24.07.2020

What are regional thyroid lymph nodes? What are regional lymph nodes? Causes of enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes - video

Regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland are parts of the lymphatic system located in close proximity to the endocrine organ. As is known, this system consists of an extensive network of special capillaries and lymph nodes. The capillaries are filled with lymph - a special liquid - the task of which is to remove the remains of metabolic processes, toxins and pathogens from the tissues.

Lymph nodes are collections of immune cells. If pathological processes do not occur in the body, the size of the lymph nodes is normal, otherwise they increase (due to inflammation) and pain may appear. That is, they, in fact, are a kind of signaling device about the presence of a disease in the body; the lymph nodes located next to the thyroid gland are no exception.

As mentioned above, an increase in lymph nodes in size is a sign of pathological changes in the body.

And in the case of regional thyroid nodules, that is, located in the cervical region, the causes of inflammatory processes can be:

infectious diseases;
neoplasms (both malignant and benign);
allergic reactions.

With the development of infectious diseases in the nasopharynx or oral cavity, the pathogenic organisms that caused them can enter the cervical lymph nodes through the lymph. The reaction of the lymphocytes contained in them will naturally be to fight these foreign elements. The consequence of this process will be an enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. There is no pain upon palpation, and the lymph nodes move freely. Soreness appears during acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI), this is caused by the body’s excessive immune response to the actions of the virus.

The main infectious diseases that cause an increase in the size of the cervical lymph nodes are:

cat scratch disease;
Infectious mononucleosis;
tuberculosis or scrofula;
brucellosis and tularemia;
HIV infection.

Two types of damage to regional thyroid nodules can be distinguished: primary and, accordingly, secondary. In the first case, the neoplasm appears directly in the tissues of the lymph node. The second type, also called metastatic, is characterized by the entry of neoplasm cells into the lymph node through lymph from the location of the tumor, for example, in the thyroid gland.

The primary type includes lymphogranulomatosis and lymphocytic leukemia. With lymphogranulomatosis, the enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes can be up to 500% of the normal volume. At the initial stages of the disease, the lymph nodes are mobile, but as the disease progresses, they become inactive and very dense to the touch.

If we talk about the secondary type of damage to the regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland, we are talking about thyroid cancer and its effect on the cervical lymph nodes (metastatic). With the development of a low-quality neoplasm in the tissues of an endocrine organ, metastases most often appear in the neck and lymph nodes located in close proximity to the site of the tumor. Through lymph, cancer cells from these lymph nodes can be transferred to others, which leads to metastatic damage to other organs. If a complete resection (removal) of the thyroid gland is prescribed as a treatment for a malignant neoplasm, the lymph nodes affected by the disease can also be removed.

All of the above refers to malignant and aggressive forms of neoplasms in the tissues of the thyroid gland. This category includes some types of follicular cancer, as well as lymphoma and anaplastic cancer, which are considered the most dangerous diseases of this type.

The risk group mainly includes people aged 50 to 60 years. Follicular forms of pathology are characterized by rather slow growth and are often accompanied by metastases to the regional lymph nodes of the thyroid gland.

If we talk about lymphoma, it is worth noting that this is a diffuse tumor characterized by rapid growth. This pathology can act as an independent pathology or be a consequence of a long course of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, which is difficult to make a differential diagnosis. One of the signs of the disease is a rapid increase in the size of the thyroid gland of a diffuse nature. Very often accompanied by pain. Inflammatory processes in regional lymph nodes also develop rapidly. In addition, the patient feels a feeling of compression of nearby organs.

Anaplastic cancer

This neoplasm combines cells of two types of malignant tumors: carcinosarcoma and epidermal cancer. In the vast majority of cases, it develops from a nodular form of goiter, which has been present in the patient for at least 10 years. The tumor tends to grow very quickly and affect neighboring organs. And among the first, of course, are the regional lymph nodes.

Lymph nodes and the lymphatic system in general are a very important part of the human body. The functions it performs can be characterized by the words “cleaning and protection,” since through its organs and components both the body is cleansed of metabolic waste and the production of immune bodies is carried out.

In addition, lymph nodes act as an indicator of the development of pathological processes in the human body. The cervical nodes of the lymphatic system (regional nodes of the thyroid gland) are located next to many important organs and inflammation in their tissues can be the result of very dangerous processes. Therefore, at the first signs of enlargement of these parts of the lymphatic system, you should urgently consult a doctor.

You should always remember: timely diagnosis and, therefore, timely treatment is the key to the best prognosis.

The lymphatic system is a network of lymphatic vessels that transport lymph. Lymph nodes are an important part of this system. They are distributed unevenly throughout the body. The human body contains about 700 lymph nodes.

Lymph is a colorless liquid in the human body that washes all tissues and cells of the body.

Lymph is collected in many small lymphatic vessels that converge in the lymphatic trunk. On its way to the heart, lymph passes through various lymph nodes. Each of them is responsible for absorbing and filtering lymph in a specific area of the body. The most important regions where lymph nodes are located are the neck, jaw, armpit, groin, abdomen and chest.

In the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10), inflammation of regional lymph nodes is designated by code L04.

Anatomy and physiology

Lymphatic fluid from the head and neck collects in two places: the right and left jugular trunks. From the right lymphatic vessel, lymph enters the right lymphatic duct, and from the left - into the thoracic duct. Before entering the ducts, it passes through the regional lymph nodes:

Mastoid.
Occipital.
Parotid.
Submandibular.
Facial.

Lymph nodes eliminate bacterial, viral and cancer cells. They contain a large number of B-, T- and NK-lymphocytes.

Regional lymph nodes play an important role in protecting the body from disease. They perform different tasks. The central function is the removal of intercellular fluid from the body, the peripheral function is the filtration of lymph. Smaller lymph nodes receive lymph from surrounding tissues and pass it on to larger ones. If the lymph contains degenerated cells (cancer cells), the lymph nodes release molecules that initiate cell death.

It is important to keep the lymph fluid moving and filtering constantly. Otherwise, it may stagnate. If lymph doesn't move enough, lymphedema can occur. After filtration, the purified lymph is returned to the tissue and the process begins again.

Normal size of lymph nodes

The size of the lymph nodes depends on the person’s health status and previous immunological diseases. The normal size of lymph nodes varies from 2 mm to 2 cm. If an infectious or cancerous disease occurs, they can increase significantly. When the lymph nodes become inflamed, they produce more protective cells to fight pathogens. If the lymph nodes are larger than 2 cm and take a spherical shape, then they are in an activated state.

Reason to visit the doctor

If your lymph nodes are swollen and your body temperature rises, you should make an appointment with your doctor.

If you develop fever (above 38.5 degrees Celsius), sudden weight loss or night sweats, you should immediately consult a doctor as the symptoms indicate malignant lymphoma. Lymph nodes also enlarge in response to bacterial or viral infection.

Enlarged lymph nodes

The reasons for enlarged lymph nodes can vary significantly, but the common feature is increased activity of the immune system. Lymph nodes play a critical role in the immune response as they are the central filtering organs.

The main reasons for enlarged regional lymph nodes:

Malaria.
Metabolic diseases (Gaucher disease).
Systemic infectious diseases - influenza, measles, rubella and mumps.
Kawasaki syndrome (mainly in children).
Necrotizing lymphadenitis.
Lyme disease.
Thyroid diseases.
Surgical interventions.
Injuries and wounds.
Cat scratch disease.
Brucellosis.
Tuberculosis.
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Acute myeloid leukemia.
Intolerance to certain medications.

All pathogens that enter the body are filtered in the lymph nodes. Germs are transported through the lymphatic system and remain in the lymph nodes. There, cell growth and division are stimulated. As a result, an enlargement of the lymph nodes is observed, which disappears after the pathogen is eliminated.

With cancer, which can affect the entire body, lymph nodes become enlarged throughout the body. Cancer cells of a malignant tumor enter the tissue fluid and are filtered out by the lymph nodes. Sometimes they remain in them, multiply and spread to other organs. The result of this is so-called metastases to other lymph nodes.

There are two forms of lymphoma: Hodgkin and. Hodgkin's disease is characterized by the presence of giant cells that grow from B lymphocytes. If one or more lymph nodes are involved in cancer, this indicates an advanced stage of malignant lymphoma.

Pain

Pain in the lymph nodes is a favorable sign that indicates the presence of an infectious disease. With lymphoma, the lymph nodes are usually painless. If additional complications occur, pain may also occur. The most common disease characterized by pain is the common cold.

Interesting! A nonspecific symptom of Hodgkin lymphoma, which does not appear in all patients, is pain in the lymph nodes after drinking large amounts of alcohol. As a rule, pain appears the next day after drinking alcoholic products.

Classification

Acute lymphadenitis is accompanied by pain in the area of the cervical lymph nodes

Regional lymph nodes are classified by location:

Inguinal: legs, abdominal wall, buttocks.
Axillary: arms.
Cervical: head, face, neck.
Mediastinal: breast (breast).
Para-aortic: abdominal organs.

According to the clinical course, lymphadenitis is distinguished between acute (up to 4 days) and chronic (4-6 days). Acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract is usually often accompanied by inflammatory swelling of the cervical lymph nodes. Chronic inflammation of the upper respiratory tract can also cause its enlargement. Inflammation in other organs is less often manifested by enlarged lymph nodes.

Lymphoma is staged according to the Ann Arbor classification. There are 4 stages, which are characterized by varying involvement of lymph nodes and organs outside the system in the malignant process. There are also asymptomatic and symptomatic forms of lymphoma.

Diagnosis of inflammation of the lymph nodes

Physician skill and the accuracy and reliability of diagnostic procedures can sometimes affect patient survival. Although lymph nodes may become enlarged with cancer, patients still feel healthy. Many syndromes associated with swollen lymph nodes do not always present with severe local inflammation. Numerous diseases develop slowly.

First, a history is taken and a physical examination is performed. After a medical examination of the lymph nodes, doctors can already draw the first conclusions about the existing disease.

During a physical examination, the doctor takes into account the following characteristics of the lymph nodes:

Soreness.
Consistency.
Size.
Portability.

Benign neoplasms move well, have a soft consistency and are painful. Malignant lymphomas have a hard consistency, are painless and adhere to the surrounding tissues, which is why they do not move well.

A lymph node filled with pus is easily recognizable because the fluid moves back and forth in a wave-like pattern under pressure. This phenomenon is called fluctuation. For purulent lymphadenitis, a blood test is performed. If the analysis reveals an increased concentration of inflammatory cells, this confirms acute lymphadenitis. The pattern of elevated inflammatory cells indicates the nature of the pathogens. If it is a bacterial infection, a certain type of white blood cell - called neutrophil granulocytes - increases significantly in the blood.

The patient's medical history is critical to the physical examination. In addition to palpation and auscultation, other vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature are also measured. The doctor also evaluates the condition of the skin, mucous membranes and other organs.

If a malignancy is suspected, the affected lymphoid tissue is removed and sent for histological examination to a pathologist. If the diagnosis is confirmed, further examinations are carried out to clarify the picture of the disease.

Additional diagnostic methods:

Ultrasonography.
General blood analysis.
Magnetic resonance imaging.
Scintigraphy.
CT scan.

How to treat lymph nodes?

Inflammation of the lymph nodes is treated with antiviral drugs and antibiotics

If the underlying infection or inflammation goes away, the swollen lymph nodes also return to their original size. Sometimes bacterial infections require antibiotic treatment. Patients are advised to administer the antibiotic not in tablet form, but through IVs directly into the blood so that it can safely reach the site of action. Antibiotic therapy requires a hospital stay of several days. An inflamed lymph node is also prone to suppuration, and therefore surgical removal is often necessary to avoid various consequences.

Indications for the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics:

Anthrax.
Syphilis.
Pharyngitis.
Bacterial diseases of the upper respiratory tract

For viral lymphadenitis, special therapy is usually not required. Inflammation of the lymph nodes goes away on its own if the patient remains in bed and takes enough fluids and vitamins.

Indications for the use of antiviral drugs:

Chicken pox.
Hepatitis C, B and A.
Measles.
Polio.
Yellow fever.
Rhinovirus and adenovirus infection.

The exception is glandular fever: in order to recover, doctors advise getting more rest, avoiding physical activity and, if necessary, using symptomatic medications - antipyretics, anti-inflammatory and painkillers.

If the enlarged lymph nodes are caused by cancer, chemotherapy or radiation therapy is prescribed. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are often combined. If chemotherapy or radiotherapy is ineffective, antibody therapy, cytokine therapy, or stem cell transplantation are prescribed.

Swollen lymph nodes can also be caused or at least aggravated by stress and mental pressure. Prolonged rest and relaxation can greatly contribute to the shrinkage of regional lymph nodes. Patients are recommended to engage in autogenic training or Jacobson relaxation.

Advice! If there is a very sharp and rapid increase in regional lymph nodes, it is recommended to call an ambulance. If painless enlargement of the lymph nodes appears, which can be easily felt, it is also recommended to visit a specialist to find out the nature of the symptom. Seeking medical help early helps prevent possible complications that a certain disease may cause. It is not recommended to delay a visit to a specialist.

My questions may seem stupid, but I’m exhausted, I have two small children.

Also, don’t forget to thank your doctors.

hematologist6 21:51

I agree with the oncologist. Dynamic observation, when a clinical picture appears, a biopsy of the most problematic lymph node with the preparation of prints and preparations. You don’t need to compare yourself with anyone, and most importantly, beat yourself up. The reference point is the condition of the lymph nodes.

Lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis - enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes: causes, diagnosis, treatment

What does enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes mean?

Signs of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes. How to determine enlarged lymph nodes yourself?

1. Absolutely painless on palpation.

2. They have a densely elastic consistency.

3. Mobile (easily move when palpated).

Causes

2. Systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune thyroiditis, etc.).

3. Oncological pathology of lymphoid tissue (lymphogranulomatosis, lymphoma).

4. Oncological diseases of other organs and tissues (metastatic lesions of lymph nodes).

Causes of enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes - video

How to determine inflammation of the lymph nodes? Pain, temperature and enlargement as symptoms of acute inflammation of the lymph nodes

However, in the case of subacute or chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes, pain and general reaction of the body may be absent. Moreover, recurrent inflammatory reactions (for example, chronic tonsillitis, accompanied by an increase in regional submandibular lymph nodes) lead to their irreversible degeneration. Such nodes are often palpated as absolutely painless formations of varying sizes (sometimes the size of a hazelnut).

Nonspecific infections as a cause of enlargement and inflammation of the submandibular, cervical, axillary, elbow, inguinal, femoral, or popliteal lymph nodes: symptoms and treatment

Nonspecific infection, as one of the most common causes of pathology

A nonspecific infection in uncomplicated cases causes a regional rather than a general process - that is, there is an enlargement and inflammation of one or a group of nearby lymph nodes:

According to the nature of the course, acute and chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes caused by nonspecific flora is distinguished.

1. Acute catarrhal lymphadenitis.

2. Acute purulent lymphadenitis.

What does acute purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes look like?

Consequences

How to treat?

Long-term painless enlargement of lymph nodes in chronic inflammation caused by nonspecific microflora

chronic tonsillitis;
pharyngitis;
trophic ulcer of the leg;
chronic inflammatory diseases of the external genitalia, etc.

If you discover enlarged lymph nodes on your own, and suspect its connection with a source of chronic infection, you should consult a doctor. Since clinical data for chronic inflammation of the lymph nodes are quite scarce, an examination is prescribed to exclude other diseases that occur with enlarged lymph nodes.

How to cure?

Is chronic enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes caused by nonspecific microflora dangerous?

Specific infections as a cause of enlargement and inflammation

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes is a form of primary tuberculosis (a disease that develops immediately after infection), in which the intrathoracic lymph nodes become enlarged and inflamed, while the lung tissue remains intact.

When infected with tuberculosis, the so-called primary tuberculosis complex often forms in the lung tissue - inflammation of an area of the lung tissue, combined with lymphangitis (inflammation of the lymphatic vessel) and lymphadenitis.

Infectious and inflammatory lesions of superficial lymph nodes in tuberculosis develop when the infection spreads throughout the body some time after the initial infection.

Abdominal tuberculosis is a fairly rare form of tuberculosis that affects the abdominal organs. As a rule, abdominal tuberculosis occurs with mesadenitis - enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity.

Enlargement and inflammation of the inguinal, mandibular and mental lymph nodes in primary syphilis

Enlargement and inflammation of the occipital, cervical, parotid, popliteal and axillary lymph nodes as an important diagnostic sign of rubella

Chickenpox

What is the danger of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes during specific infections?

Causes of enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes in children

Answers to the most popular questions

What are the causes of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the groin in men and women?

When does enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the arms develop in women?

What could be the reasons for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the neck?

Which doctor should I contact?

I'm expecting a baby (fourth month of pregnancy). I recently caught a cold, a severe sore throat, and a fever. Today I noticed enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the jaw. How dangerous is it during pregnancy?

What tests are prescribed?

type of course (acute or chronic inflammation);
prevalence (generalized or regional enlargement of lymph nodes);
the presence of other symptoms of lymph node pathology (pain on palpation, loss of consistency, adhesion to surrounding tissues, etc.);
the presence of specific signs that allow one to suspect a specific pathology (characteristic intoxication syndrome in tuberculosis, chancroid in syphilis, rash in measles, focus of infection in acute inflammation of the lymph node, etc.).

There is a general examination program, including standard tests (general and biochemical blood tests, general urinalysis). If necessary, it can be supplemented with other studies (chest x-ray if tuberculosis or lymphogranulomatosis is suspected, serological tests for syphilis or HIV, lymph node puncture if metastatic lesion or lymphoma is suspected, etc.).

What antibiotic is prescribed for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes?

Is it possible to apply compresses?

Is ichthyol ointment and Vishnevsky ointment used for enlargement and inflammation?

The child has symptoms of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes behind the ear. Which doctor should I contact? Are there any traditional treatments?

Reviews

I have this situation: I’m 23 years old, guy.

I am worried about the lymph nodes, namely the pain in them. Took blood and urine tests: normal. I did an ultrasound of the thyroid gland: two nodes of 7 and 5 mm were found (diffuse nodular goiter), thyroid-stimulating hormone = 1.042, antibodies to thyroid peroxidase = less than 10 (negative), thyroglobulin = 17.7 - they just told me to drink iodomarin or iodine-active 200 mg/day ; Ultrasound of the abdominal organs - no pathologies, computed tomography of the chest organs - lungs, trachea is normal, mediastinal lymph nodes - 6.3-7.7 mm, axillary lymph nodes - up to 11.8 mm, gynecomastia was detected (30 and 28 mm in the area nipples)

I also recently donated blood for chitomegalovirus and epstein-barr viruses: avidity to cytomegalovirus antibodies = 81%, eb copsid virus igg = 14.3 coi, web copsid igm = 0.07 coi, web nuclear igg = 10.99 coi, cytomegalovirus antibodies igg = 296.0 IU \ml (!), cytomegalovirus antibodies igm = 0.677 cov.

After this, the infectious disease doctor prescribed me to take 2 tablets a day of Valavir (course of 10 days) + intramuscular injections of Neovir 250 ml a day/every other day (course of 10 injections) in order to kill viruses.

Oak did yesterday: hemoglobin - 138, h - 4.3*10, l - 5.6*10, ESR - 5mm, e-2%, i-2%, s-61%, l-30%, m- 5% (maybe I wrote the name incorrectly, because it’s not very legible).

About a month and a half ago, just when the lymph nodes began to bother me, I noticed a small spot on my forehead about 10 mm in diameter, which was peeling, but did not hurt or itch. I saw a dermatologist - he said that it was allergic dermatitis and I applied zinc ointment - I applied it, it did not go away. There is also a similar area in the groin, but it sometimes itches and flakes. There seem to be no other little things.

Question: what is my situation? Dangerous or not? Should I be afraid of oncology, for example lymphogranulomatosis? What should I do next, what tests should I do next? I really ask for your help and answer to my question. I spent a lot of nerves, time and money on tests and medications.

With uv. To you, Alexander.

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What are regional thyroid lymph nodes?

Causes of enlarged lymph nodes in the neck

And in the case of regional thyroid nodules, that is, located in the cervical region, the causes of inflammatory processes can be:

infectious diseases;
neoplasms (both malignant and benign);
allergic reactions.

Infectious diseases

The main infectious diseases that cause an increase in the size of the cervical lymph nodes are:

cat scratch disease;
Infectious mononucleosis;
tuberculosis or scrofula;
brucellosis and tularemia;
HIV infection.

Neoplasms

All of the above refers to malignant and aggressive forms of neoplasms in the tissues of the thyroid gland. This category includes some types of follicular cancer, as well as lymphoma and anaplastic cancer, which are considered the most dangerous diseases of this type.

Lymphoma

Anaplastic cancer

You should always remember: timely diagnosis and, therefore, timely treatment is the key to the best prognosis.

Enlarged lymph nodes: causes and treatment

Such a seemingly simple symptom as enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) may turn out to be a sign of not at all trivial diseases. Some of them are simply unpleasant, while others can lead to serious complications and even a tragic outcome. There are not very many diseases that lead to the appearance of this symptom, but they all require thoughtful diagnosis and careful, sometimes very long-term treatment.

What are lymph nodes needed for?

Lymph nodes are small collections of lymph tissue scattered throughout the body. Their main function is the filtration of lymph and a kind of “storage” of elements of the immune system that attack foreign substances, microorganisms and cancer cells that enter the lymph. The nodes can be compared to military bases, where in peacetime troops are located, ready to immediately move out to fight the “enemy” - the causative agent of any disease.

Where are the lymph nodes located?

Lymph nodes are a kind of collectors that collect lymph from certain areas of the body. This fluid flows to them through a network of vessels. There are superficial lymph nodes and visceral ones, located in the cavities of the human body. Without the use of instrumental visualization methods, it is impossible to detect an increase in the latter.

Among the superficial ones, depending on their location, lymph nodes of the following localizations are distinguished:

popliteal, located on the back of the knee joints;
superficial and deep inguinal, localized in the inguinal folds;
occipital - in the area where the neck meets the skull;
behind the ear and parotid, located in front and behind the auricle;
submandibular, lying approximately in the middle of the branches of the lower jaw;
submental, located a few centimeters behind the chin;
a network of cervical lymph nodes, densely scattered along the anterior and lateral surfaces of the neck;
elbow - on the front surface of the joint of the same name;
axillary, one group of which is adjacent to the inner surface of the pectoral muscles, and the other is located in the thickness of the fiber of the axillary region.

Thus, there are quite a few places where enlarged lymph nodes can be detected, and an attentive doctor will definitely probe them to obtain additional information about a possible disease.

Causes of enlarged lymph nodes

There are no natural causes for lymph node enlargement. If they have become larger, it means that there must be some kind of pathology in the body. The appearance of this symptom indicates the occurrence of:

With different diseases, lymph nodes enlarge in different ways. In addition to sizes, indicators such as:

surface structure, which may remain smooth or become bumpy;
mobility - in some diseases, lymph nodes become fused to each other or to surrounding tissues;
consistency - dense, soft;
condition of the skin above them - when the lymph nodes are inflamed, the skin may become swollen and reddened.

And now it makes sense to consider enlarged lymph nodes in relation to the diseases that most often cause this symptom.

Lymphadenitis

This disease is characterized by the most striking symptoms of lymph nodes, which significantly increase in size, become sharply painful, and immobile. The skin over them turns red, local swelling is observed. As the disease progresses, the temperature rises more and more, chills appear, and intoxication symptoms increase.

Most often, the occurrence of lymphadenitis is preceded by some purulent disease of the corresponding area:

Microbes from the source of infection enter the lymph node through the lymphatic vessels, provoking an inflammatory reaction in it, first catarrhal (without pus), and then purulent. The extreme degree of development of lymphadenitis is adenophlegmon - in fact, a complication of this disease. In this case, the pus permeates the fatty tissue surrounding the lymph node.

Other complications of purulent lymphadenitis are purulent thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, and sepsis.

A pediatrician talks about lymphadenitis in children:

Treatment of lymphadenitis

For catarrhal lymphadenitis, the underlying purulent disease is treated first. With timely intervention, there is a high chance of subsiding the acute process in the lymph node.

With the development of purulent lymphadenitis or adenophlegmon, surgical intervention is required - opening the abscess, cleansing it using antiseptics and antimicrobial agents, draining the abscess cavity.

Respiratory diseases

This group of diseases is the most common cause of enlarged lymph nodes. This symptom manifests itself most clearly in various forms of tonsillitis (tonsillitis). Along with an increase in lymph nodes, high fever, sore throat during swallowing, severe weakness and malaise are noted.

Somewhat less often, lymph nodes increase in size due to inflammation of the pharynx - pharyngitis. The symptoms of this disease are similar to the clinical picture of tonsillitis, although they are inferior to it in the severity of manifestations.

With respiratory infections, the lymph nodes become dense to the touch, moderately painful, and their mobility during palpation remains.

Treatment of respiratory infections

Treatment tactics depend on the type of pathogen that caused the disease. Thus, when the pathology is bacterial in nature, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used, when it is viral, symptomatic therapy is used, and when it is fungal, specific antimicrobial agents are used. In parallel, general strengthening measures are carried out while taking immunomodulators.

Specific infections

Most often, enlarged lymph nodes are accompanied by specific infections such as tuberculosis and syphilis.

Tuberculous lesion

In pulmonary tuberculosis, the intrathoracic lymph nodes are first affected. Without special research methods, it is impossible to detect their increase. If left untreated, the tuberculosis process can spread throughout the body, affecting superficial lymph nodes:

At the initial stage, they increase and are moderately painful. As the inflammatory process flares up, the lymph nodes become fused with each other and with the tissues surrounding them, turning into a dense conglomerate, which then suppurates, forming a long-term non-healing fistula.

Treatment

Since the increase in lymph nodes here is caused by the main disease - tuberculosis, it is this that is treated. Special anti-tuberculosis drugs are used according to special dosage regimens.

Syphilis

In the case of syphilis, the lymph nodes grow in size only a few days after the appearance of primary syphilide, known as chancroid. Due to the fact that the predominant place of occurrence of chancre is the genitals, the inguinal nodes most often become enlarged.

However, with chancramygdalitis (syphilitic tonsillitis), for example, the symptom may appear from the submandibular or mental nodes.

Important: With syphilis, LNs can reach the size of a nut, while maintaining their consistency, remaining painless and not fused to the tissues. Often, at the same time, lymphangitis occurs - inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, which can be felt in the form of a cord, sometimes with thickenings along its length.

Treatment

Syphilis at any stage responds well to antibiotic therapy. Penicillin drugs are mainly used. If complications develop, treatment of the infection may be significantly delayed.

Rubella

With rubella, this symptom appears one of the first, several hours ahead of the onset of the rash. Most often, the occipital, cervical, and parotid nodes enlarge, becoming painful, however, without adhering to the surrounding tissues.

In uncomplicated rubella, a rash may remain the only striking symptom, although along with it there is sometimes a fever (moderate) and a runny nose.

Treatment

A patient with rubella is isolated and, if necessary, symptomatic treatment is prescribed. Serious measures are taken only when complications develop. For example, for joint damage, anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed, and for encephalitis, corticosteroids, diuretics, anticonvulsants, etc. It should be noted that rubella is a relatively benign infection and in most cases goes away without treatment at all.

HIV infection

With this most dangerous disease, lymph nodes of all locations can become enlarged. Often it is this symptom that makes the doctor suspect HIV infection, which may not manifest itself in any other way for a long time.

When the disease passes into the AIDS stage, the increase in lymph nodes becomes permanent, and their inflammation occurs.

Treatment

It is well known that there are no methods to definitively cure an HIV-infected person. Doctors focus all their efforts on suppressing the activity of the virus, for which they use special antiretroviral drugs. In parallel with this, concomitant infections are treated, the development of which is most often the cause of death in people with AIDS.

Lymph nodes in autoimmune diseases

An autoimmune process is a group of diseases in which the immune system ceases to consider cells of various organs as “its own”. Mistaking them for a foreign substance, the body activates defense mechanisms in order to destroy the “aggressor”. One of the manifestations of this activity is an increase in regional lymph nodes.

An autoimmune process can affect almost any organ, from joints to endocrine glands and even the nervous system. Such diseases have a long, chronic course and are quite difficult to treat, leading the patient to disability and sometimes death.

Treatment

In the treatment of autoimmune diseases, drugs are used that suppress the excessive activity of the immune system - immunosuppressants and agents that block certain chemical reactions in the cells of the lymphocytic system.

Enlarged lymph nodes in oncological pathologies

Oncologists use this symptom as one of the diagnostic criteria for a tumor process. LNs enlarge only in malignant tumors when cancer cells are separated from the site of the primary focus and enter the node with the lymph flow. Here they are “attacked” by the body’s defenses, trying to prevent the process from “breaking out into the open spaces” of the body. The appearance of this symptom is an unfavorable sign indicating the spread of the tumor process.

However, there are also malignant oncological diseases that directly affect the lymphatic system itself:

Hodgkin's lymphoma, otherwise called lymphogranulomatosis;
non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a group of over 80 types of tumors originating from lymphatic tissue and with great differences in both the course of the disease and its causes and mechanisms of development.

Treatment

Several methods are used in the fight against cancer pathology:

cytostatic chemotherapy with drugs that stop tumor growth;
irradiation of lymph nodes with a flow of ionizing radiation:
- X-rays;
- gamma and beta radiation;
- neutron beams;
- flow of elementary particles;
immunosuppressive therapy with powerful hormonal agents.

Special schemes for the use of complexes of various types of treatment have been developed to suppress the tumor process and prolong the patient’s life.

Note: It must be remembered that enlarged lymph nodes are only a symptom of various diseases. Therefore, self-medication, and even more so using traditional methods, instead of seeing a doctor, is unacceptable. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of some diseases can cost the patient's life.

You can get more information about the possible causes of inflammation of the lymph nodes by viewing this review:

Volkov Gennady Gennadievich, medical observer, emergency physician.

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Thirst: causes of development, diagnosis and methods of treatment of associated pathologies

Herbal treatment for a runny nose

Good afternoon, I had an MRI of the pelvic organs and was diagnosed with adenomyosis and small fibroids. And several iliac lymph nodes there are enlarged, one up to 1.5 cm, others less. There is pain in the lower back. Why are they inflamed and is it dangerous? All tests were normal.

Hello. We cannot answer this question in absentia - you need to contact a surgeon and undergo additional examinations.

I described that the lymph nodes were inflamed. I couldn’t send two files in one message, so I’m sending it here. Sorry for being annoying.

Thank you very much for your answer. Due to low hemoglobin, can there be problems with the lymph nodes and pain in the bones and muscles? And what you wrote: “You need to take a general blood test with a leukocyte formula, a biochemical blood test and with the results of these studies contact a hematologist.”, do these tests need to be taken?

An 11-year-old child (boy) has enlarged lymph nodes throughout the body. We discovered this before surgery for testicular prolapse. Biochemical blood test is normal. The only thing is that hemoglobin is slightly lower. The child lost his appetite.

Please tell me what this could be?

Hello. In this case, you need to consult a hematologist and additional types of examinations - it is impossible to determine the cause of enlarged lymph nodes in absentia.

What could it be? He was recently treated for worms.

Do you think there is a suspicion of cancer?

With helminthic infestation, this is possible (if not cured), as for cancer, yes, and with cancer, the lymph nodes can enlarge (and changes are also noticeable in a blood test). But you must understand that enlarged lymph nodes are a symptom characteristic of a number of diseases. Such a reaction can be observed in the body during inflammatory processes, infectious diseases, helminthiasis, etc. That is why you need to contact a hematologist and examine the child.

Biochemistry must be taken regarding low hemoglobin: its decrease is a consequence of pathology (if, of course, you eat normally). With low hemoglobin, the lymph nodes themselves do not enlarge and the bones do not hurt. After examinations, the doctor will be able to identify the cause of pain, enlarged lymph nodes, and decreased hemoglobin.

Your hemoglobin is critically low, you need to contact a hematologist as soon as possible and start treatment (you will be prescribed iron supplements).

Hello. For several years now, my lymph nodes have been inflamed from time to time. Recently, they have become inflamed again, one might say throughout the body and especially in the area of the ilium on the right side and on the pubic bone. And the muscles and bones began to ache. The muscles seem to go numb and the bones ache, especially the legs and arms (acute pain). What could it be? Please advise what tests need to be taken and how else to get checked? Last year I had a general blood test in the spring and a blood test for infections in the fall. I am attaching the files. And I also wanted to ask. Several years ago, in order to fill a tooth, a pin was inserted into it; during the procedure, the tooth cracked, but they did not remove it. It seems to me that after that I started having problems with the lymph nodes. Is this possible? Thank you very much in advance.

Hello. You need to take a general blood test with a leukocyte formula, a biochemical blood test and consult a hematologist with the results of these studies. Regarding the tooth, this could be associated with a possible infection, but your test results are normal.

I didn’t even expect you to respond so quickly. Thank you very much. I have sent you another file with test results. Thank you in advance.

You need to see a doctor: the critical problem is a decrease in hemoglobin, but there are other abnormalities. The doctor will write out an examination plan and prescribe iron supplements.

I got it. God bless you!

Hello. At night I felt a nagging pain in my chest on the left side, so I couldn’t sleep. I called an ambulance, the cardiogram turned out to be normal, but in the morning a huge lymph node formed in the front of the armpit. During the day it began to turn into edema, the left breast increased significantly, the next day it all began to spread along the neck, and the next day it spread to the bottom of the face . Doctors say they don’t see any swelling. Although my aunt, a dentist, already retired, already understands something about lymph nodes, she says that everything is clearly visible to the naked eye and the lymph nodes are enlarged. And the therapists don’t even turn their heads, let alone palpate. The next day, pain began in the other shoulder and the lymph node also swollen, but not so much. I don’t understand what’s going on?

Hello. Contact a surgeon - he will examine you and give a preliminary opinion.

Good afternoon. For several days I had an attack similar to ischalgia - my lower back hurt and it radiated to my leg. However, neither an MRI of the spine nor an MRI of the sacroiliac joint revealed any problems. They discovered that the lymph node was greatly enlarged (it was about 5 by 5 cm in size) in the lower back (right next to the spine on the left). I took antibiotics and antiprotozoal drugs for 10 days. It became easier, but the lymph node did not return to normal. Could pain like ischalgia be caused by an enlarged lymph node (its pressure on the nerve) and what should we do about it now?

Hello. Rather, both enlarged lymph nodes and lower back pain are consequences of the same disease. You need to consult a neurologist.

Hello, I’m 18 years old, the submandibular lymph node on the left side has been hurting for three days. Pain when eating and pressing on it. Could this be due to a cold/cough? This is my first time meeting something like this. Because I’m in another country during the holidays, I can’t visit a doctor.

Hello. Yes, of course, the submandibular node can increase due to inflammatory processes in the ENT organs, caries, pulpitis, etc.

Hello....Please tell me, my mother has enlarged lymph nodes all over her body (this is my guess, I’m not an expert). Could this be from nodular goiter? She’s been taking pills for goiter for 5 years, they don’t do surgery because her sugar is high. The enlargements don’t hurt, they only feel pain when pressed. She doesn’t want to go to the doctor. What should I do first? Thanks in advance...

Hello. Nodular goiter cannot provoke enlargement of lymph nodes throughout the body. You need to start by visiting a therapist and taking a general blood test with a leukocyte formula.

Hello, I have an enlarged lymph node in my neck for 5 months already, I had ARVI in September, and then I went to the doctor and said: “Your lymph node is enlarged, take (medicine)”, I have been taking it for 5 months now, and no changes, the lymph node does not hurt + he is still solid and motionless. I didn’t donate blood or urine.

Hello. The situation is abnormal because the doctor prescribed the medicine without even looking at the blood test. Apparently, you were not diagnosed either. Contact a competent doctor (therapist or hematologist), take a blood test with a formula and, if necessary, perform an ultrasound (prescribed by the doctor).

Hello! I am 18 years old. 3-4 weeks ago I felt that something was constantly tugging, either in my armpits or on my neck. I thought that there might be something wrong with the lymph nodes - I went to the doctor. He said that they were slightly enlarged and needed to get tested. When I palpate it myself, I only feel hard small peas, and sometimes with difficulty, there is no swelling. Then stretching began in the groin area, under the knees, and in the elbows. The blood test is good, there are no abnormalities (only slightly low platelets). The doctor prescribed drops. BUT, the question is why they might get sick, because this is not normal. help me please

Hello. Blood tests need to be taken over time; in addition, joint diseases need to be excluded; perhaps you have incorrectly identified the source of pain.

My sister is 23 years old. Over the past years, the lymph nodes have often become enlarged and the herpes virus is present.

> A month ago they put braces on, there were wounds, before that they treated the teeth and filled them. As of today, the salivary, parotid and submandibular glands have been enlarged for two months. Tests carried out showed herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus and Instein Bara. We saw a therapist and an infectious disease specialist. We went through a course of treatment with antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunostimulating injections, but unfortunately there was no result (They did a jaw snapshot, MRI, it shows inflammation, pus and no formations were found. We hope to get an answer as soon as possible. Thank you very much in advance.

Inflammation of the lymph nodes indicates the development of an infectious process. What about repeated test results after treatment?

Hello, my age is 24 years old, 4 months (August) ago lymph nodes appeared on my neck (chin, under the jaws on both sides, after 2 months (October) I had an ultrasound, it turned out that there is a small lymph node near the chest, in the armpits, in groin area, not large, and on the neck accordingly, I passed a general blood test, urine test, was tested for HIV in the spring, everything is normal everywhere, the therapist told me to come in January, since he doesn’t know what’s wrong with me, now it seems to me that it’s on the neck they have grown even larger, when you palpate you can feel a lot of nodules, they don’t hurt, they “walk” freely. I went to the dentist, he fixed the problems, which he found, they said that wisdom teeth are growing, but there are doubts about this. Tell me what can be done? general health is normal .What research should I do? Thank you

Hello. You should take a clinical blood test with a formula and blood biochemistry; with the results of these tests and the results of an ultrasound, you need to contact a hematologist (not a therapist). If the lymph nodes are enlarged, abnormalities will certainly appear in the blood test, which will help make the correct diagnosis.

Hello Doctor. When the doctor did an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity and kidneys, he discovered that between the head of the pancreas and the left lobe of the liver there was an oval-shaped formation measuring 24 * 9 mm, homogeneous in structure and isoechoic compared to the liver; with colorectal dosage, blood flow in it is not registered. He gave the conclusion that: “Echoscopically there is more evidence for an enlarged l/node at the porta hepatis. Cyst of the parenchyma of the left kidney.” UBC tests are all normal, biochemistry is all normal except for DIRECT BILIRUBIN 5.2. Tests for hypatitis are negative and I have never been sick. Mainly I went to check a cyst in my kidney. Further examination is recommended. But which one he didn’t say, maybe you can tell me what to do next.

1. Re-take a blood test for liver function tests.

2. Contact a gastroenterologist to establish an accurate diagnosis.

Thank you. I’ve already taken biochemistry tests twice, the result I wrote to you earlier. I saw a gastroenterologist, he didn’t really say anything *WILL WAIT IN 3 MONTHS FOR AN ULTRASOUND AGAIN* but there’s nothing to say about the diagnosis. What do you think, if I do an MRI, I’ll find out the diagnosis or maybe donate blood for markers * cancer cells * but I don’t know which ones? I can’t find a place for myself. Thanks in advance.

I agree with your doctor: you need to observe over time - that’s why I advise you to repeat the biochemistry after a while and, preferably, an ultrasound. Analysis for tumor markers is not very informative.

Hello! As a child, I had enlargement of the submandibular nodes, my neck was swollen, pain when swallowing, and fever. My parents didn’t take me to the doctor, they just warmed up the nodes and put me to bed. 40 years have passed since then, but the nodes remain enlarged and dense when palpated. Can this affect the body? Recently, in the places where the lymph nodes are located in the body (I did a massage), there were painful sensations when palpated. I took tests, the doctor said that there was some kind of inflammatory process in the body + acidification - a risk of cancer. Soda dripped, alkalization never occurred, acidification continues. I even tried to drink soda, but it gave me swelling (maybe I didn’t drink it correctly - tsp per glass of boiling water once a day in the morning). Blood thickening is present. What to do?

Hello. You are describing some kind of horror: warming up of enlarged lymph nodes, “acidification,” “alkalization.” Did your doctor order you to “alkalize”? If yes, get away from such a “doctor” as soon as possible.

The essence of the question: you need to consult a competent hematologist as soon as possible. Before visiting a doctor, take general and biochemical blood tests.

Hello, I have a bump behind my right ear, or maybe it’s a bone, a little larger than behind my left ear. Tell me what to do.

Hello. Consult a therapist - the doctor will be able to distinguish normal from pathology.

Hello, I first started to have a lump in my groin, this was about a year ago. After some time it went away. Now the same lump has formed between my breasts. When I press it it hurts and burns!!

Tell the doctor which doctor he should contact? Thanks in advance for your answer.

Hello. First, contact your general practitioner, and he, in turn, can give you a referral to a hematologist and a blood test.

Over the course of a year, the lymph nodes in my body react to any disease and even minor malfunction. With an exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, the nodes on the neck and under the jaw immediately increase and ache. Cystitis caused enlarged nodes in the groin. Question: is this a normal reaction of the body or should I consult a doctor? Can a fungus on the foot also cause an enlarged lymph node in the groin?

Hello. An absolutely normal reaction. But a fungus on the foot cannot provoke enlargement of the lymph nodes in the groin, so it is better to consult a doctor (general practitioner) and get tested (start with a regular clinical one with a leukocyte count).

Hello. My daughter is 17 years old and her lymph nodes have enlarged, the largest one under the jaw near the ear, no one can make a diagnosis, they took a bunch of tests, a test for mononucleosis showed that she had an infection. There is no temperature, tomorrow they will do a biopsy to rule out cancer. The lymph node is quite large and hard, it hurts when pressed and also in the mornings and evenings. What to do? Can you tell me?

Hello. Unfortunately, when doctors who have the opportunity to see the child and the results of all his tests cannot make a diagnosis, we, alas, cannot say anything in absentia. All test data and a thorough history are needed. It is unlikely that online consultants can be useful to you, unless, of course, you send us scanned copies of all examination results.

Hello, the lymph nodes under the jaw have enlarged. The face is just square. It’s been 5 days now, no fever, no particular pain. Only sometimes when swallowing. At the hospital they took the temperature and left with God. But it’s not getting better (where to look for the cause?

Hello. You need to contact a competent therapist and ENT doctor. If they cannot determine the cause, you will have to go to a hematologist (pre-take a blood test with a leukocyte formula).

Hello! Please tell me, is it normal that in the groin area on one side the lymph node is dense and can be easily felt with your fingers? On the other hand, almost nothing is felt. The enlarged lymph node itself does not hurt and does not cause discomfort (except perhaps psychological). Feeling as usual. Could this be due to poor immunity? Who should I contact?

Hello. Start by visiting a gynecologist; there may be inflammation, which is sometimes asymptomatic and most often is one-sided.

Hello. For about a week now I have had enlarged lymph nodes in my neck, without redness, but with an accompanying temperature of 37.2. Tell me who to contact and is it dangerous??

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216. INDICATE THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS, TRUNKS AND DUCTS

a) lymphangion b) valve

c) lymphatic capillary d) lymph node

217. INDICATE THE MAIN LYMPHATIC TRUNKS

a) right and left renal lymphatic trunks b) right and left bronchomediastinal trunks

c) right and left lymphatic trunks of the upper limb d) right and left lymphatic trunks of the lower limb

218. INDICATE THE LOCATION OF THE LUMBAR LYMPHATIC TRUNKS

a) cistern of the thoracic duct

b) left venous angle c) right venous angle

221. INDICATE THE PLACE OF ENTRY OF THE INTESTINAL TRUNKS

a) right venous angle b) left venous angle

c) thoracic duct cistern d) right lymphatic duct

222. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS FROM WHICH THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE SUBCLAVIA TRUNKS

a) upper limb b) anterior abdominal wall

b) lower limb d) occipital region

221. INDICATE THE LOCATION OF THE LEFT SUBCLAVIA TRUNK

d) right lymphatic duct

222. INDICATE THE LOCATION OF THE RIGHT SUBCLAVIA TRUNK

a) thoracic duct cistern b) left venous angle c) right venous angle

d) right lymphatic duct

223. INDICATE THE PLACE OF ENTRY OF THE LEFT BRONCHOMEDISTANAL TRUNK

224. INDICATE THE PLACE OF CONFLIENCE OF THE RIGHT BRONCHOMEDISTAN TRUNK

a) thoracic duct b) left venous angle

c) right venous angle d) right lymphatic duct

225. INDICATE THE PLACE OF ENTRY OF THE RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

a) right subclavian vein b) left subclavian vein c) left venous angle d) right venous angle

226. INDICATE THE LENGTH OF THE THORACIC DUCT

a) 1–3 cm b) 10–20 cm c) 30–40 cm

d) 100–120 cm

227. INDICATE THE MOST COMMON LEVEL OF FORMATION OF THE THORACIC DUCT

a) XI–IX thoracic vertebrae

b) XI, XII thoracic vertebrae

c) I lumbar – XII thoracic vertebrae d) III, II lumbar vertebrae

228. INDICATE THE CALL OF THE INITIAL EXTENDED DIVISION OF THE THORACIC duct

c) thoracic part of the thoracic duct d) cistern of the thoracic duct

229. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II, III STAGES DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE APTIC OF THE TONGUE

230. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II, III STAGES DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE BODY OF THE TONGUE

a) lingual nodes, submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes b) lingual nodes, submental nodes, deep cervical nodes c) lingual nodes, anterior cervical nodes, anterior jugular nodes d) lingual nodes, retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical nodes

231. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II, III STAGES DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE ROOT OF THE TONGUE

232. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II, III STAGES DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE UPPER INCISERS, FANGS AND PREMOLARS

233. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II, III STAGES DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE UPPER MOLARS

a) facial nodes, submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes b) facial nodes, anterior cervical nodes, anterior jugular nodes

c) deep parotid nodes, submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes d) facial nodes, retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical nodes

234. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II STAGES DURING THE FLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE LOWER INCISERS

a) submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes b) submental nodes, deep cervical nodes c) anterior cervical nodes, anterior jugular nodes d) deep parotid nodes, deep cervical nodes

235. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II STAGES DURING THE FLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE LOWER FANQUES AND PREMOLARS

a) submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes b) submental nodes, deep cervical nodes c) anterior cervical nodes, anterior jugular nodes d) retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical nodes

236. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II STAGES DURING THE FLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE LOWER MOLARS

a) submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes b) submental nodes, deep cervical nodes c) deep parotid nodes, deep cervical nodes d) retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical nodes

237. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II STAGES DURING THE FLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE NASAL AND ORAL PARTS OF THE PHYNAX

a) retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical nodes b) submental nodes, deep cervical nodes

c) deep parotid nodes, deep cervical nodes d) submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes

238. INDICATE THE NODES OF STAGE II DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE LUNGS

c) lower tracheobronchial nodes d) paratracheal nodes

239. INDICATE THE COLLECTOR FORMED BY EFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS OF PARATRACHEAL NODES

a) thoracic duct c) bronchomediastinal trunk

b) subclavian trunk d) lumbar trunk

240. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE Lesser Curvature of the Stomach

241. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE GREATER CURVATURE OF THE STOMACH

a) right and left gastric nodes b) right and left gastroepiploic nodes c) splenic nodes d) pyloric nodes

242. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE pyloric part of the stomach

a) right and left gastric nodes b) right and left gastroepiploic nodes c) splenic nodes d) pyloric nodes

243. INDICATE THE MAIN LYMPH NODES OF STAGE II DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE STOMACH

244. INDICATE THE MAIN LYMPH NODES OF THE III STAGE DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE STOMACH

a) right and left gastric nodes b) celiac nodes c) right and left lumbar nodes d) hepatic nodes

245. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE JEONUM AND ILEAL CUT

a) superior mesenteric nodes b) celiac nodes

c) right and left lumbar nodes d) hepatic nodes

246. INDICATE THE MAIN LYMPH NODES OF STAGE II DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE, PANCREAS, CECUM, COLON

a) right and left gastric nodes c) right and left lumbar nodes

b) celiac nodes d) hepatic nodes

247. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE SPLEN

a) right and left gastric nodes b) celiac nodes c) splenic nodes d) hepatic nodes

248. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE KIDNEY

a) right and left gastric nodes b) lumbar nodes c) splenic nodes d) celiac nodes

249. INDICATE NODES OF II, III STAGES IN THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS

a) superior mesenteric nodes b) inferior mesenteric nodes c) lumbar nodes d) celiac nodes

250. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE BLADDER

a) superior mesenteric nodes c) lumbar nodes

b) paravesical nodes d) celiac nodes

251. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE RECTUM

a) inferior mesenteric nodes b) pararectal nodes c) lumbar nodes d) celiac nodes

252. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE UTERUS

a) peri-uterine nodes c) peri-vaginal nodes

b) pararectal nodes d) celiac nodes

253. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE VAGINA

a) peri-uterine nodes b) peri-rectal nodes c) peri-vaginal nodes d) celiac nodes

254. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE TESTICE

a) external iliac nodes b) internal iliac nodes c) inferior mesenteric nodes d) lumbar nodes

255. INDICATE THE LAST STAGE LYMPH NODES IN THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE PELVIC ORGANS

a) external iliac nodes c) inferior mesenteric nodes

b) internal iliac nodes d) lumbar nodes

256. INDICATE THE GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES THAT RECEIVE LYMPH FROM THE I-III TOES AND ITS MEDIAL EDGE, THE MEDIAL SURFACES OF THE SHIN AND THIGH

257. INDICATE THE GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES THAT RECEIVE LYMPH FROM THE IV AND V TOES AND THE POSTEROLATEL SURFACE OF THE LIN

d) deep inguinal nodes

258. INDICATE NODES OF II, III STAGES IN THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE LOWER LIMB

a) external iliac nodes b) popliteal nodes c) superficial inguinal nodes

d) deep inguinal nodes

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259. INDICATE THE DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC BED FROM THE BLOOD CHANNEL

a) the lymphatic bed does not have a direct connection with the heart b) the lymphatic bed is not closed c) the lymphatic bed has a greater number of valves

d) lymph nodes are localized along the lymphatic bed

260. INDICATE THE DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC BED FROM THE BLOOD CHANNEL

a) presence of well-developed collaterals b) lymphatic vessels do not have collaterals

c) lymphatic vessels widely anastomose with each other d) lymphatic vessels do not anastomose with each other

261. INDICATE THE ANATOMICAL FORMATIONS IN WHICH THERE ARE NO LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES

a) splenic parenchyma b) placenta

c) dura mater of the spinal cord and brain d) liver

262. INDICATE WHAT FACTORS PROMOTE LYMPH

a) the presence of valves and smooth muscle bundles in the lymphatic vessels b) contraction of skeletal muscles c) changes in pressure in the chest cavity during breathing d) contractile movements of the heart

263. INDICATE THE LINK OF THE LYMPHATIC BED

a) lymphatic capillaries b) lymphatic postcapillaries c) lymphatic vessels d) lymph nodes

264. INDICATE THE LINK OF THE LYMPHATIC BED

a) lymphatic trunks b) lymphatic ducts c) lymphatic valves d) lymphatic sinuses

265. WHAT IS LYMPHANGION

a) valve segment b) muscle fragment

c) structural and functional unit of the lymphatic vessel d) lymphatic region

266. INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

a) are the roots of the lymphatic bed b) are the final stage of lymph transport

c) participate in the formation of venous anastomoses d) are the initial structures of lymph formation

267. INDICATE THE DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES FROM BLOOD CAPILLARIES

a) are open vascular formations b) are closed vascular formations, have a blind beginning c) have a larger diameter d) have a smaller diameter

268. INDICATE THE DIFFERENCES IN THE STRUCTURE OF LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES FROM BLOOD CAPILLARIES

a) have uneven contours b) have smooth contours

c) have close connections with the surrounding connective tissue d) are not connected with the surrounding connective tissue

269. INDICATE HOW LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES DIFFER FROM BLOOD CAPILLARIES

a) do not have a basement membrane b) have a basement membrane c) the wall is impenetrable

d) have good wall permeability

270. INDICATE THE FEATURES OF LYMPHATIC POSTCAPILLARIES

a) have a basement membrane b) actively participate in lymph formation c) do not have valves d) have valves

271. INDICATE HOW LYMPHATIC VESSELS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO

TO THE BODIES

a) intraorgan vessels c) afferent vessels

b) extraorgan vessels d) efferent vessels

272. INDICATE HOW LYMPHATIC VESSELS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO

TO THE LYMPH NODES

a) intraorgan vessels b) extraorgan vessels c) afferent vessels d) efferent vessels

273. INDICATE THE STRUCTURE FEATURES OF LYMPHATIC VESSELS

a) the wall of lymphatic vessels contains fibrous structures b) the wall of lymphatic vessels contains myocytes c) lymphatic vessels have valves d) lymphatic vessels have clear contours

274. INDICATE THE MAIN LYMPHATIC TRUNKS

a) right and left lumbar trunks b) intestinal trunks c) right and left jugular trunks

d) right and left subclavian trunks

275. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS, OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM WHICH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE LUMBAR LYMPHATIC TRUNKS

a) lower limbs b) pelvic walls c) pelvic organs d) kidneys

276. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS, OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM WHICH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE LUMBAR LYMPHATIC TRUNKS

a) upper limbs b) adrenal glands c) testicle d) abdominal walls

277. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS, OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM WHICH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE INTESTINAL TRUNKS

a) abdominal organs supplied with blood from the celiac trunk

b) abdominal organs supplied with blood from the superior mesenteric artery

c) abdominal organs supplied with blood from the inferior mesenteric artery

d) pelvic organs

278. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS FROM WHICH THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE JUGULAR TRUNKS

a) organs of the head b) organs of the neck

c) organs of the thoracic cavity d) organs of the abdominal cavity

279. INDICATE THE LOCATION OF THE RIGHT JUGULAR TRUNK

d) right internal jugular vein

280. INDICATE THE LOCATION OF THE LEFT JUGULAR TRUNK

a) cervical part of the thoracic duct b) left venous angle c) right venous angle

d) right lymphatic duct

281. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS FROM WHICH THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE BRONCHOMEDISTANAL TRUNK

a) lungs b) heart

b) thymus d) thoracic esophagus

282. SPECIFY LYMPHATIC DUCTS

a) right lymphatic duct b) left lymphatic duct c) thoracic duct d) abdominal duct

283. INDICATE THE FEATURES OF THE RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

a) occurs in 20% of cases b) occurs in 100% of cases c) has a length of about 1 cm d) has a length of 20 cm or more

284. INDICATE THE LYMPHATIC TRUNKS PARTICIPATING IN THE FORMATION OF THE RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

a) right jugular trunk b) right subclavian trunk

c) right bronchomediastinal trunk d) thoracic duct

285. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS FROM WHICH THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

a) right side of the head b) right side of the neck

c) left upper limb d) walls of the right half of the chest

286. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS FROM WHICH THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT

a) right upper limb b) organs of the right half of the chest cavity c) lower lobe of the left lung d) upper lobe of the left lung

287. INDICATE THE LYMPHATIC TRUNKS PARTICIPATING IN THE FORMATION OF THE THORACIC DUCT

a) lumbar trunks b) intestinal trunks

c) left bronchomediastinal trunk d) right lymphatic duct

288. INDICATE THE PARTS OF THE THORACIC DUCT

a) arch of the thoracic duct b) cervical part of the thoracic duct

c) thoracic part of the thoracic duct d) abdominal part of the thoracic duct

289. SPECIFY THE FEATURES OF THE CHORACIC DUCT CISTERN

a) the thoracic duct cistern occurs in 50% of cases b) the thoracic duct cistern occurs constantly

c) the thoracic duct cistern is variable in shape and topography d) the thoracic duct cistern has a constant shape and topography

290. INDICATE THE STRUCTURE FEATURES OF THE CERVICAL PART OF THE THORACIC DUCT

a) absence of valves b) the narrowest part of the thoracic duct c) presence of an arch

d) presence of a terminal tank

291. INDICATE THE FEATURES OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE THORACIC DUCT

a) passes through the aortic opening of the diaphragm b) passes through the opening of the inferior vena cava of the diaphragm

c) initially located to the right of the midline, then deviates to the left d) initially located to the left of the midline, then deviates to the right

292. INDICATE THE FEATURES OF THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE THORACIC DUCT

a) located between the esophagus and the aorta b) located between the aorta and azygos vein c) located on the anterior surface of the aorta

d) located on the anterior surface of the spinal column

293. INDICATE THE PLACE OF THE MOST FREQUENT ENTRY OF THE THORACIC DUCT INTO THE VENOUS BED

a) left brachiocephalic vein b) left venous angle c) left jugular vein

d) left internal jugular vein

294. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS FROM WHICH THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE CHORACIC DUCT

a) the walls of the left half of the chest b) the organs of the left half of the chest cavity c) the lower lobe of the left lung d) the left half of the head and neck

295. INDICATE THE AREAS OF THE BODY AND ORGANS FROM WHICH THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH IS CARRIED OUT INTO THE CHORACIC DUCT

a) abdominal organs b) left upper limb c) pelvic organs d) lower limbs

296. INDICATE THE BASIC FORMS OF LYMPH NODES

a) oval b) cornuform

b) ribbon-shaped d) bean-shaped

297. INDICATE THE BASIC FORMS OF LYMPH NODES

a) segmental b) hook-shaped c) rounded d) leaf-shaped

298. INDICATE HOW THE LYMPH NODES ARE DIVIDED ACCORDING TO THE FLOW OF LYMPH

a) nodes of stage I c) nodes of stage III

b) nodes of stage II d) insertion nodes

299. INDICATE THE FEATURES OF LYMPH NODES OF STAGE I

c) receive lymph from several organs or areas of the body d) lie first in the path of lymph flow from an organ or area of the body

300. INDICATE THE FEATURES OF LYMPH NODES OF STAGE II

a) receive lymph from part of an organ b) receive lymph from the entire organ

c) receive lymph from several organs or areas of the body d) receive lymph from stage I nodes

301. INDICATE THE FEATURES OF STAGE III LYMPH NODES

a) receive lymph from part of an organ b) receive lymph from the entire organ

c) receive lymph from several organs or areas of the body d) receive lymph from stage II nodes

302. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODES

a) lymph nodes of the head and neck b) lymph nodes of the upper limb c) lymph nodes of the chest d) lymph nodes of the thoracic duct

303. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF REGIONAL LYMPH NODES

a) lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity

b) lymph nodes of the pelvis c) lymph nodes of the lower limb

d) lymph nodes of the right lymphatic duct

304. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE HEAD

a) occipital lymph nodes b) mastoid lymph nodes

c) superficial parotid lymph nodes d) deep parotid lymph nodes

305. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE HEAD

a) facial lymph nodes b) lingual lymph nodes

c) mental lymph nodes d) submandibular lymph nodes

306. SPECIFY THE FACIAL LYMPH NODES

a) buccal lymph node b) nasolabial lymph node c) molar lymph node

d) mandibular lymph node

307. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE NECK

a) anterior cervical lymph nodes b) lateral cervical lymph nodes c) supraclavicular lymph nodes d) accessory lymph nodes

308. SPECIFY THE ANTERIOR CERVICAL LYMPH NODES

a) superficial lymph nodes b) deep lymph nodes c) middle lymph nodes d) medial lymph nodes

309. SPECIFY LATERAL CERVICAL LYMPH NODES

a) superficial lymph nodes b) upper deep lymph nodes c) lower deep lymph nodes

d) medial deep lymph nodes

310. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE UPPER LIMB

a) axillary lymph nodes b) interthoracic lymph nodes c) subclavian lymph nodes

d) periclavicular lymph nodes

311. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE UPPER LIMB

a) brachial lymph nodes b) ulnar lymph nodes c) carpal lymph nodes d) metacarpal lymph nodes

312. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE CHEST

a) perithoracic lymph nodes

b) parasternal lymph nodes c) intercostal lymph nodes

d) superior phrenic lymph nodes

313. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE CHEST

a) prepericardial lymph nodes b) brachiocephalic lymph nodes

c) lateral pericardial lymph nodes d) peritracheal lymph nodes

314. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE CHEST

a) tracheal lymph nodes b) bronchopulmonary lymph nodes

c) juxtaesophageal lymph nodes d) prevertebral lymph nodes

315. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

a) parietal lymph nodes b) visceral lumbar lymph nodes c) superficial lymph nodes d) deep lymph nodes

316. SPECIFY THE PARIETAL LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

a) left and right lumbar lymph nodes b) intermediate lumbar lymph nodes c) lower phrenic lymph nodes d) lower epigastric lymph nodes

317. SPECIFY VISCERAL LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

a) celiac lymph nodes b) right and left gastric lymph nodes

c) right and left gastroepiploic lymph nodes d) pyloric lymph nodes

318. SPECIFY VISCERAL LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

a) pancreatic lymph nodes b) splenic lymph nodes

c) pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes d) hepatic lymph nodes

319. SPECIFY VISCERAL LYMPH NODES OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY

a) superior mesenteric lymph nodes b) inferior mesenteric lymph nodes c) common iliac lymph nodes d) nodes of the lymphatic ring of the cardia

320. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF PELVIC LYMPH NODES

a) parietal lymph nodes b) visceral lymph nodes c) superficial lymph nodes d) deep lymph nodes

321. SPECIFY THE PARIETAL LYMPH NODES OF THE PELVIS

a) common iliac lymph nodes

b) external iliac lymph nodes c) internal iliac lymph nodes d) paravesical lymph nodes

322. SPECIFY THE VISCERAL LYMPH NODES OF THE PELVIS

a) paravesical lymph nodes b) parauterine lymph nodes c) paravaginal lymph nodes

d) pararectal lymph nodes

323. INDICATE THE MAIN GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES OF THE LOWER LIMB

a) inguinal lymph nodes b) popliteal lymph nodes

c) ankle lymph nodes d) talus lymph nodes

324. INDICATE GROUPS OF INGUINAL LYMPH NODES

325. INDICATE GROUPS OF POPLISH LYMPH NODES

a) superficial lymph nodes b) deep lymph nodes c) internal lymph nodes d) external lymph nodes

326. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II, III STAGES DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE FACIAL SKIN

a) facial nodes, submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes b) facial nodes, submental nodes, deep cervical nodes c) facial nodes, anterior cervical nodes, anterior jugular nodes d) facial nodes, retropharyngeal nodes, deep cervical nodes

327. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II, III STAGES DURING THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE EYELIDS, EAR, EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL, TYMPANUM

a) superficial parotid nodes, superficial and deep cervical nodes b) facial nodes, anterior cervical nodes, anterior jugular nodes c) deep parotid nodes, submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes d) facial nodes, submandibular nodes, deep cervical nodes

328. INDICATE THE SEQUENCE OF LYMPH NODES I, II STAGES DURING THE FLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE PAROTIQUE GLAND

a) superficial parotid nodes, superficial and deep cervical nodes b) submental nodes, superficial and deep cervical nodes c) deep parotid nodes, superficial and deep cervical nodes d) facial nodes, superficial and deep cervical nodes

329. INDICATE THE DEEP CERVICAL NODES, WHICH ARE REGIONAL LYMPH NODES FOR THE LINGOTH PART OF THE PHARYNGE AND LARRYNX

a) preglottic nodes b) thyroid nodes

c) retropharyngeal nodes d) submandibular nodes

330. INDICATE THE DEEP CERVICAL NODES, WHICH ARE REGIONAL LYMPH NODES FOR THE THYROID GLAND

a) preglottic nodes b) thyroid nodes c) retropharyngeal nodes

d) submandibular nodes

331. INDICATE GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES THAT RECEIVE LYMPH FROM THE THUMB AND INDEX FINGERS AND THE RADIAL SIDE OF THE UPPER LIMB

332. INDICATE GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES THAT RECEIVE LYMPH FROM THE MIDDLE, RING AND LITTLE FINGERS OF THE HAND AND ULNA SIDE OF THE UPPER LIMB

a) ulnar nodes b) subclavian nodes

c) axillary nodes d) interthoracic nodes

333. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE UPPER MEDIAL QUADRANT OF THE BREAST

a) perithoracic nodes b) tracheobronchial nodes c) perithoracic nodes d) intercostal nodes

334. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE LOWER MEDIAL QUADRANT OF THE BREAST

a) periothoracic nodes b) tracheobronchial nodes c) periosternal nodes

335. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE UPPER LATERAL QUADRANT OF THE BREAST

a) deep axillary nodes b) subclavian nodes c) parasternal nodes d) supraclavicular nodes

336. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE LOWER LATERAL QUADRANT OF THE BREAST

a) deep axillary nodes b) subclavian nodes c) supraclavicular nodes

d) superior diaphragmatic nodes

337. INDICATE REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE THYMUS

a) prevertebral nodes b) tracheobronchial nodes c) parasternal nodes d) intercostal nodes

338. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE HEART AND PERICARDIAL

a) parasternal nodes b) intercostal nodes c) brachiocephalic nodes

d) lower tracheobronchial nodes

339. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES FOR THE UPPER LOBE OF THE RIGHT LUNG

a) intrapulmonary nodes b) bronchopulmonary nodes

c) upper tracheobronchial nodes d) prevertebral nodes

340. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES FOR THE MIDDLE AND LOWER LOBE OF THE RIGHT LUNG

a) intrapulmonary nodes b) bronchopulmonary nodes

341. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES FOR THE UPPER LOBE OF THE LEFT LUNG

a) intrapulmonary nodes b) bronchopulmonary nodes

c) upper tracheobronchial nodes d) parasternal nodes

342. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES FOR THE UPPER LOBE OF THE LEFT LUNG

a) intrapulmonary nodes b) bronchopulmonary nodes

c) lower tracheobronchial nodes d) prevertebral nodes

343. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL PLEURAAL LYMPH NODES

a) parasternal nodes b) intercostal nodes

344. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE CHORACIC ESOPHAGUS

a) prevertebral nodes b) tracheobronchial nodes

c) superior diaphragmatic nodes d) paratracheal nodes

345. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE CARDIAC AND FUND OF THE STOMACH

a) right and left gastric nodes b) nodes of the lymphatic ring of the cardia c) splenic nodes d) pyloric nodes

346. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE DUODEN AND PANCREAS

a) omental foramen node b) pancreaticoduodenal nodes c) superior mesenteric nodes d) pyloric nodes

347. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE CECUM AND COLON

a) mesenteric nodes b) celiac nodes c) paracolic nodes

d) inferior mesenteric nodes

348. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE LIVER

a) right and left gastric nodes b) celiac nodes c) omental foramen node d) hepatic nodes

349. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE PROSTATE AND SEMINAL GLANDS

350. INDICATE LYMPH NODES OF STAGES II, III IN THE OUTFLOW OF LYMPH FROM THE PELVIC ORGANS

a) external iliac nodes b) internal iliac nodes c) inferior mesenteric nodes d) celiac nodes

351. INDICATE THE MAIN REGIONAL LYMPH NODES OF THE EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS

a) external iliac nodes b) internal iliac nodes c) superficial inguinal nodes d) deep inguinal nodes

352. INDICATE GROUPS OF LYMPH NODES THAT RECEIVE LYMPH FROM THE DEEP INGUINAL NODES

a) external iliac nodes b) internal iliac nodes c) superficial inguinal nodes d) common iliac nodes

Related information.

Along the lymphatic vessels there are lymph nodes (nodi lymphatici) of different sizes (1-20 mm) and often bean-shaped (see Fig. 210, 216), which enrich the lymph with lymphocytes and act as a barrier to

pathogenic factors. Lymph from the internal organs, with a few exceptions (the thyroid gland), passes through one or more lymph nodes before reaching the main lymph collectors. The lymphatic vessels of the dermis do not have their own nodes and flow into the lymph nodes of the subcutaneous tissue or nodes along the deep lymphatic vessels outside the organs.

The lymph node is externally covered with a capsule, from which layers extend into the parenchyma (lymphoid tissue). Between the lining and the lymphoid tissue are slit-like spaces lined with endothelium - lymphatic sinuses. The afferent lymphatic vessels (vasa lymphatica afferentia) carry lymph to the lymphatic sinuses, then it enters the efferent lymphatic vessels (vasa lymphatica efferentia).

There are about 300 lymph nodes in the human body. In many predators and monkeys there are fewer of them, in equids they are quite numerous (in horses up to 8 thousand).

Head, neck. The superficial and deep lymphocapillary mesh are located in the scalp and face. The superficial mesh lies under the papillary layer, the deep mesh lies between the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The superficial lymphocapillary network flows into the deep one, from which drainage lymphatic vessels with lymphatic valves begin. These vessels carry lymph to the nearest lymph nodes located along the main saphenous veins of the face: facial, branches of the superficial temporal, transverse vein of the face, etc. Lymphatic vessels of the frontal and temporal areas, the auricle flow into the superficial ear nodes. A significant part of the lymph from the muscles of the forehead, eyelids, and parotid gland reaches the lymph nodes thicker than the parotid gland. From the superficial and deep parotid nodes, lymph flows to the system of lateral lymph nodes of the neck, grouped along the internal and external jugular veins. Lymph also comes here from the occipital and mastoid areas.

The superficial and deep lymphatic vessels of the anterior part of the face carry lymph to the regional submandibular and pididborid lymph nodes, from which the lymph flows to the deep anterior lymph nodes of the neck, the largest number of which are concentrated along the internal jugular vein. They can develop an inflammatory reaction in diseases such as tonsillitis, pulpitis, gingivitis, glossitis, etc. In cases of malignant disease in the upper or lower jaw, all lymph nodes of the neck should be removed in one block with tissue and fascia.

The submandibular nodes (nodi submandibulares) are located in the mandibular triangle of the neck, receiving lymph from the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, the oral mucosa, partly from the eyeball and the nasal cavity.

Among the lateral cervical nodes (nodi cervicales laterales), the deepest nodes (Fig. 220), located along the neurovascular bundle of the neck, are of greatest importance. To these nodes, lymph comes from the walls of the nasal cavity, tongue, palatine tonsils, pharynx and larynx.

The supraclavicular nodes (nodi supraclaviculares) are contained in the supraclavicular fossa and receive lymph from the posterior parts of the mammary gland and organs of the chest cavity. In addition, small (often single) lymph nodes are located: in front of the auricle (superficial and deep parotid), collecting lymph from the parotid salivary and mucous glands behind the auricle (occipital, mastoid, etc.), receiving lymph from the skin and muscles of the occipital areas of the head, at the chin triangle of the neck (pididboridni), collecting lymph from the roots and alveoli of the lower front teeth and lower parts of the face; in the area of the buccal muscle (buccal, nasolabial, mandibular nodes), which collect lymph from the cheeks, eye sockets, lips, etc.; anterior deep cervical (foreglottic, pre- and bilatraheal, thyroid), which receives lymph from the organs of the anterior neck; retropharyngeales (nodi retropharyngeales), collecting lymph from the pharynx, palatine tonsils and posterior walls of the nasal cavity.

Chest, organs of the chest cavity. The parietal regional nodes of the chest include: the pectoral node (nodi ragatatagia), contained on the outer edge of the pectoralis major muscle and receive lymph from the mammary gland; chest (nodi parasternals), located along a. thoracica interna, collect lymph from the medial sections of the mammary gland and the anterior wall of the chest (from these sections, lymph also flows into the supraclavicular and axillary lymph nodes) intercostal (nodi intercostales), lying along the intercostal vessels and receive lymph from the lateral walls of the chest and parietal pleura; prevertebrales (nodi prevertebrales), which collect lymph from the thoracic spinal column and are tightly connected to the posterior mediastinum by the superior phrenic lymph nodes (nodi phrenici superiores), located at the legs of the diaphragm and receive lymph from the posterior sections of the diaphragm. From the anterior sections of the diaphragm, lymph flows into the anterior, bronchopulmonary (see below) and subthoracic nodes.

In the thoracic cavity, lymphatic vessels are located along the trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary vessels contained in the tissue of the anterior and posterior mediastinum. The following main regional lymph nodes are identified here: the trachea (nodi paratracheales) are located at the bifurcation of the trachea; the upper and lower tracheoesophageal bronchial nodes (nodi tracheobronchiales), which collect lymph from the trachea, bronchi, esophagus, and lung; bronchopulmonary (nodi bronchopulmonales), which are localized within the root of the lung and receive lymph from the superficial lymphatic networks of the lungs and bronchi and anterior parts of the diaphragm; anterior mediastinum (nodi mediastinales anteriores), to which lymph flows from the heart, core (through the vessels of the anterior and lateral Median nodes), the anterior wall of the chest (through the vessels of the thoracic nodes) and the anterior parts of the diaphragm and liver; posterior mediastinum (nodi mediastinales posteriores), which collect lymph from the esophagus, the thoracic spinal column (through the vessels of the anterior spinal nodes), the posterior part of the diaphragm (through the vessels of the upper diaphragmatic nodes) and partly the liver. From the organs of the thoracic cavity, lymph collects in the right and left large broncho-mediastinal trunks, which flow into: the right - into the ductus lymphaticus dexter, the left - into the ductus thoracicus.

Belly, abdominal organs, pelvis. The lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity (Fig. 221) are divided into parietal and internal. The parietal lymph nodes include the left, right and intermediate lumbar (nodi lumbalcs dextri, sinistri et intermedix) nodes located near the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, receiving lymph from the walls and organs of the abdominal cavity, common, external and internal iliac (nodi Chassis communes, ехterni / interni), located along the corresponding vessels and collect lymph from the organs and walls of the small pelvis; the lower diaphragmatic (nodi phrenici inferior es) and lower epigastric (nodi epigastrici inferior es), contained along the vessels of the same name and receive the lymph of the diaphragm and upper section of the anterior abdominal wall. In addition, lymph flows from the skin of the upper abdomen to the subthoracic and partially to the lymph nodes, and from the lower abdomen to the superficial inguinal.

Internal (visceral) lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity are very numerous, and lymph flowing from organs (especially the stomach, liver, intestines) on the way to the thoracic duct usually passes through several regional nodes, connected to each other by many anastomoses. These nodes usually lie very close to one or another organ of the abdominal cavity (various parts of the stomach, pancreas, spleen, liver, intestines) or along the course of their vessels, located in the latter case between the layers of the parietal peritoneum (in caps, ripples, connections ). The main regional lymphatic vessels, in which lymph comes from other internal lymph nodes or, less commonly, directly from the lymphatic networks of organs, are the abdominal, as well as the superior and inferior mesenteric nodes.

The abdominal nodes (nodi coeliaci) are located along the abdominal trunk and its branches. Lymph is collected from the liver, stomach, pancreas, duodenum, and spleen.

The superior mesenteric nodes (nodi mesenterici superior es) are located along the superior mesenteric artery and its branches. Lymph is received from all parts of the small intestine, as well as from the cecum (from the appendix) and most of the colon. In this case, at the root of the mesentery, due to the vessels of the superior mesenteric nodes, a large intestinal trunk is formed, which flows into the left lumbar trunk or directly to the lymph tank.

The inferior mesenteric nodes (nodi mesenterici inferior es) are contained along the inferior mesenteric artery and its branches. Lymph is collected from the descending, sigmoid colon and upper rectum. Lymph flows from the kidneys mainly to the lumbar nodes.

From most of the pelvic organs, lymph, having passed through the corresponding regional nodes (primoral, primatkoval, primikhu-ru, etc.), flows into the general and internal iliac lymph nodes.

In addition, from the uterus through the round ligament, lymphatic vessels are also partially directed to the superficial inguinal nodes.

Upper limb. Lymphatic vessels of the upper limb can be divided into superficial and deep.

Superficial lymphatic vessels begin in the skin of the hand, following with the lateral and medial saphenous veins of the upper limb, often interrupted at the elbow nodes (nodi cubitales). Then they flow into nodi lumphoidei axil lares.

The deep lymphatic vessels travel along with the radial, ulnar and brachial arteries (some vessels end in the ulnar nodes) and end in the axillary lymph nodes. These same nodes also receive lymph from the mammary glandular (ragatattagia) nodes. The outflow vessels of the axillary lymph nodes, merging with each other, form the subclavian trunk on the right and left, which, connecting with the jugular trunk, forms the right lymphatic duct (ductus lymphaticus dexter), and on the left flows into the thoracic duct (ductus thoracicus) (at its confluence with venous angle).

Lower limb. The lymphatic vessels of the lower extremity, like those of the upper extremity, are divided into superficial and deep.

Superficial lymphatic vessels that collect lymph from the superficial tissues of the limb, then mainly together with the saphenous (large and small) veins of the lower limb and flow into the popliteal nodes (nodi poplitei), which lie deep in the popliteal fossa (they also receive lymph from deep lymphatic vessels feet and legs), and superficial inguinal nodes (nodi inguinales superficiales), located under the skin, inguinal fold and within the hiatus saphenus (see Fig. 216). Lymph from the skin of the anterior wall of the abdomen, buttocks, perineum (together with the anus) and external genitalia also flows into these lymph nodes.

The deep lymphatic vessels of the lower extremity collect lymph from tissues located deeper than the fascia lata, fascia of the leg and foot, and on their way pass sequentially through the anterior and posterior tibial, popliteal and deep inguinal (nodi inguinales profundi) lymph nodes.

The outflow vessels of the deep inguinal nodes accompany the club with blood vessels heading to the multi-storey iliac nodes (nodi Chassis externi et interni), which also collect lymph from the walls and organs of the pelvic cavity.

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Anaplastic cancer

Anatomy and physiology

Normal size of lymph nodes

Reason to visit the doctor

Enlarged lymph nodes

Pain

Classification

Diagnosis of inflammation of the lymph nodes

How to treat lymph nodes?

Lymphadenopathy and lymphadenitis - enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes: causes, diagnosis, treatment

What does enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes mean?

Signs of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes. How to determine enlarged lymph nodes yourself?

Causes

Causes of enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes - video

How to determine inflammation of the lymph nodes? Pain, temperature and enlargement as symptoms of acute inflammation of the lymph nodes

Nonspecific infections as a cause of enlargement and inflammation of the submandibular, cervical, axillary, elbow, inguinal, femoral, or popliteal lymph nodes: symptoms and treatment

Nonspecific infection, as one of the most common causes of pathology

What does acute purulent inflammation of the lymph nodes look like?

Consequences

How to treat?

Long-term painless enlargement of lymph nodes in chronic inflammation caused by nonspecific microflora

How to cure?

Is chronic enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes caused by nonspecific microflora dangerous?

Specific infections as a cause of enlargement and inflammation

Tuberculosis

Enlargement and inflammation of the inguinal, mandibular and mental lymph nodes in primary syphilis

Enlargement and inflammation of the occipital, cervical, parotid, popliteal and axillary lymph nodes as an important diagnostic sign of rubella

Chickenpox

What is the danger of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes during specific infections?

Causes of enlargement and inflammation of lymph nodes in children

Answers to the most popular questions

What are the causes of enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the groin in men and women?

When does enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the arms develop in women?

What could be the reasons for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes in the neck?

Which doctor should I contact?

I'm expecting a baby (fourth month of pregnancy). I recently caught a cold, a severe sore throat, and a fever. Today I noticed enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes under the jaw. How dangerous is it during pregnancy?

What tests are prescribed?

What antibiotic is prescribed for enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes?

Is it possible to apply compresses?

Is ichthyol ointment and Vishnevsky ointment used for enlargement and inflammation?

The child has symptoms of enlargement and inflammation of the lymph nodes behind the ear. Which doctor should I contact? Are there any traditional treatments?

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