Pre-project analysis of the park territory Pre-project analysis of the territory. Pre-project assessment of the territory by factors Pre-project analysis and comprehensive assessment of the territory

Introduction

1. Assignment for the development of the project and the composition of the course work ... .. ... ... 5

1.1. Project objectives……………………………………………………………5

1.2. Architectural and planning task for the development of the project ...... .6

1.3. Composition of initial data and materials……………………………...9

1.4. The composition of the course work……………………………………………..10

2. Pre-design complex analysis of the design object……...11

2.1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation…………………..11

2.2. Landscape and insolation analysis…………………………...11

2.3. Analysis of the coverage areas of underground utilities and above-ground structures……………………………………………………………..13

2.4. Analysis of pedestrian and vehicle traffic………………….14

2.4.1. Driveway system. Garages and car parks…………………...16

2.5. Functional analysis…………………………………………….18

2.6. Calculation of territories of improvement elements……………………19

3. Design………………………………………………………….20

3.1. Children's playgrounds………………………………………….20

3.2. Rest areas for adults……………………………………….23

3.3. Areas for household purposes and for walking dogs………24

3.4. Small architectural forms………………………………………25

3.5. Landscaping……………………………………………………………26

3.5.1. Adjoining lanes………………………………………………26

3.5.2. Playgrounds……………………………………………....27

3.5.3. Economic sites……………………………………...28

3.6. Density norms for placement of green spaces……………...28

3.7. Development of special drawings………………………………….30

4. Explanatory note………………………………………………….32

Bibliography

Application

Introduction

Green areas are an integral part of urban development, its architectural ensembles, they are of great sanitary-hygienic, recreational, landscape-architectural and scientific importance.

The green areas of the city - boulevards and squares, parks and gardens, forest parks, residential and industrial development areas - are located in difficult environmental conditions, are constantly exposed to high concentrations of exhaust gases, dust, soot from transport, increased recreational loads, air temperature changes .

One of the directions of modern urban planning practice in the field of organizing the living environment is its improvement based on the complexity of architectural solutions. This is understood as a high level of improvement of the external environment of residential development.

Simultaneously with the development of society, the functional complex of the dwelling changes. Many functions that previously belonged only to housing are moving to the public service sector and to the territory of the courtyard, residential group, residential quarter - places for the implementation of social contacts between residents.

Vegetation in the green areas of the city, as a living component of nature, is constantly transforming in space and time. In the process of growth and development, woody plants constantly age, lose their useful qualities, and die. At present, a significant part of plantings in green urban areas requires the implementation of certain forms of restoration - major repairs and complete reconstruction, improvement of the aesthetic appearance and environmental conditions, creation of a space commensurate with a person.

Project development task

And the composition of the course work

1.1. Project objectives

During the design process, the student must get a comprehensive understanding of the complex of landscaping and landscaping of the territory of a residential group in the microdistrict system, as well as acquire the skill of working with elements of external improvement to create comfortable living conditions in an aesthetically formed environment.

The objective of the project is to organize the territory of a residential formation to meet the daily needs for places of recreation for the adult population and children's games, for the implementation of household needs while providing pedestrian and transport approaches and entrances. The solution of the problem must meet functional, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic requirements.

When developing a project, it is necessary to solve the following questions:

Correct the development of the residential group in terms of clarification of plans in accordance with standard or individual projects, link the development of the residential group with the adjacent development of the microdistrict;

Conduct a comprehensive analysis of the territory of the residential group, on the basis of which to draw a conclusion about the rational functional zoning;

Place landscaping elements and green spaces, linking them to the system of sites, a network of pedestrian walkways and transport links within the territory of the residential group;

Solve engineering issues of improvement: the dendrological part of the project, as well as the organization of the relief of the projected area.

1.2. Architectural and planning task for the development of the project

As a result of studying the architectural and planning task, the student should get an idea of ​​​​the goals and objectives of the project being developed, the composition and timing of the work performed, and study the initial data. The initial data contains:

Characteristics of natural-climatic and landscape conditions;

Information about the road network, transport and available systems of engineering equipment;

Topographic information;

Characteristics of the planning structure of the microdistrict with an indication of the location of objects of cultural and community services;

Indications for typical or individual projects of residential buildings that form a group, and their technical and economic indicators.

The architectural and planning task is compiled by the student independently, on the basis of the object received, and is drawn up in the form of a table, according to the form (Table 1.1.).

Table 1.1.

Architectural planning task for the development of a project for external improvement and landscaping of a part of the Balatovo microdistrict of the Industrial District of Perm

Customer: Contractor:

______________ _____________

Administration Ivanov A.A.

industrial area

1.3. Composition of initial data and materials:

The base plan of the object is a drawing on a scale of 1:2000, indicating the boundaries of the object, orientation to the cardinal points, road network, parking lots, garages, etc.

Data on the type of development and the number of storeys of buildings, the population and its age structure;

Geodetic plan of the territory (geological basis) - a drawing in M ​​1:500 with existing underground utilities, structures, the existing road network;

Inventory plan for existing plantations with assessment sheets of plant elements - trees, shrubs, lawns, flower beds, vertical gardening (drawing in M ​​1: 500);

Statements of defects on the elements of improvement and landscaping of the territory based on the results of the survey;

Landscape analysis of the territory of the object, reflecting the features of the relief, the ratio of types of volumetric-spatial structure (TOPS) and the presence of types of landscape gardening (TSPN);

Terms of reference for the design of the reconstruction object.

It is allowed to combine individual diagrams and plans in one drawing, taking into account the density of graphic images and the assignment of types of analysis of the situation.

1.4. The composition of the course work

The work includes the following materials:

1) Architectural and planning task for the development of the project;

2) Analysis of the architectural and planning situation M 1:2000;

3) Landscape and insolation analysis M 1:500;

4) Analysis of the coverage areas of underground utilities and above-ground structures M 1:500;

5) Analysis of pedestrian and vehicle traffic. Functional analysis М 1:500;

6) Calculation of sites for various purposes;

7) Sketches (search for a compositional solution);

8) General plan, combined with a dendroplan. Viewpoints from the plan of the designed object

9) Explanatory note

Pre-design complex analysis of the design object

2.1. Analysis of the architectural and planning situation

The reference material for the analysis is the development scheme of the microdistrict M 1:2000. During the study and analysis, attention is drawn to the following points:

The system of highways and streets that limit the microdistrict, the class of highways, the placement of public transport stops;

Location of public centers or individual buildings for commercial and cultural purposes;

The system of landscaping and improvement of the microdistrict, including the direction of the alleys of the microdistrict, landscaped pedestrian paths, the position of the microdistrict garden. Landscaping objects of general, limited use and special purpose are identified. Determine the need for an inventory of green spaces (Appendix 7, Tables 1-7 in Appendix 7).

In the corresponding drawing, the identified territories and objects are marked in the legend.

2.2. Landscape and insolation analysis

Determining the nature of the relief allows you to identify its capabilities in the design of a landscaping object and establish the need for the installation of retaining walls and stairways.

The shape of the relief and the features of the surface of the site, the exposure of the slope are determined. The slope is calculated to determine the steepness of slopes.

In the architectural and planning solution of the park, the relief, like green forms, is of great importance. Relief plasticity can be used in a project in its natural form, emphasized or modified to varying degrees. Relief change usually goes along the line of strengthening its natural qualities. For example, pronounced landforms can be emphasized by the setting of architectural structures, high plantings, terracing, clearing slopes, etc.

In addition to the features of the relief, the microclimatic conditions of the territory are studied (temperature minima and maxima, the period of the beginning and end of the growing season, the last and first frosts on the soil, the availability of precipitation by season, the strength and direction of the wind, the depth of soil freezing). It is necessary to determine the geographic latitude and the construction and climatic region in which the design object is located, the average speeds and directions of the prevailing winds. Taking into account these data, special methods are used to analyze direct solar radiation (insolation).

The insolation mode of the object allows you to identify well-lit areas and areas with partial or complete shading. This makes it possible to determine the places for plantings, taking into account their ecological characteristics. In addition, places of possible or undesirable placement of children's playgrounds, adult recreation areas and household areas are established. The construction of the shadow envelope is carried out using Dunaev's architectural-insolation ruler, calculations are made for objects of year-round use, on the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes. Dunaev's architectural and insolation line is designed for M 1:500.

2.3. Analysis of the coverage areas of underground utilities and above-ground structures

The presence of a large number of communications in the intra-quarter residential development leaves its mark on the placement of green spaces. In the process of growth and development of trees and shrubs, plants can not only destroy underground communications and structures, but also create significant shading. To prevent the undesirable impact of plants during their growth and development, standards have been developed for the placement of plantations in relation to above-ground and underground structures (Table 2.1).

Norms SNiP 2.07.01 - 91; MGSN - 1.01 - 99 - 2000

Table 2.1.

The minimum distance from construction sites to green spaces.

Notes:

1. The given standards apply to trees with a crown diameter of not more than 5 m and should be increased accordingly for trees of a larger diameter.

2. When planting green spaces near the external networks of buildings, structures, children's institutions, it is necessary to take into account and comply with the normative levels of insolation and natural lighting.

Taking into account the above standards, the areas of operation of above-ground and underground structures on the territory of the allotted area are marked. In the case of frequent location of underground utilities, the use of trees in plantations is extremely limited, it is possible to place single plantings or small groups (no more than 3 pieces) of woody plants. The main emphasis in landscaping in this case is on shrub plants with a poorly developed measles system. In the front gardens, it is possible to place only shrubs, flower beds and lawn coverings (MGSN standards).

In the areas of communications, in particular, heating mains, one should take into account the microclimate of the soil layer, its warming, which affects the timing of the vegetation of plants. Vegetation near heating mains starts earlier than usual and ends late. Linden, maple, lilac, honeysuckle plants should not be placed near heating mains (no closer than 2 m); species of poplar, hawthorn, cotoneaster, derain, larch, birch (no closer than 3-4 m). Due to high humidity, water and sewer pipes easily become overgrown with roots and wear out quickly. It is better if these communications are located outside the projection of plant crowns.

2.4. Pedestrian and vehicle traffic analysis

In the improvement of the residential group, an important place belongs to the system of pedestrian links. This system is predetermined by the nature of the location of the main areas of the residential group and should ensure the free and convenient movement of pedestrians in all directions. Pedestrian paths should be designed taking into account the intensity of their use. Depending on the intensity, they are divided into main, secondary and periodic tracks.

The main footpaths are laid to highways, to public transport stops, service establishments, green areas and game complexes.

Secondary - to recreation areas, to playgrounds for children under 6 years old, to a garbage collector area.

Paths for periodic use are arranged to areas for drying clothes, cleaning things, to places of quiet rest.

Residents often move in a straight line - to public transport stops, shops, kindergartens, nurseries, schools, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the main and secondary points of gravity.

Traffic analysis is performed to ensure the safety of pedestrian traffic. To do this, side visibility triangles are built, while using data on the maximum allowable speed of transport (Appendix 4). Triangles are built along the axial first strip. For intra-block passages along the axes of the passage (Appendix 5). In triangles of lateral visibility, it is prohibited to plant trees with low crowns, it is allowed to plant high-stem trees with a stem height of 5 m and shrubs no higher than 0.5 - 0.8 m.

The width and location of the tracks in the plan is determined depending on their purpose and traffic intensity within 1.5-2.5 m for the main ones; 1-1.25 m for secondary and 0.5-0.8 m for occasional use. Usually, the size of the paths is also set on the basis of: width with one lane - 0.75 m, with two-way traffic - 1.5 m. .

In the project, it is necessary to determine the types of coverage of individual paths and areas, which are not only among the most important elements of improvement, but also play an important role in the architectural and artistic formation of the appearance of a residential group. By applying coatings of various textures and colors, it is possible, for example, to highlight the main pedestrian alley of a residential group. Sometimes footpaths emphasize the expressiveness and picturesqueness of the landscape and enhance the compositional significance of a particular area, etc. The type of coverage should also be chosen in accordance with the purpose and intensity of use of pedestrian roads and sites.

2.4.1. Driveway system. Garages and car parks

When organizing the transport system of a residential group, the possibility of access to residential buildings, child care facilities, cultural and community services, and utility sites should be provided. Depending on the nature of traffic and purpose, driveways should be divided into main ones with a carriageway width of 5.5 m and secondary ones with a width of 3.5 m - with one-way traffic. At the main driveways, it is necessary to separate the transport and pedestrian traffic with the allocation of a sidewalk with a width of at least 1 m. For secondary driveways, the width of the pedestrian part is 0.75 m. On the driveways leading to individual houses, it is possible to combine two types of traffic.

Entrances to residential buildings and service facilities of a residential group are arranged from the main driveways, residential streets. Driveways leading to the entrances to residential buildings should be placed parallel to the buildings no closer than 5 m from the walls, from blind ends not less than 1.5 m.

On one-lane driveways, passing platforms 2-2.5 meters wide, 12-15 meters long, at a distance of no more than 75 meters should be provided.

On the territory of the residential group, through, direct, driveways are unacceptable, as they can be used for transit traffic. Transport service is desirable to be solved on the principle of branched dead-end passages. The length of dead ends should not exceed 150 meters. At the end of dead ends, turnaround areas are arranged for turning garbage trucks, harvesters and fire trucks. The minimum size of the site is 12 x 12 meters.

On the territory of the microdistrict and the residential group, places should be provided for short-term storage of individual cars - parking lots and permanent storage - garages. Options for placing parking lots and garages in a residential group: in a free area, in the underground parts of buildings, underground in the courtyard area (Appendix 2).

It is desirable to arrange underground garages and parking lots with operated roofs using utility sites, dog walking areas. Placement of sports grounds and recreation grounds is possible subject to the requirement of SNiP to remove them from the external ventilation outlets from garages.

Parking lots and garages should not be placed directly next to buildings. The recommended accessibility radius to parking lots is no more than 100 m, and to garages - 500 m. This allows you to move garages out of the territory of the residential group, concentrate them in several zones on the territory of the macrodistrict, the least favorable in terms of sanitary and hygienic terms (near the highway). According to the design assignment, garages for the disabled may be provided on the territory of the residential group.

Open parking lots are placed away from playgrounds for children and recreation areas and provide them, if possible, on the periphery of the site, from the side of the deaf ends of buildings, combining with turnaround areas (app. 7).

When placing parking lots and garages, it is necessary to comply with regulatory gaps from residential buildings. Protective landscaping is planned along the perimeter of parking lots and garage areas.

2.5. functional analysis

The purpose of functional zoning is to choose the most rational use of the territory for the purposes of recreation, sports, raising children, and household needs. The basis of functional zoning is the characteristics of the potential opportunities of individual territories of the residential group, obtained by a comprehensive architectural-planning and natural-climatic analysis.

Functional zoning involves the allocation of separate territories from the common space of a residential group with a certain functional use. Zoning is based on complex analysis data; functional zoning can be performed jointly on a pedestrian traffic plan at a scale of 1:500.

When developing a scheme, the following elements of improvement should be taken into account: children's playgrounds for children of different ages; playgrounds for adults; areas for physical education and sports; business sites; parking places for vehicles and storage of personal vehicles.

When carrying out functional zoning, in addition to the data of landscape and climatic analysis, the directions of entrances to the territory of the residential group should also be taken into account, a system of main pedestrian links is proposed. The scheme of functional zoning of the territory involves the development and selection of the most successful option.

2.6. Calculation of territories of improvement elements

For a detailed development of individual zones and sites, it is necessary to calculate the need for them, depending on the population of the projected residential group. The population should be determined according to the technical and economic data of standard projects used in the development, or approximately, using the calculations below (Table 2.2.).

The calculation of the number of inhabitants is carried out according to the formula:

Σ \u003d 5 floors x 9 (number of serviced entrances) x 4 (2-room apartments - average value) x 4 (average number of inhabitants in an apartment)

Σ = 5 x 9 x 4 x 4 = 720 people

Table 2.2.

Calculation of areas of sites for various purposes

for part of a residential area

* Lilac Boulevard, No. 22, 27 a, 27 b, ** 5-storey, brick.

The calculations are given according to the standards of MGSN and LenZNIIEP. Initially, the calculations are carried out according to the MGSN standards, if it is impossible to place sites for various purposes on the territory of the yard, due to its small area, a large number of underground utilities and above-ground structures that limit the placement of sites, it is advisable to carry out calculations and place sites for various purposes in accordance with the standards of LenZNIIEP, o what should be noted in the explanatory note.

Design

Development of improvement is carried out on the basis of a scale of 1:500. The development involves drawing the dimensions of all landscaping elements, determining the type of coverage, depending on the decision - the paving pattern, applying equipment, planting various types of landscaping.

When drawing in detail, one should be guided by the estimated needs of the territories for various types of activities.

The work is carried out on tracing paper in a given scale. The agreed version is transferred to the plan, where it is specified in pencil and prepared for graphic design.

When developing individual zones, you should be guided by the following recommendations.

3.1. Children's playgrounds

Depending on the planning solution and the size of the space of the residential group, children's playgrounds can be adjoining, all-yard, residential groups, designed for a certain age group of children. Playgrounds and their equipment must be designed for visiting children under 12 years old. In accordance with the different playing interests of children of different ages, the following sites are distinguished:

For children up to 3 years old,

For children 4-6 years old,

For children 7-12 years old.

The organization of a complex playground is acceptable, but with the obligatory allocation of zones for each age group.

The following requirements are imposed on the architectural and planning organization and improvement of places for games and activities for children: convenient placement and accessibility; isolation from transport and utility areas, comfort of the microclimate, provision of noise protection, including the territories adjacent to the site (in relation to sites designed for visiting children of school and senior school age); compliance of the parameters, subjects and degree of complexity of the equipment with the age group of children; versatility of equipment, year-round and ease of use.

For toddlers from 1.5 to 3 years old, as well as for toddlers, the following equipment should be included in one combination or another: sandboxes, swings, devices for the development of movement (ladders, climbing walls, ball walls), paths for cycling. In these areas, it is mandatory to place benches for adults or to combine separate recreation areas for adults with areas for children to play.

Sun and wind protection of sites should be formed taking into account climatic conditions.

For children of senior preschool age (4-6 years old), playgrounds and quiet play areas should be provided. Playgrounds are equipped more diversely with a predominance of sports and recreational equipment: walls, ropes, slides and other devices for climbing and playing ball, swings, universal playgrounds for collective games, paths for riding scooters, bicycles; in winter - slides for skiing and sledding.

Zones of quiet games and quiet activities should provide for the possibility of drawing with crayons, modeling, etc. This requires appropriate equipment: drawing walls, tables, benches, a set of simple prefabricated elements that allow children to transform the playground for various games and activities at the discretion of the children.

For children of school age (7-12 years old), zones for outdoor games are allocated on the territory of the complex public space. It is advisable to combine them with a sports and recreation area of ​​a residential group. It is possible to include such sites in the jogging track within the microdistrict. As the noisiest site in the development, it must be placed at a sufficient distance from housing, isolated with green spaces and, if possible, mounded landforms. The slopes can be used as slides for skiing or playing terraces.

All sites must be isolated from motor vehicles, parking lots, utility sites by means of landscaping and “small” architecture. The placement and layout of playgrounds and playgrounds should exclude active through pedestrian traffic.

To protect children from overheating, 35% of the site is shaded.

Playgrounds, depending on their use, should have a different surface. A hard floor of tiles is arranged around the splash pools and in front of the benches. Asphalt concrete pavements are used on playgrounds and paths for cycling and scooters; sand, ASG and gravel in places of mass games. The grassy lawn is the best covering of playgrounds - the most hygienic and safe. Grass is used in combination with hard surfaces. If only lawn is used in the active zones, then the order of using it for its restoration should be established.

3.2. Rest areas for adults

Rest areas for adults are divided into the following:

Sites close to the entrances to residential buildings;

Places for quiet rest;

Platforms for board games.

Locations of sites and their equipment depend on the purpose and nature of use.

The playgrounds at the entrance to the house are intended for the elderly residents. Playgrounds are arranged in house adjoining strips, in yard areas. Equipped with benches, shady canopies.

Areas for quiet recreation are located mainly in the yards or on the walking alleys of the microdistrict, in complex public and play areas. The sites are equipped with benches, shady canopies, and are actively landscaped.

Playgrounds for board games (dominoes, checkers, chess, etc.) are placed on the territory of residential yards, in complex public gaming zones, adjacent to sports grounds. These playgrounds should, if possible, be removed from children's and household playgrounds at a distance of 10 m and placed no closer than 20 m from residential buildings.

The sizes of areas for quiet rest and board games can be varied: from small areas with one or two benches to large areas with awnings and gazebos. Playgrounds for adults have a free orientation. Around the perimeter planted with shrubs and trees in groups. The composition of plantings should provide the optimal mode of insolation and aeration of the territory, i.e. create shading of recreation areas and protection of the territory from the prevailing winds.

The surface of recreation areas for adults should be grass, gravel or tile, depending on the mode of use and the architectural and planning solution.

3.3. Areas for household purposes and for walking dogs

In the microdistrict, for each group of residential buildings, specially equipped utility sites should be provided:

For drying clothes;

For cleaning carpets and household items;

For garbage collectors.

The number and placement of sites depends on the overall architectural and planning solution of the residential group and the size of the courtyard space. Areas for drying clothes should be located in isolation away from driveways and areas for cleaning things. For sites choose sunny and well-ventilated areas.

Areas for drying clothes should be at least 20 m away from the windows of residential buildings, 70 m away from garages and highways and protected from active recreation areas by planting shrubs or a through decorative fence.

Sites are best placed on the lawn, and to avoid trampling the lawn, tiles are laid on the approaches to the site and around it. Surfaces can be compacted gravel or asphalt. They are equipped with devices for hanging linen of various designs in the form of racks, frames, umbrellas.

A site for cleaning household items and carpets is provided for one or two per yard, taking into account an accessibility radius of 100 m. They are located at the ends of buildings adjacent to garbage bins. Fencing sites - a hedge of trees and medium-sized shrubs. The equipment consists of a device for hanging and unfolding things. Coverings of platforms - from concrete plates or asphalt.

Garbage bin areas should be located near transport entrances to yards to ensure garbage collection by special vehicles. For sites choose shaded areas. There are two types of bin sites; open, framed by a hedge or wall and covered in the form of a canopy. Sites are located no further than 100 m from the staircase and no closer than 10 m from the windows of residential buildings.

The floor covering should be easy to clean. For this purpose, seamless pavements made of asphalt concrete or large-sized concrete slabs are used. At a through passage, the platforms for stopping a garbage truck should be 3.5-8 m wide, and at a dead-end entrance - 12x12 m.

Dog walking areas are fenced areas within a residential group.

3.4. Small architectural forms

The architectural and artistic qualities and design features of the landscaping elements are determined by the rationality of the structures, their compliance with certain types and duration of gaming and other activities, microclimate features, the scale of the space being organized, as well as the requirements of stylistic and color unity with buildings, connection with the environment and landscape features.

When designing, natural opportunities should be used to create natural and artificial reservoirs, install fountains, treated relief surfaces, retaining walls, sculptures and other small architectural forms.

3.5. landscaping

In the system of development and improvement of the residential group, green spaces perform an important sanitary and hygienic function: they are means of protection from wind, noise, dust and sun, and regulate the temperature and humidity regime of the territory of the residential group.

The functional significance of plants is revealed in their ability to divide or unite the space of the yard, emphasize the rhythm of architectural volumes, identify and emphasize pedestrian and transport links, isolate household and auxiliary buildings, arrange the overall landscape composition in contrast to the planar methods of planting formation with the volumes of buildings or on the effect of harmony .

Green spaces in the residential group serve to enrich the architectural and artistic appearance of the building, contributing to the understanding of the composition, scale, proportionality, balance of the masses. The task of the work is to acquire the skills of including the living material of green spaces in the planning and volume-spatial composition of the designed residential group, using the sanitary-hygienic, functional and aesthetic properties of green spaces. According to the current rules for planning and building cities, up to 60% of the intra-quarter area is allocated for green spaces, which obliges to green the gaps between houses, all areas free from buildings, driveways and utility sites.

3.5.1. Adjoining lanes

The adjoining strips are characterized by an open area of ​​​​the lawn and freely located compact groups of medium-sized shrubs and, singly, trees of the second size (garden forms); flower beds are appropriate near the entrance at the entrances (in flowerpots). The main task is to make the sections of the adjoining strips attractive, emphasizing the entrance to the house. In some cases, it is possible to place low shrubs (barberry, cotoneaster) or a clean lawn, dissected, by “modules” of tiles interspersed with perennial flower beds in these modules. Trees in the adjoining strips should be placed no closer than 5 m from the blind area of ​​the building and shrubs - no closer than 1.5 m.

3.5.2. Playgrounds

The placement of vegetation around playgrounds for preschoolers should be carried out taking into account ensuring their sufficient illumination and warming by the sun, ventilation and elimination of air stagnation phenomena, protection from dust from driveways. To isolate children's playgrounds from the side of the passage of vehicles, a linear type is provided - a lawn strip, at least 3 m wide, with a regular hedge of shrubs. It is recommended to place groups of trees and shrubs around the perimeter of the playground. From the south and southwest, partial protection from the sun's rays in hot weather should be provided with the help of plants with a dense crown (linden, maple) in combination with plants with an openwork crown (birch, ash). This combination creates conditions for air movement and space aeration. From the east, the territory of the playground should be shaded, so that the morning rays of the sun, rich in ultraviolet, which kills pathogenic bacteria, freely penetrate the playground and warm its surface. Therefore, it is appropriate to place low forms of shrubs in combination with single trees of the second size (rowan, apple, bird cherry) with lawn breaks. When placing trees and shrubs near the sites, it is necessary to observe certain distances from the site boundary to the tree trunk, branches of the aerial part of the shrub in accordance with the general rules. The sites themselves are recommended to be fenced in order to protect the plantings; fences can be light structures made of metal and concrete (0.3-0.4 m high) with the installation of benches and trellises to limit penetration into green areas.

3.5.3. Economic sites

Around utility sites for cleaning and drying things, hedges are provided from dust-resistant species of shrubs or trees (bush form); sites should be lit and aerated, so hedges should be limited in growth and development by appropriate pruning and shaping. Conversely, sites for the installation of garbage containers are shaded by species of woody plants with a dense crown (linden, maple, elm) for sanitary reasons.

In the courtyards of a residential group, vertical gardening of the entrances to buildings, walls of the internal facades of houses, balconies and window sills can be introduced.

Along the driveways, on sections of pedestrian routes, it is possible to arrange alleys from various types of trees (birch, linden, maple, larch alleys) or hedges from shrubs.

3.6. Norms of density of placement of green spaces

3.6.1. When reconstructing certain objects, it is necessary to take into account the density (density) of trees and shrubs per 1 hectare of green area.

3.6.2. In residential areas. The total number of trees per 1 hectare is recommended within 100 pieces. The ratio of trees and shrubs - 1:8 ... 1:10. School plots -100 ... 120 pcs. trees, 1500 pcs. shrubs. Plots of kindergartens, nurseries - 140 ... 160 pcs. trees and 1400 ... 1600 shrubs, areas of hospitals and medical institutions - 140 ... 150 trees and up to 1000 shrubs.

3.6.3. On the territory of squares, the number of trees is provided within the limits of 120 ... 150 pcs. In some cases, in parks on open parterre areas of architectural ensembles, the number of trees should be reduced to 80 ... 50 pieces, with the main place given to trees of the 3rd size. The number of shrubs can be increased up to 1500 pieces due to plants of small sizes provided as clipped borders.

3.6.4. On the territory of the boulevards, the density of trees per 1 ha is within 120...150 pcs, and shrubs 1500...2000 pcs. The number of trees and shrubs increases on the territory of the boulevards in comparison with the territory of the squares due to the ordinary placement of plants along the boundaries of the boulevards.

3.6.5. On the territories of highways and streets, the density of trees is, as a rule, within 150 ... 200 pcs per 1 ha and the number of shrubs is 1500 ... 2000 pcs. Basically, trees and shrubs are placed in rows in lanes along carriageways and sidewalks.

3.6.6. On the territories of parks, the norm for the placement of trees and shrubs is determined depending on the compositional features of certain areas. In the central parts of the parks, in areas of mass visits, the norm for placing trees is on average 90 ... 100 pieces, and bushes - 1000 ... 1500 pieces. per 1 ha. Linear tree plantings in the form of alleys, borders, and hedges predominate here. In the walking parts of the parks, the predominance of dense groups, clumps, and massifs is typical. The density of plant placement averages per 1 ha: trees - 170 ... 200 pieces, shrubs - 800 ... 1200 pieces. In the arrays, it is planned to plant seedlings of the 1st or 2nd group with their placement at a distance of 5x5 m or 400 pcs per 1 ha. Sparse (loose) plantings are carried out by seedlings of the 2nd group with an increase in distance up to 6x8 m or 230 pcs per 1 ha. Open landscapes are formed by single specimens of trees at the rate of 50 pieces per 1 ha, and plants of the 3rd group (large seedlings). The ratio of trees and shrubs is taken within 1:4__1:10

3.6.7. At the sites of industrial enterprises, it is recommended to provide up to 150 trees and 900 shrubs, depending on the compositional features of the territory.

3.6.8. In the territories of sanitary protection zones, in the gaps between industrial enterprises and residential areas, plantings of a protective type are provided in the form of strips created by the method of forest crops. On average, the density of plant placement should be up to 1000 trees and 2200 shrubs per 1 ha.

3.7. Development of special drawings

After the implementation of the main version of the master plan, they begin to develop a dendrological plan.

3.7.1. Dendrological drawing

The dendrological plan determines the spatial composition and the features of green spaces characteristic of the given object, solves the fundamental issues of landscaping.

The dendrological plan is made on tracing paper at a scale of 1:500, based on the general plan or together with the general plan on the same drawing. The layout and outlines of groves, groups, alleys, single trees, shrubs and floral arrangements are applied to the plan in conventional signs, which makes it possible to read the final character of the landscape and the landscapes included in it. In the explication, each symbol must correspond to the name of the breed (Appendix 3).

3.7.2. landscaping plan

On a drawing of a scale of 1:500, buildings, structures, roads, sidewalks, platforms and paths to be preserved are applied and indicated; designed buildings, structures, roads, sites, roads, and most importantly - designed landscaping elements.

Callouts are made on the images of the elements, their characteristics are shown in the form of a fraction: in the numerator - the number assigned to the species or type of planting according to the plan, in the denominator - the number of pieces.

The drawing provides textual instructions regarding the conditions for planting trees, shrubs, arrangement of flower beds and lawns. In the drawing, a list of landscaping elements is given and plants are tied.

3.7.3. Improvement plan

The plan for the improvement of the territory is carried out in order to transfer the elements of improvement (pedestrian paths, sites for various purposes) from the plan to the territory into “nature”. All dimensions are recorded in meters with accuracy ± 0.05 m. With complex curvilinear outlines of plan elements, it is more convenient to use the square method to draw up this drawing. The coordinate grid is tied to the axes of the building, the side of the square is taken no more than 5-10 m. The main elements of the plan are tied in two directions (meridional and latitudinal) to the sides of the square or the axes of the building.

On a drawing of scale M 1:500, apply and indicate:

Preserved buildings, structures, roads, sidewalks, etc.;

Designed buildings, structures, roads (drives), sidewalks, paths, platforms, retaining walls, stairs, slopes, small architectural forms and portable equipment (unless a separate drawing “Layout plan of small architectural forms” is performed).

The drawing indicates the linear bindings of sidewalks, paths, platforms and other landscaping elements. Bindings are given from the walls of buildings, the edge of the roadway, from fences and other capital structures and landscaping elements.

Explanatory note

4.1. The composition of the explanatory note

The explanatory note consists of three chapters.

1. The architectural and planning task for the development of the project is carried out in the form of a table (Table 1.1.).

Includes a description of the object according to the architectural and planning task.

2. Pre-design complex analysis of the design object.

Analysis of the plan and the surrounding situation (relief, surrounding buildings, streets, etc.), i.e. it is necessary to give a verbal description of the site.

Here it is also necessary to give a brief description of the designed landscaping object, its functional purpose, and the recommended balance of the territory. Includes:

Analysis of the architectural and planning situation

Landscape and insolation analysis

Analysis of the coverage areas of underground utilities and above-ground structures

Pedestrian and vehicle traffic analysis

functional analysis

Calculation of territories of improvement elements

3. Composition solution

Substantiation of the compositional solution based on the scheme of functional zoning of the territory. Determination of the composition in a combination of regular and landscape planning techniques.

The rationale for choosing an assortment with an assortment list is indicated.

4.2. Requirements for the preparation of an explanatory note

The title page to the explanatory note of the course project is drawn up in accordance with the established form (Appendix 1).

The text of the explanatory note should be typed on a computer in the Word editor with one and a half intervals, font 14, and printed on one side of a sheet of white paper A 4.

The text of the explanatory note should be drawn up, observing the following requirements:

Margin sizes: left - not less than 30 mm, right - not less than 10 mm, top - not less than 20 mm, bottom - not less than 25 mm;

Paragraph indentation must be the same on all pages and equal to five characters;

Section headings are placed at the beginning of a new page and are separated from the text by two empty lines, subsection headings are separated from the text above and below by one empty line;

If it is necessary to divide subsections into paragraphs, the headings of these paragraphs are written in the subtext to the main text;

Section headings are placed in the middle of the page symmetrically to the main text, subsection and paragraph headings should begin with a paragraph indent; the second and subsequent lines of headings of subsections and paragraphs start from the edge of the left margin; dot at the end of the title is not put; underlining and hyphenation of headings are not allowed;

Sections of the project should have serial numbering within the entire text in the form of Arabic numerals with a dot;

Subsections are numbered with Arabic numerals within each section, the subsection number consists of the section number and the subsection number separated by a dot, there must be a dot at the end of the subsection number;

Items within a subsection are numbered with three digits separated by dots; section number, subsection number and paragraph number with a dot at the end;

Headings of structural elements: abstract, content, introduction, conclusion, list of references and applications are not numbered, they are placed in the middle of the line without a dot at the end, without underlining;

Tables, figures, drawings, diagrams, graphs, photographs in the main text of the explanatory note and in the annex must be made on sheets of standard sizes (A4 - 210 x 297 mm) or pasted on these sheets, which are located so that they can be viewed without sheet rotation or 90° rotation clockwise; in the text, all tables and illustrations are placed on the next page after the first reference to them in the text;

Tables and illustrations are numbered within each section;

Above the table heading in the upper right corner put down its serial number with the word “Table” (for example, “Table 1.5” is the fifth table in the first section). If the table is placed on several pages, then on each subsequent page in the upper right corner they write “Continuation of the table. ” with its number. On the last page, instead of the word “Continuation”, the words “End of the table” are written;

Illustrations are numbered in numbers. After the abbreviated spelling of the word “figure”, its name is placed (for example, “Fig. 2.3” - the third figure, in the second section, etc.),

The list of used sources includes all literary and other sources that the student used when doing the work. Sources of literature are placed in alphabetical order of the names of their authors or titles. Information about the sources included in the list must be given in accordance with the requirements of the current GOST.

Bibliography:

1. Balatskaya L.V. Guidelines for the implementation of the course project on the topic: "Improvement and landscaping of the territory of a residential group." - Yekaterinburg: Architecton, 1992. - 38 p.

2. Bogovaya I.O., Fursova L.M. landscape art. – M.: Agropromizdat, 1988. – 223 p.

3. Vasilenko V.V. Tree and shrub groups (part 2). - Perm: PGSHA, 2005. - 46 p.

4. Gavrilyuk G.M., Ignatenko M.M. Improvement of forest parks. -M.: Agropromizdat, 1987.- 183 p.

5. Zherebtsova G.P., Teodoronsky V.S. etc. Recommendations for the reconstruction and restoration of green spaces in Moscow. - M.: MGUL, 2000. - 75 p.

6. Zherebtsova G.P., Teodoronsky V.S. Instructions for conducting an inventory and certification of urban landscaped areas. - M.: MGUL, 2002. - 22 p.

7. Zalesskaya L.S., Mikulina E.M. Landscape architecture. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1979. - 240 p.

8. Lunts L.B. Urban green building. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1974. - 275 p.

9. Mamaev S.A., Semkina L.A. Assortment of woody plants for landscaping populated areas of the Middle Urals. - Sverdlovsk: Asbest, 1991. - 35 p.

10. Teodoronsky V.S., Kabaeva I.A. Methodological guidance and technical conditions for the reconstruction of urban green spaces - M .: MGUL, 2002. - 62 p.

11. Cherkasov M.I. Composition of green spaces. - M.: Goslesbumizdat, 1954. - 280 p.

Annex 1

Title page sample

Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Perm State Agricultural Academy

named after academician D.N. Pryanishnikova

Department of Forestry and Landscape Construction

COURSE PROJECT

on the subject of landscape design

on the topic: “The project of landscaping and landscaping of a part of residential development in the city of Perm”

Completed: student gr. L - 41a Ivanov A.A.

Supervisor: associate professor Vasilenko V.V.

Appendix 2

Norms for calculating parking lots for temporary storage

cars, per 100 one-time visitors

The final dimensions of the plots are determined by the methods of arranging cars

Appendix 3

Assortment list of planting material

Appendix 4

Design parameters of streets and roads of cities

• Pre-project proposal, survey, development of engineering support for the building site, analysis of the construction site, soil properties, groundwater, location of the foundation. Services for the coordination of projects and facades. The procedure and norms for the coordination of documents.

Stage "Pre-project proposal" (album AGR / AGO - booklet)

Pre-project works average price:

The cost of design work for the main sections from 1,000 m2

• AGR - from 99 rubles / m2 (AGR composition for Moscow)
• AGO - from 149 rubles / m2, (Composition of AGO for MO)

• Explanatory note with technical and economic indicators and justifications for the decisions made
• Situational plan M 1:2000 with adjacent territories
• Scheme of the master plan М 1:500 / Transport scheme
• Plans / Sections / Facades / Visualization

The beginning of any construction project is a set of measures that are aimed at complying with the necessary building and fire safety standards. When drawing up a project, it is necessary to take into account all the wishes of the customer, as well as the territorial features of the area where the construction is supposed to be carried out - this is the pre-project stage.

The pre-project stage is an assessment of the site. A panel of surveys is compiled, which in this case will be necessary and how much they cost:

1) Topographic survey M 1:100 - 1:1000 - from 180,000 rubles. Needed to get a clear idea of ​​the terrain of the site, including the vegetation available in this area. All the data obtained are applied to the topographic plan, taking into account which further engineering work is designed;

2) Situational plan - from 15,000 rubles. derived from topographic surveys. This is a very important document, on the basis of which all future buildings on the territory are planned, including communications;

3) Engineering and environmental surveys for construction - from 200,000 rubles. Chemical analysis - a deep study of the soil, to identify suitable vegetation that will be planted after construction is completed. If necessary, the composition of the soil is changed to obtain suitable characteristics;

4) Engineering surveys for construction - an estimate from 215,000 rubles. Hydrological analysis - study of water supply, including the depth of groundwater, the level of waterlogging of the soil. This type of analysis is also necessary for the selection of plantings;

5) Technical inspection of buildings and structures, examination of structures - from 250,000 rubles. Inventory - a survey of all buildings present on the site of the proposed construction before the start of work. Based on these data, a decision is made on the expediency of conservation or demolition;

6) Insolation analysis - from 105,000 rubles. Determines the level of illumination of the area at different times of the day. Only after preparing all the above data and collecting the necessary documents, you can proceed to the draft design (color matching, 3D model), etc.

Probably, many paid attention to the typical dense buildings of cottages along the street, the so-called block houses.

Their feature is a single solution of plans and development and, as a rule, a single foundation.

But here is a small mistake in the calculations, and 2-3 houses stand sideways, standing out of the orderly row of cottages of the same age. This is possible when soil properties have not been analyzed under each specific house. It is no secret that the characteristics of the soil can differ significantly from the properties of the soil of the neighbors.

Check soil properties

It is important to study in detail and carefully the geophysical properties of the site on which it is planned to build a house.

The main characteristics to pay attention to are the following:

• soil properties (heaving, non-heaving);
• groundwater flow rate;
• soil saturation with water and its chemical composition;
• soil freezing depth.

An indispensable condition for the study should be samples taken at the locations of the corners of the future building and its heavy load-bearing structures.

In the properties of the soil, such characteristics as heaving, strength, mobility of the rock are important. All of them determine the bearing capacity of the soil. Depending on the degree of bearing capacity, a decision will be made on the type of foundation and methods of strengthening the soil.

The danger of a high occurrence of groundwater can be not only an increase in the mobility of the soil and foundation, respectively.

Increased humidity in the built premises and even flooding under the action of groundwater pressure. Therefore, the solution to the problem should go in several directions at once:

1. strengthening the soil in the above ways;
2. foundation waterproofing (should be carried out in parallel with thermal insulation);
3. carrying out measures to resist the foundation to the pressure of groundwater;
4. drainage of water through drainage structures.

An important role is played by the chemical analysis of groundwater. Since water can be quite aggressive with respect to foundation materials, knowing its impurities, you can choose a more durable material that neutralizes the harmful effects of water on the foundation. Alternatively, you can impregnate the foundation blocks with special waterproofing solutions, mastics, or use rolled materials. However, you should be aware of the properties of some of them to crack in the cold, so choose your waterproofing material carefully. At the same stage, it is advisable to pay attention to protecting the foundation from corrosion.
In most regions of Russia, the soil has a large freezing depth, which is due not only to low temperatures in winter, but also to high soil moisture and high groundwater. The impact of frost heaving is quite strong (3-5 tons square meter). An effective solution is to lay the foundation below the freezing level and weaken the tangential forces of frost heaving on the side surfaces of the foundation due to the reinforcement of the foundation pillars and the support expanding downwards.

Heaving soil is soil subject to heaving due to saturation with moisture and high ability to retain it.

Such properties are possessed by clay, soil with impurities of clay, peat, silt, etc.

Water, either freezing or thawing, moves the soil and with it the foundation with the building standing on it. Another negative property that a carrier base can have is blurring. This property is typical for fine sandy and dusty soil, especially with a high level of groundwater. Such soils are called quicksand. Their bearing capacity is extremely low.

Depending on how much the ground is mobile, the problem of building stability can be solved in the following ways:

• the location of the foundation at a shallow depth;
• sand cushion device;
• the use of reinforcement in strip or column foundations;
• the use of a solid foundation;
• use of pile foundation.

Non-rocky soils with high bearing capacity and strength, such as rocks, conglomerate and coarse sand, do not require additional reinforcement. As a rule, shallowly buried strip or column foundations are placed on such sites. But even here, it is necessary to finally confirm the type of foundation, especially on sandy soils, only after studying the level of groundwater.

Currently, pre-project studies of options in the field of engineering support for development are not provided for in the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of design.

The only document that complies with the Town Planning Code is the territory planning project.

As part of it, a scheme of preparation and vertical planning must be developed without fail. However, practice shows that not enough attention is paid to a detailed study of the engineering training scheme.

Usually, instead of pre-design studies, traditional methods are used, which in no way can ensure the normal use of resources, such as material, financial, temporary and natural. All this can be logically explained. In such organizations, as a rule, there are no qualified specialists who could take into account all significant factors in order to select the most optimal scheme for engineering training. And also of great importance is the fact that engineering training is an auxiliary activity in relation to many decisions both in architecture and construction. As a result, the amount of money an investor spends increases significantly, and all this leads to an increased level of financial risk and reputational risk.

Therefore, any customer has the right for the contractor to ensure the development of pre-design options in order to reduce the level of all possible risks. To do this, it is necessary to make informed decisions on the engineering support of the development. Works should be started after the main building parameters have been determined. That is in the planning process. All this so that the customer, based on pre-design study, can always choose the most optimal option.

The main factors that can significantly affect the choice of one or another option are:

1. The amount of financial investments that must be correlated with the timing of implementation.
2. The period for which the costs will pay off.
3. Reliability and safety requirements.
4. Landscape and aesthetics of the surrounding area.

A pre-project proposal is a set of primary documents that gives the right to pass the regulations, receive initial, permitting documentation and an architectural and planning assignment - this is a pre-project proposal.

The collected materials fully characterize the project and form the objective requirements for further design.

Produced in advance formation and development of pre-project proposal documentation is the best and only way to evaluate and get an idea about the upcoming design of the facility.

The pre-project proposal is very important for large objects, as it makes it possible to eliminate the consequences of unforeseen complications in the course of further design. The pre-project proposal is the basis and makes it possible to accurately form the terms of reference for the further processing of plans, facades and sections of the entire volume of the selected project.

If it is necessary to carry out the reconstruction of structures, first, a survey and certification of existing facilities are carried out and conclusions are given on their condition. In principle, at this early stage, the state of all structures is determined, the layout, number of storeys, material are taken into account, technological equipment and architectural solutions are determined; all this gives a complete picture of the creation of the plan, its volume and the appearance of the structure.

Detailed clarification and bringing to the final stage of completeness of the sketches, in the course of design, makes it possible to carry out design drawings. Based on the documentation formed in the pre-project proposal, negotiations are being held with tenants and potential buyers of structures. When preparing the initial permit documentation, on the basis of existing agreements, it is very important to eliminate errors that may affect the increase in losses during subsequent design.

The composition of the pre-sale offer documents:

• computer model of the object and the surrounding area (3D format - makes it possible to display different angles);
• binding of existing objects on the site (with photomontage, perspective and axonometry);
• sketches of plans, facades in axes, layouts and sections of buildings;
• documentation of proposals for the use of materials (with a list of suppliers);
• sketches of the proposed foundations (based on the conclusions of "geology");
• proposals for the organization of optimal engineering networks, including heating, water supply, sewerage and those tied to this object.

Pre-project survey of the object

A pre-project survey of an object is a set of various activities and studies necessary to determine the state of operation of various parts of the object.

To conduct a competent, high-quality examination, it would be advisable to use the services of a qualified specialist.

Also, the examination process will require the use of specialized equipment. This type of survey is an important preparatory stage in the course of drawing up project documentation necessary for the repair or reconstruction of an object, as well as in a number of other cases. The purpose of the pre-project survey of the object is to determine the technical condition of the object, identify defects, find out the operational qualities and predict the behavior of the object structure in the future. The volume and nature of work on the survey of the object is different and depends on the tasks.

The need for this type of examination may arise for a number of reasons:

• the object is damaged as a result of an accident, catastrophe, fire;
• a reconstruction project is needed;
• there is no design and technical documentation;
• there are deviations from the project that reduce the performance of the facility;
• it is planned to carry out a major overhaul of the facility;
• it is necessary to determine the actual state of the object in connection with its purchase, etc.

As a rule, the survey is carried out in three stages.

up

Until recently, Soft Culture did not have courses related to urban exploration. A couple of years ago, as part of the "Information Modeling" direction, we began to conduct workshops on working with GIS, because we felt that this tool was necessary. This was just the beginning: after several workshops, it became clear that it was impossible to work with a geographic information system only as an applied tool - it should be part of a more comprehensive view of the city.

Working on a city scale is a separate task: the architect does not always design the urban environment, but must understand it, because the fabric of the city and architecture are directly related. That is why we came up with a course that combines two scales: a building and a city.

The main tool for working on such a scale is GIS tools, other usual tools of an architect are stalled here. Geographic information systems, or GIS, is a technology that allows you to collect, store and process data that has a specific reference on the surface of the Earth. GIS tools, such as QGIS, allow you to analyze this data: in addition to geometric information, each object on the map contains many parameters. For example, a building may have a year of construction, height, or conservation status. This data can be visualized automatically - it does not need to be colored manually.

GIS is directly related to research, and research results require visualization - therefore, in addition to working with GIS tools, we also included a research part and work with map graphics in the GIS: Pre-Project Analysis course.

So far, we do not see the point in a massive course that would cover all the cases encountered in working with the city. We focused on a basic set of tools, a kind of Starter Pack, which then everyone can develop in the right direction - in educational projects and real practice.

“Cartography is an independent field of work that is often overlooked in the process of training an architect.

The map is the language of communication. To be understood, it is important for an architect not only to clearly see the purpose of the study and to use convenient tools, but also to have a good pronunciation.”

When we determined the main directions for ourselves, we quickly realized that in order to get a comprehensive answer to such a complex request, we need several experts. First, we decided to divide the course into three blocks that would focus on different skills - research, working with GIS tools, data visualization and graphics. Then we realized that geoinformatics is a separate section within working with GIS, and moved this work into a separate block.

The study needs to be carried out on a specific site: we conducted it in the Moscow Airport area and presented the process in the form of a course. Each of the four teachers viewed the area from different angles. The result is a desk study that can be done remotely from anywhere in the world, and then apply the acquired skills to another territory.

The teachers are a team of experts who in their practice are constantly faced with the study of the city, as well as with the search, analysis and visualization of data: Andrey Elbaev (KB Strelka), Evgeny Shirinyan (MARCHI, PROSAPR), Yulia Tuvaleva (Megafon, Habidatum) and Taya Lavrinenko (Yandex.Maps, Urbica).

Block "City Research"

The course begins with a block that discusses the purpose of the study, the formulation of the hypothesis and the work plan.

Architect Andrey Elbaev systematized the approach to pre-project analysis and compiled a consistent structure, a kind of “road map”, which an architect can refer to in his practice.

Andrey Elbaev:

“There is no universal plan for analysis - it will always depend on the site. If you do not pay enough attention to pre-project analysis, you can make a good project that is inappropriate for a particular area - this is called„ creator error“ and should be avoided, it's very unprofessional."

Block "Using GIS to work with data"

The core of the course is devoted to the correct work with GIS tools, as well as their integration into the usual tools of the architect.

Architect Yevgeny Shirinyan will talk about what geoinformation systems are, where exactly GIS is located inside the architect's pre-project research, and what a set of tools for a successful start consists of.

Yevgeny Shirinyan:

« You're already using GIS, even if you didn't know it, so there's nothing to be afraid of. You start working with the project by opening Google or Yandex maps, OpenStreetMap or Wikimapia - this happens automatically: different services provide different sets of information, somewhere you can find out about the age of the building, and somewhere you can build a route without traffic jams.

You can drown in this amount of data, but GIS tools allow you to quickly organize it. With these tools, we can analyze the city, create our own maps with the graphics we want, and then use that as context for design.”

Block "Search and processing of geodata"

GIS technologies are based on geography - to understand the details of the work, you need to look at them from the point of view of specialists who often use these tools for analytics.

Cartographer and analyst Yulia Tuvaleva will share the basic theory that is needed to work with spatial data: geoinformatics makes it possible to deal with data from open sources, as well as learn how to work with coordinate systems and map projections.

Julia Tuvaleva

“Today there are no problems with finding data, there are quite a lot of them. But there is another problem - their quality: quite often the data is not structured. To put them in order, you need to understand how they can be transformed.

Block “Map graphics and data visualization”

The final block of the course is devoted to the methods of graphic presentation and presentation of cartographic data obtained during the study.

Cartographer Taya Lavrinenko, who worked on cartographic tools for the Dvorulitsa project and on the GULAG history map, will talk about the basic principles of creating maps, types of urban data and how to perceive them, as well as the relationship of design with the goals of the future user, color perception features, design methods and checking cards.

Taya Lavrinenko

“The main goal in all projects is to convey information to the user in a clear, informative and beautiful way.”

A huge team was involved in the development of the course. Here are the names of all participants - from curators and teachers to editors and editors: Arseniy Afonin, Oleg Sazonov, Nastya Ovsyannikova, Inna Pykhova, Arseniy Volkov, Andrey Elbaev, Evgeny Shirinyan, Yulia Tuvaleva, Taya Lavrinenko, Nadia Klevakina, Nadia Panina, Asel Turgunbekova, Sasha Salman, Viktor Timofeev, Maria Hertz, Victoria Terentyeva, Lena Borisova, Polina Sokolova, Rita Barchuk, Vsevolod Olenin, Vlad Rakitin, Polina Patimova, Ksenia Butuzova.

1. General provisions…………………………………………………….4

2. Choice of topic and pre-project analysis of the course project…………5

3. The structure and content of the course project……………………….6

4. Technical requirements for the course project……………………11

5. Defense of the course project and criteria for its evaluation………….…….12

Applications…………………………………………………..…………….16

General provisions

The guidelines present the requirements for writing and designing term paper No. 2, which must be completed in the form of a project and be based on the knowledge gained in the discipline "Project Management"

The purpose of the course project- to promote the formation of students' design skills in the process of developing an author's educational project on a chosen topic related to the managerial profile of education. Tasks:

mastering the methods of scientific research;

· in-depth study of project activities on the example of specific cultural industries;

development of students' skills of independent creative work and self-management.

The planned results of the preparation of the course project are presented in Table. 1.

Table 1

Formed competencies and planned results

The methodological basis of course design is the content of the discipline "Project Management". Mastering the lecture material should be accompanied by familiarity with various theoretical and applied sources that reflect the technology of development and project management. When studying the scientific literature, the student should familiarize himself with various versions of the structuring of the project cycle, the main aspects of the systematization of project activities and project management. The result of studying the discipline "Project Management" should be a logically built system of knowledge in the field project management.

The schedule for the preparation of the course work is presented in Table. 2

table 2

Schedule

2. Choice of topic and pre-project analysis of the project

Topic selection The project is carried out by the student independently, but subject to the following restrictions:

The topic of the project must correspond to the profile of the managerial specialty;

The topic of the course project should be linked to the topic of the future final qualification work (the course project may be included in the final qualification work as author's recommendations based on the results of the study);

The topic of the project should be relevant and appropriate for the organizational base of the project;

· The project should contribute to the achievement of the strategic priorities of cultural institutions.

The organizational (empirical) base of the project is the institution within which and for which the educational project will be developed. The choice of the organizational base is carried out by the student independently, taking into account the places of internship, the place of professional activity or the organization within which the industrial (pre-diploma) practice of the graduate will be carried out.

Refinement of the topic is the end result pre-project analysis project. For a list of sample topics of course projects, see below: paragraph 6.

Pre-project analysis is an obligatory stage of project activity. Pre-project analysis is subject to inductive logic: from the particular to the general. Based on the particular problems and needs identified on the example of a particular cultural institution, it is necessary to single out and generalize the management problem that is typical for institutions of the type under consideration. Pre-project analysis is carried out on the basis of theoretical (scientific literature) and empirical sources and involves:

analysis of the basic concepts and management processes stated in the topic, object, subject of design;

analysis of the current state of the organizational base of the project (the enterprise as a whole or its structural unit) using methods of economic, statistical, marketing analysis;

building a "tree of goals" in relation to the organizational base of the project;

· selection of a specific problem, identification of the causes of the current situation and development of alternative ways to solve it within the framework of the proposed project;

Identification and characterization of the target groups of the project;

choice of topic and justification of the relevance of the project.

The results of the pre-project analysis should be reflected in the text of the project in the relevant structural section of the project (see below).

Structure and content of the course project

The course project should have the following structure:

· title page;

introduction;

· main part;

· conclusion;

· bibliography;

applications.

Title page is drawn up according to the established pattern (see: Appendix 1). It must contain the names of the educational institution, faculty, graduating department; surname and initials departments; topic of the course project, training profile; academic degree, position, surname and initials of the supervisor; the surname and initials of the student, the group number, the “grade” column, as well as the place and year of writing the course project.

On the title page must be signed leader, student and head of the department.

After the title page follows table of contents , containing the names of the sections of the course project and their corresponding pages. Variants of a typical table of contents and its design see: Annex 2.

In the introduction should be marked:

Relevance of the chosen topic at the level of the object, subject, purpose of the project activity (not to be confused with the rationale for the relevance of the project itself for a particular organization);

degree of knowledge of this subject area in science and representation in the regulatory framework;

research problem, object and subject of the course project;

the purpose and objectives of the project;

· theoretical and empirical methods (including design and modeling methods, economic, statistical, survey, etc.) used in the development of the project;

the empirical basis of the project;

the practical significance of the project;

description of the structure of the course project.

All of these structural elements of the introduction should be highlighted in the text. in bold.

object course project are management processes, activities of various types of cultural institutions; V subject should be reflected characteristics of management processes in cultural institutions.

Target course design is applied in nature and is associated with the development and justification of the project in accordance with the chosen topic and the formulated problem.

Tasks course design (necessarily numbered!) usually correspond to the main stages of the project life cycle, but these stages in the formulation of tasks can be combined:

1. Pre-project analysis and formulation of the project concept.

2. Resource mobilization and project implementation.

3. Project monitoring.

In the formulation of tasks, it is necessary to indicate the name of the project and the basis for its implementation. The presence of 3-4 tasks is optimal. Overall volume introductions- 2-4 pages

Main part of the project should disclose and justify the above tasks in the following volume:

1. Pre-project analysis(if this is one paragraph, then at least 6 pages of text, and if the entire Chapter 1 is devoted to this, then about 15-20 pages; see Appendix 2) should contain the items indicated above: definition of key concepts(mandatory references to sources, including regulations), analysis of the current state of the organizational base of the project, building a "tree of goals", choosing a goal to solve a specific problem within the project, etc.

Depending on the theme of the project and the design object, when identifying the problem, various methods and types of theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, classification, modeling, design) and empirical analysis (document analysis, economic, statistical, marketing analysis, SWOT) should be used. analysis, survey methods, methods of mathematical and graphic processing of results, etc.). Pre-project analysis, in addition to a textual description, supported by links to sources, should contain statistical material on the problem under study, presented in tabular form, graphs, diagrams, diagrams. The main task of the pre-project analysis is to prove the necessity and relevance of the project being developed.

2. Concept formulation reveals the strategic intent of the project, its main priorities. The second stage of the project life cycle is represented by two substantive elements:

2.1. Development of a strategic plan for the project.

2.2. Development of the target structure of the project.

Development of a strategic plan for the project. This position describes the main strategic priorities of the project. In addition to the textual description, the strategic intent of the project should be represented by two final documents: the Project Charter and the Project Management Plan, which should be placed in the Appendix, and their content is described in the main text in a coherent text.

The project charter includes the name of the project, its initiators, justification of business needs for initiating the project, the goal and objectives of the project, project results, project products, environment, constraints, timeframes, targets and project success criteria, its total budget.

The project management plan is a summary document that briefly describes the main subsystems of the project (time management plan, cost management plan, personnel management plan, risk management plan).

Development of the target structure of the project. The graphical model "Target Tree" must be accompanied by a text description.

3. Resource mobilization. Analysis of the resource support of the project includes the following positions:

3.1. Characteristics of resource types.

3.2. Analysis of resources in terms of their availability and ways to translate potential resources into actual ones.

3.3. Correlation of resources with the main cooperating subjects.

3.4. Development of project communication structures.

(the indicated positions in the text of the project are not numbered)

The analysis of resource provision is drawn up in a tabular or graphical form with mandatory text comments.

4. Implementation of the project. This section should describe the main institutional subsystems of the project:

4.1. Team management.

4.2. Organizational modeling of the project.

4.3. Time management.

4.4. Cost management.

4.5. Management of risks.

(the indicated positions in the text of the project are not numbered)

4.1. Team management describes the processes of formation and development of the project team. This position should present and justify the composition and characteristics of the project management team, the project manager, the staffing table of the team, the matrix of responsibility, the personnel management plan (team recruitment methods and criteria for the release of human resources, the schedule with a set of work tasks for each performer, the need in training and a plan for improving the skills of team members, a system of encouragement and motivation, security issues).

4.2. Organizational modeling of the project contains the rationale for choosing the type of organizational structure of the project, the principles of its construction, the scheme of the organizational structure, its description, the project management model with a description of the administrative and technological relations between team members.

4.3. Time management describes the definition of work, sequencing of work, estimating the duration of work, and also includes the development of the project schedule and calendar of activities. The calendar plan should be presented in a table and placed in the Appendix, but it should be briefly described in the text.

When planning activities, a characteristic is given of the critical path of the project, time reserves, methods of compression and leveling of resources, a diagram of project control points is developed, the total duration of the project is calculated and justified.

4.4. Cost management. This section involves the choice of the method of resource valuation, cost analysis, development of estimates and budget of the project, its justification.

4.5. Management of risks. Risk management technology includes risk identification (output document - project risk register), identification and assessment of types of damage, qualitative risk analysis (output document - a list of ranked risks with an assessment of risk magnitude), ABC analysis, construction of a risk distribution matrix, quantitative risk analysis ( building a "decision tree", PERT analysis, sensitivity analysis), choosing a strategy and methods for responding to risks, their justification; risk response plan with a set of measures to minimize the risks of their cost. The final document is a risk management plan.

5. Project monitoring. This section describes the technology of the evaluation procedure (subjects, criteria, methods) of the preliminary examination of the project, the median evaluation and the final evaluation of the project's effectiveness. An economic assessment of the effectiveness of the project is given, the economic and social consequences (significance) of the project are described.

In the text of the project, especially its first chapter, there should be many references to sources of information. We use only inline links. When making a reference in the text, the indicated source number from the list is enclosed in square brackets, if necessary, indicating the page number of the publication. Examples: , , , . For more information about the rules for designing links, see: “Regulations on the design of all types of educational and certification works of the EASI. Yekaterinburg, 2016” (item 9).

IN Conclusion (volume 1-3 pages) a summary of the project is disclosed in accordance with the tasks formulated in the introduction, including the type of the developed project (for all the reasons for the classification of projects), its summary is presented (including the place and time of the event, the number of participants, etc. .d.), its products and results, emphasizes the practical significance of the project,

Bibliography drawn up in accordance with GOST 7.0.5-2008 “Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description” (Examples of bibliographic description of sources see: Appendix 5). All literary and electronic sources should be arranged in alphabetical order and consecutively numbered. The list of references may contain literature on project management, as well as sources reflecting the characteristics of the design object. Total at least 20 sources, studied by the author, cited or mentioned in the text of the work.

The total volume of the course project, excluding the list of references and applications, should be 35 pages.

Applications placed after the bibliography. Each application must start on a new page, have a serial number and a title. Applications must have a common pagination with other sections of the course project. All documents presented in the annexes should be referenced in the main part of the work, for this they write in the text: ".... see: Appendix 1".

The applications host a Gantt chart, a network chart, and other volumetric (more than 1.5 pages) tables and figures. Applications can contain information about the organizational base of the project, internal regulations, reporting, as well as various kinds of documents - expert reviews, photos, screenshots, scans of thanks, etc.

In general, the presentation of the text of the work is carried out in a third-person scientific language, using impersonal constructions or phrases from the third person, for example: “the author of the work believes that ...”, “this conclusion is made on the basis of ...”, etc.

The text should use scientific terms, designations and definitions established by the requirements of the standards of professional activity, and in their absence - generally accepted in the scientific literature.

This chapter is based on a thorough study of the works of a number of prominent specialists in the field of urban planning, landscape design and landscape architecture (V. V. Vladimirova, L. S. Zaleeskaya, N. A. Ilyinskaya, E. M. Mikulina, Z. A. Nikolaevskaya , L. I. Rubtsova and others).

When starting to design any object, from a summer cottage to a park, you should always remember that each landscape as a whole and its components contain not only hidden opportunities, but also limitations. It is necessary not only to identify the most significant artistic properties, but also to take into account the natural processes of landscape development. In the process of historical development of geographical landscapes, only certain, and not arbitrary, forms of relief, reservoirs, plant and animal communities arise.

The possibilities of transforming the territory, as well as the methods of forming the volumetric-spatial composition of the cultural landscape, primarily depend on natural landscape components. In particular, the climate forms the comfort of recreation conditions, determines the selection of vegetation; the relief determines the adoption of planning, engineering, architectural and artistic decisions: vegetation and soils determine the possibilities for landscaping and landscaping; hydrographic network and hydrogeological conditions - methods of land reclamation, ways of rational use of water areas.

Pre-project materials. The pre-project materials include the following.

1. Landscape analysis of the projected site and the surrounding area.

2. Geodetic plan.

3. Tree-by-tree shooting of plantings (for the most valuable sites).

4. Taxation survey (in the presence of large forests).

5. Technical conclusion about soils.

6. Technical conclusion on the regime of groundwater and hydrogeology in the regime of flooding.

Landscape analysis of the projected site and the surrounding area. The relief is the basis on which all other landscape components are based, therefore, in many cases, it is the relief that determines the nature of the created landscapes and their decorative appearance. For example, the landscape of the Monrepos park in Vyborg is made up of rocky ridges - selga, overgrown with pines and spruces, heaps of boulders of various sizes, marshy lowlands. Due to differences in the structure of the relief, a variety of both natural and cultural landscapes is formed.

It is known that the relief has an impact on the redistribution of heat and moisture even in flat areas, where there are minor elevation differences, but it is of particular importance in hilly areas or mountains. The habitat conditions of vegetation on the slopes depend on their steepness, exposure and composition of parent rocks. In the upper parts of the slope, due to surface runoff, the soil is drier; in the lower parts of the relief, more moisture accumulates due to the additional inflow of surface and groundwater. In addition, the more shaded northern and eastern slopes have a more even thermal regime and high relative humidity, while the southern and southwestern slopes are more sunny, they are characterized by sharp temperature changes and moisture evaporation.

that is why a comprehensive preliminary assessment of the state and possibilities of changing the geomorphological base is a prerequisite for the correct organization of the designed landscape. Even slight elevation differences in the relief can serve as a plot basis for designing a wide variety of landscapes.

At the preliminary stage, in the most thorough way, the relief forms of not only the projected object, but also the adjacent territory should be investigated. Only as a result of a full-scale, field survey, it is possible to determine the possibilities of using hills, slopes, rocky outcrops, river valleys, etc. to include them in interesting landscape paintings and reveal views on them.

In this regard, a detailed landscape analysis of the territory should be carried out already at the pre-project stage. It consists in a detailed examination of all elements and components of the landscape located both in the projected area and in the surrounding area. In the process of studying the territory, they make up its climatic assessment as a whole, as well as its individual sections. Vegetation growing in and around the projected area is especially carefully studied. All plantings must be assessed for their use in future construction, economic or aesthetic value. In this case, existing large trees should be used, since the formation of new plantings of such sizes will take at least several decades. Finding out the state and nature of the vegetation of the surrounding landscapes will help in the selection of its assortment for the projected object, as well as in establishing unity between the cultural landscape and the vegetation of the surrounding area.

Geodetic plan. The basis of the documentation should be a geodetic plan with a coordinate grid, contour lines, indicating the boundaries of the site and drawing existing plantations, reservoirs, underground utilities and ground structures. Usually it is drawn up on a scale of 1:500 (horizontals are drawn through 0.5 m); for territories larger than 10 hectares, it is drawn up on a scale of 1:2000 or 1:1000 (horizontals through 2 m and 1 m, respectively); for especially large areas of hundreds of hectares, the plan is drawn up on a scale of 1:2000 or 1:5000.

Tree-by-tree shooting of plantings. For the most landscape-valued areas, a tree-by-tree shooting plan is drawn up (with each tree and each group of shrubs plotted on the plan at a scale of 1:500) with a detailed description. A coordinate grid is applied to the plan with existing trees and shrubs shown by legend. For each tree or group of homogeneous trees and shrubs, the description should contain: plan number, species name, age, trunk diameter at a height of 1.3 m, crown diameter, tree height, sanitary condition, decorative qualities.

taxation survey, In the presence of large forests that do not require significant changes, an additional taxation shooting.

In this case, land use boundaries, clearings, a quarterly grid of plantations, and contours of allotments are applied to the geodetic plan. In landscape design, the following terms are accepted.

Section- plantation area with homogeneous indicators for the dominant species.

Age class– conditional subdivision of plantations by age into groups (conifers, oak, maple, beech, ash, elm are divided into classes of 20 years; birch, alder, aspen, linden - into classes of 10 years).

Bonitet- an indicator of the productivity of plantations and habitat conditions. It is determined by the average height of trees of a given age (I - bonitet of tall stands, V - the lowest).

completeness- the degree of crown density of stands (1 - full plantations, 0.1 - sparse).

undergrowth- the young generation growing under the canopy of the old forest.

Undergrowth- shrubs growing under the canopy of plantations.

Ground cover- the nature of the cover of the upper layer of the earth: grassy, ​​moss, lichen, dead (fallen leaves, needles, bark and branches).

forest type- a set of plantations characterized by homogeneous conditions (mainly the same moisture conditions).

stock of timber- the volume of wood, measured in cubic meters.

Within each quarter, a detailed description of plantings is provided for the plots according to indicators: the area of ​​the plot, the composition of plantations, their age (by species), undergrowth, undergrowth, layering, aboveground cover, and the dominant species. According to the prevailing species, the following are additionally indicated: age class, average height of trees, average trunk diameter, bonitet, forest type, density, timber stock, growth characteristics, origin, degree of damage to the forest by pests and diseases. The basis of the forestry survey is the taxation characteristic of plantations according to the last forest management.

Soil technical opinion should contain a brief description of the natural historical conditions and factors of soil formation, as well as information on the chemical properties and mechanical composition of soils. The conclusion for large objects is accompanied by a soil map on a geodetic plan on a scale of 1:2000 or 1:5000.

Technical Conclusion on the Groundwater Regime and Hydrogeology under Flooding Conditions is compiled for objects on the territory of which there are already reservoirs or their construction is envisaged, as well as for objects in need of reclamation, saline or subject to flooding. This conclusion should contain detailed data on the geological structure of the territory (geological sections, description of soils, thickness of layers, etc.), groundwater regime (the level of groundwater is especially important during the period of greatest moisture), hydrological characteristics of rivers and other water bodies, detailed information about climatic conditions (air temperature, duration of the frost-free period, average annual and average monthly precipitation, air humidity, wind strength and direction, amount of solar radiation, cloudiness, snow cover depth, etc.).

Before you start designing, you must also have:

copying from the master plan of the city (with the application of the existing and projected coating of the areas adjacent to the object, underground urban networks of engineering communications, to which the corresponding networks of the projected object can be connected);

Technical conditions for the design of engineering networks (water supply, sewerage, electricity and heat supply, etc.) issued correspond to them and services;

architectural and planning task, in accordance with which the project is carried out. The task provides information about the intended purpose of the object, indicates its size and boundaries, a list of necessary structures, the sequence of development of the territory, data on the nature and prospects for the development of the adjacent territory, general requirements for an architectural and planning solution.

Design materials. After the pre-project stage of studying the planned materials and field surveys, a technical project is drawn up. It consists of graphics and explanatory text. It establishes the technical possibilities and the most economical methods of future construction, and also reflects the planning basis and engineering preparation of the site.

The structure of the technical project includes the following components.

1. General plan.

2. Dendrological project.

3. Project of vertical planning.

4. Project of utility networks.

6. Explanatory note.

General plan forms the basis of a technical project, on a scale of 1:500 (or 1:1000 for large objects), with the drawing of structures, paths, platforms, reservoirs, open spaces (including lawns, flower beds, etc.), plantations of trees and shrubs, as well as with the application of the zoning scheme of the territory and the sequence of its development.

Dendrological project determines the entire compositional and artistic appearance of the designed landscape. The dendrological project shows three-dimensional compositions of the projected landscape paintings, the placement and outlines of arrays of tree and shrub vegetation, open spaces, groves, groups and individual trees. The attached detailed explication (description) contains the range of vegetation used, indicating the species and varieties (and, if necessary, the possibility of replacing them with other species), as well as the number of plants in pieces.

Vertical layout project compiled separately, performed in red contour lines showing a network of drains. It may also include a cartogram of earthworks indicating the places of cutting and adding soil and a plan of road surfaces with a description of the structures of paths and platforms, drawn up taking into account the relevant sanitary and technical requirements.

Engineering networks project and engineering preparation of the territory are reduced mainly to the drafting of networks for water consumption, drainage, sewerage, electricity, heat supply, low-voltage devices (radio, telephone, etc.). Attention should be paid to the calculation of the need for heat, as well as water consumption, which, as a rule, consists of drinking, fire-fighting, irrigation water consumption, as well as the supply of fountains (if they are designed) and the irrigation of the cultural landscape.

estimates are an integral part of the technical project. They are drawn up for the performance of certain types of work, for the construction of structures (with the application of the relevant projects of buildings and structures), and a summary estimate is also made for the entire facility.

Explanatory note includes a detailed list of survey work carried out, project documentation, existing facilities and communications. It also necessarily includes a description of natural and environmental conditions, the balance of the territory for the planned improvement facilities with comprehensive data on the justification of all types of work, with a reduction in their physical volumes. The explanatory note includes recommendations for improving the mechanical and chemical composition of soils, groundwater regime, justifies the required amount of fertilizers, etc.

Working drawings. The main decisions of the technical project at a later stage are developed in more detail in the working drawings. They include the following.

1. General plan as amended after the approval of the technical project.

2. Working draft of the vertical planning of the territory and the road network.

3. Drawings of engineering communications.

4. Working drawings of buildings and structures.

5. Layout drawings of the layout (performed on a scale of 1:500, and areas with difficult terrain or with the use of stairs and retaining walls - on a scale of 1:200).

6. Landing drawings for the placement of the designed vegetation (compiled on the basis of layout drawings).

Staged design. For objects that are not too technically complex, one stage of landscape design is enough. In this case, a technical work project is used. It includes the following.

2. General plan.

3. Dendrological project.

4. Explanatory note.

5. Working drawings.

When designing large, especially complex and important objects in terms of urban planning, the number of stages increases. After pre-project studies, a draft design is additionally developed. It is based on the master plan (on a scale of 1:500 for small objects, on a scale of 1:1000 or 1:2000 for large objects). In cases of complex objects, the master plan is supplemented with illustrative materials in the form of layouts, drawings, perspectives, etc. In addition, the draft design includes a diagram of the engineering equipment of the territory, an estimate of the estimated cost of construction, determined by aggregated indicators, as well as a brief explanatory note. And only after this stage is the technical project carried out. So, in this case, this scheme is as follows.

1. Pre-project studies and documentation.

2. Draft design (general plan, visual material, engineering network diagram, indicative estimate, brief explanatory note).

3. Technical project (in full).

4. Working drawings.

In its simplest form, the development of the project is as follows.

According to the general scheme of landscaping or the general plan of the park, a site for the construction of the park and its purpose are determined. Perform geo-substance, hydro-geological surveys and soil analysis. A landscape analysis of the territory is carried out to determine the system of spaces, identify valuable vegetation, potential and existing viewpoints and panoramas, the possibility of organizing water bodies and the need for clearing. They plan preliminary functional zoning with the definition of plots suitable for development, the gravity of the population of adjacent areas, and the organization of entrances.

The next step can be considered the formation of a planning frame. To do this, a system of axial compositions is organized through the main and secondary alleys, the entrances and objects of the system of internal spaces and compositional nodes are combined with opening to viewpoints and panoramas. Walking routes are traced, groups and arrays are formed.

How the system is worked out with floral design, parterres, meadows with flower beds are planned, mixborders are placed, borders with reinforcement in accented places. Sculptures, fountains, vases are placed in the nodes.

Zoning is carried out in such a way as to form three main ecological zones in the park:

I - the middle core or distant peripheral territories where quiet rest is provided, the most valuable protected areas are preserved, shaft plantings are arranged, - areas for nesting birds, anthropogenic pressure on the landscape remains minimal here;

II - an active recreation area, where the bulk of visitors are concentrated, while the nature of the improvement must withstand increased anthropogenic loads;

III - buffer zone, this is a narrow strip of the park on the border with urban development. It serves to protect the main territory from dust, noise, gas and is used as boulevards, sidewalks for transit pedestrian flows, belongs to both the park and the street.