Is it possible to take some tests periodically to be sure that you are not sick with anything, or to “catch” a terrible disease at an early stage, when it responds well to treatment?

Olga Alexandrova, a general practitioner of the highest category, answers:

- The results of the analyzes allow not only to diagnose existing diseases and changes in the body, but also to prevent them. Despite the eloquence of many laboratory indicators, only a doctor can make a diagnosis, since a change in some indicators can occur not against the background of pathological processes, but due to the influence of external factors, for example, taking certain drugs or intense physical activity.

heart attack, heart failure, atherosclerosis

Diseases of the cardiovascular system

It is necessary to take: a general and biochemical blood test.

How often: 2 times a year.

Important indicators:

The most important is the level of cholesterol in the blood. High cholesterol levels indicate a risk of developing atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease.

The norm for total cholesterol is 3.61-5.21 mmol / l.

The level of "bad" cholesterol with low density (LDL) - from 2.250 to 4.820 mmol / l.

The level of "good" cholesterol with high density (HDL) - from 0.71 to 1.71 mmol / l.

Also important:

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) - an increase in these indicators indicates problems with the muscle cells of the heart, the occurrence of myocardial infarction.

The norm of ALT in women is up to 31 U / l, in men - up to 41 U / l.

The norm of AST in women is up to 31 U / l), in men - up to 35-41 U / l.

C-reactive protein - an indicator of the inflammatory process or tissue necrosis.

The norm for everyone is less than 5 mg / l.

Thrombosis

It is necessary to hand over: a coagulogram. It gives an idea of ​​the coagulability and viscosity of the blood, the possibility of blood clots or bleeding.

How often: Once a year.

Important indicators:

APTT - the period of time during which a blood clot is formed - 27-49 seconds.

Thrombosed index - the ratio of plasma clotting time and control plasma clotting time - 95-105%.

Fibrinogen - the first factor of the blood coagulation system - 2.0-4.0 g / l, or 5.8-11.6 μmol / l.

Platelets - 200-400 x 109 / l.

Diabetes

It is necessary to take: a blood test for sugar from a finger (it is given strictly on an empty stomach).

How often: 2 times a year.

Important indicator:

Blood glucose level: normal - 3.3-5.5 mmol / l.

It is necessary to take: a blood test for glycated hemoglobin.

The norm is less than 6%.

6.0-6.5% - an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus and its complications, according to WHO.

Oncology

There are several types of tests that can detect cancer at an early stage.

Analyzes after 40 years should be taken 1 time in 2 years.

colorectal cancer

It is necessary to take: analysis of feces for occult blood.

The presence of blood indicates occult bleeding from the lower gastrointestinal tract, which may indicate the presence of a tumor.

Cervical cancer

It is necessary to take: a cytological smear from the cervix, which is taken during a gynecological examination. Shows precancerous changes in the mucous membrane of the cervix - CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia).

Leukemia (blood cancer)

It is necessary to hand over: the general analysis of a blood.

With leukemia, the number of lymphocytes changes (it can be higher or lower, but it is never normal. The level of platelets drops (it can be 4-5 times lower than the lower limit of the norm). ESR in leukemia increases significantly.

Ulcer, colitis, etc. diseases of the gastrointestinal tract

Need to pass: coprogram.

How often: Once every 2 years.

Allows you to identify diseases of the intestines, biliary system, pancreas.

To diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection, which is the cause of gastritis and stomach ulcers, a urease breath test is used (one of the metabolic products of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori is urease).

Endocrine diseases

It is necessary to hand over: a blood test for thyroid hormones.

How often: Once a year or after severe stress.

Important indicator:

The TSH hormone (thyroid-stimulating hormone) is the main regulator of the thyroid gland, which is produced by the pituitary gland.

The norm is 0.4-4.0 honey / l. An elevated level of TSH in the blood may indicate hypothyroidism - a disease of the thyroid gland (an insufficient amount of hormones is produced). A low level of TSH is called thyrotoxicosis and is characterized by an excess of thyroid hormones in the body, which can lead to disruption of the nervous system, as well as disrupt the functioning of the cells responsible for the correct heart rhythm.

Hepatitis

It is necessary to take: a blood test from a vein for the presence of antibodies.

How often: once a year or after operations, questionable sexual relations.

Indirectly, the presence of hepatitis can be judged by the presence of bilirubin in the urine test. Normally, it shouldn't be.

Nephritis, pyelonephritis and other diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract

It is necessary to take: a general urine test.

How often: 2 times a year.

Important indicator- protein concentration. It should be below 0.140 g/l.

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Answer to the question " why get tested ?" is quite obvious and easy to explain. Usually a person goes to see a doctor when they feel unwell and the first signs of a manifestation of the disease. It is impossible to make a diagnosis based on the initial examination, so the doctor writes out referrals for certain tests (urine, blood, feces, etc.). ).

To detect the presence of a hidden disease in the body and maintain a normal state of health, it is necessary to undergo basic analyzes about once a year. However, many people neglect such a simple rule and turn to a specialist when the disease begins to manifest itself "in all its glory." Laboratory studies allow you to make a correct diagnosis in a timely manner and start effective treatment.

Even if a person does not experience any discomfort or malaise, it is necessary to periodically take tests in order to prevent costly treatment in the future. Laboratory studies give the most accurate results, which allows you to study the state of the body at the cellular and molecular level.

When to take tests

If the question is why get tested , is quite obvious, many are interested in how often this needs to be done. experts recommend undergoing medical examinations at least once a year.

If a person experiences discomfort, weakness and other ailments, you should not postpone a visit to the doctor and wait a whole year or a year and a half. It is necessary to contact a specialist in the near future and get a list of necessary studies. In the case of a chronic disease, the frequency of testing is discussed with the attending physician. You may need to take some tests every six months or more often.

Each analysis prescribed by a doctor is carried out to obtain specific information and has certain advantages and disadvantages over other research methods. So, X-ray or ultrasound examination allows you to assess the state of internal organs, while information about a functional disorder remains inaccessible.

Blood test for biochemistry gives the results necessary to study the functioning of the liver, kidneys, gallbladder and other organs, while it is impossible to detect the presence of infection in the body. To determine the infectious disease, it is necessary to conduct another study - serological blood test .

In order to study the state of the microflora, and make a diagnosis of "dysbacteriosis", it is necessary to pass feces for an appropriate analysis. Therefore, to determine various diseases, it is necessary to undergo different types of analyzes .

Is there a universal method for determining the disease?

Many diseases "sit" in the body and do not manifest themselves for a long time. The first symptoms of such ailments can be largely similar and manifest the same way: weakness, fatigue, drowsiness (or, conversely, insomnia).

Many attribute such phenomena to stress or beriberi. Even if a person feels absolutely healthy, periodic passage of the simplest studies ( general urine analysis and blood gynecological tests etc.) will reveal a hidden disease and start timely treatment.

Do tests always give correct results?

Does it happen that the study did not confirm the presence of the disease, but in fact the body suffers from an illness? Sometimes there are situations when tests for an infectious disease do not detect the pathogens of the virus or antibodies to it in the blood. A similar phenomenon occurs in the case of the incubation (or latent) period of the disease.

This can also happen after taking antibiotics, which temporarily neutralize the symptoms of the disease. That is why it is very important to follow certain recommendations before conducting the study. In order for the analysis to help draw up a true picture of the disease, it is necessary to inform the doctor about the use of drugs and follow all the recommendations of the specialist. In some cases it may be necessary retesting .

All of us, one way or another, have to take tests. And this often applies not only to sick people, but also to healthy people. It is unlikely that there will be at least one person who has never undergone a medical examination (for the military registration and enlistment office, obtaining a certificate for the pool or insurance, before traveling abroad, when applying for a job) or medical examination.

Ideally, each of us should have a personal doctor who will tell you what and how to do when taking tests. However, the reality is that most often we communicate with a therapist from a district clinic who does not explain anything. Meanwhile, giving a referral even for a banal general blood and urine test, the patient should be told about the preparation for the study. But they don’t tell… However, it’s not only the lack of professionalism of doctors or their unwillingness to work that is to blame here, but the conditions for the functioning of the native healthcare system. The time spent on seeing a patient, according to the standards, should be seven minutes for a patient and about five if a person came for a certificate or a medical examination. Under such conditions, I would have time to write out all the directions, where can I specify what it is for and how to take tests.

A clear illustration of "analytical" illiteracy are the results of a small survey, which was informally conducted by employees of one of the laboratories. As a result, it turned out, for example, that most of the queue with jars was not aware that before collecting urine, it was necessary to wash the causal place. No less indicative are patients in whom x-rays and injections were made immediately before blood donation. To the question "how so?" the answer is almost always the same - “but no one told us ...”

Of course, in order to talk about the details of preparing for the collection of all existing analyzes, you will have to write a thick, thick reference book. Therefore, we will limit ourselves to the most important ones, which we hand over almost annually and without fail. Educational program on "banal" analyzes will not hurt anyone.

Blood analysis

The requirements for a general blood test apply to all tests, except for very specific ones - for the latter, additional restrictions are simply added.

General rules for donating blood

• strictly on an empty stomach (not earlier than 12 hours after the last meal): dinner on the eve should be light and early, and the entire previous day (ideally even 2-3) should refrain from fatty foods;
• any alcohol, thermal procedures (bath and sauna) and physical activity are excluded in 24 hours (it is better to transfer the gym and chopping firewood in the country);
• tests are given before procedures (X-rays, injections, massages, etc.) and medication;
• if repeated studies are necessary, it is advisable to take a fence at the same time of day;
• in front of the door of the laboratory you need to rest for 5-10 minutes (that's the excuse for the queues).

When donating blood for glucose in addition to this, you can not brush your teeth and chew gum, and morning tea / coffee (even unsweetened) is completely contraindicated.

Even if you cannot live without a morning cup of coffee, be patient. It will drastically change the glucose levels. They will also be affected by contraceptives, twenty drops of cognac in evening tea, diuretics and other drugs.

Blood chemistry

For the reliability of biochemistry, it is advisable to refuse dinner. When prescribing this analysis, the doctor, even under torture, needs to get information about which way to adjust the diet and how to take medication on the day before donating blood.

For example, in the study of bile pigments, the picture is distorted by products that cause coloring of blood serum - pumpkin, beets, carrots, citrus fruits. Pork chop the day before will increase the level of potassium and uric acid in the blood. And this is one hundredth of what can affect biochemistry.

Donating blood for hormones

Unless the doctor advises otherwise, a month before the study, all hormonal drugs are abandoned. When donating blood to determine the level of sex hormones, you will also have to refrain from sex (in any form) and sexual arousal for at least 24 hours. Otherwise, at best, you will have to retake an expensive analysis, and at worst, receive inadequate therapy.

Determining the level of thyroid hormones requires the exclusion of drugs with iodine and the rejection of iodized salt.

The hormonal background is unstable and depends on many factors, so if the result of the analysis for hormones is suspiciously off scale, it is better to repeat the study several times in different laboratories. Pleasure, of course, is not cheap, but, given the effect of hormone therapy on the body, you should not neglect rechecking.

Analysis of urine

General urine analysis the most common in medical practice, along with a general blood test. But, despite this, most patients are not aware that before you write in a jar, you need to wash the external genitalia (necessarily towards the anus, and not away from it) and wipe dry with a clean linen napkin.

Neglect of hygiene, along with the use of dirty dishes or dishes made of unstable plastic, is the cause of the most common errors in the analysis results.

As with a blood test, diet and medication can correct the result of the analysis for the worse. After some drugs or products (for example, beets, vitamins), the color of the urine changes (who will tell the laboratory assistant about this?), And alcohol is categorically contraindicated 24 hours before the analysis. A case is known when a patient who forgot to report an alcoholic libation was sought to be admitted to the hospital with suspected liver disease. The uncle, who was sunbathing at that time in Sochi, became very nervous before the situation cleared up.

For general analysis use the first morning portion of urine (previous urination should be no later than 4-6 hours). Even if you forget to pee in a jar for the twentieth time when you wake up, you can’t fill it in the evening, otherwise the results will surprise not only you, but also the doctors.

The first few milliliters are drained past the container, the rest into a clean dish, but not into a pot or vessel, the sterility of which cannot be guaranteed. At the same time, it is not necessary to carry a liter jar to the laboratory for a general analysis - laboratory assistants do not indulge in urinotherapy, and 50-100 ml of urine is enough for analysis.

Collection of daily analysis

All urine, except for morning urine, goes into a dark glass container, if there is none, then you need to store the material for analysis only in a dark, cool place. Again, only 50-100 ml of liquid is sent to the laboratory, however, it is important to record its total amount.

By the way, incidents often happen with daily urine. So, pregnant women more than once came to one laboratory to check sugar with urine for a routine analysis, which stood for a day. The girls were piously sure that this was the daily urine.

Research on Nechiporenko

The middle portion of morning urine in the amount of 25-50 ml is used for analysis, the first and last are poured into another container. This study requires particularly careful hygiene - it is prescribed for suspected kidney disease and any "foreign" impurities can be misinterpreted. Mucus with leukocytes from the genitals will fall into the jar, and the patient will be treated, for example, for pyelonephritis.

Fecal analysis

Here you can briefly dwell on what is not recommended to do before taking the material:

• you can not send feces for research after enemas and x-ray examination of the stomach;
• three days before the analysis, the doctor should cancel medications that affect secretion, increase intestinal motility and change the color of feces (laxatives, enzyme preparations, preparations of barium, bismuth, iron, kaolin, activated charcoal and other sorbents, rectal suppositories);
• if the diet is not agreed separately, then it is not necessary to follow it, however, holidays with feasts are not welcome

All these recommendations are suitable only for routine examinations. If the situation is urgent (for example, the patient was brought to the hospital in an ambulance), then if possible, you just need to tell the doctor about what could affect the reliability of the tests.

If the patient, for his part, has done everything that depended on him, then it's up to the laboratory. And you can not help but add a warning that has set the teeth on edge: analysis result is not a diagnosis, only the attending physician can establish it. He knows better how and with what to treat the patient. In addition, laboratories also employ people who can make mistakes. If the eye of a specialist is likely to notice a clear discrepancy, then when trying to self-medicate, such a mistake can be expensive.

Hormones are biologically active substances that are produced by various glands of the endocrine system, and then enter the bloodstream. They affect the work of the whole organism, largely determining the physical and mental health of a person. Tests for hormones help to significantly clarify the clinical picture of the disease and prevent its development.

Of course, not every pathology requires urgent delivery of such tests, especially since the human body produces dozens of types of hormones, each of which has its own “sphere of influence”.

Hormonal tests: when and why are they prescribed?

The level of hormones is most often determined in the blood, less often in the urine. Studies on hormones may be prescribed, for example, in the following cases:

• violations in the development of certain organs;
• diagnosis of pregnancy;
• infertility;
• pregnancy with a threatened miscarriage;
• kidney dysfunction;
• metabolic disorders;
• problems with hair, nails and skin;
• depression and other mental problems;
• tumor diseases.

A pediatrician, therapist, endocrinologist, gynecologist, gastroenterologist, psychiatrist can give a referral for analysis.

Preparing for a hormone test

What rules should be followed when donating blood for the analysis of hormone levels so that the results are as accurate as possible? It is necessary to refrain from eating for 7-12 hours before blood sampling. During the day before the study, alcohol, coffee, physical activity, stress, and sexual contacts should be excluded. The possibility of taking medication during this period should be discussed with the doctor. When examining the hormonal status, it is important for women to know on which day of the cycle they should be tested. So, blood for follicle-stimulating, luteinizing hormones and prolactin is donated on days 3-5 of the cycle, for testosterone - for 8-10, and for progesterone and estradiol - for 21-22 days.

If you donate daily urine, you should strictly adhere to the scheme for its collection and observe the storage conditions.

General principles for conducting and decoding analysis

Blood for research is taken from a vein in the morning on an empty stomach. The study period is usually 1-2 days. The result is compared by the doctor with the norms of hormone concentration, developed taking into account the gender, age of the patient and other factors. The patient himself can study these norms.

Methods of laboratory diagnostics

Only a specialist (endocrinologist, gynecologist, internist, gastroenterologist, etc.) can decide which tests to take for hormones based on the results of the examination. Moreover, the number of analyzes is commensurate with the number of hormones, and there are more than 100 of them in the body. In the article, we will consider only the most common types of studies.

Assessment of the somatotropic function of the pituitary gland necessary for people who have gigantism, acromegaly (enlargement of the skull, hands and feet) or dwarfism. The normal content of somatotropic hormone in the blood is 0.2-13 mU / l, somatomedin-C - 220-996 ng / ml at the age of 14-16 years, 66-166 ng / ml - after 80 years.

Pathologies of the pituitary-adrenal system are manifested in violation of the body's homeostasis: increased blood clotting, increased carbohydrate synthesis, reduced protein and mineral metabolism. To diagnose such pathological conditions, it is necessary to determine the content of the following hormones in the body:

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone is responsible for skin pigmentation and the breakdown of fats, the norm is less than 22 pmol / l in the first half of the day and no more than 6 pmol / l in the second.
• Cortisol - regulates metabolism, the norm is 250-720 nmol / l in the first half of the day and 50-250 nmol / l in the second (the concentration difference should be at least 100 nmol / l).
• Free cortisol - surrenders if you suspect the presence of Itsenko-Cushing's disease. The amount of the hormone in the urine is 138–524 nmol/day.

These tests are often prescribed by endocrinologists for obesity or underweight, they are taken to determine if there are serious hormonal disruptions and which ones.

Thyroid dysfunction manifested by increased irritability, changes in body weight, increased blood pressure, is fraught with gynecological diseases and infertility. What tests should be taken for thyroid hormones if at least a few of the above symptoms are found? First of all, we are talking about the study of the level of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which regulate metabolic processes, mental activity, as well as the functions of the cardiovascular, reproductive and digestive systems. Normal hormone levels look like this:

• T3 total - 1.1-3.15 pmol / l, free - 2.6-5.7 pmol / l.
• T4 total - 60-140 nmol / l, free - 100-120 nmol / l.
• TSH - 0.2–4.2 mIU / l.
• Antibodies to thyroglobulin - up to 115 IU / ml.
• Antibodies to thyroperoxidase - 35 IU / ml.
• T-Uptake - 0.32–0.48 units.
• Thyroglobulin - up to 55 ng / ml.
• Antibodies to the microsomal antigen of thyrocytes - less than 1.0 U / l.
• Autoantibodies to thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors - 0–0.99 IU / l.

Malfunctions in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism lead to osteoporosis or increased bone mineralization. Parathyroid hormone promotes calcium absorption in the intestinal tract, as well as reabsorption in the kidneys. The content of parathyroid hormone in the blood of an adult is 8-24 ng / l. Calcitonin contributes to the deposition of calcium in the bones, slowing down its absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and increasing excretion in the kidneys. The norm of the content of calcitonin in the blood is 5.5–28 pmol / l. It is recommended to donate blood for tests of this type when menopause begins, since women during this period are most susceptible to osteoporosis.

Every human body produces both male and female hormones. Their correct balance ensures the stability of the reproductive system, normal secondary sexual characteristics, and an even mental state. The production of certain sex hormones can be disturbed due to age, bad habits, heredity, endocrine diseases.

Reproductive system dysfunctions, caused by hormonal disruptions, lead to male and female infertility, and also provoke miscarriages in pregnant women. In the presence of such problems, they donate blood for the analysis of female hormones, such as:

• Macroprolactin - the norm for men: 44.5–375 μIU / ml, for women: 59–619 μIU / ml.
• Prolactin - the norm is 40 to 600 mU / l.
• Pituitary gonadotropic hormones and prolactin - before menopause, the ratio is 1.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone: its content in the follicle phase is normally 4-10 U / l, during the period of ovulation - 10-25 U / l, during the luteal phase - 2-8 U / l.
• Estrogens (the norm in the follicular phase is 5-53 pg / ml, during the period of ovulation - 90-299 pg / ml and 11-116 pg / ml - during the luteal phase) and progestins.
• Luteinizing hormone - the norm in the follicular phase is 1-20 U / l, during the period of ovulation - 26-94 U / l, during the luteal phase - 0.61-16.3 U / l.
• Estradiol - the norm in the follicular phase - 68-1269 nmol / l, the period of ovulation - 131-1655 nmol / l, during the luteal phase - 91-861 nmol / l.
• Progesterone - the norm in the follicular phase - 0.3-0.7 μg / l, the period of ovulation - 0.7-1.6 μg / l, during the luteal phase 4.7-8.0 μg / l.

Assessment of androgenic function produced for infertility, obesity, high cholesterol, hair loss, youthful acne, reduced potency. So:

• Testosterone - the normal content in men is 12-33, in women - 0.31-3.78 nmol / l (hereinafter in the list, the first indicator is the norm for men, the second for women).
• Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate - 10-20 and 3.5-10 mg / day.
• Globulin that binds sex hormones -13-71 and 28-112 nmol / l.
• 17-hydroxyprogesterone - 0.3-2.0 and 0.07-2.9 ng / ml.
• 17-ketosteroids: 10.0–25.0 and 7–20 mg/day.
• Dihydrotestosterone - 250-990 and 24-450 ng / l.
• Free testosterone - 5.5-42 and 4.1 pg / ml.
• Androstenedione - 75-205 and 85-275 ng / 100 ml.
• Androstenediol glucuronide - 3.4-22 and 0.5-5.4 ng / ml.
• Anti-Mullerian hormone - 1.3-14.8 and 1.0-10.6 ng / ml.
• Inhibin B - 147–364 and 40–100 pg/ml.

Diagnosis of diabetes and assessment of the endocrine function of the pancreas necessary for abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight gain, dry mouth, skin itching, swelling. The following are the names and normative indicators of pancreatic hormones:

• C-peptide - 0.78-1.89 ng / ml.
• Insulin - 3.0–25.0 μU / ml.
• Index of insulin resistance assessment (HOMA-IR) - less than 2.77.
• Proinsulin - 0.5–3.2 pmol / l.

Pregnancy monitoring is carried out in order to prevent developmental pathologies and fetal death. In the antenatal clinic, when registering, they tell in detail what tests for hormones need to be carried out and why blood should be donated for hormone analysis during pregnancy. In general, we study:

• Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) - its concentration depends on the duration of pregnancy: from 25-200 mU / ml at 1-2 weeks to 21,000-300,000 mU / ml at 7-11 weeks.
• Free b-hCG - from 25-300 mU / ml at 1-2 weeks of pregnancy to 10,000-60,000 mU / ml at 26-37 weeks.
• Estriol free (E3) - from 0.6-2.5 nmol / l at 6-7 weeks to 35.0-111.0 nmol / l at 39-40 weeks.
• Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) - the test is done from the 7th to the 14th week, the norm is from 0.17-1.54 mU / ml at 8-9 weeks to 1.47-8.54 honey / ml at 13-14 weeks.
• Placental lactogen - from 0.05-1.7 mg / l at 10-14 weeks to 4.4-11.7 mg / l at 38 weeks.
• Prenatal screening for trisomies of the 1st trimester (PRISCA-1) and 2nd trimester of pregnancy (PRISCA-2).

Malfunctions of the sympathoadrenal system should be sought in the presence of panic attacks and other autonomic disorders. To do this, you need to donate blood for analysis and check which hormones from the list are out of the norm:

• Adrenaline (112-658 pg / ml).
• Norepinephrine (less than 10 pg / ml).
• Metanephrine (less than 320 mcg / day).
• Dopamine (10–100 pg/ml).
• Homovanillic acid (1.4-8.8 mg / day).
• Normetanephrine (less than 390 mcg / day).
• Vanillylmandelic acid (2.1–7.6 mg/day).
• 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (3.0–15.0 mg/day).
• Plasma histamine (less than 9.3 nmol/l).
• Serum serotonin (40–80 µg/l).

State of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which is responsible for maintaining the volume of circulating blood, allow us to evaluate hormones such as aldosterone (in the blood) - 30-355 pg / ml and renin (in plasma) - 2.8-39.9 μIU / ml in the patient's supine position and 4 .4–46.1 µIU/ml standing.

Regulation of appetite and fat metabolism It is carried out with the help of the hormone leptin, the concentration of which in the blood normally reaches 1.1-27.6 ng / ml in men and 0.5-13.8 ng / ml in women.

Assessment of the state of the endocrine function of the gastrointestinal tract carried out by determining the level of gastrin (less than 10-125 pg / ml) and stimulated gastrin-17 (less than 2.5 pmol / l)

Assessment of hormonal regulation of erythropoiesis(formation of erythrocytes) is made on the basis of data on the amount of erythropoietin in the blood (5.6-28.9 IU/l in men and 8-30 IU/l in women).

The decision on which tests to take for hormones should be made on the basis of the existing symptoms and preliminary diagnosis, as well as taking into account concomitant diseases.