Table of ranks of the Russian Empire, table of shoulder straps. Further development of the idea. "Table of Ranks": how they served the state in Tsarist Russia

In the Russian Republic and the Russian Empire, it also indicates the ratio of seniority of various ranks and the sequence in which ranks are promoted.

It was approved by Peter I in January 1722 and existed until November 1917 with numerous changes. In some territories controlled by the Cossack and White governments, its effect remained until October 1922. There is no law “Table of Ranks” in the Russian Federation.

History of creation

Tsar Peter actively participated in the creation and editing of this law, which is based on borrowings from the list of ranks of the Prussian, French, Danish and Swedish kingdoms. Peter, having personally amended the draft draft, signed it in 1721, but before publication he ordered that this law be submitted for consideration by the Senate.

The contents of the "Table of Ranks" of Tsarist Russia, in addition to the Senate, were also considered in the Admiralty and Military Collegiums, where a number of comments were made on how to place ranks by rank, on salaries, as well as on the introduction of ancient Russian ranks into the table and about eliminating the clause on penalties for occupying a place that was higher than the corresponding rank in the church. All these points were, however, left without further consideration in the law “Table of Ranks” (Russian Empire). Members of the Senate Bruce and Golovkin, as well as Dmitriev-Mamonov and Matyushkin, major generals, took part in drawing up the final version.

"Table of Ranks": how they served the state in Tsarist Russia

On January 24, 1722, the tsar approved the document. All ranks were now divided into the following three types: civil, military and courtiers. They were also included in 14 different classes.

The “Table of Ranks” in Tsarist Russia numbered a total of 263 positions, but then some of them were abolished, and at the end of the 18th century they disappeared completely.

Hereditary nobility

The 14th class (Fendrik, and later, from 1730, ensign) gave a person the right to hereditary nobility, which in the civil service was acquired upon reaching the eighth class (the rank of collegiate assessor), and the 14th (that is, collegiate registrar) gave the right only to the nobility of its bearer.

According to the Manifesto issued on June 11, 1845, hereditary nobility was acquired along with promotion to the 8th class (which corresponded to the rank of staff officer). Born before their fathers received it, children represented a special category. They were called chief officer's children. Moreover, one of them could be granted hereditary nobility at the request of the father.

Changes that occurred later in the "Table of Ranks"

In December 1856, Alexander II, by his decree, limited the subjects of the hereditary nobility to the rank of colonel (this is the 6th class), and in the civil service - the 4th class.

As you can see, the original version that the “Table of Ranks” had in Tsarist Russia changed as a result of reforms over almost two centuries. A number of civil positions turned into titles of civil ranks, regardless of the actual responsibilities of their representatives.

Retired titles

The ranks of the 5th class (state councilor/brigadier) stood apart; they were not classified as either generals or officers; they were entitled to the following address - “your honor.”

Ranks, although this was not specifically stated, were given exclusively to men. Wives entered into the rank corresponding to their husbands, and unmarried girls were considered several ranks lower than their fathers. A rule was also introduced according to which for demanding places and honors above one’s rank during official meetings and public celebrations, a fine was imposed, which was equal to two months’ salary of this person, of which 2/3 of the money was to be received by the informer. The same fine was provided for giving up one's position to a person of lower rank. Livery, crew, lifestyle - everything must be in accordance with the rank held.

Preference for military ranks by Peter I

Peter I, emphasizing in everything his preference for the civilian military, did not want to establish corresponding first-class ranks for persons in the civil service. But, succumbing to Osterman’s persuasion, for reasons of diplomatic prestige, he equated the rank of chancellor (head of some diplomatic department) with him.

The rank of Privy Councilor, First Class, was established only later. Peter's preference was also expressed in the fact that if in the army with the rank of 14th class hereditary nobility was achieved, then in the civil service - only with the rank of collegiate assessor (8th class, staff officer rank). Starting from 1856, for this it was necessary to obtain the rank of general, that is, to become an actual state councilor.

Also indicative in this regard is the rather low rank (not even general) that the president of the “state” college had, that is, the minister, according to European standards.

Subsequently, ministers received the ranks of Privy Councilor and Actual Privy Councilor.

Influence on the nobility and society

With the introduction of this law, the ancient ranks (okolnichy, boyars) were not formally abolished, but since then their appointments have ceased. The "Table of Ranks" had a great influence on the historical destinies of the nobility, as well as on the official routine. Only personal merit became the only regulator of official position. Breed, “fatherly honor” has lost all meaning in this regard. This is the main historical significance of such a document as the “Table of Ranks” in Tsarist Russia.

The military was separated from the court. The acquisition of nobility by grant of the monarch, personal achievement, was legitimized. This generally influenced the democratization of the nobility, the consolidation of its service character, as well as the division of this class into new groups - personal and local.

The rank of the lowest class in military service (14th class, fendrik, and later, from 1730 - ensign) immediately provided the right to acquire nobility for all descendants. Later, with the Manifesto of 1845, it began to be given only to the 8th grade, and in the civil service - to the 5th.

Table of ranks (“Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks”) - a law on the order of public service in the Russian Empire (ratio of ranks by seniority, sequence of ranks) - was approved on January 24, 1722 (February 4, new style) Emperor Peter I. It [the “report card” was then feminine] existed with numerous changes until the revolution of 1917 and not only left its legal imprint on the state life of tsarist Russia, but also became a comprehensive background for any everyday, cultural and folklore manifestations.

“He was a titular councilor, She is a general’s daughter. He timidly declared his love, She drove him away. The titular councilor left And drank out of grief all night - And in a wine mist the general’s daughter rushed before him...”

The drama (and perhaps even the personal tragedy) sounding in this popular romance by P.I. may be completely unclear to the modern reader. Weinberg, but in the 19th century everything was crystal clear to any Russian: a person of non-noble origin could, through his labor, earn the rank of titular councilor, which gave the right to personal nobility. Receiving this rank as a simple tradesman seemed to open a window to inaccessible, previously unknown heights, became a reason for pride and self-respect... but at the same time hung like an impenetrable granite ceiling over the “little man” who had barely soared.

The fact is that the next highest rank of collegiate assessor gave the right to hereditary nobility, which is why there was an invisible barrier on the way to it, which was extremely difficult for a common official to overcome. The nobility was wary of being overly replenished at the expense of non-nobles. Most titular councilors remained in this rank forever, not counting on more; they were called “eternal titular advisers”, “titulars”, and the notorious “general’s daughter” remained an unattainable celestial being, a special person of at least the fourth class.

By the way, titular advisers were Gogol’s Akaki Akakievich Bashmachkin, and old Marmeladov from Crime and Punishment, and A.S. Before his promotion to chamber cadet, Pushkin also vegetated in titles.

Below is the full article Yu.A. Trambitsky, which is currently the most complete compilation of information on the “Table of Ranks” from different years of its existence.

Table of ranks

Recently, the number of works devoted to our historical past has sharply increased. Terms and concepts associated with ranks, ranks and titles that existed in pre-revolutionary Russia flashed on the pages of magazines and newspapers. Some of them, found in publications of documents from the past, baffle even experienced historians. At the same time, the literature on these issues is extremely poor and sparse. With this article we will try to prevent possible questions from readers who are fans of military history.

On January 24, 1722, Peter I approved the Law on the procedure for civil service in the Russian Empire (ranks by seniority and sequence of ranks). The preparation of this law, the “Table of Ranks,” began back in 1719 and was a natural continuation of the reform activities of Peter I, as a result of which the number of positions in the army and state apparatus increased. The Table of Ranks was based on similar acts that already existed in Western European countries, especially in Denmark and Prussia. When developing the law, ranks that already existed in Russia were also taken into account. In addition to the table itself, the “Table of Ranks” had eighteen more points of explanatory text and establishing penalties for its violation. All ranks of the “Table of Ranks” were divided into three types: military, state (civilian) and courtiers and were divided into fourteen classes. It is interesting that the law did not explain in any way the concept of “rank” itself, due to which some historians considered the latter literally and only in the system of rank production, while others - as one or another position. In our opinion, the “Table of Ranks” included both concepts. Gradually, positions are excluded from the “Table of Ranks” [Petrine’s “Table of Ranks” numbered 262 positions] and at the end of the 18th century they disappear altogether.

Petrovskaya "Table", determining the place in the hierarchy of the civil service, to some extent provided an opportunity for talented people from the lower classes to advance. “So that those who are willing to apply for service and receive honor, and not receive it from impudent and parasites,” read one of the descriptive articles of the law. However, as the “Table” was established in the state structure, the rank increasingly became an object of veneration, which hampered any democratic processes in the country. Let us remember Griboyedov’s lines: “I would be glad to serve, but listening is sickening...”, let us remember the heroes of Chekhov’s stories. The French aristocrat Marquis de Custine, who visited Nicholas Russia, was struck by the cult of rank, defining it as “galvanism, giving the appearance of life to bodies and souls, this,” he wrote, “is the only passion that replaces all human passions. Rank is a nation formed into regiments and battalions, a military regime applied to society as a whole and even to classes that have nothing to do with military affairs." A characteristic manifestation of veneration was also the form of address - title, which was established in the second half of the 18th century. Thus, persons who had the ranks of the 1st and 2nd classes were titled "Your Excellency", those of the 3rd and 4th classes - "Your Excellency", the 5th - "Your Excellency", the 6th - 8- th - "Your Honor" and, finally, 9th-14th grades - "Your Honor." To officials who had the family title of count or prince, subordinates addressed themselves using the form “Your Excellency.” Another was the form of address by senior ranks to their subordinates. They used the rank and surname (“Captain Ivanov”), adding, if necessary, a princely or count title (“Lieutenant Prince Obolensky”).

Military ranks, which existed long before the adoption of the “Table of Ranks” and were reflected in the military regulations of 1698 and 1716, were finally formalized by the law of 1722. Initially, military ranks consisted of four categories: ground forces, guards, artillery troops and navy. Military ranks were declared superior to their corresponding civil and even court ranks. Such seniority gave an advantage to military ranks in the main thing - the transition to the upper nobility. Already the 14th class of the "Table" of military ranks (Fendrik, from 1730 - ensign) gave the right to hereditary nobility (in the civil service, hereditary nobility was acquired by the rank of the 8th class - collegiate assessor, and the rank of collegiate registrar - 14th class , gave the right only to personal nobility).

With the intensification of the crisis of the feudal system in Russia, the autocracy is making attempts to limit access to the nobility. These issues were discussed in numerous so-called secret committees. The Secret Committee had already prepared a bill on “December 6, 1826” protecting the class of nobles from the influx of commoners into it. This bill, although with a delay and some changes, was formalized by the Manifesto on June 11, 1845. According to this law, hereditary nobility was acquired with the promotion of an officer to the rank of staff officer (8th class). [Civil ranks from the 14th to the 10th grade received personal honorary citizenship, from the 6th grade - personal nobility, from the 5th grade - hereditary nobility] Children born before the father received hereditary nobility constituted a special class category of ober- officers' children, and one of them, at the request of the father, could be given hereditary nobility. Alexander II, by decree of December 9, 1856, limited the right to receive hereditary nobility to the rank of colonel (6th class), and in the civil department - to the rank of 4th class (actual state councilor).

A special place in the hierarchy of military ranks was occupied by officers of the guards units of all branches of the armed forces, who received an advantage of two ranks over army officers in Petrovskaya “Table.” Another interesting fact is that until 1837, guard officers appointed to new higher positions in the army had the right to retain their guards rank and guards rank. In documents of the 18th century one can often find an address like “colonel of the army and captain of the life guards.” In 1798, the rank of guard colonel was shifted from 4th class to 6th class, i.e., equal to the rank of army colonel. This was due to the fact that the commanders of the guard regiments began to be determined by the rank of general, and the colonels of the guard began to occupy the positions of battalion commanders. Only after the reform of military ranks in 1884, when the army chief officer ranks were transferred one class higher, the difference between the guard and the army began to be one class. Service in the guards units also gave an advantage in rank production. As a rule, guards officers who accepted a transfer from the guard to the army were enlisted to fill vacancies in army units. This is especially true for the positions of battalion commanders and regiment commanders. Having received a new position, and with it a new rank, the guards did not stay in the army for long and were again transferred to the guard. This state of affairs is associated with the desire of non-nobles to join the guard. Despite the fact that service in the guards military units required quite significant funds, the desire of graduates of military schools to graduate into the guard especially increased after 1901, when, according to the order of the Military Department (1901, No. 166), direct graduation into the guard was established based on the results final exams. This order caused discontent among the majority of the guards officers - people who came from the old noble families of Russia and served in the 1st and 2nd guards divisions. A year later, the order of 1901 was canceled, and persons of non-noble origin were not sent to the guard, and this despite the fact that the legislation did not limit the right of non-nobles to become officers in the guard.

Until the end of the 18th century, artillery officers and engineering ranks had a one-rank advantage over the army. This was explained by the fact that service in the named branches of the military required officers to be more educated, especially in the field of mathematics. In 1798, this advantage was eliminated, but not for long, and already under Alexander I in 1811, the advantage of one rank against army officers was returned to the army artillery and engineering troops. At the same time, the officers of the quartermaster unit also received an advantage of one rank. After the Patriotic War of 1812, some regiments received the status of “young guard”, and their officers received an advantage of one rank over ordinary army officers. The named categories had this advantage until 1884.

When promoted to the next rank based on length of service, officers had to serve in each rank for 4 years (in the Guard, due to the lack of the rank of lieutenant colonel, captains served the rank of colonel for 6 years). Order No. 187 of the Military Department of July 21, 1896 approved the rules for promotion to staff officer ranks. According to these rules, 50 percent. vacancies were filled by those produced according to seniority and 50 percent. by election of the authorities, and from among the last 10 percent. allocated for production for “special distinctions” (for combat captains only for “combat distinctions”), 20 percent. - for captains who graduated from military academies, the rest - for captains nominated for election proceedings. Thus, the principle of seniority lost its significance and certification played the main role.

The Knights of St. George also had benefits for promotion to the next rank. According to the rules of 1898, officers who were awarded the Order of St. George and served in this rank for 3 years were promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel on the same basis as captains who graduated from the General Staff Academy, even if there was no staff officer vacancy available. Lieutenant colonels were also promoted to colonel on preferential terms if they had a positive certification and had served in their final rank for 4 years by November 26, the holiday of the Knights of St. George. These rules provided benefits for obtaining the position of commander of a regiment or a separate battalion.

In the army environment, so well shown in Kuprin’s “Duel,” the presence of benefits almost always aroused anger and envy. These feelings, as a rule, did not extend to the St. George cavaliers and officers of special branches of the military and were addressed mainly to the guards and officers of the General Staff, for whom, as A. A. Samoilo recalled, “the intrigue and arrogance that corroded this environment were very characteristic.”

The retinue ranks of adjutant general and wing adjutant, which were held by generals and officers close to the emperor, should be distinguished from the military ranks of the Russian army. During the reign of Alexander I, these titles formed the concept of “His Imperial Majesty’s Retinue.” Only staff and chief officers could be adjutant wings. With the promotion of a staff officer to the rank of general (4th class), the latter could receive the rank of adjutant general, naturally, if the emperor himself desired it. In 1827, a special military court rank appeared - Major General of His Majesty's Retinue. Since 1829, the rank of adjutant general was awarded only to generals holding the ranks of 2nd and 3rd classes. At the end of the 19th century, the rank of Adjutant General appeared under the person of His Imperial Majesty, who was listed above the Adjutant General of His Imperial Majesty.

In publications of historical material, you may also encounter other concepts that are in one way or another connected with the ranks and titles of pre-revolutionary Russia. Many of them, having arisen in one meaning, acquired a different meaning over time. Let's briefly look at those that are most difficult to understand.

At the end of the 18th century, special ranks were established among non-commissioned officers of noble origin that were not included in the “Table of Ranks”: harness-ensign (in the infantry), estandart-junker (among the dragoons), harness-junker (in the light cavalry and artillery). These ranks did not last long, and already in 1800 all non-commissioned officers - nobles from infantry units began to be called sub-ensigns. Since 1802, all non-commissioned officers of the Jaeger, artillery, and cavalry units, who came from the nobility, began to be called cadets.

In the 60s of the 19th century, the title of harness cadet reappeared, but in the meaning of a graduate of a cadet school, released into a regiment in anticipation of promotion to an officer. Officer candidates from the lower ranks who passed the officer exam also had the same rank. Since 1865, students of cadet (military) schools began to be called cadets.

In 1880, the rank of harness cadet was again renamed. In military units where there were ensigns, he began to be called a sub-ensign, in the cavalry - an estandard cadet, in the Cossack troops - a sub-ensign. In the regiments, lieutenants and estandard cadets performed the duties of junior officers.

Since 1906, the meaning of the rank of ensign has changed. Long-term non-commissioned officers who successfully completed military school began to be promoted to this rank.

In the Navy in 1882, the rank of midshipman (13th or 14th class, depending on the length of service) was excluded from the “Table of Ranks”, and midshipmen, as before 1860, began to be called students of the senior classes of the Marine Corps. schools.

The above table of ranks shows that Peter’s “Table of Ranks” changed over almost two centuries as a result of major reforms.

Table of ranks of all military, civil and court ranks

TABLE OF RANKS

Report card 1722:

Report card 1799:

Report card 1884:

Until 1884, 6th class of court ranks - Chamber-Fourier

A legislative act in Russia in the 18th and 20th centuries that determined the procedure for performing public service. Published by Peter I in 1722. At the royal court and in civil government institutions until 1722 there were traditional Russian ranks (boyars, ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

List of ranks (in order of importance) of the military, civil and court departments. Established by decree (1722) of the Russian Emperor Peter 1 on the procedure for public service. Allegorically: a comparative assessment of merit in a certain area... ... Dictionary of popular words and expressions

List of ranks that are successively awarded to persons in public service, military or civil; The table of ranks initially established 14 classes of seniority, but over time some were destroyed. Full… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A legislative act in Russia in the 18th and 20th centuries that determined the procedure for serving as officials. Published by Peter I in 1722. The Table of Ranks established 14 ranks (classes, class ranks, 1st highest) in three types: military (army and naval), ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A legislative act in Russia in the 18th and 20th centuries that determined the procedure for serving as officials. Published by Peter I in 1722. Established 14 ranks (classes, class ranks, 1st highest) in three types: military (army and naval), civilian and... ... Legal dictionary

Modern encyclopedia

TABLE, I, plural. and, to her and (colloquial) I, to her, m. and (obsolete) TABLE, and, w. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

TABLE OF RANKS, a legislative act that determined the order of service for officials. Published by Peter I in 1722. Established 14 ranks (classes, class ranks, 1st highest) in three types: military (army and naval), civilian and court.... ... Russian history

Noun, number of synonyms: 2 hierarchy (7) system of subordination (1) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Dictionary of synonyms

Table of ranks- in Russia in the 18th-1st half of the 19th century. a law that determined the procedure for serving as officials. Published on January 24, 1722 by the government of Peter I. Introduction T.o.r. was one of the most important reforms of Peter I, aimed at further strengthening the nobility... ... Encyclopedia of Law

Table of ranks- TABLE OF RANKS, in Russia a legislative act that determined the order of service for officials and military personnel. Published by Peter I in 1722. Established 14 ranks (1st highest) in three types: military (army and naval), civil and court... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Table of ranks. With replenishment, which ranks are composed according to special personalized highest decrees and according to articles in excess of those stipulated in the Table of Ranks in the classes of ranks. Reproduced in the original author's spelling...
• Table of ranks. This book will be produced in accordance with your order using Print-on-Demand technology. With replenishment, which ranks consist of special personal decrees and articles above...

Replaced the aristocratic hierarchy of the 16th and 17th centuries, based on genealogical books, with a bureaucratic hierarchy. Its adoption separated military service from civil and court service in the Russian Empire, and also determined the hierarchy of ranks in the army, navy and civil administration, the order of their relationship with each other and their receipt in the public service system.

Preparation of the act began in 1719; it became a continuation of the reform activities of Peter I. The law was based on the “schedules of ranks” of France, Sweden, Denmark, Prussia and the Venetian Republic. An innovation for Russia was the introduction of civil and court ranks, although the ranks that existed in the 17th century were also taken into account. in the Boyar Duma and orders (boyars, okolnichy, Duma nobles, Duma clerks). Some military ranks of the Western European type that arose in the second half were taken into account. 17th century in the “regiments of the new system.”

The highest rank of the report card was 1st, the lowest was 14th. She looked like this:

I - Chancellor (in military service he corresponded to the rank of “Field Marshal General”, in naval service - “Admiral General”),

II - actual privy councilor (general-of-cavalry, general-of-infantry, general-of-artillery; in the naval - admiral),

III - Privy Councilor (lieutenant general; in the navy - vice admiral),

IV – actual state councilor (major general; in the naval – rear admiral),

V - state councilor,

VI – collegiate adviser (colonel; captain of the first rank),

VII – court adviser (lieutenant colonel, captain of the second rank),

VIII – collegiate assessor (captain and captain),

IX – titular adviser (staff captain and staff captain; lieutenant),

X – collegiate secretary (lieutenant; midshipman),

XII – provincial secretary (second lieutenant and cornet),

XIV – collegiate registrar.

The report card, which came into force in 1722, determining a person’s place in the civil service, provided some opportunity for talented people from the lower classes to advance. In its text this was specifically stipulated: “... so that those who are willing to serve and receive honor, and not those who are impudent and parasites, receive it.” Persons of non-noble origin, after entering the 14th class, received personal, and after entering the 8th class (for the military - already in the 14th) - hereditary nobility. A special law on December 9, 1856 made new additions to the report card, defining ways to obtain hereditary nobility only from the 4th grade (for the military from the 6th grade), and personal nobility from the 9th grade.

Ranks, although this was not specifically stated, were given only to men. Married wives entered “in rank according to the ranks of their husbands”; those who were unmarried were considered several ranks below their fathers. A rule was introduced according to which, for demanding honors and places above one’s rank at public celebrations and official meetings, a fine was imposed equal to two months’ salary of the person being fined (2/3 of the fine money was supposed to go to the informer). The same fine applies for giving up your seat to a person of lower rank. The crew, livery and lifestyle in general - everything had to correspond to the rank.

Initially, in addition to the ranks themselves, the report card included many different positions (over 260). For example, among the civil ranks in the 3rd class there was a prosecutor general, in the 4th class there were presidents of colleges, in the 5th class there were vice-presidents of colleges, in the 6th class there were presidents in court courts, etc. “Professors at the Academies” and “doctors of all faculties who are in the service” were also listed on the report card - in the 9th grade. However, at the end of the 18th century. all these positions were excluded from the table or turned into ranks (primarily court ranks).

The classification of individual ranks was changed. So, at the beginning of the 19th century. the ranks of the 11th and 13th classes ceased to be used and merged with the ranks of the 12th and 14th classes, respectively. Professors of universities, institutes, members of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Arts received the corresponding ranks, as did persons who simply graduated from universities and other higher educational institutions (upon entering the service, they received ranks of no lower than 12 and no higher than 8th grade).

Registration of officials by seniority on a report card from the early 18th century. entrusted the heraldry office of the Senate, which regularly published lists of persons holding class ranks. From the middle of the 19th century. Lists of persons holding civil ranks of the first four classes also began to be systematically published.

The introduction of the report card in 1722 meant the emergence of a new system of titles in Russia - addressing persons with ranks. At first there were three such legalized appeals - Your Excellency(for ranks of the upper classes), Your Excellency(for senators - during Peter’s lifetime) and your honor(for other ranks and nobles). By the end of the century there were 5 such titles (bearers of the 1st and 2nd classes were addressed as “Your Excellency”, those of the 3rd and 4th – “Excellency”, the 5th – “Highness”, 6–8th – “high nobility”, 9–14th - “nobility”), a whole system of addresses and oral names appeared.

With various additions and changes, the table existed until the October events of 1917 and was abolished by the decrees of the Soviet government on November 10 (23) and December 16 (29), 1917 on the destruction of civil, military and court ranks, estates and titles of pre-revolutionary Russia.

Publications: List of ranks in the civil service. St. Petersburg, 1801–1841; List of civil ranks of the first four classes, St. Petersburg, 1842–1916

Lev Pushkarev, Natalya Pushkareva

APPLICATION

MILITARY, CIVIL AND COURTIER, WHO ARE IN WHICH CLASS OF RUN; AND WHICH ARE IN THE SAME CLASS, THEY HAVE SENIORITY IN THE TIME OF ACCESSION TO THE RANGE BETWEEN THEM, HOWEVER THE MILITARY PEOPLE ARE HIGHER THAN OTHERS, ALTHOUGH THE OLDER WHO WAS GREATED IN THAT CLASS

Table. TABLE OF RANKS

These points are attached to the table of ranks established above and how everyone should deal with these ranks.

1. Princes who come from our blood, and those who are combined with our princesses: in all cases have chairmanship and rank over all princes and high servants of the Russian state.

2. The sea and land in command are determined as follows: whoever is of the same rank with whom, although older in rank, at sea commands the sea over the land, and on land the land over the sea.

3. Whoever demands honors above his rank, or takes a position higher than the rank given to him, will pay a fine of 2 months’ salary for each case. And if someone serves without a salary, then pay him the same fine as the salaries of those ranks who are of equal rank with him and actually receive a salary. Of the fine money, the person declaring a third share is to receive it, and the remainder is to be used in the hospital. But this examination of each rank is not required in such situations, when some, like good friends and neighbors, come together, or in public assemblies, but only in churches during the service of God, at courtyard ceremonies, such as at an audience of ambassadors, at ceremonial tables, at official congresses, at marriages, baptisms, and similar public celebrations and burials. An equal fine should be given to those who give up a place to someone below their rank, which the fiscal must diligently observe, so that they are willing to serve, and receive honor, and not receive impudence and parasites. The above fine is required for both male and female sexes for crimes.

4. Under an equal fine, no one can claim his rank until he has the proper patent to show for his rank.

5. Likewise, no one can take the rank based on the character that he received in other people’s services until we have confirmed that character to him, which confirmation we will gladly grant to everyone based on the state of his merits.

6. Without a patent, an apsite does not give rank to anyone, unless it is given by our hand.

7. All married wives enter in ranks according to the ranks of their husbands. And when they act contrary to this, they have to pay the same fine as her husband would have to pay for his crime.

8. The sons of the Russian state of princes, counts, barons, the noblest nobility, and also servants of the noblest rank, although we allow for their noble breed or their fathers of noble ranks in the public assembly where the court is located, free access over others of lower rank, and willingly wish to see so that they are distinguished from others in every case by dignity; However, for this reason, we do not allow anyone of any rank until they show us and the fatherland any services and receive character for them.

9. On the contrary, all the girls whose fathers are in the 1st rank, until they are married off, have a rank above all the wives who are in the 5th rank, namely, below the general-major, and above the brigadier. And girls whose fathers are in the 2nd rank, above the wives who are in the 6th rank, that is, below the brigadier, and above the colonel. And girls whose fathers are in the 3rd rank are above the wives of the 7th rank, that is, below the colonel, and above the lieutenant colonel. And others, against the way the ranks follow.

10. Ladies and maidens at court have, while they are actually in their ranks, the following ranks:

The Chief Chamberlain of Her Majesty the Empress has rank above all ladies.

The actual ladies of Her Majesty the Empress follow the wives of the actual privy councilors.

The actual girls of the chambers have a rank with the wives of presidents from the college.

Gough ladies - with the wives of the raiders.

Gough girls - with the wives of colonels.

Gough's master and our crown princesses - with the real ladies who were with Her Majesty the Empress.

The chamber maidens under the crown princesses follow the goff ladies under Her Majesty the empress.

The Gough maidens of the crown princesses follow the Gough maidens of Her Majesty the Empress.

11. All servants, Russian or foreign, who are, or actually were, of the first ranks, have these legitimate children and descendants in eternal times, the best senior nobility in all dignities and avantages are equally respected to be, even if they were of low breed, and before from The crowned heads were never promoted to the dignity of nobility or provided with a coat of arms.

12. When one of our high and low servants actually has two ranks, or has received a higher rank than the rank that he actually controls, then in all cases he has the rank of his highest rank. But when he sends his work at a lower rank, then he cannot then have his highest rank or title in that place, but according to that rank to which he actually sends.

13. Since the civil ranks were not previously disposed of, and for this reason, no one respects it, or it is very little for someone from the bottom to earn his rank as the top of the nobles, and now the necessary need also requires for the higher ranks: for the sake of taking whoever is suitable, although b she didn’t have any rank. But even though this rank will be offensive to military people who have received it for many years and through such cruel service, they will see without merit an equal or higher to themselves: for the sake of whom the rank will be elevated, then he will deserve the rank over the years, as it should. What for the Senate, who will be granted what rank in the civil service out of order from below, will be given the names of their duties to the fiscal from now on, so that the fiscals can see that they carry out the ranks according to this decree. And so that henceforth, for vacancies, not to grab the side, but in order, as in the military ranks of a producer. For this reason, it is now necessary to have 6 or 7 members of the college of cadets, or less, in the state colleges. And if more necessary, then with a report.

14. It is necessary to produce noble children in colleges from below: namely, first in the college, cadets, if scientists, have been certified by the college, and have been represented in the Senate, and have received patents. And those who did not study, but for the sake of need and because of the impoverishment of scientists, were accepted first into the titular colleges of the Junkars, and to be them for those years without ranks, who have no ranks before the actual college of the Junkars.

against corporal – 1 year

against sergeant – 1 year

vs Fendrik – 1 year 6 months

against a guarantor – 2 years

against the captain – 2nd year

against maeor – 2nd year

against lieutenant colonel – 2nd year

against the colonel – 3 years 6 months

The Karporal and Sergeants' Summers should be read to those who have studied and truly learned what college boards should do. Namely, as regards the right court, also external and internal trades to the profit of the Empire and economy, which must be evidenced by them.

Those who teach the above sciences, those from the college, are sent to foreign lands several by one, to practice that science.

And those who show noble services can receive higher ranks for their labors as a manufacturer, such as repairmen and in military service, whoever shows their service. But this can only be done in the Senate, and only with our signature.

15. Military ranks that rise to the rank of chief officer are not from the nobles, then when someone receives the above rank, this is the nobleman, and his children who are related to the military officers, and if there are no children at that time, but there are first, and the father will be beaten, then the nobility will be given to those, only one son, for whom the father asks. Other ranks, both civil and courtiers, who are not of noble rank, their children are not nobles.

16. And yet it belongs to no one except us and other crowned heads who are granted noble dignity with a coat of arms and a seal, and on the contrary, it has repeatedly turned out that some call themselves nobles, but in reality are not nobles, while others willfully accepted the coat of arms whose ancestors they were not given to them by our ancestors, or by foreign crowned heads, and at the same time they sometimes take the courage to choose such a coat of arms, which the owning sovereigns and other noble families actually have. For this reason, we kindly remind those to whom this concerns us that everyone should beware of such an indecent act, and of the subsequent dishonor and fines in the future. It is announced to everyone that we have appointed a king of arms for this matter. And so everyone must come to him for this matter, and submit a report, and demand a decision, as it should: whoever has nobility, and coats of arms on it, so as to prove that they or their ancestors had it from what inheritance, or through our ancestors or ours by grace they are brought in this honor. If someone cannot really prove it soon, then they will be given a sentence of one and a half years. And then demand that he truly prove it. And if he does not prove it (and declares it for what reason), report it to the Senate; and in the Senate, having examined this, report to us.

If anyone asks for an additional payment for obvious services, then the person will ask for the services. And if any of these appear truly meritorious, report this to the Senate, and present it to us to the Senate. And those who have risen to the rank of officer, Russian or foreigner, both from the nobility and not from the nobility, are given coats of arms depending on their merits. And those who, although they were not in military service and did not deserve anything, can prove that they are at least a hundred years old: and give such coats of arms.

In our service, foreigners who find themselves have either their diplomas or public certificates from the government of their fatherland to prove their nobility and coat of arms.

17. Also the following ranks, namely: presidents and vice-presidents in the court courts, chief landrichters in residence, president in the magistrate in residence, chief commissars in colleges, governors, chief rentmeisters and landrichters in the provinces and provinces, treasurers in the money business, directors over duties in the ports, chief economy kamsars in the provinces, chief kamsars in the provinces, assessors in court courts in the provinces, chamberlains at the colleges, ratmans in residence, postmasters, kamsars at the colleges, chamberlains in the provinces, zemstvo kamisars, assessors in provincial courts, Zemstvo rent masters should not be considered an eternal rank, but a rank, both those described above and similar ones: for they are not ranks: for this reason they should have a rank while they are actually engaged in their work. And when they change or leave, then they don’t have that rank.

18. Those who were dismissed for serious crimes, publicly punished in the square, or even though they were naked, or were tortured, they are deprived of their title and rank, unless they are from us for some service, back with our own hand and seal in perfect honor of them erected, and this will be publicly announced.

Interpretation of the Tortured

In torture, it happens that many villains, out of malice, bring others in: for the sake of which he was tortured in vain, he cannot be considered dishonest, but he must be given our letter with the circumstance of his innocence.

19. Because of this, the nobility and dignity of a person’s rank is often diminished when the attire and other actions are not consistent with those, just as on the contrary, many are ruined when they act in attire above their rank and property: for this reason, we kindly remind that everyone is he had an outfit, a crew, and a librey, as his rank and character required.

Accordingly, they must act and beware of the announced fine and greater punishment.

Given with the signature of our own hand, and our state seal at our residence.

On January 24 (February 2), 1722, Peter I approved the Law on the procedure for civil service in the Russian Empire, that is, ranks by seniority and the sequence of ranks. The “Table of Ranks” introduced a new classification of serving people: the place of the aristocratic hierarchy, breed and pedigree books was taken by the bureaucratic hierarchy, merit and length of service. In one of the articles attached to the report card, it was explained that the nobility of the family in itself, without service, means nothing: people of noble birth are not given any position until they show merit to the sovereign and the fatherland and for these “honors and ranks” will receive. The most important thing is that Peter’s “Table”, defining a place in the hierarchy of the civil service, gave the opportunity to advance to talented people from the lower classes: “So that they would be willing to apply for service and they would receive honor, and not impudent and parasites would receive it.” The “report card,” in addition to the table itself, had 19 more points of explanatory text, including fines for violating it.

The preparation of this law (“Table of Ranks”) began back in 1719 and was a natural continuation of the reforms, as a result of which the number of positions in the army and state apparatus increased. The “Table” was based on similar acts that already existed in Western European countries (France, Sweden and, especially, Denmark and Prussia). When developing the law, ranks that already existed in Russia were also taken into account. Having corrected the draft draft with his own hand and signed it, the Tsar submitted it for consideration by the Senate, Military and Admiralty Collegiums. Despite the fact that the boards made a number of comments about the placement of ranks by rank and salary, the introduction of ancient Russian ranks into the table and the elimination of the clause on fines for occupying a place in the church above one’s rank, all these comments were left without consideration. Although, when the “Table of Ranks” was put into effect, the ancient Russian ranks (boyars, okolnichy, etc.) were not abolished, the granting of these ranks ceased.

All newly established positions were arranged according to the table in three rows: military, civilian and court, with each divided into 14 ranks (classes): 6 chief officer ranks (from ensign to captain in the army and from collegiate registrar to titular councilor in the civil service ); 5 staff officers (from major to brigadier and from collegiate assessor to state councilor, respectively); 3 generals (from major general to field marshal and from actual state councilor to actual privy councilor). A similar ladder with 14 levels of ranks was introduced in the navy and for court service.

It is interesting that the law did not explain in any way the concept of “rank” itself, due to which some historians considered the latter only in the system of rank production, others - as one or another position (Petrine’s “Table of Ranks” numbered 263 positions). Most likely, the “Table” included both concepts. But positions were gradually excluded from it at the end of the 18th century. disappear completely. The names of a number of civil positions turned into civil ranks regardless of the responsibilities of their holders. For example, the titles of the ranks “collegiate secretary”, “collegiate assessor”, “collegiate councilor” and “state councilor” initially meant the positions of secretary of the collegium, member of the collegium council with an advisory and casting vote, and president of the “state” collegium. The rank of court councilor, which meant the chairman of the court court, did not disappear with the abolition of court courts in 1726.

Despite the principle of bureaucratic seniority, the comments to the Table provided for an exception to the rule: the princes of the imperial blood had in all cases the presidency over the other princes and “high servants.” According to the Table, military ranks were declared superior to their corresponding civilian and even courtiers. Only later did they lose the right of seniority in the 1st and 2nd grades. Such seniority gave advantages to military ranks in the main thing - the transition to the upper nobility. Already the 14th class of the “Table” (Fendrik, ensign from 1730) gave the right to hereditary nobility. Whereas in the civil service, hereditary nobility was acquired by the rank of 8th class (collegiate assessor).

The rank of collegiate registrar (14th grade) gave the right only to personal nobility. In this regard, the relatively low rank that was assigned to the president of the “state” collegium is indicative. However, Peter, under the influence of Osterman and for reasons of diplomatic prestige, equated the rank of chancellor as the head of the diplomatic department to first class.

As for the guards regiments, here the senior rank was the 4th - colonel, and the junior (12th) - fendrik. That is, the ranks in the guard were initially two ranks ahead of the army. In addition to the seniority of ranks, there was a seniority among holders of the same rank based on the time of award to it.

Due to the fact that the service opened up access to the nobility to wide sections of the population, the genealogical composition of the class changed. Although the hereditary title of nobility extended only to children born after the father received the rank. In another case, a nobleman could ask for the grant of nobility to one of the children born before receiving the corresponding rank.

A statutory address was also developed according to the class: Your Excellency for grades 1 and 2, Your Excellency for grades 3 and 4, Your Excellency for grades 5, Your Excellency for grades 6-8, Your Excellency for grades 9-14. Each must have a crew and livery appropriate to his rank. Married wives were considered equal in rank to their husbands, while girls were considered several ranks lower than their fathers. For demanding honors and places above rank at public celebrations and official meetings, a fine equal to two months' salary of the person being fined was imposed. At the same time, a third went to the benefit of the informer, and the rest - for the maintenance of hospitals. Public punishment in the square and torture entailed the loss of rank, which could be returned only for special merits publicly announced by personal decree.

The legislation of Peter the Great's time was characterized by the desire to form a noble bureaucracy and to deny access to the upper layers of the bureaucracy to people from unprivileged classes. It was these tasks that were met by the new principles of organizing the civil service, enshrined in the decrees of 1720-1722. and, among other things, in the “Table of Ranks”. First of all, for the nobles, civil service was recognized as compulsory as military service, which was unpleasant news for them. In 1722, nobles were summoned to the capital for a review to staff new institutions. For refusal to serve, nobles were deprived of their estates.

To train experienced officials at collegiums and other institutions, the position of a cadet collegium was introduced. That is, the nobles were required to go through all levels of the civil service, starting from the 14th grade of the Table. As the “General Regulations” stated: “... other than this path, no one can be promoted to the highest degree and to the ministerial rank.” While the lowest level of civil administration (clerical positions) were transferred beyond the boundaries of the nobility class. With a well-functioning system of training officials from the cadet college, the possibility of clerical employees receiving nobility was reduced to a minimum.

But given the rejection of the order service by the nobles and the constant lack of orders, class restrictions on entry into the civil service were no longer in effect under Peter I. Because of this, the system of organizing the civil service, aimed at creating a noble bureaucracy, in practice turned out to be ineffective, despite all the government measures, in including forced ones. For example, in 1724, 100 people were selected from the noble children who studied at the Academy of Sciences to join the college. Already the decree of January 31, 1724 “On the non-promotion of secretaries to those who are not nobles” violated the monopoly of nobles on secretarial positions, allowing the Senate to promote as secretaries those clerks “who show a noble deed”, rewarding them with the nobility. However, this should not be considered as a retreat of the emperor from the principles of public administration reform. This decree can be regarded as a concession to the non-noble strata of the bureaucracy to encourage its most experienced and worthy representatives. Another thing is that the law turned out to be a time bomb embedded in the foundation of the civil service.

Public administration reforms under Peter I ensured, instead of the traditional organization, the creation in Russia of bureaucratic higher, central and local bodies based on the principles of rationalism, uniformity of organizational structure and office work. The political elite in Russia received a dichotomous structure characteristic of the mobilization type of development - the supreme power and the ruling class. A layer of people was formed who were permanently in the public service, as well as the administrative elite of Russia, which included the first four (“general”) classes and, with some reservations, the top of the staff officer ranks of the 5th and 6th classes.

However, Peter’s “Table of Ranks” was constantly changing for almost two centuries. We have already said that the ranks that meant positions received the independent meaning of honorary titles. For promotion to some ranks, shortened deadlines were established for nobles. The ranks that gave the right of hereditary nobility were raised. And in 1917, the “Table of Ranks” was abolished.

Table of ranks of all ranks, Military, Civil and Court, which are in which rank; and who are in the same class, they have the seniority of the time of entry into rank among themselves, however, Military ones are higher than others,
even if someone in that class was older.

These points are attached to the table of ranks established above and how everyone should deal with these ranks.

1. Princes who come from Our blood, and those who are combined with Our Princesses: in all cases have chairmanship and rank over all Princes and high servants of the Russian State.

2. The sea and land in command are determined as follows: whoever is of the same rank with whom, although older in rank, at sea commands the sea over the land, and on land the land over the sea.

3. Whoever demands honors above his rank, or takes a position higher than the rank given to him, will pay a fine and 2 months’ salary for each case; and if someone serves without a salary, then pay him the same fine as the salaries of those ranks who are of equal rank with him and actually receive a salary; Of the fine money, the declarant is entitled to receive a third share, and the rest will be used in the hospital. But this inspection of each rank is not required in such situations, when some, like good friends and neighbors, come together, or in public assemblies, but only in churches during the service of God at courtyard ceremonies, such as during the audience of ambassadors, ceremonial tables, at official congresses, at marriages , at baptisms, and similar public celebrations and burials; an equal fine should be given to those who give up a place to someone below their rank, which the fiscal must diligently monitor, so that they are willing to serve, and they receive honor, and not impudents and parasites; The above-mentioned fine is necessary for both male and female sexes for crimes.

4. Under an equal fine, no one has a rank to claim for himself until he has a proper patent to show for his rank.

5. Likewise, no one can take a rank based on the character that he received in other people’s services until we have confirmed that character to him, which confirmation We, according to the state of his merits, will willingly bestow.

6. Without a patent, abshid does not give rank to anyone, unless this abshid is given by Our hand.

7. All married wives act in ranks, according to the ranks of their husbands, and when they act contrary to this, then they have to pay the same fine as her husband would have to pay for his crime.

8. The sons of the Russian State of Princes, Counts, Barons, the most noble Nobility, and also servants of the most noble rank, although We allow for their noble race, or their fathers, noble ranks in the public assembly where the Court is located, free access over others of the lower rank, and willingly We want to see them distinguished from others in every case in dignity; however, We do not allow anyone of any rank until they show us and the fatherland any services and receive character for them.

9. On the contrary, all the girls whose fathers are in the 1st rank, until they are married, have a rank above all the wives who are in the 5th rank, namely, below Major General, and above Brigadier; and girls whose fathers are in the 2nd rank, over the wives who are in the 6th rank, that is, below the Brigadier, and above the Colonel; and girls whose fathers are in the 3rd rank are above the wives of the 7th rank, that is, below the Colonel, and above the Lieutenant Colonel, and so on, contrary to how the ranks follow.

10. Ladies and Maidens at the Court have, while they are actually in their ranks, the following ranks:

Chief Chamberlain of Her Majesty the Empress, has rank above all Ladies.

The Acting Ladies of State of Her Majesty the Empress follow the wives of the Acting Privy Councillors.

Actual Maids of the Chamber have rank with the wives of the Presidents of the Collegiums.

Gough Ladies, with the wives of the Brigadiers.

Gough-Maids, with the wives of the Colonels.

The Chamberlain and Our Crown Princes, with the Real Ladies of State, who are with Her Majesty the Empress.

The Chamber Maidens under the Tsesarevnas follow the Gough Ladies under Her Majesty the Empress.

The Gough Maidens of the Tsesarevna Empresses follow the Gough Maidens of Her Majesty the Empress.

11. All servants, Russian or foreign, who are in the first 8 ranks, or indeed were: they have legitimate children and descendants in eternal times, the best senior Nobility in all dignities and avantages are equally respected to be, even if they were of low breed, and before from the Crowned Heads they were never promoted to the dignity of nobility or provided with a coat of arms.

12. When one of Our high and low servants actually has two ranks or more, or has received a higher rank than the rank that he actually controls: then in all cases he has the rank of his highest rank. But when he sends his work at a lower rank, then in that place he cannot have his highest rank or title, but according to that rank to which he actually sends.

13. Since the civil ranks were not previously disposed of, and for this reason no one, or very little, should be honored by the proper order from below to earn his rank from the top of the Nobles; and now the necessary need also requires higher ranks: for the sake of taking those who are suitable, even though they have not had any rank. But even though this rank will be offensive to military people who have received it for many years, and through such cruel service, they will see, without merit, their equal or higher: for the sake of the one who will be elevated to the rank, then he will deserve the rank for years, like follows. What for from the Senate, who will be granted what rank in the civil service out of order from the bottom, for the present need, from when onwards should their names be given to the Ober-Fiscal, so that the Fiscals can see that they carry out the ranks according to this decree. And so that from now on there will not be enough for vacancies, but in the order in which military ranks are promoted: for this reason, it is now necessary to have 6 or 7 people in the State Colleges of the College of Junkers, or less; and if more necessary, then from the report.

14. Noble children in the Colleges must be produced from below. Namely: first in the Collegium, the Junkers, if scientists, were certified by the Collegium, represented in the Senate, and received patents; and those who did not study, but for the sake of need and because of the impoverishment of scientists, were accepted: those were the first to be written to the Titular Collegium of Junkers, and to be there for those years without ranks, who have no ranks until the actual Collegium of Junkers.

The corporal's and sergeant's years should be read to those who have studied and truly learned what the Collegiate Boards should do. Namely, as regards the right court, also external and internal trades to the profit of the Empire and economy, which must be evidenced by them.

Those who are trained in the above-mentioned sciences, those from the College are sent to foreign lands several at a time, to practice that science.

And those who show noble services can be promoted to higher ranks for their labors, just as it is done in military service, whoever shows their service, but this can only be done in the Senate, and then with Our signature.

15. Military ranks who rise to the rank of Chief Officer not from the Nobles; then when someone receives the above rank, it is the Nobleman and his children who will be born in the Chief Officership; and if at that time there are no children, but there were before, and the father beats him with his forehead, then the Nobility will be given to those, only one son, for whom the father asks. Other ranks, both civil and courtiers, who are not from the Nobles in the Ranks, their children are not Nobles.

16. And yet it belongs to no one except Us and the other Crowned Heads, who is granted the Noble dignity with a coat of arms and a seal, and on the contrary, it has repeatedly turned out that some call themselves Nobles, but are not truly Nobles, while others arbitrarily accepted the coat of arms, whose ancestors they did not have them, it was given to them from Our ancestors, or from foreign Crowned Heads, and at the same time they take the courage, sometimes to choose such a coat of arms, which the owning Sovereigns and other noble families actually have; For this reason, We mercifully remind those to whom this concerns us that everyone should henceforth beware of such an indecent act, and of the subsequent dishonor and fines. It is announced to everyone that We have appointed a King of Arms for this matter; and so everyone must come to him for this matter, and submit a report, and demand a decision, as it should: who has the Nobility, and coats of arms on it, so as to prove that they or their ancestors had it from what inheritance, or through Our ancestors or Ours by grace they are brought in this honor. If someone cannot really prove it soon, then they will be given a sentence of one and a half years; and then demand that he truly prove it, and if he does not prove it (and declares it authentically) to report it to the Senate; and in the Senate, having examined this, report to Us.

If anyone asks for an additional payment for obvious services, then inquire about that service, and if those who are truly deserving appear from among them, report this to the Senate, and present it to Us to the Senate. And those who have risen to the rank of Chief Officer, Russian or foreigner, both from the Nobility and not from the Nobility: those are given coats of arms depending on their merits. And those who, although they were not in military service and did not deserve anything, can prove that they are at least a hundred years old: and give such coats of arms. In Our service, foreigners who find themselves have either their diplomas or public certificates from the government of their fatherland to prove their Nobility and coat of arms.

17. Also the following ranks, namely: Presidents and Vice-Presidents in the Courts of Justice, Chief Landrichters in the Residence, President in the Magistrate in the Residence, Chief Commissars in the Colleges, Governors, Chief Rentmeisters, and Landrichters in the Governorates and Provinces, Treasurers in the Monetary Affairs, Directors of Duties in the Ports, Chief Economy Commissars in the Provinces, Chief Commissars in the Provinces, Assessors in the Courts in the Provinces, Chamberlains at the Collegiums, Ratmans in the Residence, Postmasters, Commissars at the Collegiums, Chamberlains in the Provinces , Zemstvo Commissars, Assessors in Provincial Courts, Zemstvo Rentmeisters, should not be honored as an eternal rank, but as a rank, both those described above and similar ones: for they are not ranks: for this reason they should have a rank while they are actually in their business . And when they change or leave, then they don’t have that rank.

18. Those who were dismissed for serious crimes, publicly punished in the square, or even though they were only naked, or were tortured, they are deprived of their title and rank, unless they are from Us for some service and under Our own hand and seal in perfect honor of them erected; and this will be publicly announced.

Interpretation about the tortured.

In torture, it happens that many villains, out of malice, bring others: for the sake of which he was tortured in vain, he cannot be considered dishonest, but he must be given Our letter with the circumstance of his innocence.

19. Because of this, the nobility and dignity of a person’s rank is often diminished when the attire and other actions are not consistent with those, just as many are ruined when they act in attire above their rank and property: for this reason We graciously remind that everyone is he had an outfit, crew, and livery, as his rank and character required. Accordingly, everyone should act and beware of the announced fine and greater punishment.

Anisimov E.V. State transformations and autocracy of Peter the Great in the first quarter of the 18th century. M., 1997.

Volkov S.V. The system of officer ranks in the Russian army // Volkov S.V. Russian officer corps. M.: Military Publishing House, 1993. pp. 38-49.

Pavlenko N.I. Peter the Great. M.: Mysl, 1990. 591 p.

Pisarkova L.F. From Peter I to Nicholas I: government policy in the field of formation of bureaucracy // Domestic history. 1996. No. 4. P. 29-43.

Shepelev L.V. The official world of Russia: XVIII - early XX centuries. St. Petersburg: Art-SPb., 1999. 479 p.

What are the main ranks according to the Table of Ranks?

Did the Report Card provide for exceptions to the seniority principle?

Why was the institution of chamber cadets introduced?

In connection with what events was the Table of Ranks abolished?

What were the differences in obtaining hereditary and personal nobility under Peter I?