Interpretation of clinical blood test indicators. Thrombocrit - deciphering PCT in a blood test PCT blood test deciphering the norm in women

Meanings and norms

An important feature of thrombocrit is that throughout a healthy person’s life, the platelet count does not change. However, there is a slight change and depends on the time of year, as well as the period of the day. The quantitative value of platelets has different standard values, based on the age of the patient. The normal platelet count for different age groups varies significantly.

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Anna Poniaeva. She graduated from the Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy (2007-2014) and Residency in Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics (2014-2016).

With the advent of modern automated hematology analyzers, it has become possible to count the number of platelets in the blood. Such studies have been carried out before, but due to the complexity of the method, the calculation was carried out at the special request of the attending physician. Such a parameter as thrombocrit was absent from the catalog of laboratory tests.

Modern analyzers are capable of counting the number of cells and calculating indices, freeing up doctors’ time for the actual treatment.

What it is

A blood test for hematocrit has been carried out for a long time, determining the proportion of red blood cells in the blood. What is thrombocrit? By analogy with hematocrit, this is .

To decipher the results of thrombocrit analysis in hematology, it is customary to use English terminology. The phrase platelet crit, or the abbreviation PCT (pct) means “thrombocrit”.

Purpose

Why do you need a blood test for thrombocrit? Determination of thrombocrit is necessary to identify the patient's tendency to bleed. This information is used by the doctor when prescribing prevention and treatment if it occurs.

Blood platelets tend to increase in size and stick together, forming aggregates of small particles. This feature of blood platelets creates inconvenience not only during research, but also during storage of platelet mass.

Analytical analyzers have no problems in determining the number and size of platelets.

Norm

What is the normal thrombocrit level? There is no consensus on the issue of thrombocrit norms yet. Some authors consider the lower limit to be 1.10/00, others 1.50/00, the upper limit 2.80/00 ​​and 4.00/00, respectively. Age characteristics have not been established. Thrombocrit is influenced by seasonality and time of day, in spring and at night, thrombocrit decreases by about 10%. During critical days and during pregnancy, thrombocrit drops. Perhaps the body’s defense mechanism against blood clots is triggered.

Physical overload also leads to an increase in thrombocrit: in athletes, twice the norm is observed.

Promotion

Deviations of thrombocrit from the norm in one direction or another indicate the development of pathology.

Thrombocrit is elevated in a blood test for the following reasons:

• Malignant blood pathologies. Myeloid leukemia, primary thrombocythemia, erythremia, ;
• Splenectomy. Increased thrombocrit persists for two months after removal of the spleen;
• Inflammation of various etiologies;
• Tuberculosis;
• Viral infections - measles, influenza, smallpox - chickenpox;
• Hyperfunction of the thymus;
• Ulcerative colitis;
• Cholesterol deposition on vascular walls;
• Inflammation of the os, periosteum, medulla;
• Fractures tubulosae ossa;
• Rheumatic fever;
• Complex operation;
• Tobacco intoxication;
• Tissue necrosis;
• Pancreatitis;
• Blood loss.

When the thrombocrit is higher than normal, the following risks arise:

• Blockage of heart vessels and the development of myocardial infarction;
• Stroke as a result.

In this regard, a thrombocrit analysis is necessary to prevent complications during hospital treatment, surgery and long-term bed rest.

Demotion

A hematocrit level of less than 1.1-1.50/00 is considered low. If the thrombocrit is lowered in the blood test, this indicates either suppression of the production of progenitor cells due to systemic diseases of the hematopoietic organs, or increased destruction of mature platelets.

The most common causes of low PCT in the blood are:

• . The number of all blood cells decreases, while no signs of the development of a tumor process are detected;
• Deficiency of B12 and folic acid;
• Pernicious anemia;
• Impaired functioning of the medulla in the reproduction of blood cells;
• Collagenoses. Lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis;
• Allergic conditions;
• Oncological diseases of the hematopoietic system. Hemoblastosis, leukemia;
• Post-chemotherapy complications;
• Radiation sickness;
• Poisoning with toxic substances;
• Side effects of medications;
• Viral infections;
• Permanent liver failure;
• Renal failure is chronic.

Low thrombocrit is observed in an infant born with low birth weight and experiencing suffocation after birth.

If there is a tendency to bleed. Minor injuries can lead to large-scale blood loss. Hemorrhages in various organs, especially the brain, pose a particular danger to the health and life of the patient.

Symptoms

If a person experiences deviations in PCT levels from the norm, the following symptoms of thrombocrit may develop:

• Pervasive weakness;
• Constant headaches;
• Blue discoloration of the fingers of the upper and lower extremities;
• Fingertips hurt;
• Vision problems;
• Spontaneous
• Skin scabies;
• Blood in urine and feces;
• Heavy menstruation in women.

Additional tests

When identifying the cause of thrombocrit deviation from the norm, data from a standard blood test is not enough. Need to check:

• Collapsibility factors;
• Duration of bleeding;
• Fibrinogen;
• Prothrombin index;
• Protein composition;
• Liver tests;
• Iron level;
• Determination of creatinine and test for remaining nitrogen;
• Standard urea analysis;

An examination of organs using ultrasound is prescribed. In some cases, radiography is necessary. Vessel patency is tested using Doppler examination. In doubtful situations, an MRI of the brain (magnetic resonance imaging) is performed.

In case of suspicion of systemic pathologies of hematopoiesis, the contents of the medulla punctate are followed.

Treatment

If the thrombocrit exceeds the norm, blood thinners and medications that prevent vascular thrombosis, such as Trental or acetylsalicylic acid, are prescribed. For thrombocytosis of tumor etiology, cytodepressants myelosan or myelobromol are used. The duration of use of medications and their dosage is determined by the doctor. Arbitrary manipulations with the duration of use and dosage are life-threatening. If the disease proceeds without thrombohemorrhagic manifestations, no treatment for thrombocrit is necessary.

Particular attention is paid to the use of hormonal contraceptives and diuretics.

• Quitting alcohol and tobacco;
• Drinking two or more liters of filtered water per day;
• Periodically eat buckwheat porridge, garlic, tomato salad with onions and vegetable oil, preferably flaxseed. Beef is preferred among meat products, and liver among offal products. Dairy products, seafood, citrus fruits, especially lemons, must be present in the daily diet. But bananas, walnuts, chokeberries and lentils cannot be eaten.

If the thrombocrit is low, this means that there is a deficiency of blood platelets in the blood, and there is nothing to clot the blood.

In this case, you need to follow the following dietary recommendations:

• Eat fruit. Eat plenty of vegetables;
• Fish and meat are required;
• Eat cranberries, viburnum, sea buckthorn;
• Avoid home-canned food and other products containing vinegar and other preservatives;
• Eliminate citrus fruits, honey, eggs and chocolate from your diet.

You should change your lifestyle and switch to a gentle regime. Necessary:

• Eliminate physical overload;
• Protect yourself from minor injuries;
• Cancel vaccinations;
• Get more sleep and rest.
• Follow the doctor’s recommendations and do not self-medicate, which can cause irreparable harm to the health and life of the patient.

To stimulate the medulla, thrombopoietin, folic acid and cyanocobalamin, common biological stimulants solcoseryl or actovegin are used.

If bleeding occurs, emergency care is provided in the hospital: hemostatic agents are administered - vikasol, aminocaproic acid, etamsylate. In the absence of therapeutic effect, transfusion of donor platelet mass is used.

If the cause of thrombocytopenia is oncological processes, glucocorticosteroids and chemotherapy drugs are used.

Today it is carried out using special analytical hematological systems, which makes it possible to obtain comprehensive data on the quantity and ratio of blood cells in a short time. One of its points is the definition of such a parameter as PCT.

What is PCT in blood test?

PCT, or thrombocrit, is the proportion of platelets in the total volume of whole (not divided into plasma and formed elements) blood, expressed as a percentage. Before the advent of hematological analyzers, this indicator was most often omitted due to the difficulties of its calculation and was studied exclusively as prescribed by a doctor in individual cases.

Why is its definition needed? The main purpose of this study is to assess the risk of developing thrombosis or, conversely, bleeding, which in both cases can pose a threat to the patient’s life. However, PCT can also help diagnose a number of diseases.

Analysis transcript

Since PCT is the ratio of platelet volume to blood volume, this indicator is the same for patients of all ages.

Thrombocrit norm - table

Factors influencing the indicator

In a healthy person, the platelet count can fluctuate:

• during the day (at night PCT decreases within 10%);
• when playing sports (can increase 2 times);
• if you are addicted to smoking;
• depending on the time of year (in spring there is often a decrease in thrombocrit);
• when eating food before taking the OAC.

If thrombocrit deviations from the norm are detected, the test should be taken again after 3 days.

Possible deviations from the norm

Increased PCT: what does it mean?

An increase in PCT above normal indicates a high risk of blood clots, which is often associated with the occurrence of disorders in the hematopoietic system or the development of a number of pathologies that stimulate platelet synthesis. This:

• hyperthyroidism;
• diabetes;
• Iron-deficiency anemia;
• osteomyelitis;
• myeloproliferative diseases;
• amyloidosis;
• atherosclerosis;
• tuberculosis;
• recovery period after surgery;
• pancreatitis;
• ulcerative colitis;
• fractures;
• tissue necrosis;
• splenectomy;
• exacerbation of rheumatism;
• viral infections.

Increased thrombocrit can be observed while taking corticosteroids, adrenaline, epinephrine and others.

With high PCT values, there is a high risk of thrombus formation, which can lead to the development of thrombosis, stroke, pulmonary embolism and other life-threatening conditions.

What is the danger of low platelet levels?

Low thrombocrit is observed with:

• aplastic and megaloblastic anemia;
• bone marrow tumors;
• allergic diseases;
• collagenosis and hemablastosis;
• systemic lupus erythematosus;
• viral infections;
• liver cirrhosis;
• poisoning;
• chronic renal failure.

Some medications can cause a decrease in thrombocrit, in particular antibiotics and cytostatics - Aspirin, Warfarin, Heparin, as well as exposure to ionizing radiation and certain chemical compounds.

Low thrombocrit values ​​indicate the possibility of bleeding, including internal bleeding. Therefore, in such cases, it is necessary to avoid in every possible way situations that could lead to a violation of the integrity of the skin and the slightest injury.

Platelets and complete blood count - video

Thus, the PCT determination is mainly used to assess the risk of blood clots and bleeding, which in both cases can be life-threatening. But due to the difficulties of conducting the study, the study is assigned only to certain categories of patients.

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Interpretation of blood tests in children

Deciphering a blood test in children allows doctors to detect pathology in time and take timely measures to eliminate it. If this is not done, the pathological processes developing in the child’s body can have an extremely negative impact on the child’s health and affect his future life.

Why donate blood?

A general blood test is considered one of the simplest and most informative examination methods that can be used at any age. It allows you to find out whether the components of the plasma (the liquid part of the blood) and the particles dispersed throughout it (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets), as well as their ratio in relation to each other, have deviated from the norm.

To monitor your health, doctors prescribe blood donation once every six months, as well as for the following indications:

• feeling unwell for no obvious reason;
• protracted simple diseases;
• to assess the condition of a sick baby and the effectiveness of therapy;
• complication during illness.

There is no special preparation for the test, but to obtain accurate results, blood must be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. Therefore, after dinner and before taking the test, it is better not to feed the child; you are allowed to drink only water. If this is not possible, the time between the procedure and the last meal should be at least two, and even better, three hours.

Before donating blood, the child should not engage in vigorous exercise. Physical activity temporarily causes an increase in certain blood components. A general analysis involves taking blood from a finger (less commonly, a toe); in newborns, material can be taken from the heel. If advanced analysis is needed, for example to assess the risk of thrombosis and bleeding (PCT), venous blood is taken.

Depending on the laboratory, the values ​​obtained may vary, so when viewing online tables on the Internet, you may find different data. Because of this, you need to rely on the words of the doctor, who interprets the results based not only on the readings of red blood cells, but also on other values.

Characteristics of red blood cells

Red blood cells transport oxygen, transfer it to the cells, take carbon dioxide from them and carry it to the lungs for removal outside. It is red blood cells that give the blood its red color thanks to the hemoglobin they contain, which is also responsible for the addition and detachment of oxygen or carbon from the red blood cell.

Since every cell in the body needs oxygen, red blood cells are the largest group of particles dispersed throughout the plasma. There are especially many of them in newborn children, who, while in the womb, could only receive oxygen through red blood cells. After birth, they do not need as much hemoglobin, which is why the number of red blood cells decreases. Therefore, in children, the norm of red cells depends on age, while the gender of the child does not matter, as can be seen from the following online table:

A level of red blood cells below normal indicates oxygen starvation (anemia). It happens when there are problems with the circulatory system, and is also often a symptom of various diseases. The number of red blood cells in children increases when climbing mountains and dehydration. High values ​​may indicate diseases of the blood, lungs, heart disease, and adrenal glands.

The calculations also take into account the number of reticulocytes (young red blood cells). In the blood of healthy children their number should be:

• up to 1 year: from 3 to 12%;
• from 1 year to 2 years: from 1.3 to 1.2%.

An increase in the number of reticulocytes in children is a good symptom in the treatment of anemia. Therefore, if during therapy their number does not change, or even worse, decreases, this is considered a very bad symptom.

Other red blood cell data

When analyzing blood, considerable importance is given to the study of hemoglobin, which is responsible for the addition/detachment of oxygen and carbon dioxide. These data depend on age, and as the child grows, on gender, as can be seen from the following online table:

The amount of hemoglobin in children’s blood allows us to determine the stage of anemia, if present. If the decoding showed values ​​less than normal, but above 90 g/l, this is a mild stage, from 70 to 90 g/l is moderate, from 50 to 70 is severe. If the values ​​are less than 50 g/l, this is a very dangerous condition, and the child needs a blood transfusion. If hemoglobin is less than ten percent, it is fatal.

The color index allows you to find out how much hemoglobin a red blood cell contains. The number varies depending on age:

Decoding this indicator helps determine the type of anemia. Values ​​below normal indicate that the bone marrow does not absorb iron well, disrupting hemoglobin synthesis. Indicators above normal indicate anemia caused by a deficiency of vitamins B9 and B12. If the readings deviate slightly (from 0.85 to 1 g/l), this indicates anemia, which can be caused by problems with the endocrine system, blood loss, and increased destruction of red blood cells.

ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) allows you to assess the dynamics of the disease in children. To do this, the blood is placed in a test tube and waiting for the red blood cells to settle. When this happens, there will be yellowish plasma on top and red blood cells on the bottom. The laboratory assistant’s task is to determine the settling time. They settle under the influence of gravity, as well as due to their ability to stick together. In the body of a healthy person, the rate of adhesion is low.

A high level of ESR indicates inflammation, poisoning, chronic infections, cancer, myocardial infarction, and happens after severe blood loss. A low amount of ESR occurs with diseases of the liver and gallbladder, an increased amount of proteins, and the use of certain drugs.

Features of leukocytes

Leukocytes protect the body from germs, allergies, and malignant cells. Therefore, there are several types of white blood cells, each of which has its own purpose. During the examination, first they count the total number of leukocytes, then they decipher how many of them are in relation to each other as a percentage (leukocentral formula).

The online table that describes the leukocytes in the child’s blood looks like this:

The number of leukocytes always increases after eating, active exercise, bathing, and during stress. Such changes are short-lived, but if prepared incorrectly for the analysis, they can affect the results.

Also, an increased number of leukocytes can provoke various diseases, including:

• ailments of an infectious, purulent, inflammatory nature;
• infarction of the heart, brain, lungs, kidneys;
• burns;
• blood loss;
• kidney disease;
• splenectomy.

A reduced number of leukocytes occurs in some infectious diseases (influenza, measles, viral hepatitis). May signal diseases of the thyroid gland and other organs of the endocrine system. It happens with problems with the spleen or illnesses that have reduced the synthesis of leukocytes, with benzene poisoning, after certain medications. Radiation can reduce the number of white blood cells.

Having determined the total number of leukocytes in the blood, they decipher each type separately:

• neutrophils - absorb and dissolve pathogens, the first to respond to the penetration of foreign bodies;
• basophils – fight allergies, activate platelets, promote the dissolution of clots;
• eosinophils – fight allergies;
• monocytes - absorb and digest not only pathogens, but also damaged body cells, relieve inflammation, prepare tissues for regeneration;
• lymphocytes - produce antibodies, are responsible for immune memory, create difficulties during organ transplants or blood transfusions.

By determining the ratio of these leukocytes to each other, the doctor can draw a conclusion about what kind of pathological process is occurring in the body. But for a more accurate diagnosis, additional tests are needed.

Platelets are part of the blood clotting system. They instantly react to damage to tissue or blood vessels, quickly concentrate near the rupture, stick together with each other and the torn tissue, forming a clot and stopping the flow of blood. They also secrete various substances that promote rapid healing.

To get a clearer picture, your doctor may order a blood test to determine a reading called thrombocrit (PCT). This value allows you to determine the risk of thrombosis and bleeding in children. The PCT indicator can be elevated within two months after removal of the spleen, as well as in myeloproliferative diseases (diseases that cause increased production of leukocytes, platelets, red blood cells, eg leukemia).

Low PCT occurs with anemia, spleen diseases, chronic renal failure, and cirrhosis. A reduced PCT can signal diseases that can develop into an acute form of leukemia (myelodysplastic syndrome).

There is no need to panic immediately when you receive negative results from a general blood test. There is also no need to scour the Internet, checking the data obtained online, which often shows different values ​​on different sites. To obtain accurate data, the doctor will prescribe additional examinations that will determine the nature of the pathological processes in the body.

Thrombocrit: what is it, norm and deviations, reasons for high and low

Before the advent of analytical hematological systems that perform clinical blood tests automatically, such an indicator as thrombocrit did not appear among laboratory tests at all. However, previously, platelets, although they were included in the list of parameters of a general blood test (CBC), were counted at the individual request of the attending physician (these cells require a special approach: preliminary lysis and a separate staining method).

Hematological analyzers not only count all blood cells without problems, but also calculate erythrocyte and platelet indices, hematocrit and thrombocrit, thereby freeing laboratory diagnostic doctors from tedious work associated with mathematical formulas.

Thrombocrit and its norm

Thrombocrit (PCT) is the proportion of the volume of whole blood that is taken up by blood platelets (platelets). Thrombocrit is an analogue of hematocrit (HCT), but if hematocrit can somehow, albeit approximately, be determined after spontaneous sedimentation of erythrocytes, then this number does not work with this parameter. Platelets outside the bloodstream, falling on a surface that is foreign to them (for example, a container in which blood is placed), acquire pseudopodia, significantly (up to 10 times) increase in size (what is the thrombocrit already?), then stick together and form aggregates. This feature of platelets creates difficulties in their study, as well as in storage for transfusion (they must rotate all the time), so an automatic analyzer in this case turns out to be indispensable. Meanwhile, such a parameter as thrombocrit has not yet received widespread use.

Thrombocrit, as part of a general blood test, characterizes the percentage of platelet mass in the volume of whole blood and informs about an unacceptable decrease or increase in platelets in a particular patient. The norm for this indicator in the blood is 0.15 – 0.4 (in different sources: 0.12 –0.36, 0.12 – 0.38, 0.11 – 0.28...).

Science does not make any differences between normal values ​​in children and adults; platelet levels increase or decrease in proportion to each other in accordance with age, so you should not expect any special differences in a child. Another thing is physiological fluctuations in platelet count:

• Daily and seasonal fluctuations can change the number of plates by 10% (depression at night and in the spring) - PCT may be below normal or at the lower limit;
• Menstruation in women can reduce the indicator by 50%, PCT will also be reduced in pregnant women (this is due to natural protection against thrombosis);
• Platelets are also “not indifferent” to physical activity: the thrombocrit changes upward (perhaps 2 times higher than normal).

However, this parameter in the UAC is not studied to identify its physiological abilities. Perhaps it has another purpose?

Above and below normal

Thrombocrit is determined in order to assess the degree of risk of bleeding and/or thrombosis, and this, as we know, is already a threat to human life and health.

The reasons for the increase are most often associated with a disorder in the hematopoietic system or may result from the body’s reaction to other pathological processes that lead to stimulation of platelet production and change the indicators of the state of the platelet unit. Thrombocrit levels above normal (high or somewhat elevated) can be expected in the following pathological conditions:

1. Myeloproliferative diseases (polycythemia, chronic myeloid leukemia);
2. For some period (usually 2 months) after removal of the spleen;
3. Conditions associated with iron deficiency in the body;
4. Viral infections and inflammatory diseases of other etiologies;
5. Increased thyroid function;
6. Atherosclerotic process;
7. Diabetes;
8. Bad habit in the form of smoking.

It should be noted that platelet, thromocrit and thrombus have the same root; I think it is not necessary to explain to the reader what happens if PCT is significantly higher than normal? Thrombosis, heart attack, stroke...

Values ​​of the indicator below the norm are no less dangerous. Severe hematological pathology, which is the main reason for the decrease in the number of blood platelets, also leads to 0 thrombocrit. The reasons leading to a reduced content of platelet mass in the blood volume (thrombocytopenia) may be related to:

• With inhibition of megakaryocytic growth and decreased production of blood platelets;
• With increased destruction and utilization of platelets.

Thus, thrombocrit can be reduced in many diseases of the blood system, chronic pathological processes of internal organs, as well as the influence of other factors that negatively affect the number and functional abilities of blood platelets:

1. Aplastic anemia;
2. Myelodysplastic syndrome;
3. Megaloblastic anemia;
4. Collagenoses;
5. Hemoblastoses;
6. Ionizing radiation, chemicals, including some medications (antibiotics, cytostatics);
7. Tumors of hematopoietic tissue;
8. Viral infections;
9. Intoxication;
10. Cirrhosis of the liver;
11. CRF (chronic renal failure).

Of course, these are not all diseases that are characterized by increased or decreased thrombocrit. But if the reader is interested, more complete information about this indicator and other characteristics of blood platelets can be found in the sections devoted to the general blood test and platelets separately.

Thrombocrit - deciphering PCT in a blood test

By studying the PCT decoding in blood tests, the doctor will be able to accurately make a diagnosis.

In addition to determining the state of the body and the presence of any disease, the PCT norm will help to identify the level of calcium metabolism.

By comparing this indicator with the norm, thyroid cancer is diagnosed.

When is the test prescribed?

Plateletcrit is the proportion of blood taken up by platelets. This indicator is quite difficult to determine.

When blood platelets fall from the bloodstream onto any surface, for example, into a test tube, pseudopodia begin to form.

As a result, the size of the particles increases, and then they stick together. After this, not only is the PCT rate quite difficult to determine, but also delivery of the biomaterial to the study site is not possible.

An automatic analyzer is used to determine PCT. The blood taken in it constantly rotates, which prevents platelets from enlarging and sticking together.

The results of the examination are contained in a transcript.

A doctor may order a PCT test in the following situations:

• when diagnosing a septic condition, determining its severity;
• the patient has a suspicion of bacterial infections, which are very severe;
• the patient has a fever, the etiology of which is not clear;
• to monitor the implementation of therapeutic measures in a state of shock, sepsis;
• to determine complications of an infectious nature in patients who have undergone organ transplants, operations, and during intensive care;
• for patients who are on a ventilator;
• the patient suffers from neutropenia or immunosuppression - decoding PCT will make it possible to determine the correct course of therapeutic actions;
• to determine the nature of complications as a result of bacterial and infectious pathology;
• for diseases of pneumonia, meningitis, peritonitis, the PCT norm is studied.

How is the analysis carried out?

To determine the PCT indicator, the doctor will prescribe a general analysis for the patient. For this you will need venous blood.

Using a special apparatus, the biomaterial will be examined by a laboratory assistant and the PCT norm will be determined.

In order for the analysis results to be reliable, there are certain rules for women, men, and children that must be followed.

General analysis is always done on an empty stomach. The best time for the procedure is morning. The day before the examination, you should avoid fatty foods, do not eat fried or salty foods, and do not drink alcoholic beverages.

You should also refrain from taking medications. If medications must be taken, it is important to tell your doctor the name and dosage. It is permissible to drink some water immediately before taking blood.

Before doing a general analysis to determine PCT for women, you need to take into account the menstrual cycle. There are days on which this examination is most favorable.

To determine this period of time, you should contact your doctor.

The PCT norm and its reference limits will not always be very different in a healthy and sick patient. You should not draw a conclusion on your own if this indicator is lowered or increased.

The interpretation should be carried out by a specialist with extensive experience, because the conclusion about the presence of the disease will depend on the anamnesis, general urinalysis, tumor markers, and other data.

Thrombocrit exceeds the norm: what does this mean?

Platelets in human blood are plate-shaped. They take an active part in the formation of blood clots. If a vessel is damaged, blood clots prevent blood loss.

A general analysis will show an increased PCT in patients suffering from blood diseases.

In children, PCT may increase sharply after treatment with certain medications. After completing the course of treatment with such drugs, the indicator will return to normal.

When interpreting the examination, the doctor must take into account the use of medications.

A malignant tumor can cause an increase in thrombocrit. If the analysis shows an increased PCT, then it is recommended to undergo a re-examination.

This way it will be possible to exclude a false result. If in the second case the indicator is elevated, the doctor will prescribe an ultrasound of the abdominal organs.

The doctor will prescribe treatment based on the results of the analysis and the reasons for the increase in thrombocrit.

For primary thrombocidosis, medications that thin the blood are most often prescribed.

If the disease is in an advanced form, then excess platelets are removed from the blood. A special device is used for this.

Patients undergoing treatment must strictly follow a diet: fried, fatty foods must be excluded from the menu, and alcohol should not be consumed.

Every day you need to eat foods that thin the blood. The patient should drink as much fluid as possible.

Thrombocrit is below normal: what does this mean?

If the PCT level is lowered in the transcript, then the platelets have decreased either in size or volume. This disease is called thrombocytopenia.

Its symptoms are increased bleeding, which brings a large number of problems. Only 2 percent of the population has this condition.

Symptoms of this disease can occur with hematological diseases. Sometimes they act as independent diseases.

Thrombocrit may be reduced for the following reasons:

• the child has extremely low birth weight;
• the patient has isoimmune problems;
• the patient has autoimmune, heteroimmune problems;
• anemia;
• asphyxia;
• hemangioma;
• hemoblastoses.

The PCT indicator may be reduced as a result of immunodeficiency diseases. Decoding the indicator in children may show that the PCT level is lowered if diseases of the respiratory system were treated with medications.

If there is insufficient amount of folic acid in the body, thrombocytopenia can also develop. Allergic manifestations can also provoke a decrease in PCT.

In women, thrombocrit levels may be lower after pregnancy. The reason is disruptions in the menstrual cycle, in which periods occur very often.

Decoding thrombocrit

The general analysis and its interpretation is carried out by a specialist. When analyzing the results, not only his knowledge, but also his experience are important.

Some patients make a mistake: having received the decrypted analysis, they compare the result obtained with the norm from the tables.

A large number of factors can affect platelet concentrations. Conclusions should be made only by the attending physician, who has studied the patient’s medical history, the severity of the disease, and other circumstances.

If the PCT level in the blood is less than 0.5 ng/ml, we can conclude that there is no risk of developing sepsis. The normal value is from 0.5 to 2 ng/ml - the condition cannot be considered dangerous.

The level of procalcitonin in the blood exceeds 10 ng/ml - the patient has severe sepsis or shock. This condition can lead to the death of the patient if the necessary measures are not taken immediately.

General analysis allows you to find out a large number of indicators. Many of them have different standards for children and adults. But the PCT rate is the same for children and adults.

Only in newborns does this indicator differ from the level of procalcitonin in women and men. The elevated level persists for several days, after which it decreases and the norm is reached.

Almost all patients who visit a doctor are prescribed a general analysis. PCT testing is not common today.

It is prescribed only to those patients who have clear signs of an increase or decrease in procalcitonin.

But more and more specialists understand the importance of this indicator in diagnosing many diseases, in clarifying the patient’s conditions and in the effectiveness of treatment, in determining the risk of bleeding or thrombosis.

You should not independently diagnose yourself using the numbers contained in the transcript. Only a doctor can correctly draw conclusions about the patient’s condition.

General blood analysis

Blood tests

general description

White blood cells (WBC)

White blood cells (WBC) are the basis of the body's antimicrobial defense. Under normal conditions, there are five types of leukocytes in the peripheral blood: granulocytes (neutrophils), eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes.

• Infections (bacterial, fungal, viral);
• Inflammatory conditions;
• Malignant neoplasms;
• Tissue crushing;
• Leukemia;
• Uremia;
• The effects of adrenaline and steroid hormones.

A blood test is characterized by a decrease in the number of leukocytes (leukopenia) with:

• Bone marrow aplasia and hypoplasia;
• Damage to the bone marrow by chemicals, drugs;
• Irradiation;
• Hypersplenism;
• Aleukemic forms of leukemia;
• Myelofibrosis;
• Myelodysplastic syndrome;
• Plasmacytoma;
• Metastases of neoplasms to the bone marrow;
• Addison-Birmer's disease;
• Sepsis;
• Typhoid and paratyphoid;
• Anaphylactic shock;
• Collagenoses.

Red blood cells (RBC)

Red blood cells (RBCs) are highly specialized cells whose main job is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.

• congenital and acquired heart defects, cor pulmonale, emphysema, exposure to significant altitudes;
• polycystic kidney disease, hydrocele of the renal pelvis, hemangioma, hepatoma, pheochromocytoma, the effect of corticosteroids, Cushing's disease and syndrome;
• dehydration.

A blood test is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells (erythropenia) in the following diseases:

• Anemia;
• Acute blood loss;
• In late pregnancy;
• Overhydration.

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a protein whose molecule binds and transports oxygen. Makes up approximately 98% of the mass of the erythrocyte cytoplasm.

• Primary and secondary erythremia;
• Dehydration;
• Treatment with iron supplements.

A blood test is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin when:

Hematocrit (Hct)

Hematocrit (Hct) is the volume fraction of red blood cells in whole blood and depends on their number and volume.

• Erythrocytosis (chronic lung diseases, exposure to high altitudes, kidney tumors, polycystic kidney disease);
• Conditions of decreased circulating plasma volume (burn disease, peritonitis);
• Dehydration (profuse diarrhea, uncontrollable vomiting, diabetes, excessive sweating).

A decrease in hematocrit is observed when:

• Anemia;
• Conditions of increased circulating plasma volume (second half of pregnancy, hyperproteinemia);
• Overhydration.

Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV)

Mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) is used primarily to characterize types of anemia.

• Microcytic anemia (iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia);
• Anemia accompanied by microcytosis (hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinopathies).

MCV value > 80 fL and< 100фл:

• Normocytic anemia (aplastic, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinopathies, anemia after bleeding);
• Anemia accompanied by normocytosis (regenerative phase of iron deficiency anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes).

MCV value > 100 fl.:

• Macrocytic and megaloblastic anemia (deficiency of vitamin B12, folic acid);
• Anemia accompanied by macrocytosis (myelodysplastic syndromes, hemolytic anemia, liver disease).

Average hemoglobin content in erythrocytes (MSH)

• Hyperchromic anemia (megaloblastic, accompanying cirrhosis of the liver).

• Hypochromic iron deficiency anemia;
• Anemia in malignant tumors.

Mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

The average hemoglobin concentration in an erythrocyte (MCHC) characterizes the average concentration of hemoglobin in an individual erythrocyte and determines the saturation of erythrocytes.

• Hyperchromic anemia (spherocytosis, ovalocytosis);
• Hypertensive disorders of the water-electrolyte system.

Demoted to< 31 г/дл при:

• Hypochromic anemia (iron deficiency, sideroblastic anemia, thalassemia);
• Hypotonic disturbances of the water-electrolyte system.

Platelets (Plt)

Platelets (Plt) are involved in primary hemostasis and play an important role in the inflammatory response, tissue repair, and atherogenesis.

• myeloproliferative disorders (erythremia, myelofibrosis);
• bleeding;
• splenectomy;
• reactive thrombocytosis;
• iron deficiency;
• malignant neoplasms;
• chronic inflammatory diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, cirrhosis of the liver);
• acute hemolysis;
• treatment with corticosteroids;
• physical stress.

A decrease in platelet count (thrombocytopenia) is observed when:

• decreased platelet production;
• increased destruction of platelets;
• hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
• splenomegaly;
• DIC syndrome;
• autoimmune diseases;
• neonatal isoimmune thrombocytopenia.

Neutrophils (Neut)

Neutrophils (Neut) are the first line of defense against various invasions, especially bacterial ones.

• Physiological neutrophilia in newborns, during physical activity, during stress;
• Acute infections;
• Intoxications: metabolic (uremia, diabetic acidosis), poisoning (lead, digitalis, insect bites, foreign protein);
• Acute bleeding;
• Malignant non-hematological diseases;
• Chronic myeloneoplastic diseases;
• Serum sickness;
• Systemic diseases;
• The effects of certain medications: glucocorticosteroids, lithium preparations, androgens;
• Gout.

Reduced in the following conditions:

Lymphocytes (Lymph) - their main function is to recognize the antigen and participate in an adequate immunological response of the body. Lymphocytosis is defined as a condition in which the absolute lymphocyte count is higher than 4.0 × 109 /L in adults. Relative lymphocytosis is an increased percentage of circulating lymphocytes.

An increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (more than 2.8 × 109 /l) is observed when:

• reactive lymphocytosis with ordinary lymphocytes: viral infection (influenza); acute infectious lymphocytosis; whooping cough;
• reactive lymphocytosis with reactive lymphocytes: viral infection (adenovirus); Infectious mononucleosis; acute viral hepatitis; CMV infections;
• hyperplastic diseases of the lymphatic system: chronic lymphatic leukemia; Waldenström's macroglobulinemia.

Absolute lymphopenia (less than 1.5×109 /l) is observed with:

• infectious diseases (AIDS, miliary tuberculosis, purulent and septic processes);
• aplastic anemia, chlorosis, hypoplastic anemia);
• systemic lupus erythematosus, splenomegaly, myasthenia gravis;
• under stress;
• Cushing's disease or syndrome;
• hereditary diseases of the immune system (Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, combined immunodeficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia);
• lymphosarcoma, lymphogranulomatosis,
• chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
• taking corticosteroids.

Monocytes (Mono)

Monocytes (Mono) remove dying cells, the remains of destroyed cells, denatured protein, bacteria and antigen-antibody complexes from the body, and play an important role in the immune response of cells, interacting with lymphocytes.

• Bacterial infections (tuberculosis, syphilis, brucellosis, endocarditis, typhus and paratyphoid fever);
• The recovery period after acute conditions;
• Diseases caused by protozoa;
• Inflammatory reactions;
• Surgical interventions;
• Collagenoses;
• Crohn's disease;
• Leukemia: monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemia; preleukemia.

Monocytopenia: less than 0.03×109 /l:

• After treatment with glucocorticosteroids;
• For infections with neutropenia.

Eosinophils (Eo)

Eosinophils (Eo) are cells that phagocytose antigen-antibody complexes, mainly represented by immunoglobulin E. The action of eosinophils is actively manifested in sensitized tissues.

Eosinopenia (less than 0.05×109/l) is observed with:

• Effects of adrenal hormones and ACTH;
• Reactions to various types of stress;
• Acute infections;
• Sepsis;
• Injuries, burns, surgical interventions;
• Physical overexertion.

Basophils (Baso)

Basophils (Baso) are blood cells formed in the bone marrow. Their main function is immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions through lymphocytes, inflammatory and allergic reactions, and regulation of the permeability of the vascular wall.

• Allergic conditions;
• Acute leukemia;
• Chronic myeloproliferative syndromes (chronic myeloid leukemia, myelofibrosis, erythremia);
• Chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract;
• Ulcerative inflammation of the intestines;
• Hypofunction of the thyroid gland;
• Treatment with estrogens;
• Hodgkin's disease.

Reduction below 0.01×109/l:

• Acute infections;
• Acute pneumonia;
• Hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• Stress.

Mean platelet volume (MPV)

Mean platelet volume (MPV) is the average value of platelets measured. As platelets age, their volume decreases.

• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura;
• Bernard-Soulier macrocytic thrombocytodystrophy;
• May-Hegglin anomalies;
• Posthemorrhagic anemia;
• Hyperthyroidism;
• Splenectomy;
• Diabetes mellitus;
• Thalassemia;
• Systemic lupus erythematosus.

• Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome;
• Splenomegaly;
• Liver cirrhosis;
• Megaloblastic anemia;
• Aplastic anemia;
• Myelodysplastic syndrome;
• Cytostatic and radiation therapy.

Platelet heterogeneity index (PDW)

Platelet heterogeneity index (PDW) is the dispersion of platelet distribution by volume. Platelet anisocytosis > 15% occurs in immune thrombocytopenias, thrombocytopathies, hypoplastic conditions, and myeloproliferative diseases.

• Immune thrombocytopenia;
• Some thrombocytopathy;
• Myeloneoplastic diseases.

• Aplastic anemia;
• Myelodysplastic syndrome;
• Leukemia;
• Metastases of malignant tumors to the bone marrow;
• Gaucher storage diseases, Niemann-Pick;
• Radiation sickness;
• Treatment with cytostatics;
• Immune thrombocytopenia;
• Splenomegaly;
• DIC syndrome;
• Hemolytic-uremic syndrome;
• Viral infections;
• Septicemia;
• Chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver tumors;
• Megaloblastic anemia.

Thrombocrit (Pct)

Thrombocrit (Pct) is an indicator characterizing the percentage of platelet mass in the blood volume. Used to assess the risk of bleeding and thrombosis.

• Myeloproliferative diseases (essential thrombocythemia, erythremia, chronic myeloid leukemia, supleukemic myelosis);
• For two months after splenectomy;
• Reactive thrombocytosis (iron deficiency conditions, infectious diseases, inflammatory processes).

• Aplastic anemia;
• Myelodysplastic syndrome;
• Myelosuppression during radiation or cytostatic therapy;
• Hemoblastoses;
• Megaloblastic (B12-folate deficiency) anemia;
• Splenomegaly;
• Liver cirrhosis;
• Chronic renal failure.

Leukogram

Leukogram - leukocyte formula - percentage of different types of leukocytes. Counted in stained blood smears.

• Acute infectious diseases;
• Acidosis, comatose diseases;
• Physical overexertion.

Shift to the left with rejuvenation (metamyelocytes, myelocytes, promyelocytes, myeloblasts and erythroblasts are present in the blood):

• Chronic leukemia;
• Erythroleukemia;
• Myelofibrosis;
• Metastases of malignant neoplasms;
• Acute leukemia.

Shift to the right (hypersegmented granulocytes appear in the blood):

• Megaloblastic anemia;
• Kidney and liver diseases;
• Conditions after blood transfusion.

segmented neutrophils 40-70%,

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the rate at which uncoagulated blood separates into two layers: the lower layer, consisting of sedimented red blood cells, and the upper layer, transparent plasma. ESR, as a nonspecific indicator of the disease process, is often used to monitor its progress.

• Pregnancy, postpartum period, menstruation;
• Inflammatory diseases (acute and chronic infections, pneumonia, rheumatism, myocardial infarction, trauma, bone fractures, shock, surgical interventions, collagenosis, Raynaud's disease, poisoning with chemical compounds);
• Anemia;
• Hyper- and hypofunction of the thyroid gland;
• Nephrotic syndrome;
• Malignant tumors;
• Monoclonal gammopathies;
• Hyperfibrinogenemia;
• Hypercholesterolemia;
• Taking certain medications (morphine, dextran, methyldopa, vitamin A).

ESR is slowed down when:

• Erythremia;
• Chronic circulatory failure;
• Hypofibrinogenemia.

Norms

Complete blood count: interpretation in adults (normal values ​​in the table)

Diseases for which a doctor may prescribe a general blood test

Infective endocarditis

With endocarditis, monocytosis (Mono) is greater than 0.8×109 /l.

Myocardial infarction

During myocardial infarction, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is accelerated.

Rheumatoid arthritis

With rheumatoid arthritis, anemia, leukocytosis, and an increase in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate are observed (the degree of its increase correlates with the degree of intensity of the inflammatory process).

Chicken pox

With chickenpox, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%) is noted.

B12 deficiency anemia

In B12-deficiency anemia, the mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content (MCH) is increased; thrombocrit (Pct) decreased; mean erythrocyte volume (MCV) > 100 fl. In severe anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced.

Chronic iron deficiency anemia

In hypochromic iron deficiency anemia, the average hemoglobin content in the erythrocyte (MCH) is increased; the average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte is reduced to the level< 31 г/дл. При анемии тяжелой степени вследствие дефицита железа понижено количество нейтрофилов (Neut). При микроцитарной железодефицитной анемии средний объем эритроцитов (MCV) < 80 фл. При регенераторная фазе железодефицитной анемии, сопровождающейся нормоцитозом, средний объем эритроцитов (MCV) >80 fl and< 100 фл.

Acute leukemia

In leukemia, there is an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBC) (leukocytosis). In acute leukemia, eosinophilia (Eo) is observed (more than 0.4 × 109/l in adults); increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3×109/l; decrease in thrombocrit (Pct).

Diabetes mellitus (type 1 and 2)

In diabetes mellitus, mean platelet volume (MPV) is increased.

Hyperthyroidism

In hyperthyroidism, mean platelet volume (MPV) is elevated.

Pheochromocytoma

With pheochromocytoma, an increase in the number of red blood cells (erythrocytosis) is observed.

Chronic leukemia

In leukemia, there is an increase in the number of white blood cells (WBC) (leukocytosis). In chronic leukemia, thrombocrit (Pct) is reduced.

Bronchial asthma

In bronchial asthma, eosinophilia (Eo) is observed (more than 0.4 × 109/l in adults).

Crohn's disease

In Crohn's disease, monocytosis (Mono) is greater than 0.8×109 /l.

Lymphogranulomatosis

With lymphogranulomatosis, absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) is noted (less than 1.5 × 109 /l); increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3×109/l.

Erythremia

With erythremia, an increase in hemoglobin (Hb) is observed; increased platelet count (Plt) (thrombocytosis); increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3×109/l; increased thrombocrit (Pct); slowing down the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Duodenal ulcer

With ulcerative inflammation of the intestine, there is an increase in basophils (Baso) over 0.3 × 109/l.

Erythema nodosum

With erythema, eosinophilia (Eo) is noted (more than 0.4 × 109/l in adults).

Peritonitis

With peritonitis, an increase in hematocrit (Hct) is observed.

Nephrotic syndrome

In nephrotic syndrome, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is accelerated.

Flu

With influenza, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced. With influenza, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 /l).

Acute pyelonephritis

There is leukocytosis, a shift in the leukocyte blood count to the left (the number of band neutrophils is 20% or higher).

Raynaud's disease

In Raynaud's disease, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is accelerated.

Diphtheria

With diphtheria, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%) is noted.

Hypocorticism

In Addison-Biermer disease, there is a decrease in the white blood cell (WBC) count (leukopenia).

Pulmonary tuberculosis (miliary)

In tuberculosis, the number of platelets (Plt) is increased (thrombocytosis), relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%), monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l. With miliary tuberculosis, absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) is observed (less than 1.5 × 109 /l).

Polycystic kidney disease

In polycystic kidney disease, an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) (erythrocytosis) and an increase in hematocrit (Hct) are observed.

Cushing's syndrome

In Cushing's syndrome, there is an increase in the number of red blood cells (RBC) (erythrocytosis); absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) (less than 1.5×109 /l).

Hemolytic anemia

In hemolytic anemia accompanied by microcytosis, the mean erythrocyte volume (MCV)< 80 фл. При нормоцитарной гемолитической анемии средний объем эритроцитов (MCV) >80 fl and< 100 фл. При гемолитической анемии, сопровождающейся макроцитозом, значение MCV >100 fl.

With measles, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, and relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Rubella

With rubella, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, and relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

Scarlet fever

With scarlet fever, eosinophilia (Eo) is observed (more than 0.4 × 109/l in adults).

Parotitis

In mumps, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is observed (more than 35%).

Infectious mononucleosis

In infectious mononucleosis, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 /l).

Whooping cough

With whooping cough, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 /l).

Syphilis

With syphilis, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%), monocytosis (Mono) more than 0.8 × 109 / l is noted.

Chronic renal failure

In chronic renal failure, thrombocrit (Pct) is reduced.

Chronic hepatitis

In chronic hepatitis, the platelet heterogeneity index (PDW) is reduced.

Cirrhosis of the liver

In liver cirrhosis, the platelet count (Plt) is increased (thrombocytosis); mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet heterogeneity index (PDW), thrombocrit (Pct) are reduced.

Eczema

In eczema, eosinophilia (Eo) is observed (more than 0.4 × 109/l in adults).

Pulmonary tuberculosis (focal and infiltrative)

In tuberculosis, the number of platelets (Plt) is increased (thrombocytosis), relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%), monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

Brucellosis

With brucellosis, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%), monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 /l.

Cytomegalovirus infection

With CMV infection, there is an increase in the absolute number of lymphocytes (Lymph) (more than 2.8 × 109 /l).

Toxoplasmosis

With toxoplasmosis, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%) is noted.

Typhoid and paratyphoid

With typhoid and paratyphoid fever, a decrease in the number of white blood cells (WBC) (leukopenia), neutrophils (Neut) is observed, monocytosis (Mono) is more than 0.8 × 109 / l.

Typhus

In typhus, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced.

Tularemia

In tularemia, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced.

Typhoid fever

With typhoid fever, relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) (more than 35%) is noted.

Malaria

In malaria, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, and relative lymphocytosis (Lymph) is noted (more than 35%).

In AIDS, the number of neutrophils (Neut) is reduced, and absolute lymphopenia (Lymph) is noted (less than 1.5 × 109 /l).

Goodpasture's syndrome

Iron deficiency hypochromic anemia, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, leukocytosis with a shift to the left, and a pronounced acceleration of ESR are noted.

Ankylosing spondylitis

With ankylosing spondylitis, anemia, leukocytosis, and accelerated ESR up to 40 mm/hour are observed.

Sjögren's syndrome

Anemia, leukopenia, and accelerated ESR are noted.

Systemic lupus erythematosus

With systemic lupus erythematosus, anemia, leukopenia (less than 4·109/l), thrombocytopenia (less than 100·109/l), and accelerated ESR are observed.

Scleroderma

Anemia and ESR acceleration of more than 20 mm/h are noted.

Mixed connective tissue disease

Moderate hypochromic anemia, leukopenia, and accelerated ESR are noted.

Autoimmune chronic gastritis

Autoimmune chronic gastritis is characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets, leukocytes, and an increase in the numbers of the color index.

Primary biliary cirrhosis of the liver

Primary biliary cirrhosis is characterized by accelerated ESR and thrombocytopenia.

Periarteritis nodosa

Characterized by anemia, accelerated ESR, neutrophilic leukocytosis with a shift to the left, hyperthrombocytosis.

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