

Complications of leukocytosis are manifested in the form of complications of diseases that caused an increase in the number of white blood cells in the blood. Therefore, it is important to diagnose leukocytosis and its causes in time.

Prevention of leukocytosis