Anti mycoplasma pneumonia. Test (positive) for mycoplasma pneumonia, IgG, IgM, LgG antibodies. Antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia

More about the study

Mycoplasma pneumonia (sometimes called “atypical pneumonia”) constitutes up to 15-20% of all cases of community-acquired pneumonia. Sometimes they can lead to entire epidemics, especially in school-age children and in closed population groups, such as the military. The source of infection is both patients and carriers. Infection occurs by airborne droplets, the incubation period lasts 2-3 weeks. Symptoms of mycoplasma infection vary. In most cases, the disease is mild and is accompanied by cough, runny nose, and sore throat that persist for several weeks. When the infection spreads to the lower respiratory tract, headaches, intoxication, fever, and muscle pain occur. Pneumonia is most severely affected by young children, as well as people with weakened immune systems, such as HIV patients.

Making a diagnosis of “mycoplasma infection” is often difficult, so several research methods are used, in which serological tests play a leading role.

In response to infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae, the immune system produces specific immunoglobulins: IgA, IgM and IgG.

The production of class G immunoglobulins to Mycoplasma pneumoniae does not begin immediately after infection, after about 2-4 weeks, but continues for a long period (a year or more).

The presence of class G immunoglobulins to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in the blood indicates an acute or past illness, a chronic inflammatory process or reinfection.

What is the research used for?

• To confirm current illness (including reinfection) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
• For the differential diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia and other infectious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as pneumonia caused by streptococci or staphylococci.
• For the diagnosis of mycoplasma infection in chronic inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract.

When is the study scheduled?

• For symptoms of illness caused by mycoplasma (nonproductive cough that may persist for several weeks, fever, sore throat, headaches and muscle pain).
• If a chronic or persistent form of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is suspected, manifested by frequent relapses.

Mycoplasma pneumonia occurs in up to 20% of all pneumonias, especially in cities. Until the middle of the last century, it was believed that mycoplasma belonged to the family of viruses, since mycoplasma infection is most often combined with influenza virus or adenovirus in children and parainfluenza virus in adults.

The causative agent Mycoplasma pneumoniae is transmitted by airborne droplets, like a virus, and manifests itself in the form of symptoms of inflammation of the upper and lower respiratory tract. This species most often affects the lungs in children under 5 years of age.

A feature of the course is the frequent chronicity of the process due to delayed treatment and the generalization of mycoplasma infection in young children. This is explained by the structure of the microorganism, which in structure resembles some of its own cells.

As a result, protective antibodies are produced late and can damage one’s own tissues, causing autoimmune processes in both children and adults. Without treatment, mycoplasmosis pneumonia can have serious consequences.

Symptoms of the disease

The initial symptoms of inflammation of the upper respiratory tract caused by mycoplasma are nonspecific:

• headache;
• low fever;
• a sore throat;
• runny nose;
• chills;
• dry hacking cough.

Mycoplasma pneumonia can cause the development of symptoms of pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, bronchiolitis, which subsequently develop into mycoplasma pneumonia. The disease can last for several weeks.

A blurred picture leads to frequent diagnostic errors, especially in favor of the influenza virus. However, experienced specialists talk about the similarity of symptoms and treatment methods for mycoplasma pneumonia in children and chlamydial pneumonia.

Diagnostic measures

History, examination and erased symptoms with a lingering cough may suggest the presence of atypical pneumonia. However, in peripheral blood in a conventional analysis there are no certain changes that would be characteristic of mycoplasmosis pneumonia.

X-rays show an increase in the pulmonary pattern, small focal shadows mainly in the lower parts of one or both lungs.

Differential diagnosis is made with chlamydial infection and respiratory infection caused by a virus. The main thing is a serological blood test for the presence of specific immunoglobulins for mycoplasma pneumonia M, A, G.

What are immunoglobulins

Long-term immunity is provided by IgG; they begin to fight infection after the production of IgM. IgG levels rise over several weeks and then remain at a certain level for many years or a lifetime. Antibodies of class G can penetrate the placental barrier, thereby providing protection to the fetus before birth and the first 4-6 months after.

The importance of Ig G antibodies for mycoplasma

A blood test for Ig to mycoplasma pneumonia M, A, G, especially paired sera with an interval of 2-4 weeks, confirms the diagnosis of mycoplasmosis pneumonia.

A single measurement of Ig M or Ig G titers does not provide a 100% diagnostic result. In adults, the amount of IgM increases slightly, but in children the level of IgG may remain normal. Only an increase in antibody titer over time guarantees a positive response to mycoplasma.

Specific immunoglobulins for mycoplasma pneumonia M are the earliest antibodies that appear after the first week of illness. IgM in adults and children indicates the presence of an acute process, as does IgA.

An increase in quantitative Ig indicators to mycoplasma pneumonia M can be observed throughout the month. After recovery, IgM should not be detected in the peripheral blood, however, there are studies that confirm a smooth decrease in titer over the course of a year after the illness. To avoid diagnostic errors, it is imperative to test the test simultaneously for IgM and IgG. When re-infected, Ig to mycoplasma pneumonia M is usually not produced.

After 2-3 weeks from the onset of clinical symptoms, IgG can be detected in the blood. The release of only IgG indicates a past infection and does not occur at the beginning of the acute phase of the disease. Ig class G can be detected in the blood for several years after the disease. However, acquired immunity is not stable and cases of reinfection and re-infections are possible, as evidenced by an increase in the titer of class G antibodies in paired sera with an interval of two weeks.

The similarity of the symptoms of mycoplasmosis pneumonia with the influenza virus contributes to frequent self-medication. Parents provide symptomatic therapy to their children, thereby eliminating the manifestations, but not the pathogen itself. The disease progresses and complications appear without antibiotic treatment.

Extrapulmonary complications occur in the first three weeks of the disease. Their nature and severity do not depend on the age of the patients. Extrapulmonary complications include:

1. Neurological – meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalitis, transverse myelitis, ascending paralysis.

Recovery, even with proper treatment, is very slow. Residual effects in the form of defects and deaths are possible. In addition to identifying Ig class G and IgM, it is necessary to isolate the pathogen from the cerebrospinal fluid using PCR.

1. Hemolytic anemia.

Detection of cold antibodies in the blood is possible from the first weeks of the disease. This is one of the characteristic signs of mycoplasma pneumonia. DIC syndrome, thrombocytopenia, and renal failure may develop.

1. Damage to the skin and mucous membranes.

It is observed in every fourth patient in the form of rash and conjunctivitis. They pass within 2 weeks.

1. Cardiac – myocarditis, pericarditis.

They don't happen often. ECG changes in the form of AV block can be detected without any complaints.

1. Dyspepsia - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

Accompanies mycoplasma pneumonia in children in 25% of cases.

1. Joints - arthritis.

May correspond to manifestations of rheumatic attacks and are associated with the production of antibodies.

Specific antibiotic treatment should be started immediately upon suspicion of mycoplasma infection, especially in children. Additionally, symptomatic treatment, bed rest, and drinking plenty of fluids are necessary. If the course is favorable, recovery occurs within 1-2 weeks from the start of taking antibiotics.

Chlamydial pneumonia is caused by several types of microorganisms. Most often, this disease in adults and children is caused by chlamydia pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumonia and Chlamydia psittaci.

Chlamydial pneumonia in children very often develops during an acute viral infection. In this case, high temperature and weakness occur. Since chlamydial pneumonia produces mild symptoms, diagnosis is difficult, which is why the start of treatment is delayed. The appearance of a dry paroxysmal cough, which turns into a productive cough with a small amount of sputum of a mucopurulent nature, should alert you.

The doctor needs to recognize the symptoms caused by chlamydia pneumonia and prescribe treatment. The chlamydial nature of the disease can be identified if the clinical case meets the following criteria:

In 10-15% of patients, chlamydia pneumonia provokes severe symptoms of intoxication, enlargement of the liver and spleen. In newborns, signs of infection include signs of conjunctivitis.

Antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia

Chlamydial pneumonia is increasingly becoming the subject of discussion among physicians and concern among non-specialists. Sometimes there are questions about whether it is necessary to kill antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia. As a result, there is a need to clarify what these antibodies are. They appear 2 weeks after the pathogen begins to persist in the patient’s body. Based on the dynamics of the level of IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies and their combination, both the nature and stage of the disease can be determined.

The presence of IgM antibodies means that the body has begun to fight the infection, that is, it produces protective cells. The higher the IgM level, the more active the inflammatory process is. Class M immunoglobulins are detected within a week after the onset of the initial manifestations of the disease.

If specific treatment is not carried out, the titer of IgM antibodies increases, but this does not indicate that the patient has developed stable immunity. Later they disappear from the blood completely.

IgA appears a little later than IgM and can be found in combination with the latter, or be the only antibodies. If the treatment regimen is chosen correctly, the IgA level will drop sharply.

As for IgG antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia, this is an indicator of stable immunity. They can be detected within 3 years after successfully undergoing pneumonia.

The combination of IgG with IgA and IgM is unfavorable. An increased titer of IgG and IgA is a sign that the treatment is not effective. If high levels of IgG and IgA are repeatedly detected, persistent chlamydia or an autoimmune disease provoked by chlamydia should be suspected.

Treatment of chlamydial pneumonia

In this situation, the latest generation of antibiotics are needed. The patient may be prescribed macrolides, tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones. Medications are prescribed to relieve symptoms. General strengthening measures are also needed.

For a disease such as chlamydial pneumonia, treatment is best done in a hospital. Up to 9% of diseases are fatal. This is due to a blurred clinical picture at the onset of the disease and late determination of the nature of the pathogen. When the first alarming signs appear, you should contact a trustworthy specialist as soon as possible.

Pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci

This pathogen is found in parrots, turkeys, ducks, canaries, pigeons, as well as certain species of seagulls. The pneumonia caused by it is called psittacosis (if the source of infection is a parrot) or ornithosis (if infected from another bird). Infection occurs predominantly by aerosol, that is, by inhaling dust from the feathers or excrement of a bird in which Chlamydia psittaci is present.

The pathogen can survive in dry bird droppings for a month. Rare are cases of infection through drops of saliva that are released by patients during coughing. There is information about the possibility of sexual transmission of infection.

Clinical features of ornithosis (psittacosis)

The incubation period lasts from one to three weeks. Then symptoms of pneumonia appear, most often they are acute.

The patient's temperature rises to 39 degrees or more. Chills and signs of intoxication occur, including severe headaches and loss of appetite. Repeated bouts of vomiting are possible.

From 3-4 days the patient develops a dry cough. Later, sputum of a mucopurulent nature (sometimes with blood impurities) is released. Pain in the chest area becomes worse when breathing and coughing.

Percussion of the lungs may reveal dullness of the percussion sound, and auscultation reveals harsh breathing and fine rales. These physical signs are most often detected in the lower lobe on the right.

Almost 50% of patients have an enlarged liver. In severe cases, the nervous system is affected. In this case, lethargy, meningeal syndrome, and delirium occur.

A general blood test shows leukopenia in most cases. In more rare cases, the number of leukocytes is increased or normal. With leukocytosis, a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left is detected. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) increases.

To make a diagnosis, certain criteria must be taken into account. These include data on household or professional contact with birds. The disease often occurs in pigeon breeders, poultry farm workers, etc.

Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in a blood test

What is the danger of the disease

To begin with, let us recall how chlamydia enters the body; most often this occurs through sexual contact between a healthy person and an infected person; the risk of infection, especially during promiscuous and unprotected sexual intercourse, is quite high: about 60%. Previously, some experts argued about the existence of a household method of transmission of infection, for example, through a towel, but recent studies have proven that chlamydia cannot adapt to existence in the external environment and quickly dies.

To diagnose the presence of this infection, it is necessary to determine antibodies to chlamydia in the blood. Let's consider the types of these antibodies.

To make a more accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to determine the presence of all classes of antibodies. The main method of diagnosing antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis IgG and other types is a biochemical blood test, the essence of which is to determine the concentration of immunoglobulins in the patient’s blood, which begin to be produced a few days after the onset of infection.

For the most reliable result and interpretation of the study, you must adhere to several rules:

The principle of collecting blood for analysis:

Let's look at a few illustrative examples of decoding chlamydia ELISA:

In addition to the above medications, a course of antibiotics, immunomodulators, various enzymes and probiotics is used, physiotherapy is recommended, and topical medications in the form of ointments, suppositories, lotions or tampons are also used.

After completing the full course of treatment, the patient is advised to undergo a repeat antibody test, and only a negative result indicates an absolute cure for this disease. After all, all antibodies are produced by the body during infection in order to independently fight the infection.

Positive IgG for chlamydia

When testing the blood, it happens that igg antibodies are positive, pathogenic chlamydia has been identified. No one is safe from infection caused by these microorganisms. It is transmitted in two ways: household contact and sexual contact. Regardless of the method of infection, the disease affects the mucous membranes. Chlamydia is dangerous due to complications, including the development of arthritis, infertility, pneumonia and others. Therefore, identifying chlamydia in the body is of great importance.

During the process of infection and development of the disease, the mucous membrane thickens. It is replaced by connective tissue. In most cases, this process, if untreated, provokes the development of infertility. With the development of pneumonia, metaplasia of the lung tissue occurs.

To diagnose the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis, a blood test is performed. It allows you to detect antibodies to chlamydia. In the presence of a pathogen, the number of antibodies iga, igm, igg increases. Diagnostics can be prescribed by a general practitioner, therapist, obstetrician-gynecologist, pediatrician, neonatologist and infectious disease specialist.

The life cycle of the pathogen is divided into two periods. During the first, the pathogenic microflora is outside the cells, representing spores. They are resistant to antibiotic therapy. After entering the cell, viruses become areticular bodies. At this stage, chlamydia can be treated with antibacterial drugs.

Antibody classification

Antibodies are proteins that are produced by the body's defense structures. They are classified into the following classes:

Type igm. Their appearance occurs immediately after infection. Igm antibodies can be detected during the acute course of the disease. This period begins 4–5 days after the pathogen enters the human body. Gradually, the antibody titer decreases. After three months they disappear.

Iga type. They can be detected after 7 days of illness. By this time, sufficient proliferation of pathogenic microflora occurs. The infected person should limit contact to prevent the spread of infection. With the necessary therapy, the number of iga antibodies decreases closer to 4 months from the moment of infection. If there is a constant titer of antibodies in the blood, the diagnosis of the disease becoming chronic or lack of immunity is confirmed.

Type igg. A high titer of this class is detected after 2–3 weeks from the fact of infection. These antibodies are produced by the body for a long time (several years). Therefore, after a chlamydial infection, a blood test will always show an increased amount of antibodies of this class. When carrying a child, antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis igg penetrate the placental barrier. The fetus develops immunity to the corresponding disease.

Research and transcription

For the purpose of research, blood, urine, and the contents of a smear can be used as biological material. Blood is taken from a vein in the morning before meals. On the eve of the examination, they follow a diet, limiting the consumption of marinades and fried foods. Eliminate alcoholic beverages from the diet.

When examining urine, the day before the test, they refuse to have intimate life. For the study, it is necessary to collect biomaterial in the morning. When conducting an analysis using a smear, sexual relations are excluded three days before the examination. The biomaterial is taken immediately after the end of menstrual bleeding on the first day.

The collection of samples for the study is carried out by a laboratory doctor. To carry out medical manipulation, special equipment and reagents are used. After receiving the results of the study, a visit to the doctor who referred you for examination follows. He analyzes the results and prescribes therapy.

In some cases, if the result is positive, it is necessary to take the test again. This will avoid errors in treatment. Therapy for chlamydia is based on the use of antibiotics. Additionally stimulate the immune system.

What are the results?

The results after examination for the presence of chlamydia can be of two poles: positive or negative. The negative answer says:

Positive results of a blood test for the presence of chlamydia indicate the development of chlamydia or an exacerbation of the pathological process a month ago.

The result is positive

To confirm the diagnosis, a person undergoes testing for all classes of antibodies. If the result is positive, there is damage to certain types of cells that are located on the mucous layer of the cervix, pharynx, rectum, and urethra. The respiratory system (development of pneumonia) and the visual apparatus (inflammation of the mucous membrane) may be affected in children born a few days ago.

A positive result for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis igg occurs in combination with the production of igm, iga, igg antibodies in the body.

In accordance with their titer, the stage of the disease and the effectiveness of specific drugs are determined. Testing for igg antibodies is more accurate after 20 days from the date of infection.

Any infectious disease (pneumonia, arthritis) poses a serious threat to the human body. If you detect the first signs of a pathological process, you should consult a doctor. A positive result in an igg antibody test is not a reason to despair. The main thing is to consult a doctor for treatment and follow all his instructions.

Positive test for Antichlamydia Trachomatis IGG

Chlamydia is a bacterial infectious disease of a systemic nature, which affects the epithelium of the mucous membranes (eyes, genitals, respiratory system). The infection can be transmitted through household contact and sexual contact. During the course of the disease, thickening of the mucous membrane occurs, as well as metaplasia of epithelial cells, followed by an increase in scar connective tissue. The latter factor is the main cause of infertility in both sexes.

How does infection occur?

The life cycle of chlamydia trachomatis consists of two phases. During the first phase, the infection is extracellular in nature, chlamydia is in a spore-like form and is insensitive to the action of antibiotics. After penetration into the cell, chlamydia becomes areticular bodies, the process is accompanied by the appearance of sensitivity to antibacterial therapy.

Chlamydia trachomatis is one of four types of chlamydia, this species has several serotypes, each of which affects a specific organ.

Positive test result

Positive Chlamydia trachomatis means infection of certain types of cells located on the mucous membranes of the urethra, the inner surface of the cervix, the back wall of the pharynx, and the mucous membrane of the rectum. The disease is also characterized by infection of the eyes and respiratory tract of newborns in the first months of life.

Positive Chlamydia trachomatis is accompanied by the synthesis of immunoglobulins in the body: anti igm, anti iga, anti igg. Their occurrence is associated with a certain stage of infection; by their presence and concentration in the blood, the stage of the disease can be determined. ELISA diagnostics allows you to detect the presence of specific bodies; a positive result is ensured due to a certain reaction to the introduction of the antigen.

Igg antibodies to the Chlamydia trachomatis antigen are a marker of current or recent infection. They do not provide lasting immunity against chlamydia; anti igg can exist in the body for several years, sometimes for life. The level of anti igg decreases when the process subsides and when they are cured; during reactivation, an increase is observed, sometimes fourfold.

During the infection process, the body synthesizes immunoglobulins of three classes: igm, iga and igg. Positive igm is detected already on the fifth day of illness, iga - on the tenth, long-circulating igg indicates long-term chlamydia.

A positive test of only iga or only igg does not guarantee an accurate diagnosis; possible combinations of antibodies make it possible to determine tactics during additional research. The presence of igm antibodies indicates the course of the acute phase; they are detected on the fifth day, peak at 1-2 weeks, and disappear completely after 2-3 months.

Positive iga is a marker of a chronic or acute form of the disease; it appears after 10-14 days; a decrease in anti iga as a result of treatment occurs after 2-4 months. igg antibodies are detected 15-20 days after the onset of the disease; during reinfection, their number increases significantly.

Chlamydia trachomatis: characteristics, tests, symptoms in women and men, treatment

The risk of contracting chlamydial infection increases in people who have multiple sexual partners and do not use condoms during sexual intercourse. Infection of the fetus from a sick pregnant mother is possible. The infection is extremely rarely spread through everyday contact through kissing, touching and shared household items.

Chlamydia trachomatis leads to the development of inflammation of the genital organs and infertility in women, and to prostatitis and decreased potency in men. Urogenital chlamydia is often asymptomatic or has a mild clinical picture. At the same time, the infection continues to spread mainly through sexual contact.

Chlamydia trachomatis

The ability of microbes to multiply in the cytoplasm of eukaryotes is common to chlamydia and viruses. Chlamydia trachomatis does not produce ATP, but uses the vital resources of the host cell, destroying it.

The life cycle of chlamydia lasts on average three days. They come in two forms:

Chlamydia does not produce energy on its own. In laboratory conditions, they are grown in chicken embryos or in cell culture at a temperature of +35 degrees.

Chlamydia has a small set of enzymes and pathogenicity factors, which include:

Chlamydia trachomatis is resistant to low temperatures, including freezing, is highly sensitive to heat, and quickly dies when dried and under the influence of disinfectants and ultraviolet radiation.

Urogenital chlamydia is an infectious anthroponosis. The source of infection is a person infected with chlamydia trachomatis. The most dangerous are women, who develop asymptomatic carriers in 70% of cases.

The mechanism of spread of infection is contact and household, which is realized in the following ways:

Chlamydia trachomatis is tropic to epithelial tissue and affects the epithelial cells of the genitourinary organs. Erosion, ulcers, scars and adhesions form on the mucous membrane. Inflammation of the pelvic organs often results in infertility.

Under the influence of conditions unfavorable for microbes, they “fall asleep.” These factors include: persistent immune response, hypothermia, antibiotic therapy. Chlamydia develops a protective shell that protects them from the negative influence of the external environment. When immunity decreases, infectious agents awaken and begin to actively multiply. This property allows them to remain inside the host cell for a long time and not manifest themselves in any way.

Chlamydia is the leader in incidence among sexually transmitted infections. This pathology is diagnosed in 9% of the world's population. Most often, women aged 16-35 years who are promiscuous and neglect barrier contraception suffer from urogenital chlamydia.

Immunity in urogenital chlamydia is cellular in nature. Specific anti-chlamydial antibodies found in the serum of patients do not protect against re-infection. After an illness, stable immunity is not formed.

The process of development of the disease caused by chlamydia trachomatis depends on the state of the human immune system.

The incubation period of infection lasts for 1-4 weeks. Its duration is determined by the number of microbes that have entered the body and the state of the person’s immunity. After the end of incubation, the first symptoms of chlamydia appear. If treatment is not started in time, the primary clinical signs will disappear on their own, and the disease will enter an asymptomatic chronic phase. Exacerbations will occur each time under the influence of unfavorable factors.

manifestations of chlamydia trachomatis in men/women

Men infected with chlamydia trachomatis complain of urethral discharge, pollakiuria, itching and burning sensation, pain in the scrotum, testicles and urethra. Their general condition worsens, weakness, low-grade fever, and hematuria appear. Painful sensations in the groin quickly spread to the lower back and perineum. The outside of the urethra looks red, swollen, and painful.

In women, vaginal discharge becomes abundant, acquires an unpleasant odor and an unusual color mixed with pus. They complain of itching and burning in the vagina, intermenstrual bleeding, discomfort in the lower abdomen, pulling sensations in the lower back, pain after sexual intercourse and during urination, pain during menstrual periods, general signs of intoxication and asthenia of the body.

Such clinical symptoms occur extremely rarely. Usually they are not given much importance and are not addressed to doctors. In this case, the disease becomes chronic, increasing the risk of developing dangerous complications that are difficult to treat.

When registering at the antenatal clinic, pregnant women are tested for sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia. If chlamydia trachomatis is detected, treatment must be started. Otherwise, the microbes infect the membranes of the fetus, penetrate the amniotic fluid, and settle on the mucous membranes. Fetal development stops, premature birth occurs, and miscarriage is possible.

Up to 20% of pregnant women are infected with chlamydia trachomatis. Children born to them become infected during childbirth. Babies develop chlamydial conjunctivitis or pneumonia. Women infected with chlamydia trachomatis give birth to children with birth defects or low birth weight. In particularly severe cases, intrauterine fetal death is possible. To prevent this from happening, it is necessary for married couples planning a pregnancy to be examined for sexually transmitted infections and undergo appropriate treatment.

In the absence of timely and effective treatment, diseases caused by chlamydia trachomatis lead to the development of severe complications:

The main diagnostic methods for chlamydial infection are: PCR and ELISA. Additionally, upon treatment, each patient is prescribed an ultrasound of the genital organs in order to detect complications: inflammatory diseases of the uterus, appendages in women and prostate in men. Also, to determine chlamydia trachomatis, a bacteriological examination of material taken from the patient is carried out - the discharge of the cervical canal or seminal fluid.

PCR diagnostics consists of determining the amount of bacterial DNA in the test sample. This method allows you to accurately determine the etiological role of the detected microorganism. If there is a lot of chlamydia in the sample, the result is considered positive. If their quantity in the sample is insignificant, the study should be continued. Perhaps the pathology is caused by other microbes. The reliability of the method is almost 100%.

Enzyme immunoassay reveals not only the causative agent of the disease, but also the stage of chlamydia. ELISA allows you to detect antibodies to chlamydia trachomatis in the blood. IgM appears immediately after infection and indicates the development of acute inflammation. If IgA and IgG are absent, it means that a primary infection with chlamydia trachomatis has occurred. Normally, the result should be negative.

IgG to chlamydia trachomatis appears a month after the initial infection, indicates chronicity of the process and disappears after treatment. If the analysis detected IgG to chlamydia trachomatis, but no IgM, this indicates that the infection occurred approximately 2-3 months ago. In the absence of IgG, IgM and IgA in the blood, we can talk about complete recovery.

Venous blood is taken from the patient for analysis. The accuracy of the method is 60%. The ELISA result is qualitative, without determining the titer.

Inoculation of the test material for Chlamydia trachomatis with determination of sensitivity to antibiotics is carried out in a microbiological laboratory. The culture method is very accurate but expensive. Material for research - vaginal discharge is placed in an environment favorable for chlamydia, incubated in a thermostat and microscopy is performed, during which the presence or absence of chlamydia in the smear is determined. After isolation of the pathogen, its sensitivity to antibiotics is determined. This analysis requires special preparation of the patient:

1. One month before the study, stop antibiotic therapy.
2. 36 hours before the test, observe sexual rest.
3. The day before taking the material, carry out hygiene procedures with clean water without soap and antiseptics.
4. Take material for research two days after the end of menstruation.
5. It is prohibited to use vaginal suppositories and douching on the eve of the study.
6. 1.5 - 3 hours before taking a scraping, you must refrain from urinating.

Treatment of urogenital chlamydia is carried out by a gynecologist, urologist, and venereologist. Both sexual partners should be treated.

Patients undergo complex therapy, which consists of destroying pathogenic microbes, eliminating symptoms of pathology, correcting immunity, vitamin therapy, protecting the liver from the toxic effects of medications, sanitizing foci of chronic infection in the body, and physiotherapy.

7. Antibacterial treatment - drugs from the group of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones and macrolides: Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Levofloxacin. Usually a combination of two antibiotics is prescribed.
8. Antiticide drug - Metronidazole.
9. Immunostimulation - “Polyoxidonium”, “Amiksin”, “Likopid”, “Immunomax”.
10. To prevent candidiasis, antimycotic drugs are prescribed - Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Nystatin.
11. Normalization of the microflora of the human body - multivitamins, probiotics, enzymes, adaptogens.
12. Sanatorium-resort treatment, balneotherapy, mud treatment, and physiotherapy are carried out after the acute symptoms of infection have been eliminated.
13. Local treatment in women is the use of tampons with antibacterial creams and ointments, vaginal suppositories, and douching.
14. Local treatment in men consists of ultrasound or iontophoresis, the use of rectal suppositories, enemas, baths, and prostate massage.

Treatment of chlamydia trachomatis should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist. Self-medication with strong antibiotics can lead to the erasure of symptoms and the occurrence of complications.

Preventive measures for chlamydial infection consist of observing the rules of personal hygiene and sanitary standards. Experts recommend avoiding casual sex, practicing only protected sex, promptly identifying and treating genitourinary diseases, undergoing regular medical examinations, strengthening the immune system, and leading a healthy sexual lifestyle.

Chlamydia trachomatis, IgG

Antibodies of the IgG class to the causative agent of urogenital chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis) are specific immunoglobulins produced in the human body during the period of pronounced clinical manifestations of urogenital chlamydia. They are a serological marker of this disease, as well as a marker of infection in the recent past.

The result will be of high quality, without determining the titer.

IgG class antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis, class G immunoglobulins to the causative agent of chlamydia.

Anti-Chlamydia tr.-IgG, Chlamydia tr. Antibodies, IgG.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

What biomaterial can be used for research?

How to properly prepare for research?

Do not smoke for 30 minutes before donating blood.

General information about the study

Chlamydia trachomatis, IgG, are antibodies (immunoglobulins, immunity factors) that are produced during chlamydia infection.

Chlamydial infection, or chlamydia, is a set of diseases that are caused by microorganisms of the genus Chlamydia.

The life cycle of chlamydia consists of two phases. The first phase is extracellular, when chlamydia is in a spore-like form and is called elementary bodies (they are insensitive to antibiotics). After penetration, chlamydia cells turn into reticular bodies - a biological form that actively reproduces; During this period, chlamydia is sensitive to antibacterial therapy. This feature explains the tendency of this type of infection to have a long-term chronic course.

Diseases in humans are caused by four types of chlamydia, one of them is Chlamydia trachomatis . This species has several varieties (serotypes), each of which is prone to damage to one or another organ. Chlamydia trachomatis infects certain types of cells that line the lining of the urethra, the inside of the cervix in women, the back of the pharynx, the lining of the rectum, the conjunctiva of the eyes, and the respiratory tract of children in the first months of their life.

Chlamydia infection occurs as a result of direct contact of the mucous membranes with the pathogen, usually during unprotected sexual intercourse. Newborns can become infected during the birth canal.

The incubation period from the moment of infection to the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease lasts from 7 to 20 days or more. Sometimes visible signs do not develop. This is either an asymptomatic carriage, or cases where the symptoms of the disease are invisible, but the structures and functions of the tissues are slowly impaired (persistent form of the disease).

In women, chlamydial infection most often occurs in the form of inflammation of the cervical canal, from where it passes into the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes. Inflammation of the fallopian tubes (salpingitis) is the most common complication of chlamydia and can lead to obstruction of the fallopian tubes and ultimately to infertility or tubal (ectopic) pregnancy. The peculiarity of chlamydia of the uterine appendages is the tendency to the absence of specific symptoms of the disease and a long course. In some cases, the infection spreads higher to the abdominal organs.

In men, chlamydia can be present as inflammation of the urethra (urethritis) and vas deferens (epididymitis). Sometimes inflammation of the prostate gland (prostatitis) occurs.

Between 5 and 20% of pregnant women have a chlamydial infection of the cervical canal. Approximately half of the children born to them become infected during childbirth. Half of infected children develop chlamydial conjunctivitis, and 10% develop pneumonia.

During sexual intercourse, chlamydial infection can cause an acute inflammatory disease - lymphogranuloma venereum. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes enlarge and the state of health becomes impaired. In the future, complications associated with changes in the genitals and rectum are possible.

Chlamydia infection is accompanied by the production of antibodies (immunoglobulins) in the body: IgM, IgA, IgG. The production of each of them is associated with a certain stage of the infectious process, so that by their appearance and quantity in the blood one can judge the stage of the disease.

IgG antibodies appear 3-4 weeks after the initial infection with chlamydia and continue to be detected throughout the disease, as well as for a long time after recovery. Thus, a positive IgG test result indicates that chlamydia infection occurred at least 3-4 weeks ago.

What is the research used for?

15. To determine the stage of the disease with symptoms of chlamydial infection.
16. To establish the fact of infection with chlamydia in the past (as to determine the causes of diseases that may be a consequence of chlamydial infection: infertility, ectopic pregnancy).

When is the study scheduled?

17. For symptoms of chlamydial infection. In women, this is discharge from the genital tract, burning, itching in the genital area, pain in the lower abdomen. In men - burning when urinating, discharge from the urethra, pain, itching in the genital area.
18. If you need to determine the stage of chlamydial infection.
19. If it is necessary to establish the fact of infection with chlamydia (for diseases that may be a consequence of chlamydial infection: infertility, ectopic pregnancy.

CP (positivity coefficient): 0 - 0.99.

The results of the analysis indicate the stage of development of the disease and make it possible to establish the fact of infection with chlamydia in the past.

Reasons for the positive result:

20. infection with chlamydia or an exacerbation of the disease occurred more than 3-4 weeks ago.

Reasons for negative results:

21. there is no chlamydia infection (if the test result for IgA and IgM is also negative);
22. complete recovery (if the test result for IgA and IgM is negative).

• A negative test result can be obtained if less than two weeks have passed from the onset of the infectious process.

Who orders the study?

General practitioner, therapist, obstetrician-gynecologist, pediatrician, neonatologist, infectious disease specialist.

It is an infectious disease of the respiratory system that is caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Determining the type of pathogen is of great importance in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, since each of them is sensitive to a certain category of drugs. Most often, the pathological process is caused by pneumococci and staphylococci, but other types of bacteria are also found, in particular mycoplasma pneumonia. What is pneumonia caused by this pathogen, and how to treat it?

Mycoplasma is a bacterium that can cause genitourinary and respiratory infections. The list of varieties of this microorganism includes Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which causes respiratory mycoplasmosis.

The bacterium is usually transmitted by airborne droplets, but the endogenous route of infection is also encountered. Mycoplasma is present in the body of every person, and under favorable conditions (immunodeficiency states, pathologies of the respiratory system, tumor processes of the blood) begins to actively multiply. This type of disease is diagnosed in 20% of people with pneumonia, and most often it affects children under 5 years of age and young people, and in patients over 35 it is observed quite rarely.

The incubation period of mycoplasma pneumonia is from 1 to 3 weeks, symptoms resemble those of the flu or pharyngitis, and include:

• temperature rise to 37-37.5 degrees;
• sore throat, dry cough;
• nasal congestion;
• headaches, muscle and joint pain;
• skin rash;
• enlarged lymph nodes;
• deterioration in general health.

As a rule, symptoms increase gradually, but there is an acute onset of the disease with manifestations of intoxication of the body. A characteristic sign of mycoplasma pneumonia is a dry, debilitating cough with the release of a small amount of viscous sputum. It lasts for at least 10-15 days after infection of the body, and sometimes can last up to 4-6 weeks, since mycoplasma causes obstruction of the respiratory tract.

IMPORTANT! Mycoplasma pneumonia belongs to the category of atypical forms of the disease, and usually occurs in a severe form - due to the special structure of the bacterium, which resembles the structure of the cells of the human body, antibodies to it begin to be produced quite late.

How to determine the disease

Diagnosis of mycoplasma pneumonia requires special attention, since the signs of the disease resemble those of other respiratory infections. To identify the pathogen and make an accurate diagnosis, a number of instrumental and clinical studies are required.

1. External examination and listening of the chest. The classic manifestations of pneumonia (fever, cough) in the mycoplasma form of the disease are not too pronounced, but extrapulmonary symptoms are present - skin rash, muscle and joint pain, sometimes pain in the ears and eyes. When listening to the chest, rare medium or fine bubbles are heard, which indicates the presence of fluid in the lungs and bronchi.
2. , MRI, CT. The X-ray shows a noticeable increase in the pattern of the lungs with typical foci of infiltration for the disease, which, as a rule, are located in the lower part of the lungs. Sometimes, to clarify the diagnosis and identify concomitant pathologies, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is required.
3. General blood analysis. A clinical blood test determines moderate leukocytosis and a slight increase in ESR (with mycoplasma pneumonia, signs of a pathological process in a general blood test are less pronounced than with pneumonia of bacterial origin).
4. PCR. The polymerase chain reaction, or PCR method, is one of the most informative ways to detect mycoplasma pneumoniae in the body. It allows you to find fragments of pathogenic microorganisms in the material under study (a sample of a patient’s venous blood), isolate them from others and multiply them, which allows you to accurately determine the causative agent of the pathological process.

REFERENCE! Other methods that are used to identify other forms of pneumonia (for example, sputum examination) are not used for mycoplasma pneumonia, as they have no diagnostic value.

Antibodies IgA, IgM and IgG if detected

After Mycoplasma pneumonia enters the respiratory tract, the body begins to produce specific immunoglobulins, which can be detected by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).

This is the most informative diagnostic method, which allows you to determine not only the presence of the disease, but also the features of its clinical picture - acute, chronic form or re-infection.

There are three types of antibodies that can be tested positive to determine the presence of infection - IgA, IgM and IgG, what does this mean?

Immediately after infection, the production of IgM immunoglobulins begins, and after 5-7 days - IgG antibodies, and their level remains elevated longer than the IgM titer, and during recovery it decreases significantly. The production of IgA proteins begins last, after the appearance of IgG, and continues for a year or more.

To make an accurate diagnosis, immunoglobulins IgM and IgG are detected; it is recommended to take the test 1-4 weeks after the onset of the disease at least twice (a single measurement of antibody levels does not give a reliable result). The presence of the disease is indicated by a dynamic increase in the level of IgM antibodies, as well as an increase in the concentration of IgG proteins in samples taken sequentially at intervals of at least 2 weeks. An increased titer of IgA immunoglobulins indicates an acute or chronic course of mycoplasma pneumonia, as well as re-infection.

IMPORTANT! Diagnosis of the pathological process caused by mycoplasma pneumonia must be comprehensive and include anamnesis collection, analysis of symptoms and complaints, as well as determination of IgM and IgG antibodies.

Healing methods

Pneumonia caused by mycoplasma can lead to serious complications, so treatment should be started immediately after diagnosis. The basis of treatment in adults and children is, as a rule, from the group of macrolides, but in the presence of contraindications and allergic reactions, drugs from other groups can be prescribed, and the course lasts at least 2 weeks.

Along with antimicrobial agents, doctors prescribe antipyretics, painkillers, antihistamines, etc. In addition, patients need bed rest, a diet high in vitamins and microelements, and drinking plenty of fluids.

During the recovery period, special attention should be paid to rehabilitation measures - massage, therapeutic exercises, walks in the fresh air, spa treatment. This is especially true for children, the elderly and patients who have suffered a severe form of pneumonia, accompanied by deterioration of respiratory function.

Anti-Chlamydophila pneumonia-IgG

Where is it held: Tone

Deadline: 6 working days

+ Collection of material 200 rub.

+ Test collection at home from an adult (Nizhny Novgorod only) 200 rub.

Description Preparation Indications Interpretation of results

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a bacterium that exists inside cells due to the fact that it cannot independently synthesize energy resources for its vital functions. Chlamydia pneumonia primarily affects the upper respiratory tract and causes bronchitis, otitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and sinusitis. In young people (including children) it can cause pneumonia. In older people it causes recurrent pathology of the respiratory system. The role of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the development of some autoimmune diseases, as well as participation in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and atherosclerosis is considered. The infectious agent is transmitted from person to person mainly by airborne droplets. Usually, this happens in crowded groups.

The clinical picture is often asymptomatic, and the incubation period is quite difficult to determine. The disease can manifest itself many days after infection with chlamydia pneumonia. Often the microorganism persists in the respiratory system.

Pneumonia caused by chlamydia pneumonia does not cause a typical picture - there are no specific clinical manifestations. In this case, pneumonia begins gradually with an inflammatory process of the upper respiratory tract, an increase in fever and a dry cough. A radiograph in such patients can reveal segmental infiltrates; a general blood test may not show an increase in leukocytes. The clinical picture in older people can be very severe, requiring urgent hospitalization in a hospital.

This microorganism is difficult to isolate by culture, so the most effective diagnostic methods are PCR and determination of antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia IgG, IgM, IgA. The incubation period for this pathogen is long – usually several weeks. IgM appears 3 weeks after infection and decreases within two months. IgA and IgG to chlamydia pneumonia begin to be detected 6-8 weeks after the onset of the disease, while titers quickly increase and reach high levels. IgA soon ceases to be detected in the blood serum. IgG to chlamydia pneumonia can be detected within 3 years after infection; stable immunity to the pathogen does not arise, so repeated cases of the disease may occur.

The current disease (or recently suffered) is indicated by an increase in the titer of IgG antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia by 3-4 times in paired sera over 1-2 weeks. Long-term persistence of high titers may be a sign of chronic infection. To diagnose a respiratory infection caused by chlamydia, it is necessary, in addition to testing for IgG antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia, to pass other serological tests and a PCR test.

In order to take the test for IgG antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia, no special preparation is required. Blood sampling should be done four hours after the last meal.

You should be tested for IgG antibodies to chlamydia pneumonia in the following cases:

• If an infectious process caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae is suspected (in the presence of prolonged cough, pharyngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis)
• For epidemiological research

Results of the IgG test for chlamydia pneumonia:

• “Negative” means no infection with this pathogen, or means an early period of infection.
• “Doubtful” - the result cannot be reliably attributed (with a high degree of probability - 95%) to the results of “negative” or “positive”. This option is possible at the beginning of the disease, when the level of IgG to chlamydia pneumonia is too low. In this case, it is recommended to re-test IgG to chlamydia pneumonia after 10-14 days and evaluate the dynamics.
• “Positive” – current or past infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae.