Diagrams of the structure and location of the internal organs of the human abdominal cavity. Abdomen

Inside the abdominal cavity there is a peritoneal cavity (cavum peritonei), which is a serous sac formed by a continuous transition of the peritoneum from walls to organs, from organs to organs and consisting of a set of slits connected to each other and located between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum. The parietal is called the peritoneum, covering the walls of the abdominal cavity, visceral -abdominal organs. In men, the peritoneal cavity is closed; in women, through the openings of the fallopian tubes, the uterine cavity and the vagina, it communicates with the external environment.

Abdominal organs, covered with the peritoneum on all sides, except for the places of attachment of the mesentery and ligaments (stomach, mesenteric part of the small intestine, transverse colon, etc.), in relation to the peritoneum are located intraperitoneally. The organs covered by the peritoneum on three sides (liver, ascending and descending colons) are located mesoperitoneally in relation to it and protrude into the peritoneal cavity. The organs lying in the retroperitoneal space (pancreas, kidneys, abdominal aorta, etc.), in relation to the peritoneum, are located extraperitoneally, more precisely retroperitoneally, and are covered by the peritoneum mainly in front.

The abdominal cavity is divided by the transverse colon and its mesentery into two floors - upper and lower.

In the upper floor of the abdominal cavity are the liver, stomach with the abdominal part of the esophagus, spleen, upper part of the duodenum. The lower floor houses the small and large intestines. The organs lying in the retroperitoneal space can be located above the level of attachment of the mesocolon transversum (adrenal glands, the beginning of the abdominal aorta, the celiac trunk, the site of the formation of the portal vein, the celiac plexus), above and below this level (kidneys, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, lower vena cava, superior mesenteric artery and vein) and below the level of attachment of the mesentery of the transverse colon (ureters, inferior mesenteric artery and vein, iliac arteries and veins).

Both floors of the abdominal cavity, which make up a single whole, are communicated in front by a gap (spatiuin preepiploicum) located between the omentum and the inner surface of the anterior wall of the abdomen, and on the sides - through lateral canals.
If, after removal of the anterior wall of the abdomen, you look at the upper floor of the abdominal cavity, then it is clear that in the epigastric region, from under the costal arches and the xiphoid process, the anteroinferior edge of the left and right lobes of the liver protrudes. At the level of the intersection of the costal arch with the outer edge of the right rectus abdominis muscle, the bottom of the gallbladder is located. Below the liver, the lower part of the lesser omentum is sometimes visible. Here lie the upper part of the duodenum, the pyloric part and the lower right part of the body of the stomach. The greater omentum hangs down from the greater curvature of the stomach. The main mass of the liver, part of the body and the fundus of the stomach, the abdominal part of the esophagus and the spleen are located under the diaphragm behind the lower anterior chest.

Rice. 120. View of the right half of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity on the median sagittal cut (1/8).

From the upper surface of the liver to the diaphragm and the anterior abdominal wall, the peritoneum passes in the form of a thin obliquely located lig. falciforme hepatis, which runs almost from the navel up to the level of the posterior surface of the liver, where it continues in front of the inferior vena cava into the coronary ligament of the liver. In the lower part of the falciform ligament is located lig. teres hepatis (obliterated v. umbilicalis). Lig. coronarium hepatis, passing from the liver to the diaphragm and the inferior vena cava, limits the back of the liver, not covered by the peritoneum (extraperitoneal subphrenic space). Along the edges, the coronary ligament passes into ligg. triangularia dextrum and sinistrum. From the gate of the liver peritoneum in the form of lig. hepatogastricum and lig. hepatoduodenale, which together make up the lesser omentum (omentum minus), passes to the lesser curvature of the stomach and the upper part of the duodenum. Lig. hepatorenale goes from the back of the margo inferior of the right lobe of the liver to the upper pole of the right kidney.

Enveloping the stomach in front and behind, the visceral sheets of the peritoneum are connected at its greater curvature and, bypassing the transverse colon, go down in the form of a greater omentum (omentum majus).

At the free edge of the latter, the leaves tuck back and return upward to the transverse colon, where they fuse with it along the taenia omentalis, and above - with the anterior superior surface of the mesocolon transversum, at the base of which the upper of the leaves continues into the parietal peritoneum of the posterior wall of the cavum peritonei. Below the transverse colon in newborns, between the descending and ascending sheets of the greater omentum, there is a cavity, which then overgrows, and the greater omentum in adults is 4 fused sheets of the visceral peritoneum. Above the transverse colon, the greater omentum consists of. 2 sheets and, since it connects the greater curvature of the stomach with the transverse colon, this section is called lig. gastrocolicum. Up and to the left, the gastrocolic ligament continues in lig. gastrolineale, which is located between the fundus of the stomach and the gates of the spleen. The outer sheet of the peritoneum of this ligament covers the spleen and, meeting on the other side of the gate of the spleen with the inner sheet, continues as lig. phrenicolienale. Even higher, the gastro-splenic ligament passes into lig. gastrophrenicum, which connects the cardial part of the stomach with the diaphragm.

Stuffing bag(bursaomentalis) is located behind the lesser omentum and stomach, which serve as the front wall of the bag. The other walls of the bag are: behind - the parietal peritoneum, covering the front of the pancreas, inferior vena cava, left adrenal gland, part of the upper pole of the left kidney, diaphragm, celiac trunk and its branches; above - the caudate lobe of the liver and the vault, which forms the parietal peritoneum of the posterior wall of the bag during the transition to the liver (part of the coronary ligament), esophagus and stomach (lig. gastrophrenicum); below - the transverse colon and its mesentery; on the left - the gate of the spleen and lig. gastrolienale and lig. phrenicolienale; on the right - a fold of the peritoneum, formed during the transition of the parietal peritoneum of the posterior wall to the duodenum and gastrocolic ligament. In the upper part of the right wall there is an omental (Winslov) opening (foramen epiploicum), which communicates the cavity of the bag with the other, most of the upper floor of the peritoneal cavity. The hole, which passes 1-2 fingers in the absence of adhesions, is limited: in front - by the hepatoduodenal ligament, in the back - by the parietal peritoneum covering the inferior vena cava, from above - by the caudate lobe of the liver and the arch that forms the peritoneum during the transition from lig. hepatoduodenale on the liver, below - the upper edge of the upper part of the duodenum.

Rice. 121. The upper floor of the abdominal cavity. Front view.
Removed the anterior abdominal wall, anterior chest and diaphragm. The diaphragm is pulled up.

On the back wall of the omental bag there are folds of the peritoneum (plicae gastro-pancreaticae), from which the left, upper, formed due to the protrusion of the peritoneum over the left gastric artery, goes to the lesser curvature of the stomach, and the right, lower, formed due to the protrusion of the peritoneum over the common hepatic artery, goes to the hepatoduodenal ligament. The part of the omental bag between the folds and the omental opening is called the vestibule (vestibulum bursae omentalis). Above the vestibule, behind the caudate lobe of the liver, is the recessus superior omentalis; downward, between the posterior surface of the stomach and the gastrocolic ligament in front and the omental tubercle of the pancreas and the mesocolon transversum in the back, there is a recessus inferior omentalis. To the left of the vestibule lies the recessus lienalis.

In addition to the stuffing box, in the upper floor of the abdominal cavity, bursa hepatica and bursa pregastica are also distinguished. The hepatic bag is located between the diaphragm from above and flexura coli dextra and the upper part of the duodenum from below. The bag contains the right lobe of the liver. In front, it is limited by the anterior abdominal wall, covered by the parietal peritoneum. Between the diaphragmatic surface of the right lobe of the liver and the diaphragm there is a slit-like right subphrenic space, and between its visceral surface and the right bend of the colon and the upper part of the duodenum there is a subhepatic slit-like space.

Both of these gaps, as well as the gap between the right lobe of the liver and the anterior abdominal wall, constitute the hepatic sac. In the downward direction, the bag passes into the right lateral canal and preomental gap; in the medial direction through the omental opening, it communicates with the bursa omentalis.

Rice. 122. Small omentum, stuffing bag and stuffing box (Winslov) hole. Upper abdominal organs. Front view.
The same as in fig. 121. In addition, the stomach, the middle part of the transverse colon and its mesentery, and part of the lesser omentum were removed.

The pancreatic bag is located between the diaphragm at the top and the anterior wall of the stomach and flexura coli sinistra and lig. phrenicocolicum at the bottom. In front, it is limited by the anterior abdominal wall, covered by the parietal peritoneum. The bag contains the left lobe of the liver and spleen. From top to bottom, the pancreatic sac passes into the left lateral canal and preomental fissure. The falciform ligament of the liver separates both bags. Below the liver, the bags communicate with each other through a gap located between the liver and lig. teres hepatis in front and above and the pyloric part of the stomach and the lesser omentum behind and below. Together, the three bags described above form an intraperitoneal subphrenic space, within which abscesses can develop as complications after perforation of gastric and duodenal ulcers, after appendicitis, paracolitis, paranephritis, etc.

The lower floor of the abdominal cavity is located below the transverse colon and its mesentery and is more or less closed in front by a large omentum hanging from the greater curvature of the stomach. After retraction of the greater omentum, and with it the transverse colon upwards, the lower floor of the abdominal cavity opens completely. It is made by loops of the small intestine, along the edges and behind which are the ascending and descending parts of the colon. The jejunum and ileum, the vermiform appendix, the cecum, the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon, in addition to the places where the mesentery is fixed to them, are covered with peritoneum from all sides. The ascending and descending parts of the colon are covered by the peritoneum, usually on three sides, except for the posterior surface. If the loops of the small intestine are taken aside or removed, then between the colon ascendens and colon descendens and the lateral walls of the abdomen, the right and left lateral canals connecting the upper floor of the abdominal cavity with the iliac fossae become clearly visible. The left lateral canal, thanks to the constantly present lig. phrenicocolicum, is more isolated from the upper abdominal cavity than the right one, where the same ligament is absent in most cases. However, the right lateral canal at the level of the caecum may be interrupted to some extent by the plicae caecales. Through the lateral canals (especially the right one), when a gastric or duodenal ulcer perforates, gastric and intestinal contents can penetrate into the iliac fossae, and from there into the small pelvis. Pus and blood can spread along the side channels in both directions.

Rice. 123. Topography of the organs of the chest and abdominal cavities on a horizontal cut. View from above.
The cut was made at the level of the X thoracic vertebra.

Inward from the ascending and descending parts of the colon, to the right and left of the root of the mesentery of the small intestine, the right and left mesenteric sinuses are located. The right mesenteric sinus (sinus mesentericus dexter) is smaller in area than the left and is limited: on the right - by the ascending colon, on the left and below - by the root of the mesentery of the small intestine, from above - by the mesentery of the transverse colon. The left mesenteric sinus (sinus mesentericus sinister) is limited: above - by the mesentery of the transverse colon, on the right - by the root of the mesentery of the small intestine, on the left - by the descending colon, and on the left and below - by the mesentery of the sigmoid colon. The left sinus is more extensive and somewhat elongated in an oblique direction, from left to right and from top to bottom.

To the right of the rectum, the left sinus passes directly into the pelvic cavity. Between themselves, the sinuses communicate at the top with a gap between the mesocolon transversum and the beginning of the jejunum.

The deepest are the lateral sections of the sinuses at the medial edges of the ascending and descending parts of the colon.

However, the deepest areas on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, along with the posterior sections of the right and left subdiaphragmatic spaces, are the lateral canals. In them, just as in the mesenteric sinuses and in the cavity of the small pelvis, free fluid (pus, blood, transudate) can accumulate.

Peritoneal pockets can be the site of internal hernias. The most constant are those located in the right iliac fossa, above and below the confluence of the ileum in the caecum, recessus ileocaecalis superior and recessus ileocaecalis inferior; recessus retrocaecalis is found behind the caecum. He less often there are pockets of the peritoneum between the flexura duodeno-jejunalis and plica duodenojejunalis - recessus duodenalis superior and at the base of the mesocolon sigmoideum - recessus intersigmoideus.

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The organs of the abdominal cavity are what every person has and invariably, day after day, ensures the normal coordinated work of the body. Unfortunately, very few people know what is the scheme or where are these or those internal organs, their departments, and what is their structure in general?

Location of the abdominal organs

The organs of the abdominal cavity include the following systems: the kidneys and adrenal glands, the gallbladder and ureter, as well as the liver, spleen and the entire gastrointestinal tract. In front and on the sides, their location is limited by the abdominal wall, which is permeated with muscles, as well as fatty tissue and connective tissue formations that are present in every person without exception, which can be seen in all the pictures.

In general, the abdominal cavity can be described as all the space that is under the diaphragm. It is in it that all organs are concentrated, and the abdominal region passes into the pelvic region. The space behind the peritoneum is characterized by the fact that it is covered with a serous membrane, which extends to all the internal organs of a person.

It should be noted that due to some physiological features, the friction of the surfaces of the internal organs against each other does not occur. A similar effect is achieved due to the presence of an epithelial cover, as well as a serous fluid that complements the structure, as can be seen in the pictures and photos. The separator of the organs that belong to the chest and abdominal cavity is the diaphragm, the location of which is always the same.

In the upper region of the peritoneum is the stomach and its departments that contain food. It is known that it is its quantity that directly affects the size of this human organ. By itself, the stomach resembles a small pouch that has a specific outlet, namely a tube, which is known as the intestine.

Certain functions are assigned to it, for example, the absorption of the main part of the nutritional components.

The presented sections of the gastrointestinal tract in any person end with an anus, which is obvious in any photo or picture. Experts point out the following features that determine the structure of this system:

1. The spleen belongs to the organs of the abdominal cavity and the space behind the peritoneum. This happens despite the fact that it belongs to the lymphatic system, but it can be detected (for example, during ultrasound) under the left hypochondrium;
2. the upper part of the abdominal region is occupied by the liver, which is attached to the diaphragm, stomach, as well as the intestines and abdominal wall through ligaments. It is she who is responsible for the formation and secretion of bile and similar components;
3. the preservation of the location of all internal organs of a person is ensured by the abdominal press. This is most relevant in a vertical position.

It should be noted that the internal organs have even more specific protection, namely that which is provided by the bones. From the back, this is the spinal column and pelvic bones, in front - exclusively muscles. There are other forms of protection that allow you to survive and cope with any extreme situations and even injuries. It should also be noted that it is possible to control how correct the structure of the internal organs of a person is, whether certain departments work correctly with the help of ultrasound. This method is 100% effective. About some differences between men and women in the structure of the internal organs of the abdominal cavity - further.

Differences in the structure of internal organs between men and women

Before moving on to the structural features of the internal organs of males and females, which are visible even in the paintings, I would like to draw attention to some other points. In particular, the fact that a characteristic feature of the structure of the peritoneal organs should be considered a covering of a very thin serous membrane. We are talking about mesothelial tissue, which has a significant amount of strong fibers.

In addition, the mesothelium ensures the production of lubrication, reduces the friction of organs - it is precisely due to this feature that characterizes the structure of a person that we do not experience painful and simply unpleasant sensations.

Such pains can manifest themselves only in diseases or inflammatory conditions, infectious lesions.

Speaking directly about the female representatives, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that one of the main differences is the presence of tubes in the pelvic area that communicate directly with the uterus. Through the vagina, the sexual sphere gets the opportunity to communicate with the external environment, which is obvious in the pictures. It is possible to fix certain internal female organs of the reproductive system, as well as the prostate gland in men, when performing ultrasound of the human peritoneal organs, which also demonstrates some other departments.

If we talk specifically about the organs of the abdominal cavity of the male representatives, then they are located exclusively in a closed space. However, regardless of the gender of a person, the internal organs and their structure are always determined by the presence of a serous membrane. The difference lies only in whether one or another internal area is partially covered or the film is located on the entire surface part.

In general, the placement of the organs of the peritoneum and the space behind the peritoneum is possible in three ways. The first is extraperitoneal, which is characterized by the fact that the peritoneum covers the insides exclusively in front. This is characteristic of the kidneys. Further, to the second option, experts rank mesoperitoneal, within the framework of the development of which only three sides of one or another inside have a coating, and the fourth remains uncovered. The most characteristic example is the liver, which is almost completely covered with a serous membrane.

The third option is intraperitoneal, which is characterized by the fitting of the organ by the abdominal region from all sides. One example of this is the small intestine. About how exactly the diagnosis of the internal organs of a person is carried out, how their structure is determined and much more, further.

How is the abdominal cavity diagnosed?

In order to 100% accurately determine the location and any other features of the abdominal organs in men and women, it is necessary to attend to a diagnostic examination. The main technique is ultrasound, due to which, as in the pictures, it turns out to be obvious, for example, the key causes of pain in the abdomen. In addition, the state of the gallbladder, liver is assessed, the pancreas and aorta are examined.

The specialist gets the opportunity to visually verify whether the stones are in the bile ducts, whether it is possible to confirm the existing suspicion of ascites. In addition, it is the presented method of examination, as in the pictures, that reveals an organic lesion of the kidneys and an acute form of appendicitis. On ultrasound, it is ideal to view the topography of the peritoneal organs.

In general, as experts note, the procedure is completely harmless and safe, it is permissible to carry it out quite often, due to the absence of the influence of ultrasonic waves on the structural structure of cells.

To judge how correctly the peritoneal organs are located, to determine the degree of development of pathological conditions, specialists can perform not only ultrasound, but also CT or MRI. The presented diagnostic techniques easily identify focal lesions, as well as fatty liver regeneration, dystrophic and ischemic algorithms, which can become more intense with age.

At the same time, for example, stones (deposits of calcium salts) cannot be fixed on MRI images and pictures. In the vast majority of cases, their cost is approximately comparable to the implementation of a diagnostic examination through ultrasound.

Considering all this, it is safe to say that today specialists know everything about the structure of not only internal organs, but also all those structures that enter the abdominal cavity. It is they who provide 100% coordinated work of the body, fully providing all physiological processes.

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1. Can cancer be prevented?
The occurrence of a disease such as cancer depends on many factors. No one can be completely safe. But everyone can significantly reduce the chances of a malignant tumor.

2. How does smoking affect the development of cancer?
Absolutely, categorically ban yourself from smoking. This truth is already tired of everyone. But quitting smoking reduces the risk of developing all types of cancer. Smoking is associated with 30% of cancer deaths. In Russia, lung tumors kill more people than tumors of all other organs.
Eliminating tobacco from your life is the best prevention. Even if you smoke not a pack a day, but only half, the risk of lung cancer is already reduced by 27%, as the American Medical Association found.

3. Does excess weight affect the development of cancer?
Keep your eyes on the scales! Extra pounds will affect not only the waist. The American Institute for Cancer Research has found that obesity contributes to the development of tumors in the esophagus, kidneys, and gallbladder. The fact is that adipose tissue serves not only to store energy reserves, it also has a secretory function: fat produces proteins that affect the development of a chronic inflammatory process in the body. And oncological diseases just appear against the background of inflammation. In Russia, 26% of all cancer cases are associated with obesity.

4. Does exercise help reduce the risk of cancer?
Set aside at least half an hour a week for exercise. Sport is on the same level as proper nutrition when it comes to cancer prevention. In the US, a third of all deaths are attributed to the fact that patients did not follow any diet and did not pay attention to physical education. The American Cancer Society recommends exercising 150 minutes a week at a moderate pace or half as much but more vigorously. However, a study published in the journal Nutrition and Cancer in 2010 proves that even 30 minutes is enough to reduce the risk of breast cancer (which affects one in eight women in the world) by 35%.

5.How does alcohol affect cancer cells?
Less alcohol! Alcohol is blamed for causing tumors in the mouth, larynx, liver, rectum, and mammary glands. Ethyl alcohol breaks down in the body to acetaldehyde, which then, under the action of enzymes, turns into acetic acid. Acetaldehyde is the strongest carcinogen. Alcohol is especially harmful to women, as it stimulates the production of estrogen - hormones that affect the growth of breast tissue. Excess estrogen leads to the formation of breast tumors, which means that every extra sip of alcohol increases the risk of getting sick.

6. Which cabbage helps fight cancer?
Love broccoli. Vegetables are not only part of a healthy diet, they also help fight cancer. This is also why recommendations for healthy eating contain the rule: half of the daily diet should be vegetables and fruits. Especially useful are cruciferous vegetables, which contain glucosinolates - substances that, when processed, acquire anti-cancer properties. These vegetables include cabbage: ordinary white cabbage, Brussels sprouts and broccoli.

7. Which organ cancer is affected by red meat?
The more vegetables you eat, the less red meat you put on your plate. Studies have confirmed that people who eat more than 500 grams of red meat per week have a higher risk of developing colon cancer.

8. Which of the proposed remedies protect against skin cancer?
Stock up on sunscreen! Women aged 18-36 are particularly susceptible to melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. In Russia, in just 10 years, the incidence of melanoma has increased by 26%, world statistics show an even greater increase. Both artificial tanning equipment and the sun's rays are blamed for this. The danger can be minimized with a simple tube of sunscreen. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology in 2010 confirmed that people who regularly apply a special cream get melanoma half as often as those who neglect such cosmetics.
The cream should be chosen with a protection factor SPF 15, apply it even in winter and even in cloudy weather (the procedure should turn into the same habit as brushing your teeth), and also do not expose yourself to the sun's rays from 10 to 16 hours.

9. Do you think stress affects the development of cancer?
By itself, stress does not cause cancer, but it weakens the entire body and creates conditions for the development of this disease. Research has shown that constant worry alters the activity of the immune cells responsible for turning on the fight-and-flight mechanism. As a result, a large amount of cortisol, monocytes and neutrophils, which are responsible for inflammatory processes, constantly circulate in the blood. And as already mentioned, chronic inflammatory processes can lead to the formation of cancer cells.

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Abdomen from above it is limited by the diaphragm - a flat muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity, located between the lower part of the chest and the lower part of the pelvis. In the lower part of the abdominal cavity there are many organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

The upper part of the abdominal cavity contains mainly the organs of the digestive system. abdominal cavity can be divided by two horizontal and two vertical lines that form areas of the abdominal cavity. Thus, nine conditional zones are distinguished.

A special division of the abdomen into areas (zones) is valid throughout the medical world. In the upper row are the right hypochondrium, epigastrium and left hypochondrium. In these areas, we try to feel the liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen. In the middle row are the right lateral, mesogastric, or umbilical, umbilical, and left lateral regions, where manual examination of the small intestine, ascending and descending colon, kidneys, pancreas, and so on, is carried out. In the lower row, the right iliac region, hypogastrium and left iliac region are distinguished, in which the blind and colon, bladder, and uterus are examined with fingers.

AND abdominal cavity, and the chest located above it is filled with various organs. Let us mention their simple classification. There are organs that, to the touch, resemble a bath sponge or a loaf of fresh bread, that is, on a cut, they are completely filled with some content, represented by functioning elements (usually epitheliocytes), connective tissue structures, referred to as the stroma of an organ, and vessels of various calibers. This parenchymal organs(Greek enchyma translates as "something poured in"). These include the lungs, liver, almost all major glands (pancreas, salivary, thyroid, and so on).

In contrast to parenchymal go hollow organs, they are hollow for that, that they are not filled with anything. They have a large (stomach, bladder) or small (ureter, artery) cavity inside, surrounded by relatively thin (intestine) or thick (heart, uterus) walls.

Finally, if the characteristic features of both groups are combined, that is, there is a cavity (usually small) surrounded by parenchyma, they speak of mixed bodies. These primarily include the kidneys, and a number of authors, with some reservations, include here the spinal cord and brain.

In the abdominal cavity there is a large serous membrane, consisting mainly of connective tissue, which lines the inner walls of the peritoneum, and also covers most of the organs located in it. It is generally accepted that the membrane is continuous and consists of two layers: the parietal and visceral peritoneum. These layers are separated by a thin film moistened with serous fluid. The main function of this lubricant is to reduce friction between the layers, as well as between the organs and walls of the peritoneum, along with ensuring the movement of the layers.

LIVER AND BILE TRACT
;traumatic rupture
;abscess
;acute cholecystitis
biliary colic
SMALL INTESTINE
duodenal ulcer
obstruction, rupture
acute gastroenteritis
Meckel's diverticulum
local enteritis
intestinal tuberculosis
COLON
ulcerative colitis
infectious colitis
volvulus
cancer
intussusception
diverticulitis
gap
appendicitis
STOMACH
;ulcer
;cancer
SPLEEN
;heart attack
;abscess
;gap
PERITONEUM
peritonitis
INTERNAL GENITALS OF A WOMAN
;gap
;infection
;convulsions
ruptured ovarian cyst
;ectopic pregnancy
;abscesses
;acute salpingitis

Knowledge of the structural features and location of the abdominal organs is important for understanding many pathological processes. The abdominal cavity contains the digestive and excretory organs. The structure of the abdomen must be described taking into account the relative position of these organs.

The abdomen is the space between the sternum and the pelvis

The abdomen refers to the space of the body between the chest and the pelvis. The basis of the internal structure of the abdomen is the abdominal cavity, which contains the organs of digestion and excretion.

Anatomically, the area is limited by the diaphragm, located between the chest and abdominal cavities. At the level of the pelvic bones, the pelvic region begins.

Features of the structure of the abdomen and abdominal cavity determine many pathological processes. The digestive organs are held together by a special connective tissue called the mesentery.

This tissue has its own characteristics of blood supply. The abdominal cavity also contains organs of other important systems - the kidneys and spleen.

Many large blood vessels nourish the tissues and organs of the abdominal cavity. In this anatomical region, the aorta and its branches, the inferior pudendal vein and other large arteries and veins are isolated.

The organs and main vessels of the abdominal cavity are protected by muscular layers that form the external structure of the abdomen.

External structure and abdominal muscles

The structure of the abdomen: internal organs

The external structure of the abdomen is no different from the structure of other anatomical regions of the body. The most superficial layers include the skin and subcutaneous fat.

The subcutaneous fat layer of the abdomen can be developed to varying degrees in people with different constitutional types. Skin, fat and subcutaneous fascia contain a large number of arteries, veins and nerve structures.

Muscles are represented in the next layer of the abdomen. The abdominal area has a sufficiently powerful muscular structure that allows you to protect the abdominal organs from external physical influences.

The abdominal wall consists of several paired muscles, the fibers of which are intertwined in different places. Main abdominal muscles:

• External oblique muscle. It is the largest and most superficial paired abdominal muscle. It originates from the eight lower ribs. The fibers of the external oblique muscle are involved in the formation of a dense aponeurosis of the abdomen and inguinal canal, which contains the structures of the reproductive system.
• Internal oblique muscle. This is the structure of the intermediate layer of paired abdominal muscles. The muscle originates from the iliac crest and part of the inguinal ligament. Individual fibers are also associated with the ribs and pubic bones. Like the external muscle, the internal oblique muscle is involved in the formation of a wide aponeurosis of the abdomen.
• Transverse abdominal muscle. This is the deepest muscle of the superficial layer of the abdomen. Its fibers are connected with the ribs, iliac crest, inguinal ligament, fascia of the chest and pelvis. The structure also forms the aponeurosis and the inguinal canal.
• Rectus abdominis. It is a long muscle associated with the ribs, sternum, and pubic bone. It is this muscle layer that forms the so-called abdominal press, which is clearly visible in physically developed people. The functions of the rectus abdominis muscle are associated with flexion of the body, obstetric processes, defecation, urination and forced exhalation.
• Pyramidal muscle. It is a triangular muscle structure located in front of the lower part of the rectus abdominis. The fibers of the pyramidal muscle are connected to the pubic bones and the linea alba. The muscle may be absent in 20% of people, which is associated with the individual characteristics of the structure of the abdomen.
• The aponeuroses and muscular lines of the abdomen are of particular importance in protecting and maintaining the shape of the structures of the abdominal cavity. In addition, the abdominal muscles form the inguinal canal, which contains the spermatic cord in men and the round ligament of the uterus in women.

Read: Colonoscopy of the intestine: all about the procedure

The structure of the abdomen: muscles

The internal structure of the abdomen is represented by the abdominal cavity. The cavity is lined from the inside with peritoneum, which has inner and outer sheets.

Between the layers of the peritoneum are the organs of the abdomen, blood vessels and nerve formations. In addition, the space between the sheets of the peritoneum contains a special fluid that prevents friction.

The peritoneum not only nourishes and protects the structures of the abdomen, but also fixes the organs. The peritoneum also forms the so-called mesenteric tissue associated with the abdominal wall and abdominal organs.

The boundaries of the mesenteric tissue extend from the pancreas and small intestine to the lower colon. The mesentery fixes the organs in a certain position and nourishes the tissues with the help of blood vessels.

Some organs of the abdomen are located directly in the abdominal cavity, others - in the retroperitoneal space. Such features determine the position of the organs relative to the sheets of the peritoneum.

abdominal organs

The organs located in the abdominal cavity belong to the digestive, excretory, immune and hematopoietic systems.

Their mutual arrangement ensures the performance of many joint functions.

Main organs of the abdomen:

• Liver. The organ is located in the right abdomen directly below the diaphragm. The functions of this organ are associated with the processes of digestion, detoxification and metabolism. All the nutritional components formed as a result of digestion, along with the blood, enter the liver cells, where chemical compounds harmful to the body are neutralized. The liver is also involved in the formation of bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats.
• Stomach. The organ is located in the left abdomen under the diaphragm. This is an enlarged part of the digestive tract associated with the esophagus and the initial section of the small intestine. Key processes of chemical decomposition of food substrates take place in the stomach. In addition, the cells of the stomach help absorb vitamin B12, which is necessary for the functioning of body cells. The hydrochloric acid found in the stomach helps to kill bacteria.
• Gallbladder. The organ is located under the liver. The gallbladder is a storehouse of bile. When food components enter the duodenum for digestion, the gallbladder secretes bile into the intestinal cavity.
• Pancreas. This structure is located below the stomach between the spleen and duodenum. The pancreas is an indispensable digestive organ necessary for the final processes of food digestion. Iron produces enzymes that make it possible to turn large food components into structural units necessary for cells. The role of the pancreas in glucose metabolism is also very important. The gland secretes insulin and glucagon, which control blood sugar levels.
• Spleen. The organ is located in the left abdomen next to the stomach and pancreas. This is an organ of hematopoiesis and immunity, which allows you to deposit blood components and utilize unnecessary cells.
• Small and large intestine. In the departments of the small intestine, the main processes of digestion and assimilation of food substrates take place. The large intestine forms and stores stool and absorbs water.
• Kidneys. These are paired excretory organs that filter the bloodstream and utilize metabolic waste products. The kidneys are connected to the ureters, bladder and urethra. In addition, the kidneys secrete a number of important substances necessary for the synthesis of vitamin D and the formation of red blood cells.

Read: Spleen: normal size of the organ

The close location of the abdominal organs determines the features of many diseases. Inflammatory processes associated with the entry of bacteria into the abdominal cavity can be deadly.

Methods for examining the abdominal organs

Intestine: human anatomy

Numerous diagnostic methods allow you to assess the condition of the abdominal organs and, if necessary, confirm the presence of the disease.

Doctors begin with a physical examination of the patient, which allows to detect external manifestations of pathologies. The next stage of diagnosis is the appointment of instrumental research methods.

Methods for examining the abdominal organs:

• Esophagogastroduodenoscopy. A flexible tube equipped with a camera is inserted through the oral cavity into the patient's digestive tract. The device allows you to assess the condition of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum.
• Colonoscopy. In this case, the tube is inserted into the lower digestive tract through the anus. The procedure allows you to examine the rectum and colon.
• Radiography and computed tomography. Methods allow you to get pictures of the abdominal cavity.
• Magnetic resonance imaging. This highly accurate method is often used for detailed examination of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
• Ultrasound diagnostics. With the help of the procedure, the general condition of the abdominal organs is assessed.

Specialized methods, including biopsy and breath test, can be used to diagnose certain diseases.

Thus, the structure of the abdomen is important not only in terms of anatomical features, but also in terms of diagnosing diseases.

The video material will acquaint you with the anatomy of the human abdominal cavity:

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Source: http://PishheVarenie.com/organy-zhkt/stroenie-zhivota/

What is the human abdominal cavity?

You have probably heard this expression more than once: “human abdominal cavity”? But can you pinpoint exactly what it is?

Where does this cavity begin and where does it end? What is in this cavity and why is it called that. Although the latter is not difficult to guess.

Let's try to define this concept more clearly in this article. After all, medicine is, of course, not mathematics, but still a science. And accuracy and certainty will not interfere with her at all.

So, the abdominal cavity is one of the cavities of the human body.

And there are a lot of cavities in the human body. Starting from such large ones as the abdominal and chest cavities and ending with such small ones as the mouth or nose.

The entire human body is divided into two large cavities: the thoracic and abdominal. And the border between these cavities is the diaphragm. Above the diaphragm is the chest cavity. Below it is the abdominal cavity.

Here we found out one of the boundaries of the abdominal cavity - the upper one. It is formed by the diaphragm.

The anterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity are nothing but the muscles and tendons of the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen. And the back - the spine and back muscles.

From below, the abdominal cavity is formed by the bones and muscles of the pelvis.

Peritoneum

The entire abdominal cavity is neatly and carefully lined with a special membrane - the peritoneum. The peritoneum has two leaves.

Parietal peritoneum

One sheet lines the entire abdominal cavity from the inside, covering the walls of the abdominal cavity.

It is called the parietal peritoneum (from the Latin word parietis - wall).

Visceral peritoneum

The second sheet covers the organs located in the abdominal cavity. And this sheet of peritoneum is called the visceral peritoneum (from the Latin word viscera - insides).

Retroperitoneal space

But the visceral peritoneum does not envelop all the organs in the abdominal cavity.

Part of the organs adjacent to the back are covered by the visceral peritoneum on only one side. This space between the parietal peritoneum, which covers the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, and the visceral peritoneum is called the retroperitoneum.

pelvic cavity

The organs located in the pelvic area are also covered with peritoneum only on one side. This makes it possible to isolate another cavity in the abdominal cavity - the pelvic cavity.

That is, the peritoneum divides the abdominal cavity into three cavities:

• peritoneal space (located anteriorly)
• retroperitoneal space (located behind)
• pelvic cavity (located below)

In the abdominal cavity there are organs covered with peritoneum on all sides, on three sides and only on one side.

Between the two layers of the peritoneum is the so-called peritoneal space. In this space, in addition to organs, there is a small amount of serous fluid.

What organs are located in the abdominal cavity?

Here is their list:

In the retroperitoneal space are located:

In the cavity of the peritoneum are located:

In the pelvic cavity are located:

• bladder
• rectum
• in women - the uterus with its appendages and vagina, in men - the prostate gland and seminal vesicles

The descending and ascending colons are partially covered by the peritoneum (located mesoperitoneally).

The liver is almost completely covered by the peritoneum.

Sections of the abdominal cavity

For ease of designation and orientation, the abdomen or anterior abdominal wall of a person is divided into three floors.

Each of these floors is divided into three more parts. The result is this picture.

On the top floor are:

three areas from right to left:

• right hypochondrium
• epigastrium
• left hypochondrium

On the middle floor are:

• >right lateral area
• mesogastrium
• left lateral region

And on the ground floor are:

• right iliac region
• hypogastrium
• left iliac region

Having such a “map” of the anterior abdominal wall at your disposal, you can easily and accurately identify the area where this or that organ is located, right?

Want to know more about the abdomen? Information is here!

And now for the summary:

• The abdominal cavity is one of the largest cavities in the human body.
• The abdominal cavity serves as a container for a number of organs
• It is formed from above - by the diaphragm, in front and from the sides - by the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen, from below - by the bones and muscles of the pelvis, from behind - by the spine and back muscles.

Now, knowing and understanding what the human abdominal cavity is, what and how it is formed, it will be easier and easier for us to talk about the organs in it.

Previous article - What is the human spleen?

Next article – What does the spleen do?

Source: https://uziforyou.info/html/bryushnayapolost.html

How is the human abdominal cavity

The human abdominal cavity has a special structure that significantly distinguishes us from other mammals. What is the abdominal cavity? This term refers to the part of the space in the human body, which is separated from the chest by the diaphragm from above and contains the internal organs of the peritoneum. For the most part, these are the organs of the digestive and genitourinary systems.

Abdominal organs in the diagram

The topography of the abdominal cavity is as follows:

• The abdominal muscles (three wide and straight) act as its front wall.
• The side walls form some broad abdominal muscles.
• Behind the space is limited to the lumbar spine with adjacent muscle fibers.
• The lower part of this anatomical structure borders on the pelvic region.
• The upper floor of the abdominal cavity is “covered” by the muscles of the diaphragm.

What is the structure of the abdominal cavity

The peritoneum is a thin structure consisting of connective tissue, a large number of strong fibers and an epithelial layer - mesothelium. It lines the inner wall of the structure.

The mesothelium performs an important function - its cells synthesize a serous secretion, which serves as a lubricant for the outer walls of all internal organs in the abdomen.

Since the organs and glands are quite close to each other, the mesothelial secretion reduces the area of ​​their friction.

Such a unique structure of the abdominal cavity in humans normally contributes to the absence of discomfort with minor changes in the abdomen.

But if a focus of inflammation occurs in this zone when an infectious agent gets inside, a person feels a sharp pain syndrome. At the first signs of inflammation in the peritoneal space, numerous adhesions are formed, which do not allow the infectious process to spread to the entire abdomen.

The peritoneal space is usually divided into the peritoneum itself and the retroperitoneal zone.

The organs of the abdominal cavity develop in the gap between its wall and the peritoneum. Growing, they move away from the back wall, merging with the peritoneum and stretching it.

This leads to the formation of a new structural unit - the serous fold, which consists of 2 sheets.

Such abdominal folds, originating from the inner walls of the abdomen, reach the intestines or other organs of the human abdominal cavity. The former are called mesentery, the latter ligaments.

Topographic anatomy

The upper floor of the abdominal section contains elements of the digestive tract. It is conditionally possible to divide the abdominal zone of the body into a pair of vertical and a pair of horizontal lines that delimit the sections of the peritoneum. Topographic anatomy of the abdominal cavity is conditionally divided into 9 zones.

The location of the abdominal organs in its upper part (its other name is the omental opening) is as follows: in the right hypochondrium there is a liver with a gallbladder, in the epigastric (median) zone the stomach is located, in the left hypochondrium the spleen.

The middle row is conditionally divided into 4 regions of the abdominal cavity: right lateral, mesogastric (umbilical), umbilical and left lateral. The following internal organs are located in these zones: small intestine, ascending and descending colons, kidneys, pancreas and some others.

In the lower row, the right and left iliac regions are distinguished, between which the hypogastric zone is located. They contain part of the colon and caecum, bladder, in women - the uterus with ovaries.

Depending on the degree of coverage by the peritoneum, the organs that enter the abdominal cavity can be located in it intraperitoneally, mesoperitoneally or extraperitoneally. The intraperitoneal position indicates that this internal organ is surrounded by the peritoneum on all sides.

An example of such an arrangement is the small intestine. In the mesoperitoneal position, the organ is surrounded by the peritoneum only from 3 sides, as is the case with the liver. The extraperitoneal position of the organ implies that it is covered by the peritoneum only from the front side.

The kidneys are in this position.

Anatomical differences between the male and female peritoneum

The structure of the abdominal cavity in all people is identical. The exceptions are congenital malformations, transposition (mirror arrangement) of internal organs. But this case is very rare.

Due to the biological ability to bear and give birth to children in the female body, the structure of the abdominal organs is arranged somewhat differently than in the male.

The abdominal space in men closes in the lower part, while in women the fallopian tubes communicate with the uterus. Through the vagina, the peritoneum in women is indirectly connected with the environment.

In a man, the reproductive system is outside, therefore there is no communication with the peritoneal region.

Serous fluid in the abdomen in men immediately covers 2 walls of the rectum - anterior and posterior. The membrane of the peritoneum also envelops the upper part of the bladder and the anterior wall of the cavity. As a result of such anatomical features in the body of a man there is a small depression between the bladder and the rectum.

In the female body, the serous layer of the peritoneum partially covers the rectum, and then the outer surface of the uterus and part of the vagina. This forms a recess between the rectum and the uterus, which is limited by folds on both sides.

There are still certain age differences in the structure of the peritoneum and the location of the human internal organs in it. For example, in young children, the thickness of the abdominal layer is much less than in adults.

The reason for this is the weak development of the layer of subperitoneal fatty tissue, which is typical for infants. In newborns, the omentum is short and thin, pits and folds are almost invisible on it.

With age, these formations increase and deepen.

Source: http://prozhkt.ru/anatomiya/bryushnaya-polost.html

What is included in an abdominal ultrasound?

Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity is not too complicated, but quite an effective procedure that provides doctors with a unique opportunity to assess the condition of the internal organs, as well as to establish their size and other important criteria for treatment.

The perfect safety of research based on the use of ultrasound allows it to be used in any field of modern medicine. After all, this is how you can simply and most accurately find even the smallest change in the body.

In order to do everything correctly, it is worthwhile to find out everything in advance about the ultrasound of the abdominal cavity: what is included in this examination, what is the preparation. It is equally important to find out what kind of diet should be followed before an abdominal ultrasound, so that the results reflect the state of the body as accurately as possible.

Which organs are examined by ultrasound of the abdominal cavity

So, the patient is scheduled for an abdominal ultrasound. What is included in this concept and subject to examination? Speaking of this area, they mean the space in the abdomen, which includes a number of organs.

From above it is closed by a diaphragm; the muscles of the back, fiber and spine limit it from behind; the abdominal muscles stabilize from the front, while the skeletal system and pelvic muscles support from below. The inner surface of the abdominal cavity is covered with a thin layer of tissue with a mass of nerve endings, which is called the peritoneum. One part of it is called visceral, the other is called perietal.

Understanding which organs are included here, you need to remember that they are all divided into four groups.

1. In the abdominal region itself, the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, as well as the spleen and part of the stomach are completely covered with a membrane.

2. In addition, there are organs in the abdominal cavity that are only partially covered by the peritoneum. Finding out everything about the ultrasound of the abdominal organs, learning what it includes, the patient learns that this is the intestines (both thick and, of course, thin), the pancreas, and also the duodenum.

3. The organs of the retroperitoneal space are certainly connected to such an examination as an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity. What is included? These are the kidneys with the adrenal glands, the aorta with its branches, the ureters, the inferior vena cava with all tributaries.

4. The bladder is examined from the preperitoneal space.

Abdominal organs

It must be said that not all of these organs are visible on ultrasound, so not all are examined.

Preparation for the examination

Understanding what such a procedure as an ultrasound of the abdominal organs includes, one must not forget that this examination requires some preparation, for example, a special diet is required. Before you go to a medical facility, you should adjust your diet and other points, find out what you can eat and whether you can drink, for example, water, how to eat right.

So, what is needed in order for the ultrasound of the abdominal cavity to be as informative as possible?

Preparing for an abdominal ultrasound

• You will have to prepare three days before the appointed date in order to put the body in order and avoid increased gas formation or even bloating, that is, you can’t drink and eat anything that can lead to such results.
• All legumes, all flour, sweets, as well as bread are thrown out of the daily diet. Raw vegetables and raw fruits, which contain fiber, are not allowed.
• Learning what is included in the ultrasound procedure when it comes to the abdominal organs, a person learns that it is impossible to eat sauerkraut, drink milk, and drink carbonated drinks before the ultrasound.
• In no case should you drink alcohol, take any drugs.
• Oddly enough, it is also necessary to refrain from chewing gum before the procedure; the diet before the ultrasound should not contain it.
• So, what to do before such a study as ultrasound? It is best to establish a special diet for yourself the day before, which certainly includes lean fish, lean meat, ideally cooked in a double boiler, you need to eat baked apples, cereal porridge (cooked without adding milk).
• You need to eat fractionally, in small portions, so as not to overeat.
• The last time you can eat is six hours before the scheduled ultrasound. The examination itself is carried out exclusively on an empty stomach.
• During the entire preparation before an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, it is not only possible, but also necessary to drink water: a sufficient amount of it (at least one and a half liters), and for the most part it should be clean water. In principle, it is allowed to drink unsweetened tea.
• And what should and can be done before an abdominal ultrasound procedure if it is prescribed for a child, a pregnant woman or a person with diabetes? The preparation will have some features and be much more gentle.
• Young children and infants may eat on the day of the examination, but the last meal must be completed three hours before the scheduled time. If less time passes, the doctor simply will not be able to fully examine the gallbladder and pancreas. In older children, the break between meals before the procedure can be extended up to four hours, and also allowed to drink.
• Patients with diabetes are often interested in what they can eat the day before if an abdominal ultrasound is prescribed. They can safely eat a couple of crackers and drink tea with a small amount of sugar right before the examination.
• A pregnant woman should not eat anything on the eve of the scheduled ultrasound, at least a couple of hours before. In this case, it is best to prescribe the procedure in the morning, so that the hunger strike is easier to endure.
• As for medications, it would be right to remember: taking any medication before ultrasound is possible only after consultation with the attending specialist. You can't do anything at your own risk, you need to consult. The doctor, based on the characteristics of the body of each patient, can prescribe means to prevent flatulence or improve digestive functions in general.
• Based on which organs doctors look at for each specific patient on an abdominal ultrasound, these can be both enzymes and various enterosorbents. In the event that there is a suspicion of a malfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, it is better for the patient to take measures in advance to cleanse the intestines, do everything right, because it is very important that this organ be empty before the ultrasound.

The doctor may prescribe a laxative or special suppositories in such cases. In some cases, even cleansing enemas are recommended.

If you have to examine the condition of the kidneys, then the bladder should be full, so you will have to drink at least a liter of water or weak tea.

Many people wonder if it is possible to smoke before an examination such as an abdominal ultrasound. The answer here is negative: of course, you should abstain and do not smoke during the preparation.

When is an examination scheduled?

Having learned which organs the doctors look at during an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, it is also worth finding out that this examination is without fail prescribed by a specialist in the following cases:

When the patient complains of pain in the abdomen, pulsation.

If you suspect the development of appendicitis, especially when it comes to children.

If the patient speaks of a feeling of heaviness under the right rib, the appearance of bitterness in the mouth, complains of bitter belching and yellow coating on the tongue.

If a person suddenly begins to feel an aversion to fatty foods, without taking any drugs.

To control the condition of patients with liver diseases (for example, hepatosis or hepatitis), various types of jaundice, with stones and sand, for example, in the gallbladder.

Ultrasound is also necessary for patients with an increase in the size of the liver, spleen with such ailments as malaria, mononucleosis, sepsis, anemia and a number of others.

If a person talks about difficult or painful urination and a change in the color and amount of urine, especially in cases where the amount of liquid in the diet itself has not changed.

When learning about ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and what organs it can consider, it is worth remembering that the procedure can also be prescribed for pain in the lumbar region, after injuries of the lower back or the abdomen itself (what is included, the doctor will understand, especially if a person begins to lose weight , suffer from reduced appetite, lethargy, weakness).

If the patient is to undergo surgery of any of the abdominal organs or kidneys.

Together with a biopsy of the liver, kidneys, as well as the removal of fluid from the abdominal cavity.

Having found out what such an examination as an abdominal ultrasound includes, the patient must understand one important thing: if he does not follow the recommendations given to him by the doctor, the effectiveness of the examination is called into question.

The presence of gases in the intestines, bloating, an empty bladder, too little time that has passed since the last meal directly affect the data that will be obtained during the ultrasound. That is why it is so important to fulfill all the requirements of the radiologist.

What can be revealed during the survey

So, what will be seen on the doctor's screen during an abdominal ultrasound? During the examination, the following diseases can be detected:

If the subject of study is the liver, then ultrasound can reveal hepatosis, calcifications, cysts and chronic hepatitis, various tumors of both benign and malignant nature, trauma, the appearance of metastases, increased pressure in the portal vein, and an abscess.

Hepatosis on ultrasound

In the case when the gallbladder with ducts is examined, the doctor can determine the development of cholecystitis, assess patency, and see stones and polyps.

Stones in the gallbladder

Examination of the pancreas is more complicated than other types of ultrasound, since this organ is partially closed not only by the stomach, but also by the intestines. During the examination, even the early stages of pancreatitis or pancreatic necrosis of the organ can be determined.

pancreatitis on ultrasound

It is also quite difficult to conduct an ultrasound of the spleen, since this organ is closed not only by the ribs, but also by the lungs filled with air. Increases in size, shape, and any other changes in the organ indicate serious problems: leukemic infiltration, abscesses, hematomas, ruptures, or heart attacks.

Hematoma of the spleen

If the stomach is examined, then diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux, hernia, and various cysts can be detected. In children, pyloric stenosis can be detected (accompanied by a thickening of the pyloric ring).

Intestinal examination is not mandatory during a standard abdominal ultrasound and is performed only in the case of special doctor's prescription.

To know how to do such a narrow examination from the abdominal ultrasound area, you should consult a doctor for recommendations.

The procedure can reveal the presence of fluid in the abdominal cavity, tumor formations in the intestine itself, abscesses, hematomas, cysts, swollen lymph nodes, ischemia.

Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and especially the kidneys can detect not only stones, but also changes associated with inflammation, as well as various tumors. A special diet before the procedure is not needed, it is important to follow the general requirements.

Examination of the bladder allows you to assess the general condition of the organ, identify stones, any foreign bodies, prolapse of the ureters, various tumors, as well as diverticulosis of the bladder walls.

Descent of the ureters on ultrasound

If an ultrasound of the uterus or prostate gland is performed, then inflammatory processes and the presence of tumors are detected.

Be sure to look at the lymph nodes. If they are enlarged, it means that a serious disease or a cancerous tumor develops in the body.

In the area of ​​the liver gate, paracavally and in the area of ​​the spleen gate - lymph nodes. Swelling of the paravesical tissue around the gallbladder is pronounced.

Patient's actions after abdominal ultrasound

After the doctor of profile qualification conducts an examination, the patient receives a card with a detailed description of the results of the procedure. This usually takes several minutes. The patient can discuss his condition with him or go to his specialized doctor.

If the specialist is alerted by any deviations from the norm (any inflammation, damage and displacement of organs), he will send the patient for additional examinations of a more profile, narrower nature. The same thing happens in cases where cysts, tumors, fluid or stones are detected on ultrasound.

Conclusion

Thus, ultrasound remains one of the most popular and frequently used methods for diagnosing and examining patients with various complaints and diseases.

Perhaps the world would seem more attractive to us if we could see what remains hidden from us. Man is the most interesting and complex organism on the planet. It is capable of performing several functions at the same time. Each organ within us has its own responsibilities and works harmoniously with each other. For example: pumping blood, the brain develops a process that allows you to think. In order to understand our body well, we need to know what the location of the abdominal organs is.

In contact with

The device of the internal organs of the abdomen

The anatomy of the abdomen is conditionally divided into 2 parts: external and internal.

to the outside applies to:

• head,
• breast,
• torso,
• upper and lower limbs.

To the second:

• brain,
• lungs,
• components of the gastrointestinal tract

The structure of the abdominal cavity pretty hard e - these are the organs of the abdominal cavity, which are located below the diaphragm and make up such parts of it:

• anterior abdominal wall
• muscle parts,
• broad abdominal muscles
• lumbar part.

To the number abdominal organs person include:

• stomach,
• spleen,
• gallbladder,
• human intestine.

Attention! When a person is born into the world, after the removal of the umbilical cord, a scar remains in the center of the abdomen. It's called the navel.

So, let's consider in detail what is the location of the internal organs of a person in the abdominal cavity, what is their appearance and functionality.

Earlier we recalled that the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen and intestinal tract are all constituent organs abdominal cavity. What is each of them?

The stomach is the so-called muscle, which is located on the left under the diaphragm (the diagram of the stomach is shown in the pictures below). This component of the human gastrointestinal tract tends to stretch, in its normal state size is 15cm. When filled with food, it can press on the pancreas.

One of the main functions is the digestion of food, for which gastric juice is used. Most people have stomach problems, one of the main diseases is gastritis, in which the following symptoms are observed:

• bad breath,
• heartburn,
• bloating in the abdomen,
• frequent burps.

Important! The lining of the stomach wall is renewed every 3-4 days. The mucous membrane of the stomach wall dissolves quickly under the influence of gastric juice, which is a strong acid.

Pancreas located below the stomach, participates in the production of enzymes, provides protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism. The gland also secretes insulin into the blood. If the process of producing this hormone is disrupted, a person develops a disease - diabetes mellitus. The main symptoms of this pathology can be:

• constant feeling of thirst
• frequent urination,
• sweat takes on a sweet taste.

If there are malfunctions in the pancreas, the entire human gastrointestinal tract suffers. The dimensions of the gland are average about 22cm. Its head is the largest part, the size of which is 5 cm, thickness - up to 3 cm.

Symptoms of a violation of the proper functioning of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract of a person can be:

• rumbling in the stomach,
• feeling of nausea,
• flatulence (release of gases),
• soreness of the abdomen near the hypochondrium,
• decreased appetite.

During the day, the pancreas produces 2 liters of pancreatic juice(this is 10 times more than is required for normal digestion of food).

The gallbladder is a small pear-shaped organ that is located in a person in the region of the right hypochondrium (the lower edge of the costal arch on the right). It is located below the liver.

It is in the bile that bile accumulates, which, according to external signs, resembles a viscous liquid of a green hue. By the bubble thin wall.

Despite the fact that the size of the bladder is very small, it plays a very important role in the body. When there is a violation of his work, a person has a feeling of nausea, vomiting and pain appear on the right side. These symptoms may also indicate the progression of a disease such as an ulcer.

Also in the peritoneum are the kidneys - a paired organ. In humans, they are located in the lower back of the peritoneum. The left kidney is slightly larger and is higher than the right one, which is considered normal.

So what does an organ look like? Kidneys look like beans. On average, they have parameters of 12 cm, weight is about 160 g. For the body, they play a very significant role - help the withdrawal urine. In a healthy state, a person can excrete one to two liters of urine per day.

When a person notices changes in the color of urine, this may be a signal that there is a problem with this organ. There is also pain in the lower back, body temperature rises, swelling appears. So-called "bags under the eyes" are observed.

If you experience any of the above symptoms, you should immediately contact a specialist to avoid salt accumulation and the formation of kidney stones, as well as other complications in the form of inflammatory processes. Kidneys require a lot of attention!

The adrenal glands in humans, like the kidneys, are located on both sides of the back wall of the abdominal cavity. How the organs are located, the name speaks for itself - above the kidneys. Their function is to produce most hormones, including adrenaline. They regulate metabolism and help the body feel comfortable. in stressful situations.

A malfunction of the adrenal glands can be excessive or insufficient secretion of hormones. At the same time, blood pressure rises, potassium levels decrease, which can result in acute renal failure. With such symptoms, it is worth visiting an endocrinologist.

The spleen is shaped like a bean. Its location is behind the stomach in the left upper lobe. Its parameters: length - 16 cm, width - 6 cm, weight - about 200 g.

The main function is to protect against infections, control metabolism, filter damaged platelets and red blood cells. Due to the peculiarities of the anatomical structure of the human abdomen, a diseased spleen does not always make itself felt. It often happens that when running, a person has pain on the left side, under the rib. This means that the blood has entered the general blood stream. This problem is not terrible.

Important! If the pain has moved to the chest area, this indicates that an abscess is developing. In this case, the body increases, which only a doctor can determine.

Pain of a aching and pulling character, which radiates to the lumbar region, makes it clear that the person may have had a heart attack.

The arrangement of organs in the peritoneum is such that when the spleen reaches a very large size, it palpable on the right in the region of the womb on palpation. Such signs may accompany tuberculosis. The pain becomes unbearable. Dull pain can warn of the appearance of a neoplasm.

Gastrointestinal tract

Probably, everyone asked himself the question: “What does the gastrointestinal tract consist of?” In order for us to feel good, we need energy. For this, there is a gastrointestinal tract, which includes many organs. Incorrect operation of one of them can be harmful to health.

The gastrointestinal tract includes:

• throat,
• esophagus,
• stomach,
• intestines.

Initially, food is sent to the mouth, where it is chewed, mixed with saliva. Chewed food acquires a mushy texture, with the help of the tongue it is swallowed. The food then enters the throat.

Throat externally looks like a funnel, has a mouth and nose connection. From it, food components are sent to the esophagus.

The esophagus is called a muscular tube. Its location is between the pharynx and the stomach. The esophagus is covered with a shell of mucus, which contains many glands that saturate with moisture and soften food, due to which it calmly penetrates into the stomach.

Processed food moves from the stomach to the intestines. And where is the intestine in a person and what functions are assigned to it, we will tell further.

Intestines

The intestine is a special organ that forms 2/3 of the immune system, processes the food received into energy and simultaneously produces more than twenty of its own hormones. Located in the abdominal cavity length is 4 meters. Its shape and structure changes with age. Anatomically, this organ is divided into the small and large intestines.

The diameter of the small intestine is 6 cm, gradually decreasing to 3 cm. On average, the size of the large intestine reaches 8 cm.

Anatomically, the small intestine is divided into three departments:

• duodenum,
• skinny,
• iliac.

The duodenum 12 originates at the stomach and ends in the jejunum. Bile comes out of the gallbladder, juice comes out of the pancreas. It produces a large number of glands that help process food and protect it from damage and irritation. sour substance.

Skinny - is about 2/5 of the entire length of the intestine. Its size is about 1.5 meters. For the fair sex, it is shorter than for the stronger half. When a person dies, it stretches and is about 2.5 meters.

Iliac - located in the lower part of the small intestine she is much fatter and has a more developed vascular system.

Painful symptoms of the small intestine include:

• weight loss;
• feeling of heaviness in the abdomen;
• flatulence;
• disorder (liquid stool);
• soreness in the umbilical region.

As for the large intestine, it includes: the caecum, colon, sigmoid and rectum. This part of the body has a grayish tint, length - 2 meters, width -7 cm. Its main functions are: liquid suction, regular withdrawal of feces.

Blind - the widest part of the intestine, called the appendix. Organisms that help the life of the intestine live in it. The bag-shaped area reaches 8 cm in length.

The colon is divided into: descending, transverse and ascending. Its diameter is 5 cm, length is 1.5 meters.

Sigmoid - originates at the beginning of the small pelvis and directed transversely- to the right. In a fully formed person, it reaches about 55 cm.

Direct - the final link in the process of processing food by the body. It has such a name because it does not bend. Its functionality is the accumulation and removal of food waste. The rectum is 15 cm long.

accumulate in the rectum defecation products, which are brought out through the anus.

If painful sensations are observed during defecation, there are blood impurities in the feces, frequent diarrhea is replaced by constipation, weight loss is observed - this is a reason to contact a specialist.

Where is an organ located in a person?

Anatomy of the abdominal organs