Functional (tactical) level of management

Functional The management level provides solutions to problems that require preliminary analysis of information prepared at the first level. IAS at this level is intended for middle managers and specialists (heads of services, departments, workshops, shift supervisor, section supervisor, research assistants, etc.). The main task is the tactical management of the company in solving the main functions in a given field of activity.

At this level, a management function such as analysis becomes of great importance. The volume of tasks to be solved decreases, but their complexity increases. At the same time, it is not always possible to develop the necessary solution quickly; additional time is required for analysis, comprehension, collection of missing information, etc. Management is associated with some delay from the moment of receiving information to making decisions and their implementation, as well as from the moment of implementing decisions to receiving a reaction to them.

Example

Based on the analysis of statistical data on demand for products, prices of competitors, etc., profits are forecast and a product release plan is developed for the next period (week, month, quarter). The results of management decisions appear after some time.

Strategic level of management

Strategic level ensures the development of management decisions aimed at achieving the long-term strategic goals of the organization. At this level of management, the IAS serves senior managers of the organization, whose main task is strategic planning of the enterprise’s activities in the market and coordination of intra-company management tactics. Other management functions at this level are currently not fully developed.

The strategic level of management is often called strategic or long-term planning. The legitimacy of a decision made at this level can be confirmed after a sufficiently long time (months or years). The responsibility for making management decisions at this level is extremely high and is determined not only by the results of analysis using mathematical and special tools, but also by the professional intuition of managers.

8. Communications

I repeat that the connection between the APCs installed on vehicles is supported by two communication systems: the TI information network (Tactical Internet), using the EPLRS and SINGARS radio communication systems, and the Inmarsat mobile satellite communication system (PSC-5 stations Spitfire range 225-400 MHz). At the same time, to ensure satellite communications while on the move, control points of reconnaissance units and brigade command post vehicles are equipped with special stabilized satellite antennas

Transportable VHF radios installed on a HMMWV vehicle

Portable HF radios and data transmission equipment (ADT) range installed on an HMMWV vehicle

Communication between the brigade's command post and higher-level control bodies and the command post of neighboring brigades is carried out either through a small regional communication center (CC) of the regional public communication system Enhanced MSE "Advanced MSE", which has a "mesh" structure and is built on asynchronous delivery mode switches, or through JNN communication system. Communication of the FBCB2 system complexes located at the brigade command post with automated workstations in the brigade units is carried out via radio communication channels through the EPLRS TRT and SINCGARS SIP radio stations.

The picture shows one of the HMMWV vehicles of the brigade's communications company with communications equipment installed on it. Microwave radio antennas are visible on the roof to provide communication with the system’s wearable complexes.

Planning, configuration and reconfiguration of the network in the brigade-battalion link is carried out under the control of the ISYSCON system software (Integrated Systems Management Software, version 4).

Data in communication networks connecting the workstation of the FBCB2 system is transmitted under the control of IP protocols, adapted in accordance with the requirements and operating conditions of radio communication networks at the tactical control level. Within the brigade and battalion command post (when they are located on site), all communications and system facilities are interconnected in a LAN using wired means.
The brigade's command post vehicles are connected to each other and to the regional communication center of the Enhanced MSE system via a fiber-optic communication line (FOCL) with a capacity of 100 Mbit/s. The regional computer network, covering the brigade and battalion command posts, is built on the basis of NTDR radio stations and JNN communication terminals. In addition, NTDR radios provide backup communication channels for the brigade and above command level.

VHF digital multichannel station block

Blocks of radio stations, data transmission devices and GPS receiver antenna used in the system

Directional Antenna Deployment

9. Software

The software of the FBCB2 system is its key element.
The FBCB2 application software includes the “Enhanced Battle Command” (EBC) software package, which is a RAM-resident program and, together with other application software, ensures the interaction of the processor unit and the display unit, as well as general computer functioning processes.

The EBC software package performs the functions of database management, communications, processing and displaying a map of the combat situation, message processing to ensure the operation of application software interfaces, as well as transport and network level interfaces of the Tactical Internet network. The EBC software package in each command post vehicle interacts via a local network with the command post switch, and through the switch with the internet controller of the command post vehicle.

All computer platforms of the system use the same set of application software. The AN/UYK-128 computer processing unit, interfaced with the Internet controller, interacts with it under the control of the TCP transmission control protocols and the UDP user data protocol.

Main window displaying the topographical basis and location of the object (tactical sign in the center of the screen)

In the FBCB2 system, a variable text message format “Variable Message Format” (VMF) is used to send and receive information, regardless of the affiliation of the recipient - the sender. Currently, the VMF format is approved as the main one for the transmission of text messages in the email system of the higher-level automated control system ABCS. In addition, the rapid distribution of digital maps and video images of the area and their scaling are ensured.

The user interface allows you to automatically prepare a variety of formalized reports relating to logistics issues, medical evacuation, notification of radiation-biological and chemical attacks, prepare and transmit a short text and graphic message about observed enemy actions.

Display of the supply status of the medical platoon of the 1st battalion of the 32nd infantry regiment. (All positions – 0% security)

The operator of the FBCB2 workstation can choose different methods and scales for displaying a digital map or an aerial photograph (video image) of the area, displaying a part of a single (general) picture of the tactical situation intended for a given operator, scaled for the appropriate level of control.

Display of the tactical situation against the background of an electronic map of the area.

Maps of different scales and with personal backgrounds allow you to see the location of each vehicle in the brigade or only the vehicles of your platoon or company. In addition, the digital map can display other data on the tactical situation - the deployment of rear units, minefields, security corridors, etc. This display of situational data allows you to quickly navigate the terrain and the situation at night or in conditions of limited visibility, as well as achieve a positional advantage over the enemy.

Information about the combat situation, for example about the location of the enemy, is entered by the squad leader into the system and, using the SINCGARS ASIP radio station via an Internet controller, is sent to the tactical radio terminal (TRT) of the platoon or company EPLRS system for further distribution on the network.

Each brigade ground vehicle transmits its location data obtained using the Navstar system to the FBCB2 network.
In addition, many platforms have EPLRS TPT systems, which also automatically determine their own location based on measuring the difference in the transit time of radio signals. The software automatically selects the best quality TRT location data from these two sources.

Examples of displaying the tactical situation and the position of objects against the background of aerial photographs

In the event that dense foliage, weather conditions, terrain or other factors prevent the reception of a signal from Navstar satellites, location data obtained from the multifunctional EPLRS system is used.

In general, the FBCB2 system software at the brigade level and below ensures the following tasks:
- providing constantly updated current information about the combat situation, the state and actions of friendly troops and enemy forces, filtered by command level, echelon and location of the subscriber;
- determining the geographical location of the subscriber (if he is in the air, the flight altitude is also determined);
- displaying a map of the tactical situation on the monitor screen;
- compilation and automated distribution in electronic format of formalized messages and confirmations of receipt of messages, orders and instructions, requests for fire support, target designations and orders to fire, warning signals, operational reports;
- formation and overlay on the electronic map of the combat situation of terrain elements, obstacles, reconnaissance data, operational standards, geometric data, diagrams - applications to combat orders;
- exchange between the components of the FBCB2 automated control system and other elements of the ABCS automated control system in a semi-automatic mode of selected data that is critical for the execution of the combat mission.

From other subsystems of the ABCS automated control system, the FBCB2 system receives in electronic form the following data that is important for solving the combat mission:
- from the army corps logistics support system (CSSCS) - location of supply points;
- from the automated control system for the actions of formations, units and subunits of the army corps (MCS) - combat orders and diagrams - appendices to combat orders;
- from the ACS for field artillery fire (AFATDS) - messages about fire support;
- from the automated control system for processing and analyzing intelligence data - data with intelligence results;
- from the military air defense automated control system (AMDPCS) - air situation data, including warnings about the threat of air attack;

The FBCB2 system, in turn, transmits the following data to the ABCS automated control system:
- in the CSSCS automated control system - information about the state of material and technical supplies generalized to the company level;
- in the MCS ACS - situational awareness data and geographical position of ground forces and army aviation units (in the air);
- in the ASAS automated control system - data on situational awareness and the geographical position of ground forces and army aviation units (in the air), as well as intelligence reports;
- in the AFATDS automated control system - requests for fire support and messages about the results of fire support.

The picture of the tactical situation is constantly updated, and using dynamic filter settings, without operator intervention, it is displayed on the FBCB2 screens in the form of a map of the combat situation. Many automatic features minimize the need for operator input of data or commands via the keyboard. Any operator can contact any serviceman in the brigade based on the task he is solving, and not on his position in the network.

However, the most serious drawback of the system is the fact that the situation and location of objects at the brigade level and below, displayed by FBCB2 software, cannot be displayed by higher-level software without their preliminary manual processing.

The screenshots below show the position of objects in the area of ​​the Baghdad airport, displayed by means of FBCB2 software and by means of automated control system software of a higher authority (possibly 4 md control).

Displaying the location of individual objects (combat and other equipment) of the brigade level and below, using FBCB2 software against the background of an aerial photograph

Pay attention to the different interface of the programs used to display the tactical situation:

Display of the tactical situation (position of units) against the background of an aerial photograph in the area of ​​the Baghdad airport using software used by the senior management body after manual data processing.

10. Prospects

It is bad form for Americans to stop there.
Therefore, efforts are currently underway in the US Army and Marine Corps to improve situational awareness across the board, down to the squad leader (individual soldier) level. At the same time, those complexes of the system hardware that are planned to be installed on transport and combat platforms are being improved, including those that are more “advanced” (compared to the HMMWV family of vehicles) in the pictures below:

According to American experts, new hardware and software systems should provide timely, adaptable command, control and situational awareness (C2) services for all levels of tactical management, which will expand the possibilities of using tactical units.

The goal of implementing the Joint Battle Command-Platform is to achieve complete information interaction between aviation, ground combat vehicles, soldiers in unit combat formations, sea-based platforms and higher-level control systems. JBC-P is the basis for achieving interoperability between interoperable combat units.

Currently, system developers are testing various options for wearable computer platforms. Work to select the best option will last until November 2012.

Below are several wearable options for hardware-software systems and information display devices from various manufacturers.

In addition to these efforts, the US Marine Corps has planned to implement and deploy a portable, personal system known as C2CE (Command and Control Compact Edition), which is essentially a software application for Windows Mobile wireless gadgets and provides soldiers with navigation and intelligence information. The system also allows the commander to view and edit the common tactical picture, but unlike JBC-P, which includes hardware, software and network solutions, C2CE is just an application program for smartphones and PDAs. As stated, both systems will be completely information compatible.

Having assessed the direction of development of these systems as promising, many American companies, on their own initiative, began to develop secure personal and mobile computers. For example, Lockheed Martin announced in early June 2010 the development of a secure tactical personal computer (Tactical Digital Assistant) for field units. The computer must be capable of installing both FBCB2 software and JBC-P applications and be capable of processing and transmitting classified information across tactical unit networks. Computer and network performance must be sufficient to transmit streaming video and process information from tactical sensors.
As for the interaction of the FBCB2 system with other automated control systems of the US Armed Forces, the solution to the problem of practical implementation of the key provisions of the “network-centric” concept of “control of combat operations based on a single information and communication space” (USCD UICS) lies in the plane of the comprehensive implementation of the latest digital technologies in the formation of integrated information and computing networks of various sizes with each other - from local to global, with high mobility, bandwidth and speed of deployment.
The unified information and communication system in the US Armed Forces is created taking into account centrally developed plans for the formation of an organizational structure, hardware and software, based on technological achievements in the commercial sphere and adapted for use in adverse environmental conditions, both in command and control units and on board combat and supporting platforms. According to the views of American military scientists, the fulfillment of the above requirements should lead to the formation of such a new operational-strategic concept as the “infosphere of the theater of operations.” which takes the form of a network of networks, “all-encompassing, completely unbroken, covering all space from the surface of the Earth to outer space.”

However, for all tactical-level control systems, the critical issue in solving this problem still remains the issue of communication channel capacity.
However, the implementation of this global task must ensure in full:
- distribution of data according to the tactical situation;
- increasing navigation capabilities, accuracy of determining geographical position;
- coordinating the actions of forces, clearly indicating the plan, the commander’s intentions and maneuver patterns;
- improvement of logistics management/use of materials;
- the ability of the technical means of the control system to operate in motion;
- better integration of various technical reconnaissance equipment (sensors) into the complex of technical support of the control system;
- reducing the likelihood of your own troops being hit by your own fire;
- designation of subsequent goals (tasks);
- concentration of effort/fire;
- improvement of combat planning;
- adding additional tools that can be used when developing and making decisions.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the US Army command highly appreciates the results of the use of automated control and communication systems in conflicts of the late 20th - early 21st centuries and is interested in their further improvement by creating a unified infrastructure that will significantly improve the interaction of control bodies at all levels and improve the quality of their decisions. commanders of decisions and their communication to subordinates, to ensure the achievement of overwhelming superiority over any enemy.

When preparing the article, information from the following sites was used:
http://www.flickr.com/
http://www.slideserve.com/
http://defense-update.com/
http://defense-systems.ru/
http://government.fizteh.ru/
http://pentagonus.ru/

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Tactical level information is obtained through further processing of operational data. Previously processed data is summarized or presented in a different context.

Tactical level objectives are to increase enterprise efficiency and customer satisfaction, as well as ensure new customers have confidence in the company's capabilities.

They provide a tactical level of protection and are good at keeping conversations away from prying, random ears with limited resources, be it neighbors or co-workers.

These generalized commands are translated into the language of the tactical level, taking into account information about the properties of the external environment, work objects and the manipulator, and possible options for achieving a given goal are determined and compared according to optimization criteria. The strategic level of management is still impossible without human participation.

These generalized commands are translated into the language of the tactical level, taking into account information about the properties of the external environment, work objects and the manipulator, and possible options for achieving a given goal are determined and compared according to optimization criteria. The strategic level of management is not yet possible without human participation.

Strategic-level tasks are usually assigned to a special coordinating agent, and tactical-level tasks are solved in parallel by the robots as agents. As a result of multi-agent control, the reliability, adaptability and performance of PCs in a changing environment with obstacles significantly increases.

From here, this plan in the form of a specific algorithm of movements, highlighting tactical subgoals and the sequence of their achievement, descends for implementation to dynamic levels. On the tactical level, continuous monitoring is carried out and, if necessary, prompt adjustment of the specified algorithms when the real situation changes.

The tactical level is the highest level of control for such purposeful movements, implementing them by breaking them down into simpler movements, which are then mindlessly executed by the underlying executive levels. Depending on what information is needed, control actions from the tactical level are sent to various lower levels. For example, the movements of a surgeon, since visual information is required, are implemented through the third level of dynamic control, knitting, where only internal information is needed, is realized through the second level, and writing is implemented largely directly through the first level.

One of them is associated with traditions dating back to the GPS system, and aims to create integral robots equipped with general artificial intelligence. Another trend is attempts to develop much narrower, highly specialized systems to reproduce such functions as the ability to use language close to natural, recognize and understand simple scenes, build logically simple movements of a tactical level such as regional ones [1, p. Needless to say, in In the future, both trends are assumed to complement each other.

The criterion of optimality when assessing the degree of achievement of the goal is the feeling of satisfaction of the corresponding basic need. At the strategic level, the selected main goal can be divided into separate subgoals, which, as they are achieved, are sequentially presented at the tactical level as independent goals. The work of the tactical level, as mentioned above, begins each time with the formation of models of the environment and the organism, focused on the next goal, and with the release from memory of previously worked out corresponding action plans, in which this goal in turn is divided into smaller tactical subgoals.

Accounting methods sometimes cause a lot of trouble for managers involved in managing costs. The main responsibility assigned to the accountant is to accurately account for all assets in accordance with an extremely regulated, formal, set of methods prescribed by the charter. An accountant, of course, can and should provide managers with information that will assist them in effectively managing operations, but this responsibility is secondary to accounting for the organization's assets. Therefore, the information intended for the accounting system and strategic financial decision-making does not necessarily correspond to the needs of the tactical level.

The information space is forged by all participants. The most important political player is the press, so he had to think day and night about the minds and souls, the small needs and the big needs of the 20 journalists covering this campaign. And this is again a significant shift, when talking about becomes as much a political reality as political reality itself. And it turned out that one cannot focus only on television, which probably rather sets the tactical level of influence, while the strategic level still remains with the press.

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is based on automated data processing and the implementation of models that help solve individual, mostly loosely structured problems (for example, making decisions about investments, sales markets, etc.). The main goals of the tactical level of leadership include:
ensuring the sustainable functioning of the organization as a whole;
building capacity for organizational development;
creation and adjustment of basic work plans and order implementation schedules based on the potential accumulated during the development of the organization.
To make tactical decisions, information technology must provide line managers with the information necessary to make individual or group tactical decisions. Typically, such decisions are important over a certain time interval (month, quarter, year).
The tactical level of decision making by middle management is used for monitoring (constant surveillance), control, decision making and administration. The main functions that are performed on the basis of automated information technology are: comparing current indicators with past ones, drawing up periodic reports for a certain period, providing access to archived information, making tactical management decisions, etc.
The functioning of information technology in the context of medium-term tactical planning is based on the use of models that reflect real factors and conditions for the possible development of the activities of organizations and enterprises; the external requirements of suppliers and consumers are largely taken into account. However, in this circuit, external information exactly corresponds to possible and practically feasible directions of development of organizations and enterprises, which increases the level of certainty of data and the model of the management system.
To support tactical decision making in a company's information technology, tools such as databases, knowledge processing systems, decision support systems, etc. are used.
One of the tools for making tactical decisions, currently, are decision support systems that serve semi-structured tasks, the results of which are difficult to predict in advance. Decision support systems have a fairly powerful analytical apparatus with several models. The main characteristics of such systems are:
the ability to solve problems whose development is difficult to predict;
availability of modeling and analysis tools;
the ability to easily change the formulation of problems to be solved and input data;
flexibility and ability to adapt to changing conditions;
technology that is maximally user-oriented.

More on topic 2. Tactical level of decision making:

1. Lecture 2. Decision making problem. Basic concepts of decision theory

From the point of view of target orientation and significance in business management, planning is classified into strategic, tactical (current) and operational.

Strategic planning carried out on the basis of the strategy adopted by the company and the corresponding strategic goals established. This means that first, based on the analysis and forecast of changes in factors of the external and internal environment, a strategy for the company’s behavior in business is developed, the period for implementing the strategy and the desired strategic goals are established (through a system of quantitative characteristics), and then strategic plans are developed - corporate (for the company as a whole ) and functional (marketing, production, financial, personnel, economic, etc.).

As a rule, strategic planning is focused on the future and covers the long or medium term.

Achieving strategic goals requires significant financial, material and labor resources, therefore, a gradual movement towards the set goals is envisaged through a system of tactical, or current, planning.

Tactical planning is a set of planned decisions (tasks) aimed at achieving strategic goals in a given period of time (usually an annual, sometimes two-year period). With the help of ongoing planning, consistent progress towards the intended strategic characteristics is ensured. As we gradually move towards the goals, real results are taken into account and strategic goals or their quantitative indicators are adjusted.

For example, a corporate strategic goal is to achieve a market share of 10% within four years. The firm's current market share is 6%. The ongoing planning process determines what needs to be done in each annual period to ensure timely achievement of the strategic goal at minimal cost to the company.

In the process of tactical planning, intermediate goals for the next planning period are specified, taking into account the already existing (and not predicted) factors of the external and internal environment of the company, which reduces the degree of uncertainty compared to strategic planning. To enhance the focus of the daily activities of the company's team, operational planning is used.

Operational planning aimed at achieving intermediate targets of tactical plans drawn up for a short period (usually up to a month). In the process of operational planning, daily, weekly, ten-day and monthly tasks are established and daily dispatch of these tasks is carried out. With the help of operational meetings, the activities of all employees (or services) of the company are monitored and regulated. Within the framework of operational planning, the uncertainty in planning decisions is practically reduced, although the probabilistic nature of achieving planned results remains.

The goals facing the organization can be classified as follows.

1. According to sources:

External goals that take into account the needs of the broader social community within which the organization operates;

Internal goals are the goals of the team itself, focused on meeting its needs. They are formed either as a resultant or as a coinciding part of the individual goals of its participants, which greatly facilitates the management process.

2. From the point of view of complexity:

Simple;

Complex goals, which in turn are broken down into subgoals.

3. By degree of importance:

Strategic goals are focused on solving promising large-scale problems that qualitatively change the face of the organization, for example, occupying a leading position in its field of activity;

Tactical goals reflect individual stages of achieving strategic ones, for example, carrying out major repairs. They are operational (annual plan goals) and operational (current tasks).

4. But the validity period:

Long-term goals (over five years);

Medium-term (from one to five years);

Short-term (up to one year). Short-term goals are characterized by much greater detail and specification of the necessary actions than long-term ones, and they themselves are subgoals on the path to implementing long-term goals.

Technological;

Economic;

Production;

Administrative;

Marketing;

Scientific and technical;

Social.

Technological goals include computerization, the introduction of flexible technologies, and the construction of new industrial buildings

An example of economic goals is strengthening the financial stability of the organization, increasing the profitability of work, increasing the market value of share capital.

Production goals may be to produce a certain volume of goods and services, improve their quality, increase production efficiency, and reduce costs.

Administrative goals presuppose, for example, achieving high controllability of the organization, reliable interaction between employees, good discipline, and coherence in work.

Marketing goals are related to conquering certain sales markets, attracting new buyers and clients, extending the life cycle of goods and services, achieving price leadership, etc.

Scientific and technical goals are fixed on the creation and introduction into production of new product models and improvement of existing ones, bringing them to the level of requirements of world standards.

Social goals focus on creating favorable working and rest conditions for employees.

6. In terms of priority:

Necessary goals, the achievement of which decisively affects the position of the organization, division or individual employee;

Desirable goals, the implementation of which allows to improve the situation to a certain extent and create additional guarantees of stability;

Possible goals, the achievement of which does not change anything at the moment.

7. By direction:

For the final result, for example, the release of a certain volume of products;

To carry out certain activities, for example, advanced training;

To achieve a certain state of the control object, for example, reconstruction of an enterprise.

8. According to the form of expression:

Goals characterized by quantitative indicators (for example, obtaining a certain volume of production);

Goals described qualitatively (for example, achieving a favorable moral and psychological climate in the team, which cannot be measured by anything)

9. In terms of interaction features:

Indifferent towards each other;

Competing;

Complementary (complementary);

Excluding each other (antagonistic);

Matching (identical).

10. By level:

General organizational and specific goals