What does a dictionary entry mean? example. Examples of dictionary entries

Dictionary entry- the basic structural unit of any dictionary.

The dictionary entry consists of:

• capital unit;
• text explaining the heading unit and describing its main characteristics.

Structure of a dictionary entry

Left side of the dictionary. The dictionary entry of any dictionary begins with capital word(in other words: head word, lemma, black word - from the bold font that usually marks the head word).

The combination of capital words forms dictionary, or the left side of the dictionary. The choice of a dictionary (which words will be included in a given dictionary and which will not) depends on the purpose of the dictionary (highly specialized, universal, etc.).

A dictionary may consist of language units:

• phonemes (sounds) - have recently been widely developed in connection with the development of automatic speech recognition;
• morphemes (prefixes, roots, suffixes..) - for morpheme dictionaries, grammar dictionaries, derivational dictionaries;
• lexemes (words in the “basic form”) - most dictionaries are built according to this criterion: explanatory, spelling, etc.;
• word forms (words in a certain number, case..) - for grammatical dictionaries, rhyming dictionaries, etc.;
• phrases (not one word, but several related words in one way or another) - for example, for phraseological dictionaries, dictionaries of idioms, dictionaries of cliches, etc.

Sometimes the vocabulary consists of lexemes and phrases (for example, for encyclopedic dictionaries).

Right side of the dictionary- the one in which the heading unit is explained. The structure of a dictionary entry is determined by the tasks of the dictionary. Zones on the right side are developed for each dictionary. This could be: a list of synonyms for a given word (for a dictionary of synonyms), a translation of the word (for dictionaries of foreign words), a disclosure of the concept that is described by a given word, with the possible application of graphs, diagrams, drawings (for encyclopedic dictionaries), etc. For example , the right side of the explanatory dictionary, as a rule, includes the zones:

• grammatical;
• stylistic;
• interpretation;
• illustrations (quotes, sayings);
• type of meaning (direct, figurative);
• word-formation nest;
• the so-called “diamond” part (phraseologisms);
• and etc.

Often inside a dictionary entry there may be region (zone) litter(or simply litters). Marks can be stylistic, grammatical and others. Most often, marks are located immediately after the heading word, but they can also be in other places (for example: outdated- obsolete meaning, rare- meaning rarely used, scientific- scientific significance, etc.)

The totality of all dictionary entries forms dictionary body. In addition to the body, any dictionary usually has a preface, a section “How to use the dictionary”; a list of abbreviations, etc. In addition, dictionaries may contain pointers (in Wikipedia, the role of pointers is partially played by redirection pages, “ambiguity” and “Categorization” pages)

Example

Dictionary entry “Product” in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by D. N. Ushakov.

PRODUCT, a (y), m. 1. (plural meaning different types, varieties). A product of labor that has value and is distributed in society through purchase and sale (economics); in general, everything that is an item of trade. (Stalin). (Zhukovsky). Red t.(see red). There are a lot of goods in the stores. Hot t. Lying t. Colonial t. 2. (units only). Tanned finished leather (boots). Opoikovy T. 3. (units only). Ore mixture ready for smelting (forge). ◊ Living goods. See live in 6 digits. Show the product face- show something from the best, most advantageous side. An auditor is coming from St. Petersburg... You could hear that everyone was cowardly, fussing, wanting to show off the goods with their faces(Dostoevsky).

Case Study

PRODUCT- headword;

a (y) - grammatical zone: indicating the ending in gender. p.un. h., the ending option is given in brackets;

m. - grammatical zone: indicating the gender of the word, it is masculine;

1. - number of the meaning of a polysemantic word (for single-valued words the number is not indicated);

(plural meaning different types, varieties) - grammatical zone of the first meaning: it is indicated that in the plural this meaning of the word does not have the meaning of plurality (which is characteristic of the grammatical meaning of the plural), but the meaning “different types, varieties”;

A product of labor that has value and is distributed in society through purchase and sale - interpretation of the first meaning;

(economy) - stylistic zone: an indication of the limitation of this meaning to special vocabulary, namely economic;

in general, everything that is an object of trade is the second part of the interpretation of the first meaning, a sign; before this part of the interpretation indicates that it can potentially be isolated into a separate meaning;

We must finally understand that goods are ultimately produced not for production, but for consumption.

My ship anchored in the bay is full of rare goods- illustration area: a quote is given as an example;

Red t.- illustration zone: a sentence is given as an example - a stable expression;

(see red) - zone of reference: with the help of this zone, a connection is established between the elements of the dictionary: the reader is referred to the dictionary entry “red”, which provides an interpretation of the phraseological unit red product;

There are a lot of goods in the stores- illustration zone: a speech is given as an example;

Hot t. Lying t. Colonial t.- illustration zone: sayings are given as examples, pay attention to the last example - today it should be given in the diamond part or with a hint, since this is historicism;

2.

Tanned finished leather is a zone of interpretation;

(boot) - stylistic zone: indication of the area of ​​restriction of use;

Opoikovy T.- illustration zone: a speech is given as an illustration;

3. - number of the meaning of a polysemantic word;

only units - grammatical zone: a restriction is indicated for this meaning, only in the singular;

Ore mixture ready for smelting - interpretation;

(horn) - stylistic zone: indication of the scope of restriction of use;

◊ - a diamond sign, after which the “behind the diamond part” begins, where phraseological units are presented. Each phraseological unit also has its own entrance, its own black words, they (despite the fact that there are at least two of them) represent one lexical unit;

Live goods- the head word of the diamond part;

See live in 6 digits. - interpretation-reference, the reader should turn to the word living in the 6th meaning, where the interpretation of the phraseological unit living commodity will be given. It would be good to repeat the interpretation rather than send it, but if you consider that in Ushakov’s time dictionaries were always only printed, then it is immediately obvious that references save paper;

Lexicography (from the Greek lexikos - related to the word and ... graphy), a branch of linguistics dealing with the practice and theory of compiling dictionaries.

Here they highlight:

1) pre-dictionary period.

The main function is to explain obscure words: glosses (in Sumer, 25th century BC, in China, 20th century BC, in Western Europe, 8th century AD, in Russia, 13th century

2.Early vocabulary period.

The main function is the study of a literary language that is different from spoken language in many nations: for example, monolingual Sanskrit lexicons

3.The period of developed literature, associated with the development of national literary languages.

The main function is to describe and normalize the vocabulary of the language, increasing the linguistic culture of society.

Highlight:

Practical lexicography performs socially important functions, providing language teaching, description and normalization of language, interlingual communication, and scientific study of language. Lexicography strives to find the most optimal and perceptible ways of dictionary representation of the entire body of knowledge about a language.

Theoretical lexicography covers a complex of problems related to the development of the macrostructure (selection of vocabulary, volume and nature of the dictionary, principles of arrangement of material) and microstructure of the dictionary (structure of a dictionary entry, types of dictionary definitions, correlation of different types of information about a word, types of language illustrations, etc.), creation of a typology of dictionaries, with the history of lexicography.

The task of lexicography:

Record a description of vocabulary and its use. The lexicographer knows that his duty is to record in writing the language he observes, that continuous change is a property of every living organism, and that living language includes, in particular, forms resulting from erroneous assumptions and associations .

The types of dictionaries are very diverse, determined by the basic information it contains and its general purpose. First of all, there are two main types of dictionaries: linguistic (or philological) and encyclopedic dictionaries. An encyclopedic dictionary describes a reality (that is, an object, phenomenon, historical fact), and a linguistic dictionary explains and describes the word that names this reality.

There are also intermediate varieties of dictionaries. In addition, any dictionary can be classified as either “general” or “special”.

Encyclopedic, in which a description of a particular phenomenon, concept, event, etc. is given. (depending on the volume and recipient of the dictionary, more or less detailed scientific information is given). There are many dictionary entries in encyclopedic dictionaries in which the heading word is proper nouns. Encyclopedic dictionaries include encyclopedias, scientific reference books that provide information on any branch of knowledge, and terminological dictionaries.

In addition, encyclopedic dictionaries are divided into universal (for example, “Concise Russian Encyclopedia”, “Children’s Encyclopedia”, “Big Encyclopedic Dictionary for Schoolchildren”) and sectoral (for example, “Russian Language” encyclopedia, “Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist”, encyclopedic dictionary “ Linguistics"). Encyclopedic dictionaries include: “Great Soviet Encyclopedia”; "Medical Encyclopedia"; “Concise Literary Encyclopedia”, etc.

Linguistic - primarily explanatory, in which linguistic meanings are described. Linguistic dictionaries contain interpretations of words (basic meanings, direct and figurative, are indicated), grammatical, stylistic and other notes are given. An example of a dictionary entry from a linguistic dictionary: marmot, - r k a, m. - a small rodent of the family. squirrels, living in burrows and hibernating in winter.

There are various and numerous types of linguistic dictionaries: explanatory dictionaries; synonym dictionaries; dictionaries of foreign words; dictionaries of correct speech; phraseological dictionaries; spelling dictionaries; spelling dictionaries; dialect dictionaries; etymological dictionaries; word-formation dictionaries, etc.

Linguistic (philological) dictionaries are divided into multilingual, bilingual and monolingual. Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries are translation dictionaries, in which the meanings of words in one language are explained by comparison with another language (for example, dictionaries English-Russian, Russian-English, Russian-English-Arabic, etc.).

In monolingual dictionaries, words are explained using words of the same language. Monolingual dictionaries can be complex or aspectual. Explanatory dictionaries are complex. Such dictionaries provide the information necessary to understand a word, its use in speech, etc. Aspect dictionaries reflect one or another aspect of the language. These include: dictionaries of foreign words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, phraseological, orthoepic, spelling, word-formation, morphemic, etymological, reverse, abbreviations and other types of dictionaries.

The most important type of monolingual linguistic dictionary is the Explanatory Dictionary.

The task of explanatory dictionaries is primarily to reflect the active vocabulary of a language of a certain period. Explanatory dictionaries explain the meaning of words and their shades, give grammatical characteristics of words, provide stylistic notes, give instructions on the pronunciation of words and spelling, and also illustrate the use of words in both free and phraseological phrases.

Dictionary entry:

An entry in a dictionary that characterizes a particular word and includes various zones.

1. First comes the headword, formatted in such a way that we can get information about its spelling, pronunciation, and stress. The zone structure of a dictionary entry varies depending on the type of dictionary. It is most fully presented in explanatory dictionaries.

2. One of the main zones here is the zone of meaning: interpretation of lexical meaning involves establishing the number of meanings of a word and determining each meaning separately. The explanatory dictionary distinguishes several types of meaning of a word: figurative, terminological (special), phraseological.

Modern dictionaries use different ways to interpret the meaning of words:

a) semantic (descriptive) definition (definition);

b) synonymous definition;

c) word-formation definition;

d) reference definition.

3. One of the mandatory components of a dictionary entry is the zone of forms: indication of grammatical categories (part of speech, gender, type, etc.), supporting word forms; possible options.

4. A special component of a dictionary entry is stylistic notes indicating the types of book and colloquial vocabulary.

5. The next component of a dictionary entry is phraseological units, stable combinations of words, isolated forms that are separated by a paragraph, a diamond, or some other way.

6. An obligatory component of a dictionary entry is illustrations (illustrative material): phrases, quotations from works that provide additional characteristics of the semantic and grammatical features of words, reveal the scope of their use, emphasizing their normativity, and serve as a guide for modern word usage.

For example:

GOODS, a (y), m. 1. (plural meaning different types, varieties). A product of labor that has value and is distributed in society through purchase and sale (economics); in general, everything that is an item of trade. We must finally understand that goods are ultimately produced not for production, but for consumption (Stalin). My ship, anchored in the bay, is full of rare goods (Zhukovsky). Red t. (see red). There are a lot of goods in the stores. Hot t. Lying t. Colonial t. 2. (units only). Tanned finished leather (boots). Opoikovy v. 3. (units only). Ore mixture ready for smelting (forge). ◊ Live goods. See live in 6 digits. To show a product face to face - to show something from the best, most advantageous side. An auditor is coming from St. Petersburg... You could hear that everyone was cowardly, fussing, wanting to show off the goods (Dostoevsky).

1. The headword (in bold in capital letters) with an indication of stress and, in difficult cases, with orthoepic commentary on the pronunciation of individual sounds or their combinations in square brackets after the headword.
2. Interpretation of the word containing:

1. Illustrative material as a means of word semantization.
2. Steady speed.
3. Derived words, the presence of which allows us to consider this dictionary as partially nested.

More on the topic Structure and content of a dictionary entry in the explanatory dictionary:

1. 5. Types of dictionaries. The structure of a dictionary entry in the explanatory dictionary. Ways to interpret the lexical meaning of a word. Basic explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language.
2. 2. Types of dictionaries. The structure of a dictionary entry in the explanatory dictionary. Ways to interpret the lexical meaning of a word. Basic explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian language.

Independent work

In Russian language and speech culture

Dictionary. Dictionary entry.

A dictionary is, as a rule, a list of words written in alphabetical order and dictionary entries for each word.

A dictionary entry, for example, in a linguistic dictionary reveals the meaning of a word and briefly describes its linguistic and grammatical features. In this case, the dictionary entry usually includes

▪ capital word;

▪ accentological and some grammatical characteristics of this word;

▪ stylistic notes;

▪ dictionary definition of the meaning of a word;

▪ quotes illustrating the use of words in speech;

▪ stable phrases;

▪ certificate of historical and etymological nature;

▪ bibliographic reference (literature that was used to compile the article).

Thus, a word, its semantic structure (meaning), its basic grammatical, stylistic, orthoepic characteristics, examples of use in the works of Russian writers, in stable phrases, proverbs and sayings are presented precisely in the dictionary entry.

The theory and practice of compiling dictionaries deals with the branch of the science of language, which is called lexicography (Greek. lexicon-dictionary, graphō- writing)

In the one-volume linguistic explanatory “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov we can read, for example, the following dictionary entry:

SOUL",-ú , wine soul, pl. souls, souls, souls, and.

1. Devoted body and soul to his work. Happy at heart. I don't like it(I do not like). Heart to heart talk(frankly). Play with soul(with inspiration). Put your soul into your business(give yourself entirely to the task). What does the soul hold?(about a frail, sick person). The soul does not lie with anyone.(no disposition towards someone, not interested in something.) The soul does not accept something.(I do not want). The soul knows its limits(about reluctance to eat or drink too much). The soul rejoices(very happy, pleasant). My soul has sunk into my heels(frightened). Heartily or with all my heart(sincerely). Live in perfect harmony(amicably, in agreement). Stand over(to be persistently near someone, annoying; colloquial) (tactlessly interfere in someone’s life or affairs). As much as your heart desires,(as much as you like, as much as you like). Neither soul nor body is to blame(not my fault at all). Take your soul away(express everything that has accumulated). Take on the soul(take responsibility). Something takes the soul.(very worried). Dote on someone.(to love someone very much). Soul wide open(about a frank person). The soul is out of place or My Soul Hurts(restless). I'm sick of something.(about the feeling of disgust; simple.) How God will lay down your soul(how it turns out, somehow; colloquial) Give your soul to God(to die; obsolete). The soul separates from the body(death has come). 2. Good soul, low soul. 3. trans., what. 4. About a person (usually in stable combinations; colloquial) (nobody here). Per capita(have to, got it, etc.: per person) 5. In the old days: serf peasant. Reviz soul. Dead Souls(also translated: about people fictitiously registered somewhere). ◊ Without soul - In the shower– 1) mentally, to oneself. In his heart he did not agree A poet at heart. For the soul(colloquial) – for oneself, to satisfy one’s inclinations. My soul! Soul-man There is no soul(nothing, not a penny, etc.) who- no one has anything. With dear soul(colloquial) - very willingly. For my sweet soul(do something) - with all the pleasure. ║ neglectedlittle soul,-And, and.(to 1 and 2 meanings; colloquial)║adj. soulful,-th, -oe (to 1 value) And shower, -aya, -oe (to 5 values) Mental illness(mental).

(S.I. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language - M.: 1983, p. 162)

Note: Ozhegov’s dictionary was written in Soviet times and first published in 1949. After the death of Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov (†1964), the editor-lexicologist of this dictionary, Natalia Yulievna Shvedova, continued to work on the dictionary, and in 1972 the 9th revised and expanded edition of this dictionary was published. The dictionary entry given above is taken from the stereotypical (that is, uncorrected) 14th edition, which basically repeated the 9th edition of the 1972 dictionary.

In 1989, the 21st revised and expanded edition of the dictionary was published. Compared to the last non-stereotypical lifetime edition (4th, 1960), the 21st edition of the dictionary became essentially a new book: the entire corpus of the dictionary was updated and expanded by its editor and co-author. In 1990, the USSR Academy of Sciences awarded the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” to S.I. Ozhegov Prize named after. A.S. Pushkin. In 1992, the dictionary was published under the names of its two authors: S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova. However, in accordance with tradition, all editions of this dictionary are still called Ozhegov’s Dictionary.

Structure of vocabulary in Ozhegov’s explanatory dictionary.

The title word of a dictionary entry is soul– a noun that is given in the nominative singular case and has stress on the second syllable. Subsequent grammatical notes: - ú , wine soul, pl. souls, souls, souls, and. mean the following:

the genitive singular has the ending - ú (with emphasis on the ending): soul;

the accusative singular has the form soul(the place of stress changes, moves to the root, i.e. the stress is movable);

nominative plural ( pl.) –– souls;

genitive plural – shower;

dative plural – souls .

Gender of noun soul– and.– female.

Arabic numerals ( 1. 2. … ) indicates dictionary definitions of the meaning of a polysemantic word. In the dictionary entry the word soul It has six values ​​and accordingly six brief dictionary definitions. Brief definitions are compiled for understanding the meaning of the word and its use in modern speech. It is clear that the dictionary cannot be required to provide information for a comprehensive understanding of the subject itself, but the accuracy of the definition is necessary.

From the point of view of use in speech, the word soul is neutral. However, stylistic notes are given with illustrative examples and phraseological combinations. Examples illustrating the use of the word in speech are given in italics after the dictionary definition. So, after interpreting the first meaning of the word, the following example is given: Someone's soul is wide open.(about someone who is always open, frank, sincere; colloquial). Litter (colloquial) indicates the stylistic characteristics of a phrase or sentence - colloquial; i.e. this use of the word is characteristic of the colloquial style of the Russian literary language.

After the interpretation of the meanings and examples of the use of the word in speech, fixed expressions or phraseological units are given in bold. For example: Dote on your soulin whom(colloquial) – to love very much. Dote on children(colloquial). This phraseological unit is also marked (colloquial).

At the end of the article, derivative words of the same root are given that are part of the so-called word-formation nest for the main word - with a diminutive suffix - diminutive-affectionate darling-And, and.(to 1 and 2 digits) ; with a suffix that gives a connotation of disdain – neglectedlittle soul,-And, and.(to 1 and 2 digits) , as well as adjectives soulful,-th, -oe (to 1 value) And shower -aya, -oe (to 6 digits; obsolete).

Task No. 1

Compare dictionary entries for the word ‘ soul’ in Ozhegov’s Dictionary, 1983 edition (see previous assignment), Ozhegov’s Dictionary, 1995 edition (see below) and V.I.’s Dictionary. Dahl (see below); answer the following questions in writing:

a) How many meanings of the word ‘ soul’ listed in dictionary entries?

b) Are there differences in the formulation of word meanings?

c) What phraseological combinations are given in the dictionary entries?

d) What proverbs and sayings are given in the dictionary entry by V.I. Dahl, and which ones - from S.I. Ozhegova?

e) How the word is written God in the dictionary entries of Ozhegov and Dahl? How should you write this word?

f) How would you comment on the following message?

Our compatriot, the archbishop, wrote the following in the 60s of the twentieth century: “Nowadays, people even insult faith in God (by forcing them to write the great holy name with a small letter). But man can offend God even less than the constellation Orion or Cygnus. Non-believers only harm their own lives.” (Archbishop John of San Francisco (Shakhovskoy). Psychology of resentment, p. 146)

SOUL,-ú , wine soul, pl. souls, souls, souls, and.

1. The inner mental world of a person, his consciousness. Devoted body and soul to someone. Happy at heart. I don't like it(don't like; colloquial). Put your soul into your business(give yourself completely). What does the soul hold?(about a frail, sick person; colloquial). The soul does not lie with anyone. (no disposition, no interest in someone.) The soul does not accept something.(I don’t want to; colloquially). The soul knows its limits(about reluctance to eat or drink too much; colloquial) The soul rejoices(very joyful, pleasant; colloquial) My soul has sunk into my heels(scared; colloquial). Heartily or with all my heart(sincerely). Live in perfect harmony(amicably, in agreement). To stand over someone's soul.(to be persistently near someone, rushing and interfering with doing something; colloquial) To get into someone's soul.(tactlessly interfere in someone’s life, seeking frankness). As much as your heart desires,(as much as you like, as much as you want; colloquial). Neither soul nor body is to blame(not guilty at all; colloquial) Take your soul away(express everything that has accumulated in the soul; colloquial). To take something from the soul.(on your conscience; colloquial). Something takes the soul.(very exciting, touching). To pull someone for the soul.(to torment, torment; colloquial). Soul pull out of someone(to torment with something tedious, tedious; colloquial). Someone's soul is wide open.(about someone who is always open, frank, sincere; colloquial). The soul is out of place or My Soul Hurts(restless; colloquial). Give your soul to God(to die; obsolete). The soul separates from the body(death has come; colloquial). It's time to think about the soul(enough to think about the vanity of life: things are moving towards old age, soon to die; colloquial). 2. This or that character property, as well as a person with certain properties. Good soul, low soul. 3. In religious ideas: a supernatural, immaterial immortal principle in a person that continues to live after his death. Immortal soul. Think about saving your soul. Souls of the dead.4. trans., what. The inspirer of something, the main person. The soul of the whole thing. The soul of society.5. About a person (usually in stable combinations) There's not a soul in the house. There is no living soul(no one; colloquial). I like it, I got it(for one person) . 6. In Tsarist Russia: a serf peasant, as well as in general a person belonging to the tax-paying class. Reviz soul. Dead Souls(dead serfs, as well as transl.: about people fictitiously registered somewhere). ◊ Pull the soul (pull, reel) from whom(simple) – to torment with something. annoying, tedious. Dote on your soulin whom(colloquial) – to love very much. Dote on children. My soul!(colloquial) - in circulation: dear, (s). Soul-man(colloquial) – a very good, sympathetic person. Without soul - without inspiration, without inspiration. With soul– giving yourself completely, with inspiration. In the shower– 1) mentally, to oneself. I agree in my heart; 2) according to natural inclinations. A poet at heart. For the soul(colloquial) – for oneself, to satisfy one’s inclinations and interests. To your liking(colloquial) – Job to him to your liking.There is nothing behind the soul who- no one has anything. Heart to heart(talk, talk, frankly). With dear soul(colloquial) - very willingly. For my sweet soul(colloquial) - easily, effortlessly. How God puts it on your soul(colloquial) - as necessary, somehow. It makes me sickfrom what(simple) – about the feeling of disgust. // diminutive-affectionate darling-And, and.(to 1 and 2 values) // neglectedlittle soul,-And, and.(to 1 and 2 values) // adj. soulful,-th, -oe (to 1 value) And shower room, -aya, -oe (to 6 digits; obsolete). Mental illness(mental). With heartfelt sorrow. Shower allotment.

(Ozhegov S.I. and Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language - M.: 1995, p. 179)

SOUL and. an immortal spiritual being, gifted with reason and will; in general meaning a person, with spirit and body; in a closer place; ║ a person without flesh, incorporeal, after his death; in the closest sense; the vital being of man, imagined separately from the body and from the spirit, and in this sense it is said that animals also have a soul. ║ Speaking soul, in meaning a person, sometimes they mean people of both sexes, or only male, revision soul, which actually means a person of taxable status.║ Soul also the mental and spiritual qualities of a person, conscience, inner feeling, etc. The soul is the disembodied body of the spirit; in this meaning. spirit higher souls. There's not a soul at home. City dwellers are residents, and villagers are souls. Chelovѣ with a strong, weak soul, or simply strong, weak soul. Take what's on our soul, conscientiously; take an oath or oath; vouch. Take sin on your soul, do what is arbitrary, accepting the answer. He has a lot of soul, his writings have a lot of soul, feelings . Be the soul of the conversation its main engine. Soul-manѣ k, direct and good-natured, where greetings come from: my soul. He has a hundred souls he owns an estate of one hundred peasants. Ancestral souls inhabited ancestral, inherited estate. capital souls, missing in the national census. Dead souls people who died between two national censuses, but are listed by paying taxes, are evident. Give your soul to God die. Lay down your soul for someone, sacrifice life. Lay down your soul for someone, vouch for an important matter. Search for someone else's soul, want to destroy your neighbor.< …> Release your soul to repentance don’t destroy in vain, let him live.<…> It's on your soul, you are to blame, you will give God an answer for this. [ etc. - see Dahl's Dictionary] (V.I. Dal Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, p. 504)

Types of Dictionaries.

Vocabularies can be divided into two main types: encyclopedic and philological (linguistic).

Encyclopedic dictionaries provide a description of a particular phenomenon, concept, event, etc.

Encyclopedic dictionaries include encyclopedias, scientific reference books on any branch of knowledge, and terminological dictionaries. The largest encyclopedic dictionaries are the dictionaries of the publishing company "Brockhaus and Efron", "Encyclopedic Dictionary" of Brockhaus and Efron in Russian (1890-1907), "Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Bibliographic Institute Granat", published at the end of the 19th, beginning of the 20th century, Great Soviet Encyclopedia (GSE), Small Soviet Encyclopedia (ISE), etc. Among scientific reference books, one should name the encyclopedia “Russian Language”, from terminological dictionaries - dictionaries of linguistic, literary terms, “Soviet Historical Encyclopedia”, “Children’s Encyclopedia” , “Popular Medical Encyclopedia”, philosophical dictionary, etc.

In philological (linguistic) dictionaries, words are explained and their meanings are interpreted.

The most important type of monolingual linguistic dictionary is an explanatory dictionary, which contains words with an explanation of their meanings, grammatical and stylistic characteristics.

Task No. 2

1) Write down and compare the historical facts presented in articles from different encyclopedic dictionaries and in the historical work about the Greek Princess, Russian Queen Sophia Paleologus:

in the “Encyclopedic Dictionary” by F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron,

in the "Soviet Historical Encyclopedia",

in “History of the Russian State” by N.M. Karamzin.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus - I.A. Efron.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron (ESBE) is named after the names of the publishers. The dictionary consists of 41 volumes and 2 additional volumes or, respectively, 82 main and 4 additional half-volumes. The encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron was published for seventeen years (from 1890 to 1907) during the reign of the Sovereign-Emperor Alexander Alexandrovich (Alexander III) and the last Sovereign-Emperor of All Russia Nikolai Alexandrovich (Holy Tsar-Martyr Nicholas II). Initially, the encyclopedia contained mainly translations of articles from the famous German Brockhaus encyclopedia “Conversations-Lexicon” adapted for the Russian reader. The translation caused a lot of complaints, then it was decided to subject the encyclopedia to the editors. As a result of scientific processing, the famous multi-volume Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. was created. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron, the content of which was significantly expanded with articles on the history and culture of Russia, articles on geography, biology, chemistry and medicine. Many of the entries in the dictionary represent original new research, often in the form of a monograph.

About 735 authors of Tsarist Russia participated in the compilation of the dictionary - the entire flower of Russian science and culture, who left their memory in this lexicographic work on the eve of the disaster of 1917.

Chief editors of the Encyclopedic Dictionary - (from 1st to 6th half) Professor Ivan Efimovich Andreevsky († May 20, 1891), (from 6th to 82nd half) K.K. Arsenyev and Honored Professor F.F. Petrushevsky;

editor of the department of literary history - literary critic, literary historian, outstanding bibliographer Semyon Afanasyevich Vengerov;

editor of the chemical-technical and factory department - Professor Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev;

editor of the philosophy department - philosopher, poet and publicist Vladimir Sergeevich Solovyov († July 31, 1900);

editor of the fine arts department - artist Andrey Ivanovich Somov and others.

Academician Konstantin Nikolaevich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (†1897); Russian linguist Professor Ivan Aleksandrovich Baudouin de Courtenay; philologist Academician Alexey Nikolaevich Veselovsky; philologist Alexey Fedorovich Fortunatov; Academician Alexey Alexandrovich Shakhmatov; Russian linguists Professor Nikolai Yakovlevich Grot (†1899) and Professor Konstantin Yakovlevich Grot; Baron Karl Karlovich Wrangel; Senator Anatoly Fedorovich Koni; biologist Privat-docent Mikhail Nikolaevich Rimsky-Korsakov; biologist Professor Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov, biologist Professor Kliment Arkadyevich Timiryazev; biologist Academician A.O. Kovalevsky; Russian historian, Privat-docent E.V. Tarle; philologist Professor Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy; philosopher Prince Evgeny Nikolaevich Trubetskoy, V.I. Sreznevsky, artist A.N. Benoit et al.

At the end of the dictionary there is a portrait gallery of the editors and employees of the Encyclopedic Dictionary. (Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, T.82. from the Afterword.)

Sofia Paleolog - the second wife of Grand Duke John, played an important role in the history of the Moscow state. Daughter of Koma, brother of the last Byzantine Emperor. Konstantin. After the fall of Byzantium, Koma found refuge in Rome; upon his death, he left two sons and a daughter Zoya (Zinaida - according to the Sophia vremennik), subsequently in Russia, who received the name Sophia. Pope Paul II decided to choose Zoe as an instrument of his plans - to restore the Florentine union of churches. Through the Greek, Cardinal Visarion, he began relations with John III: in February 1469, Visarion sent the Greek Yuri to Moscow with a proposal from Vel. Book hands of S. Paleolog. Raihald "Annal Eccles" around 1470 openly talks about the intentions of Paul II: “the pope flattered himself with the hope that the girl would persuade her husband to accept the rites of the Roman Catholic Church, in which she was raised at the Apostolic See.” John III liked the proposal to become related to the Palaiologos, and the next month he sent his Italian ambassador, Karl Fryazin, to Rome (see VII, 147), who handled the matter very successfully: he made a good impression on everyone and diligently, away from Moscow and Russians, performed all Catholic rituals in Rome. church, hiding the fact that he himself had long ago accepted Orthodoxy. Already in June 1472, S. Paleologue left Rome for Russia, and on October 1, a messenger galloped to Pskov with an order to prepare to meet the future Empress. The meeting between the Pskovites and Novgorodians was arranged solemnly, but S. Paleolog, without stopping, hurried to Moscow. She was accompanied by the papal legate Anthony, and to the surprise of the Russians, wherever Sophia stopped, this cardinal dressed in a strange red dress and gloves, which he did not take off even for a blessing - in front of him they constantly carried a “kryzh” - a Latin cross. Metropolitan Philip opposed this, saying that “it is indecent for us to hear about it, not just to see it,” and Legate Anthony had to enter Moscow without a “roof” in front. On November 12, 1472, S. Paleolog arrived in Moscow and on the same day her wedding to John took place. The cardinal began to fulfill the mission entrusted to him, but the Metropolitan entrusted the dispute with him to the scribe Nikita, who frightened Anthony so much that he quickly stopped the dispute, saying “I have no books with me”! Thus, the hopes of the pope and Visarion, placed on the marriage of S. Paleolog, were destroyed. This marriage had an important influence on the shape of the Moscow state and on the external situation of power (Bestuzhev-Ryumin). He accelerated the process of “gathering Rus'” by introducing the traditions of the Empire to Moscow. The Grand Duke’s relationship with the princes of other estates changed, and his relationship with his squad also changed (see XIII, 678). In all this, the influence of S. Paleolog was evident. The disgraced boyar Bersen says: “Our sovereign, having locked himself third by the bed, does all sorts of things: - the squad has faded into the background, Vel. Book I thought my thoughts with whomever I wanted.” Herberstein wrote about S. Paleolog: “She was a cunning woman, at her suggestion the Prince did a lot.” The chronicler claims that under her influence John put an end to the Horde. But the same Bersen said to Maxim the Greek (in the reign of Vasily) “as the mother of the Grand Duke, Grand Duchess S., came here with your Greeks, so our land got mixed up and great unrest came, like you had in Constantinople under your kings.” He meant here the enmity of the parties at court, the affair of the Patrikevs and the Ryapolovskys, the change in the choice of the heir, etc. (XIII, 681). Book Kurbsky accused S. of many things and attributed a lot to S. Palaeologus, saying: “The devil instilled evil morals in the good family of the Russian Princes, especially with their evil wives and sorcerers, just as in the Israeli kings, especially whom they stole from foreigners.” S. contributed to the fact that John surrounded himself with pomp, established etiquette at court and adopted the coat of arms of the Byzantine Empire - the Double-Headed Eagle. Artists and architects were called from Western Europe to decorate the palace and capital. New temples and new palaces were erected. The Italian Alberti (Aristotle) ​​Fioroventi built the Assumption and Annunciation Cathedrals. Moscow was decorated with the Palace of Facets, the Kremlin towers, the Prison Palace, and finally the Archangel Cathedral was built. The Grand Duke's capital was preparing to become the Tsar's capital; a significant share of participation in this should be assigned to the niece of the last Byzantine Emperor. She died two years before the death of her husband - April 7. 1503 The literature is the same as about the time of John III. (ХІІІ, 681)

(Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus - I.A. Efron, T.30 - p.960.)

Task No. 3

1) Write out from the text examples of a) graphic images of letters lost in the modern Russian language; b) examples of previous spelling and syntax;

2) Compose and write down the interpretation of the highlighted words and phrases, turning to an explanatory, etymological or encyclopedic dictionary in difficult cases.

Found shelter in Rome; young woman will incline spouse to accept the rites of the Roman Catholic Church; John III I liked it offer become related with the Palaiologos; handled the case very successful; papal legate ; cardinal ; gloves that he didn’t take off even for blessings ; "kryzh" - Latin cross; Metropolitan; scribe Nikita; squad ; fiefdom ; third himself ; disorder great; moreover which ones; especially; etiquette at court ; architects

Soviet historical encyclopedia

Sophia Palaeologus, Zoya Palaeologus (d.7.IV.1503) - niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI Palaeologus, from November 1472 - wife of Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich. She received the name Sophia in Russia. Marriage to S.P. Ivan III used it to strengthen the prestige of Rus' in international relations and the authority of the grand ducal power within the country.

(Soviet Historical Encyclopedia, p. 363)

N.M. Karamzin. History of Russian Goverment. Volume VI Chapter II.

Continuation of Ioannov's reign.

At this time, Ioannov’s fate was marked by new greatness through a marriage that was important and happy for Russia: for the consequence of it was that Europe, with curiosity and reverence, turned its gaze to Moscow, hitherto barely known; that the most enlightened sovereigns and peoples wanted our friendship; that we, having entered into direct relations with them, learned a lot of new things, useful both for the external strength of the state and for the internal civil well-being.

The last Greek Emperor, Constantine Palaiologos, had two brothers, Demetrius and Thomas, who, under the name of Despots, ruling in the Peloponnese or in the Morea, hated each other, fought among themselves and thus completed the triumph of Mohammed II; The Turks captured the Peloponnese. Demetrius sought mercy from the Sultan, gave him his daughter to the Seraglio and received from him the city of En in Thrace as an inheritance; but Thomas, abhorring the infidels, with his wife, with children, with the most noble Greeks, left Corfu for Rome, where Pope Pius II and the cardinals, respecting in him the remnant of the most ancient Christian sovereigns, and in gratitude for the treasure they brought: for the head of the Apostle Andrew (since that time kept in the Church of St. Peter) they assigned this famous exile 300 gold efimki monthly salary. Thomas died in Rome. His sons, Andrei and Manuel, lived on the benefits of the new Pope, Paul II, without deserving them with their behavior, which was very frivolous and seductive; but their young sister, a girl named Sophia, gifted with beauty and intelligence, was the subject of general goodwill. The pope was looking for a worthy groom for her and then planned to elevate all European sovereigns to Mohammed II, who was dangerous for Italy itself, and wanted to promote his policies with this marriage. To the surprise of many, Paul turned his gaze to the Grand Duke John, on the advice, perhaps, of the glorious Cardinal Vissarion: this learned Greek had long known the one-faith Moscow and the growing power of its sovereigns, known in Rome for their affairs with Lithuania, with the German Order, and in especially regarding the Florence Council, where our Metropolitan Isidore represented such an important person in church debates. The remoteness, fabulously favorable, gave rise to rumors about the wealth and number of Russians. The Pope hoped, firstly, through Princess Sophia, brought up in the rules of the Florentine union, to convince John to accept them and thereby subjugate our church to himself; secondly, the flattering property of his ambition with the Palaiologans to arouse in him jealousy for the liberation of Greece from the yoke of Mohammed. As a result of this intention, Cardinal Vissarion, as our co-religionist, sent the Greek, named Yuri, with a letter to the Grand Duke (in 1469), offering him the hand of Sophia, the famous daughter of the Despot of Morea, who allegedly refused two suitors, the King of France and the Duke of Milan , not wanting to be the wife of a sovereign of the Latin faith...

This important embassy made John very happy; but, following the rules of his ordinary, cold-blooded prudence, he demanded advice from his mother, Metropolitan Philip, the noblest Boyars: everyone thought with him that God himself was sending him such a famous bride, Branch of the Royal Tree, whose shade rested once everything Christianity Orthodox, undivided; that this blessed union, reminiscent of Vladimirov, will make Moscow, as it were, a new Byzantium, and will give our Monarchs the rights of Greek Emperors. - The Grand Duke wanted, through his own ambassador, to verify Sophia’s personal merits and ordered Ivan Fryazin to go to Rome, having power of attorney for this Venetian native who was familiar with the customs of Italy...

The main effect of this marriage (as we have already noted) was that Russia became more famous in Europe, which honored the tribe of the ancient Byzantine Emperors in Sofia and, so to speak, followed it with its eyes to the borders of our Fatherland; state relations and transfers began; we saw Muscovites at home and in foreign lands; they talked about their strange customs, but they also guessed their power. Moreover, many Greeks who came to us with the Princess became useful in Russia with their knowledge of arts and languages, especially Latin, which was then necessary for external affairs of state; enriched the Moscow church libraries with books saved from Turkish barbarism and contributed to the splendor of Our Court by imparting to it the magnificent rites of Byzantium, so that from now on the capital of Ioann could truly be called the new Constantinople, like ancient Kyiv. Consequently, the fall of Greece, having contributed to the revival of science in Italy, had a happy impact on Russia. – Some noble Greeks came to us later from Constantinople itself: for example, in 1485, John Paleologus Ralo, with his wife and children, and in 1495, Boyar Theodore Laskir with his son Dimitri. Sofia also called her brothers; but Manuel preferred the court of Mohammed II, leaving for Constantinople, and there, showered with the benefits of the Sultan, he spent the rest of his life in abundance; Andrei, having married a dissolute Greek woman, came to Moscow twice (in 1480 and 1490) and married his daughter, Maria, to Prince Vasily Mikhailovich Vereisky; however, he returned to Rome (where his bones lie next to his father’s, in the church of St. Peter). It seems that he was dissatisfied with the Grand Duke: for in his spiritual testament he denied his rights to the Eastern Empire not to him, but to the heterodox Sovereigns of Castile Ferdinand and Elizabeth, although John, in common with the Greek Kings, also accepted their Coat of Arms, the Double-Headed Eagle, uniting it to its seal with Moscow: that is, on one side an Eagle was depicted, and on the other a Horseman trampling a dragon, with the inscription: “ Grand Duke, by the grace of God, Lord of All Rus'"(Karamzin N.M. On the history of the Russian state, pp. 255-257)

Note: Sophia or Sophia is a Greek name. Translated from Greek, sophia means skill, knowledge, wisdom. In Christian teaching, Hagia Sophia is the Wisdom of God. Through Queen Sophia, Holy Rus' became related to the Byzantine Empire and subsequently inherited the Imperial title.

Task No. 4

Extract from the text N.M. Karamzin words, phrases that contain certain archaic features: 1) phonetic ( mirror- mirror); 2) lexical 3) lexico-semantic ( thinking circumstances - considering the circumstances); 4) morphological ( fish ar – fish ak) ; 5) syntactic. Explain the meaning of obsolete words.

Sample.

Archaic features in words and phrases:

2) lexical - V this time - at this time, consequence thereof - its consequence,

Words in the Dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order.
The dictionary entry is structured as follows: after the title word there is an etymological note (information about the origin of the word), followed by an interpretation and examples of the use of the word. An indication of belonging to a particular field of knowledge and stylistic characteristics come before interpretation.
Sometimes a word, instead of a detailed interpretation, is given a reference to another dictionary entry.

Heading word is given in bold and capital letters. Not only a word, but also a phrase can be a heading, if the foreign language word is used and known primarily as part of a combination, and then the first word is given in bold in capital letters, and the subsequent ones in digits, for example:
BICFO"RDOV cord...
BA"YKHOVY tea...
LETHARGIC dream...
MAURITANIAN style...
ROSTRA"LNAYA Column...
Homonyms (words that are identical in spelling but different in meaning) are given as independent head words with a digital index, for example:
OPENWORK 1 [< фр. a jour по сегодняшний день] -- ведение бухгалтерского учета...
OPENWORK 2 [< фр. a jour сквозной] -- 1) тонкая кружевная ткань...
CAREER 1 [< фр. carriere < ит. carriera бег] -- самый быстрый gallop horses...
CAREER 2 [< фр. carriere < ст.-фр. carre каменная плита] -- совокупность горных выработок, образовавшихся при добыче полезных ископаемых открытым способом...
The head word is in its original form with emphasis. If there is a letter ё, which is always stressed in Russian, the accent mark is omitted. Existing literary stress options are indicated in the same heading form as equal, for example: BIJUTE"RI"YA, BO"BSLE"Y, BU"NGA"LO,GA"LA",MA"RKE"TING,PIZZE"RI"YA, SIMME"THREE"YA, SPI"RI"CHUEL(S).
The spelling of words and stress correspond to current spelling and spelling standards.
The spelling options are given in one dictionary entry and have one interpretation; it is placed with the word that is accepted as the main one, another option is given in its alphabetical place with a reference to the corresponding article.
BIENNA"LE, BIENNA"LE...-- an event held regularly every two years, e.g. exhibition, film festival...
BIENNA"LE...-- cm. biennial
LUNCH, LUNCH...- in English-speaking countries - a second, later (afternoon) breakfast...
LUNCH-- cm. lunch.

Etymological information is given after the heading word in square brackets. Each word is accompanied by an indication of the source of the borrowing.
Sign< означает "из", "происходит от...", "восходит к...".
The etymological certificate provides the word that served as the basis for the borrowing - etymon. When presenting the etymon, the Latin script is used. If the meaning of a borrowed word coincides with the meaning of the word in the source language, then a translation is usually not given.
DANDY[English] dandy] - an elegantly dressed socialite; dandy, dandy
COLLEGE[English] college] is a higher or secondary educational institution in a number of countries...
If a word in Russian has a different meaning compared to the source language, then not only its prototype is indicated, but its translation, literal meaning is also given, and sometimes its etymology in the source language is also given to reveal the internal form of the word.
SHADE[fr. abat-jour< battre отражать вниз + jour свет] -- часть светильника, предназначенная для отражения света...
ADVERTISE[fr. affiliate letters nail to the wall, divulge] - flaunt, attract general attention...
GLADIOLUS[lat. gladiolus letters small sword] - swordsman - a genus of plants...; the leaf, wide at the bottom and pointed at the top, resembles a sword...
INTERIOR[< фр. int(rieur внутренний] -- 1) архитектурно и художественно оформленное внутреннее помещение здания...
INTERNET[English] Internet< inter(national) международный + net сеть, паутина] -- всемирная информационная компьютерная сеть...
In the etymological certificate for some words, not only the word - the source of borrowing is given, but its Greek or Latin etymon is indicated.
DISPANCE"R[fr. dispensaire< лат. dispansare распределять]...
ILLUSIONISM[fr. illusionnisme< лат. illusio обман, заблуждение]...
If the word is a lexical formation based on foreign language elements or words, then a translation of the constituent parts is given. If these elements are independent units and stand in their alphabetical place, then in the etymological certificate they are given in the form of links to the corresponding article.
COSMETOLOGY[cm. cosmetics+ ...logy]...
LEUCOPLASTS[gr. leukos white + plastos sculpted, created]...
If for words of Latin and Greek origin the generating basis is not the basis of the nominative, but of the indirect cases, then the form of the genitive case is given in parentheses at the etymon, for example:
DENTIST[fr. dentist< лат. dens (dentis) зуб]...
CREDO"NTY[gr. kreas (kreos) meat + odus (odontos) tooth]...
MENINGITIS[< гр. meninx (meningos) мозговая оболочка]...
For words derived from proper names, there is a mark [sob.] or information is provided that clarifies the etymology of the word: the person from whose name the word is derived, or the geographical name with which its appearance is associated, is indicated.
BRA"UNING[named after Amer. designer Browning, 1855-1926]...
BADMINTON[by name Badminton in the UK]...
JEANS[English] jeans< ит. jean вид прочной ткани, по назв. г. Генуя (Janua), где производилась эта ткань, которую генуэзские моряки использовали первонач. для изготовления парусов, позднее -- одежды]...
MAC[named after the inventor of waterproof fabric, Shotl. chemist C. Mackintosh (Mackintosh), 1766-1843]...
If there is no etymology after the head word, then data on the origin of the word can be found in the word or words highlighted in italics in the interpretation.
VOUCHERIZATION-- free issuance vouchers to the population...
RADIOTELEGRA"F-- telegraph, transmitting messages via radio And radio relay communication lines...
PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY-- lithography using photos...

Interpretation is the main element of a dictionary entry. As a rule, it is encyclopedic in nature, revealing the concept expressed by the word, including the necessary scientific, technical, historical and other information about the subject, phenomenon, while remaining as brief as possible.
In polysemantic words, each meaning is interpreted separately and indicated by a number. The meaning shade is given after the headword, separated from it by a semicolon. The figurative meaning of the word is marked with *. The same sign is used to highlight stable combinations and expressions included in the article, used in a figurative meaning, for example: *keep the mark, *gentleman's set, *get to condition, *behind the scenes, *concrete jungle, *reverse side of the coin, *palm , *release on the brakes.
In a number of cases, before interpretation, synonyms (words close or identical in meaning) are given - foreign words or phrases or their Russian analogues - clarifying, complementing the interpretation, and also indicating the lexical connections of the borrowed word with a certain system of terms.
BLUE WHALE...- blue, blue whale - aquatic mammal of the family. minke whales...
IMMORTE"LI...- dried flowers, immortelle - plants of different genera of the Asteraceae family...
MONOGAMY...-- 1) monogamy is a form of marriage...
HIROTO"NI"I...- ordination - in the Christian rite - elevation to the priesthood.
If a synonym is a foreign word, then, as a rule, it stands in its alphabetical place with a reference (“the same as...”) to the word with which the definition is given, for example:
GLISHING...-- hydroplaning -- gliding on water glider or a seaplane before it takes off.
HYDROPLANING-- the same as planing.
DO"PING...-- stimulant - a substance that temporarily enhances the physical and mental activity of the body.
STIMULANT... 2) the same as doping...
In addition to synonymous ones, antonymic connections of words are indicated in the interpretation. Antonyms (words with opposite meanings) are given after the interpretation with the mark “opposite.” For example:
INTELLIGENTS"WHITE...(opposite) sensitive).
MONOTHEISM...(opposite) polytheism).
SYNTHETI "ZM...; opposite analyticism.
A dictionary entry may include terminological combinations that are distinguished by discharge and interpreted.
IMMUNITY... diplomatic and...
INTERACTIVE... And. mode...
CABINET... to. ministers...
METEOPATICAL... mth reaction...
MOBILE... m. (cellular) telephone..., m-th (cellular) connection...
PARADE... n. planets...
RE"YTING... rth vote...
RECORD... Guinness Book of Records...
ECOLOGICAL... uh system..., uh niche..., uh. balance..., uh. crisis..., th catastrophe...
They are placed with one of the components of the combination, from the other, as a rule, a reference is given, for example, the interpretation of the term genetic code is given in the article CODE, in the article GENETIC a reference is given to the word CODE.
If the interpretation uses words that are described in the Dictionary in independent articles in their alphabetical place, then they are highlighted in italics in the interpretation.
A headword in a dictionary entry is abbreviated as an initial letter with a dot if it is a nominative case noun or a masculine adjective, or an initial letter with the addition of a gender ending after a hyphen for feminine, neuter or plural adjectives, for example:
ASTRAL... A. world, a-th cults
MATHEMATICAL... m. analysis, m. linguistics
OZO"NEW... O. layer, oh hole

Examples of using the word are given after the interpretation. In this case, the most frequent combinations with the interpreted word are used, complementing and specifying the interpretation, emphasizing the differences between the meanings of a polysemantic word.

Stylistic notes, restrictive and clarifying explanations are given before the interpretation of the word, indicating the scope of its use, for example: physics, chemistry, biol., mat., spec., colloquial. etc. Sometimes they are formalized in the form of input in interpretation, for example: in computer science, in paleontology, in art, in Tsarist Russia, in the countries of the Middle East. East, in Christian doctrine, in Islam, etc.

Instructions cf. (compare), see (see), see also (see also), contrast. (opposite) during the interpretation or after it, the connections existing in the system of terms by contiguity, correlation, opposition are established, for example:
GROSS...(cf. net).
NET...(cf. gross).
IMPORT...(opposite) export).
EXPORT...(opposite) import).
SECRET 3 ... Wed. hormone
MEDIA"LINE...(cf. lateral).
POLIMARA"N...(see also catamaran).

Dictionary entries for the letters A, B, C, D, D, E, F, Z, I, X, C were compiled and prepared for publication by L. N. Komarova, entries for the letters K, L, T, U, F, E - I. V. Nechaeva, articles starting with the letters M, N, O, P, R, S, Ch, Sh, Yu, I - E. N. Zakharenko.