BSE first edition. TSB - Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AV)

Language: Russian Publisher: Soviet encyclopedia The year of publishing: 1969 / 1978 Total number of articles: 95279 Number of portraits: 3701 Number of cards: 524 Illustrations: There is Black and white illustrations: Yes Color illustrations: Yes Number of pages: 19774 Number of illustrations in the text: 29120 Binding: solid Previous edition: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. 2nd edition. In volume 51 Authors/editors: Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich See newsgroup: Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GSE) is one of the largest and most authoritative universal encyclopedias in the world.

The 1970-1978 edition is the third edition.

A total of 30 volumes were published (the 24th volume is in two books, the second is entirely devoted to the USSR). The third edition, compared to its predecessors, is the most free from ideological layers. The authors and editors of the encyclopedia managed to concentrate in it truly the entire wealth of knowledge accumulated by humanity over millennia. This edition of TSB pays great attention to philosophical problems of natural science, the growing influence of the physical and chemical sciences on all branches of natural science and technology, as well as the widespread use of mathematical methods in economics, sociology, linguistics and other branches of knowledge.

The encyclopedia is beautifully illustrated, the volumes contain intaglio printing inserts, color letterpress inserts, color offset printing inserts, insert maps, color map inserts, maps, illustrations and diagrams in the text.

The information collected in the TSB remains overwhelmingly relevant today. What is “obsolete” is of enduring historical interest. The information value of the TSB can be recognized by the fact that in 1973-1983 the famous Anglo-American publishing house Macmillan undertook the translation and publication of the encyclopedia in English long before the completion of the original edition in Russian.

In 1957-1990, the second and then the third edition was annually supplemented by the one-volume “Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.” They published updated data about the USSR and other countries, information about important events that took place in the world, and fresh biographical information. A total of 34 issues of the yearbook were published.

In accordance with the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee (February 2, 1967), since 1967 the preparation of the 3rd edition of the TSB has been underway. The publication contains 30 volumes (volume No. 24 in two books). An additional volume (the second book of volume 24) of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia is dedicated to the Soviet Union. The third edition was published between 1969 and 1978 with a circulation of about 630 thousand copies. In 1981, an “Alphabetical Name Index” was published for the third edition of the TSB (circulation 50 thousand copies).

Despite the fact that the 3rd edition is smaller in volume than the 2nd (3.5 thousand author's sheets), it contains 95,279 articles, 29,120 illustrations, 3,701 portraits and 524 color maps. The editor-in-chief is academician A. M. Prokhorov (since 1969).

Compared to the second edition of TSB, the publication pays great attention to philosophical problems of natural science, physical and chemical sciences, as well as mathematical methods in economics, sociology, linguistics and other branches of knowledge.

The third edition of the encyclopedia was translated into English and published by the American publishing house Macmillan Publishers Ltd. in 1973-1982. Also, the third edition of the TSB was translated into Greek. The methodological experience of TSB was used in the preparation of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions in 1928-60), other universal reference books, including the one-volume Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (4 editions in 1979-91), the two-volume Great Encyclopedic Dictionary (1991), and contributed to the development encyclopedic work in the country.
In 2001, the 3rd edition of TSB was reissued on compact discs (3 CDs) by Autopan.

The articles in the first 10 volumes (from “A” to “Italics”), published before 1973, are in the public domain in the United States, but are protected by Copyright Law in Russia. The rights to the publication belong to the legal successor of the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" - the state publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia" (BRE).

The rights to the electronic publication are transferred under contracts to several companies - in particular, the exclusive rights to the online publication belong to the Russ Portal company - the owners of the Rubrikon website, and the rights to the multimedia (CD-ROM) publication belong to the New Disk company, etc.

T. 1: A - Engob. - 1970. - 608 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 2: Angola - Barzas. - 1970. - 632 p. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 3: Bari - Bracelet. - 1970. - 640 p. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 4: Brasos - Wesh. - 1971. - 600 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 5: Veshin - Gazli. - 1971. - 640 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 6: Gaslift - Gogolevo. - 1971. - 624 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 7: Gogol - Debit. - 1972. - 608 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 8: Debtor - Eucalyptus. - 1972. - 592 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 9: Euclid - Ibsen. - 1972. - 624 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 10: Willow - Italics. - 1972. - 597 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 11: Italy - Kvarkush. - 1973. - 608 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 12: Kvarner - Kongur. - 1973. - 624 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 13: Konda - Kun. - 1973. - 608 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 14: Kuna - Lomami. - 1973. - 624 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 15: Pawnshop - Mesitol. - 1974. - 632 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 16: Moesia - Morshansk. - 1974. - 616 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 17: Morshyn - Nikish. - 1974. - 616 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 18: Nikko - Otoliths. - 1974. - 632 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 19: Otomi - Plaster. - 1975. - 648 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 20: Payment - Prob. - 1975. - 608 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 21: Sample - Remens. - 1975. - 608 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 22: Belt - Safi. - 1975. - 628 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 23: Safflower - Soan. - 1976. - 640 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 24, book. 1: Dogs - String. - 1976. - 608 p. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 24, book. 2: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. - 1977. - 576 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 25: Strunino - Tikhoretsk. - 1976. - 600 p. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 26: Tardigrades - Ulyanovo. - 1977. - 622 p. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 27: Ulyanovsk - Frankfort. - 1977. - 624 p. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 28: Frankfurt - Chaga. - 1978. - 616 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 29: Chagan - Aix-les-Bains. - 1978. - 640 pp., incl. l. : ill., maps, photos.
T. 30: Bookplate - YA. - 1978. - 631 pp., 33 l. ill., cart., portrait.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia: Alphabetical index for the third edition. A - Y. - M.: Sov. Encycl., 1981. - 719 p.
Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia / Rep. ed. L. S. Shaumyan [until 1973]; S. M. Kovalev [from 1974 to 1979]; V. G. Panov [since 1980]. - M.: Sov. Encycl., 1970 - 1990.
Vol. 14: 1970. - 1970. - 608 pp.: ill.
Vol. 15: 1971. - 1971. - 644 pp.: ill.
Vol. 16: 1972. - 1972. - 624 pp.: ill.
Vol. 17: 1973. - 1973. - 640 pp.: ill.
Vol. 18: 1974. - 1974. - 620 pp.: ill.
Vol. 19: 1975. - 1975. - 656 pp.: ill.
Vol. 20: 1976. - 1976. - 624 pp.: ill.
Vol. 21: 1977. - 1977. - 640 pp.: ill.
Vol. 22: 1978. - 1978. - 592 pp.: ill.
Vol. 23: 1979. - 1979. - 576 pp.: ill.
Vol. 24: 1980. - 1980. - 582 pp.: ill.
Vol. 25: 1981. - 1981. - 624 pp.: ill.
Vol. 26: 1982. - 1982. - 600 pp.: ill.
Vol. 27: 1983. - 1983. - 584 pp.: ill.
Vol. 28: 1984. - 1984. - 584 pp.: ill.
Vol. 29: 1985. - 1985. - 576 pp.: ill.
Vol. 30: 1986. - 1986. - 575 pp.: ill.
Vol. 31: 1987. - 1987. - 607 pp.: ill.
Vol. 32: 1988. - 1988. - 592 pp.: ill.
Vol. 33: 1989. - 1989. - 592 pp.: ill. - ISBN 5-85270-004-5.
Vol. 34: 1990. - 1990. - 556 pp.: ill. - ISBN 5-85270-041-X.

Encyclopedic news:

• 01/19/2018 Encyclopedist in a van (2)
• 12.11.2017

M.: 2008. - 672 p.

Electronic version of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (without illustrations). TSB consists of 30 volumes. The encyclopedia contains more than 100,000 terms. This is the 3rd edition of TSB. The last volume of this edition was published in 1978. The encyclopedia was made over 10 years from 1969 to 1978. The encyclopedia contains more than 20 thousand pages.

Note: The archive contains 73 MB, after unzipping 193 MB. No installation required, just opens. Full screen mode or small window.

Format: exe/zip

Size: 7 2.8 MB

Download: yandex.disk

The 1969-1978 edition is the third.

A total of 30 volumes were published (the 24th volume is in two books, the second is entirely devoted to the USSR). The third edition, compared to its predecessors, is the most free from ideological layers. The authors and editors of the encyclopedia managed to concentrate in it truly the entire wealth of knowledge accumulated by humanity over millennia. This edition of TSB pays great attention to philosophical problems of natural science, the growing influence of the physical and chemical sciences on all branches of natural science and technology, as well as the widespread use of mathematical methods in economics, sociology, linguistics and other branches of knowledge.
The information collected in the TSB remains overwhelmingly relevant today. What is “obsolete” is of enduring historical interest. The information value of the TSB can be recognized by the fact that in 1973-1983 the famous Anglo-American publishing house Macmillan undertook the translation and publication of the encyclopedia in English long before the completion of the original edition in Russian.

Over the years of its existence, the Publishing House changed its name several times: 1925 - founded as a joint-stock company “Soviet Encyclopedia” to publish the 1st edition of TSB; 1930-1935 - State Dictionary and Encyclopedic Publishing House; 1935-1949 - State Institute “Soviet Encyclopedia”; 1939 - joining of the publishing house "Granat"; 1949-1959 - State scientific publishing house "Big Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1959-1963 - State scientific publishing house “Soviet Encyclopedia”; 1963 - merger with the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, editors of scientific and technical dictionaries Fizmatgiz; 1963-1991 - publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia"; 1974 - dictionary editors move to the Russian Language publishing house; since 1991 - publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia".
Great Soviet Encyclopedia:"Soviet Encyclopedia", the largest publishing house of scientific and reference literature in the USSR; is part of the system of the State Committee of the USSR Council of Ministers for Publishing, Printing and Book Trade. Located in Moscow. Founded in 1925. Established as a joint stock company “S. e." at the Comacademy of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR for the release of the 1st ed. TSB, in 1930 transformed into the State Dictionary and Encyclopedic Publishing House, in 1935-49 - the State Institute “S. e.", in 1949-1959 - State Scientific Publishing House "Big Soviet Encyclopedia", since 1959 - State Scientific Publishing House "S. e.”, since 1963 after the merger with the State Publishing House of Foreign and National Dictionaries, editors of scientific and technical dictionaries Fizmatgiz - publishing house “S. e." (in 1974 the dictionary editions became part of the Russian Language publishing house).
"WITH. e." publishes multi-volume universal and sectoral encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries, single-volume encyclopedias, reference books on various fields of science, technology, and culture. Universal encyclopedic publications - Great Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions), Small Soviet Encyclopedia (3 editions), Encyclopedic Dictionary (2 editions), TSB Yearbook (since 1957). Industry encyclopedias in social sciences - Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, Philosophical Encyclopedia, Pedagogical Encyclopedia, Economic Encyclopedia, Political Economy, Economic Life of the USSR.
Chronicle of events and facts. 1917-1965, Labor Law, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1917-1967, Africa, Leningrad, Great October Socialist Revolution, a series of reference books on foreign countries (United States of America, Pacific countries, Latin American countries, Scandinavian countries, etc.); natural science and technical encyclopedias - Large Medical Encyclopedia (3rd edition), Small Medical Encyclopedia, Agricultural Encyclopedia, Veterinary Encyclopedia, Technical Encyclopedia, Physical Encyclopedia Dictionary, Concise Chemical Encyclopedia, Concise Geographical Encyclopedia, Manufacturing Automation and Industrial Electronics, Structural Materials , Construction, Encyclopedia polymers, Atomic energy, Quantum electronics, Cosmonautics, Polytechnic dictionary, etc.; encyclopedias on literature and art - Brief Literary Encyclopedia, Theater Encyclopedia, Art of Countries and Peoples of the World, Music Encyclopedia, Film Dictionary, Circus, Encyclopedic Music Dictionary. Reference publications - Concise Encyclopedia of Household Economy, Olympic Games. For 1926-74 “S. e." 448 volumes of universal and industry encyclopedias were published with a total circulation of about 52 million copies. In 1975, the volume of publishing production amounted to 12 titles with a circulation of 3245.3 thousand copies, 225.6 million printed sheets.
Editions "S. e." enjoy great prestige both in the USSR and abroad. In a number of countries (GDR, Great Britain, etc.) the one-volume “USSR” was translated and published, in Greece the 3rd edition of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia was published, in the USA (since 1973) the 3rd edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was completely translated and published.
The publishing house was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1975).

Has gone through three editions:

• the first edition (1926-1947) consisted of 65 volumes and an additional volume “USSR” without a number;
• the second edition (1949-1958) consisted of 49 volumes, volume 50 “USSR”, additional volume 51 and volume without number “Alphabetical Index” in two books (1960);
• the third edition (1969-1978) consisted of 30 volumes (volume 24 was published in two books: the second, additional book - “USSR”) and an additional volume “Alphabetical Name Index” without a number (1981).

Editions

First edition

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia began in 1925 with a resolution of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, in accordance with which the mixed joint-stock company “Soviet Encyclopedia” was created, which was entrusted with the publication of the encyclopedia.

The first volume was published in 1926. However, the complete publication of the encyclopedia (65 volumes and one additional volume entirely dedicated to the USSR) took 21 years and was completed only in 1947 (for comparison: with a comparable volume of text, the second edition took 8 years, the third - 9 years). During the publication period, JSC "Soviet Encyclopedia" was transformed into the State Dictionary and Encyclopedia Publishing House in 1930, and in 1937 it was renamed the State Scientific Institute "Soviet Encyclopedia".

In total, the first edition of the encyclopedia contains 65 thousand articles, 12 thousand illustrations and over 1 thousand maps. The total volume of the publication was 4.3 thousand author's sheets of text. The average article size was 2.7 thousand characters. Each volume contains on average 8-10 color geographical maps and up to 20 illustrations (partially colored) on separate sheets. In addition to loose-leaf pages, drawings and maps are widely used in the text. Most of the illustrations were made in woodcuts by famous Soviet artists. For the external design of the volumes, leather bindings with gold embossing and half-leather spines were used. The circulation of each volume was 50-80 thousand copies.

The editor-in-chief of the publication in the period 1924-1941 was academician Otto Yulievich Schmidt. The editorial office of the encyclopedia was located in Moscow in the former Annenkov house on the corner of Petrovka and Kuznetsky Most. Among the editors of departments and authors of major articles are leading Soviet scientists and statesmen: N. N. Baransky, A. N. Bakh, G. I. Broydo, A. S. Bubnov, N. N. Burdenko, N. I. Bukharin , V. R. Williams , K. E. Voroshilov , I. M. Gubkin , I. E. Grabar , G. M. Krzhizhanovsky , L. N. Kritsman , V. V. Kuibyshev , N. Ya. Kun , Yu Larin, A. V. Lunacharsky, N. L. Meshcheryakov, V. P. Milyutin, M. F. Nesturkh, N. M. Nikolsky, V. A. Obruchev, N. Osinsky, M. N. Pokrovsky, E A. Preobrazhensky, K. Radek, N. A. Semashko, I. I. Stepanov-Skvortsov, V. G. Fesenkov, P. A. Florensky, M. V. Frunze and others.

Volume 63 was published in two versions: in 1933 (circulation 31,000 copies) with 776 columns, and in 1935 (circulation 20,200 copies) with 768 columns (2 sheets more); Some of the articles had different content. Also, in 1930, with a circulation of 7,000 copies, a separate reprint from volume XI was published with the article “VKP(b)” edited by A. Bubnov.

Second edition

The second edition was prepared in accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (published on February 20, 1949) and was published by the State Scientific Publishing House "Big Soviet Encyclopedia" between 1950 and 1958. The publication consisted of 51 volumes (49 volumes of articles in alphabetical order, the 50th - “USSR”, the 51st - additional), and in 1960 it was supplemented with a subject-name alphabetical index in 2 books.

In total, the second edition contains about 100 thousand articles, 40,852 illustrations and 2,362 maps. The total volume of the publication was 4.9 thousand author's sheets of text. More than 40% of articles are accompanied by a recommendatory bibliography, in most cases in the original language (in 35 languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR and in 25 foreign languages). For the external decoration of the volumes, bindings with relief. The circulation of each volume was 250-300 thousand copies (which is on average 3-5 times more than the first edition).

A significant increase in the number of articles (from 65 thousand in the first edition to 100 thousand) with a slight increase in the total volume (from 4.4 thousand to 4.9 thousand author sheets) was ensured by the appearance, along with detailed and multifaceted review articles (for example, articles on countries and sciences) a large number of medium and small articles. The average article size was 2 thousand characters.

Articles on social, political topics and current government figures in the TSB were kept in accordance with Soviet ideology. Sometimes, due to political changes in the country, the coverage of topics also changed. For example, after the removal in 1953 of the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs L.P. Beria, an article about whom had already been published in the TSB by that time, additional pages were sent to encyclopedia subscribers with a more detailed and several times enlarged article “Bering Sea" and an article "Berkeley , George,” with which it was proposed to replace the text about this person. At the same time, the list of illustrations in this volume mentions a portrait of L.P. Beria.

Later, the same precedent occurred with an article by Gao Gan, who in 1954 was removed from leadership positions in the PRC - subscribers were asked to cut out the page and replace it with a new one, where the article by Gao Gan was missing. [ ]

Subsequently, replacements of this kind were no longer offered, and the change in party policy can be seen in the change in the coloring of political articles in the TSB. For example, the initial volumes contain a strongly negative assessment of Yugoslavia. In the early volumes, Tito is called a fascist (for example, in Dimitrov’s article it is written “mercilessly exposing Tito’s nationalist, fascist clique - the agents of American imperialism in the Balkans.” In later volumes, in particular the articles “Tito” and “Yugoslavia,” exclusively positive vocabulary is used. Articles about Kalmykia and about the Kalmyks were added in an additional volume after rehabilitation in 1956, they are absent in the corresponding volume with the letter K. The same applies to other deported peoples (Chechens, Ingush, Karachais, Balkars) and their autonomous entities At the same time, the article on the Crimean Tatars is missing even in the additional volume (since the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was not recreated).

The editors-in-chief of the publication were academicians Sergei Ivanovich Vavilov (volumes 1-7, 1949-1951) and Boris Alekseevich Vvedensky (volumes 8-51, 1951-1958), deputy editors-in-chief - A. A. Zvorykin and L. S. Shaumyan. Among the editors of departments and authors of major articles are leading Soviet scientists N. N. Anichkov, I. P. Bardin, A. A. Blagonravov, V. V. Vinogradov, B. M. Vul, A. A. Grigoriev, E. M. Zhukov, B.V. Ioganson, A.N. Kolmogorov, F.V. Konstantinov, O.B. Lepeshinskaya, T.D. Lysenko, A.A. Mikhailov, A.I. Oparin, K.V. Ostrovityanov , N. M. Strakhov, S. P. Tolstov, E. A. Chudakov and others.

Third edition

The third edition was prepared in accordance with the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of February 2, 1967 and was published by the Soviet Encyclopedia publishing house from 1969 to 1978. The publication consisted of 31 books in 30 volumes (volume 24 was published in two books - the second, additional book was dedicated to the USSR). For the 3rd edition of the TSB, a new font was created - “Kudryashevskaya encyclopedic typeface” - with a point size of 7:45. The circulation of the third edition was about 630 thousand copies (which is on average 8-12 times more than the first edition and 2-2.5 times more than the second). In 1981, the publication was supplemented with an alphabetical name index, issued in a circulation of 50 thousand copies. About 10 thousand specialists took part in the preparation of the publication. Many of the publication's consultants - several hundred people - had academic degrees. Popularization of science is one of the main guiding principles of the third edition:46.

Academician Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov (1969-1978) became the editor-in-chief

The third edition was translated into English and published by Macmillan Publishers in the USA in 1973-1982, the publication included 31 volumes and an index volume. In a number of countries (GDR, Great Britain and others) the one-volume “USSR” was translated and published.

Also, the third edition was translated into Greek and published by the publishing house "Akadimos" (Greek. Ακάδημος ) in 1977-1989 in 34 main volumes and 1 additional volume. Several hundred articles about Greek personalities were written for this publication, the original articles were significantly expanded.

The methodological experience of TSB was used in the preparation of the Small Soviet Encyclopedia (three editions in 1928-1960), other universal reference books, including the one-volume Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (four editions in 1979-1991), the two-volume Great Encyclopedic Dictionary (1991), and contributed to the development of encyclopedic work in the country.

Electronic version

In 1998, the companies ZAO Autopan (Studio Multimedia.ru), ZAO Glasnet and ZAO Lukoil-Inform (in collaboration with the publishing house Big Russian Encyclopedia) began a project to digitize the third edition of the TSB. By 2001, the main body of texts and illustrations had been scanned, recognized and verified. The rights to the online publication were purchased by the Russ Portal Company Ltd., which in April 2001 launched the encyclopedic online project Rubrikon. In 2002, a software shell was created and debugged, and in the fall of the same year, at the Moscow International Book Fair, the developers demonstrated the final version of the encyclopedia on three CDs. The publisher and distributor of the electronic version was the company ZAO Novy Disk; The encyclopedia was published as part of the “Golden Fund of Russian Encyclopedias” series.

Electronic versions of the first and second editions of the TSB were prepared and published by Dictionary Publishing House “Electronic and Traditional Dictionaries” LLC in 2010 and 2012, respectively. Publisher on CD/DVD discs and distributor - JSC "Buka".

Additional volumes

For the second and third editions of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, an alphabetical index of articles was published in a separate volume without a number.

Yearbooks

In 1957-1990, every year the second (blue volumes: 1957-1969) and then the third (red volumes 1970-1990) edition was supplemented by the one-volume “Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia”. It published updated data about the USSR and other countries, information about important events that took place in the world, and current biographical information. A total of 34 issues of the yearbook were published.

List of yearbooks

Copyright

Currently, the rights to the volumes that have not yet passed into the public domain belong to the legal successor of the publishing house "Soviet Encyclopedia" - the publishing house "Big Russian Encyclopedia". The rights to the electronic edition of the third edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia have been transferred under contracts to several companies - in particular, the exclusive rights to the online edition belong to the Russ Portal company (owner of the site www.rubricon.com), and the rights to the multimedia edition (CD-ROM ) to its publisher - the New Disk company.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia (PL)

Swimming (sports)

Swimming sports. Combines training for sports distances, applied, underwater (see. Underwater sports), synchronous (artistic). P. is also distinguished between medicinal, so-called household, and gaming.

Sports P. includes competitions at distances from 100 to 1500 m. In competitions, P. methods are used. - crawl, breaststroke And butterfly (dolphin). Applied diving - long and deep diving, rescuing a drowning person, overcoming water obstacles. Synchronized exercises are acrobatic exercises in water (partially on land) performed to music; divided into single, pair and group. Game water - various outdoor games and entertainment in the water.

P. is the basis of the game water polo, an integral part of modern pentathlon and maritime all-around; a necessary element in the training of athletes involved in water-motor sports, sailing, diving (see . Jumping sports).

P. has been known to man since ancient times. Sports training originated at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries. Among the first swimming competitions were swimming competitions in 1515 in Venice. In 1538, the first manual on P. was published by the Dane N. Vinman. The first P. schools appeared in the 2nd half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. in Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, France. From the middle of the 19th century. In a number of countries, the construction of artificial swimming pools has begun. Sports training became especially popular at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, the European Championships in Olympic Games were held for the first time. Since 1896, Olympic Games have been included in the program of the Olympic Games. In 1908, the International Amateur Federation of P.-FINA was organized (in 1973 it united 96 national federations), and in 1924 - the European League of P.-LEN.

In pre-revolutionary Russia, sports training was not widespread. At the beginning of the 20th century. there were 7 primitive indoor swimming pools. Only 1.5 thousand people were involved in sports training. Training was carried out mainly in open water in the summer, so the results of the swimmers were low. In 1913, the Russian championship in skating was held for the first time in Kyiv. In the USSR, the first competitions in skating were held in 1918 in Moscow. In 1920 in Petrograd, V. N. Peskov organized the sports society P. “Dolphin”, which had an outdoor swimming pool. In the 20s Several P. schools opened in Moscow, and in 1921 the first All-Russian P. championship was played on the Moskva River. P. competitions were included in the program of the USSR Spartakiad in 1928. From that time on, the USSR championships began to be played regularly.

In 1927 in Leningrad and in 1930-31 in Moscow, the first indoor sports pools opened, which made it possible to conduct year-round training for athletes and prepare swimmers (L. K. Meshkov, S. P. Boychenko, V. V. Ushakov, A. M. Shumin, V.F. Kitaev, K.I. Aleshina, M.V. Sokolova), whose results exceeded European and world records of that time. Mass development of P. is associated with the implementation universal education, in the program of which it was included as the most important part of military training, and in 1931-32 P. was included in the mandatory norms of the complex “Ready for labor and defense of the USSR” all levels. P. has become one of the main academic disciplines in institutes and technical schools of physical education, and in the physical education departments of pedagogical universities.

Since the late 40s. the construction of modern winter and summer swimming pools for sports training began. In 1973, over 1 thousand swimming pools were in operation, in which over 2 million people were engaged. After joining the FINA section of the USSR in 1947 (from 1959 - the All-Union Federation) and in 1949 to the Leningrad Leningrad Region, Soviet swimmers began to regularly participate in various international competitions (from 1952 - in the Olympic Games, from 1954 - in the European Championship). The greatest successes were achieved by Olympic champion G. N. Prozumenshchikova (Stepanova), medalists of the Olympic Games and European Championships Kh. Kh. Yunichev, V. V. Konoplev, V. N. Nikitin, G. G. Androsov, L. N. Kolesnikov, V. I. Sorokin, V. V. Kuzmin, G. Ya. Prokopenko, S. V. Babanina, V. I. Kosinsky, V. G. Mazanov, S. V. Belits-Geiman, N. I. Pankin, I. A. Grivennikov, I. I. Pozdnyakova, V. V. Bure and others. Significant contributions to the development of teaching methods, training and modern training techniques were made by Honored Trainers of the USSR E. L. Alekseenko, V. V. Bure, T V. Drobinskaya, L. A. Ioakimidi, V. N. Kashutina, N. M. Nesterova, O. V. Kharlamova, teachers S. M. Vaitsekhovsky, A. A. Vankov, I. V. Vrzhesnevsky, L. V. Gerkan, V. F. Kitaev, M. Ya. Nabatnikova, B. N. Nikitsky, V. A. Parfenov, Z. P. Firsov, G. P. Chernov, A. S. Chikin and others.

In 1973, the first world swimming championship was held in Belgrade. In the team competition, swimmers from the USA, East Germany, Australia, and the USSR achieved the best results. For USSR and world records, see the table.

Lit.: Swimming. [Textbook], M., 1965; Butovich N. A., Chudovsky V. I., Krol - the fastest way to swim, M., 1968; Inyasevsky K. A., Training of high-class swimmers, M., 1970; Councilman D., The Science of Swimming. Per. from English, M., 1972; Vasiliev V., Nikitsky B., Teaching children to swim, M., 1973.

N. A. Butovich.

USSR and world records in swimming. 1