Dysfunction of the midline structures of the brain. EEG (Electroencephalogram) - interpretation. Lesions of cortical fields

These syndromes occur when nonspecific structures of different levels are affected, ranging from the lower parts of the brain stem to the mediobasal parts of the cortex of the frontal and temporal lobes. Disruption of modal-nonspecific factors.

In nonspecific “deep” syndromes, three main groups of symptoms can be distinguished:

Neurodynamic disorders (or disorders of the dynamic aspect) of all higher mental functions in the form of a decrease in their speed, productivity, uneven efficiency in completing tasks, etc. Adjacent to this group of dynamic disorders are modally nonspecific attention disorders in the form of general absent-mindedness, difficulty concentrating, mild distractibility, etc. The dynamic group of symptoms also includes changes in the general functional state of the brain, its fluctuations, exhaustion, asthenia, etc.;

More selective disorders - memory and emotional processes. At the same time, patients do not have obvious defects in other cognitive processes (except for dynamic ones): visual, auditory, tactile gnosis, speech or motor defects. Memory impairments are modally nonspecific, that is, they do not depend on the modality of the material being remembered. Short-term memory is predominantly affected, while long-term (for example, professional) memory is relatively preserved. Emotion disturbances can manifest themselves in the form of emotional excitability, increased reactivity or affective paroxysms, outbursts of negativism, and anger. The general structure of the emotional-personal sphere is disrupted in different ways. In some cases, it is relatively preserved, patients remain emotionally adequate, there are no obvious signs of euphoria or emotional indifference or dullness. Both professional interests, attachment to loved ones, and the patient’s personality as a whole are preserved - he adequately evaluates himself and those around him. In others, emotional-personal relationships reach a gross defect;

Changes in the state of consciousness, which manifest themselves in the acute stages of the disease in the form of blackout, which is typical for traumatic lesions, when the midline stem structures of the brain are mainly affected. A more complex phenomenology of disturbances of consciousness is also possible.

Syndromes of damage to nonspecific brain formations are specific depending on the level of damage.

Level of the lower parts of the brain stem.

♦ disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle in the form of insomnia (less often drowsiness), inadequate sleep; decreased level of wakefulness;

♦ exhaustibility; sudden fatigue from the slightest exertion, intolerance of patients;

♦ fairly clear orientation in the environment (place, time);

♦ preservation of personal reactions in general. Patients are adequate in their complaints and critical of their condition.

Against this background, the central symptoms are:

♦ modal-nonspecific mnestic disorders with primary short-term memory disorders;

♦ reduction in the volume of memorization (down to three or four words after the first presentation of a series of ten words);

♦ increased inhibition of traces by extraneous stimuli.

At the same time, strengthening motivation (for example, introducing the motive of examination) or semantic organization of the material gives a clear compensatory effect, which indicates the preservation of the general structure of mental functions in these patients.

Level of diencephalic parts of the brain.

level is affected in many brain diseases (tumors, inflammatory processes, etc.), which gave reason to distinguish the symptoms observed when it is affected into a special diencephalic (or hypothalamic-diencephalic) syndrome, which includes autonomic disorders, pathological visual symptoms, hormonal, metabolic disorders, etc. The diencephalic syndrome is very clearly observed when the pituitary gland is damaged. These patients also have disturbances in the sleep-wake cycle (in the form of insomnia or increased sleepiness), and a decrease in general functional state. They also have disturbances in the emotional and personal sphere in the following form:

♦ increased emotional reactivity;

♦ instability of emotional reactions;

♦ changes in emotional states (depression or mild euphoria).

Mild personal changes are possible in the form of some uncriticality, inadequacy, which are more

distinct in massive lesions.

The difference between these patients and those described above is that they have more severe memory impairments (modally

nonspecific type), which are associated primarily with increased inhibition of traces (according to

mechanisms of retroactive and proactive inhibition), arising in conditions of heterogeneous and

especially homogeneous interference. However, even in this category of patients it is possible to achieve a certain

compensating effect when semantically organizing material or increasing motivation

mnestic activity + Attention disorders.

Limbic system level.

The central formation of this level is the cingulate gyrus (gyrus cinguli).

Severe impairments of short-term memory for current events (of a modality-nonspecific type), sometimes occurring (especially with bilateral damage to the hippocampal structures) in the form of Korsakoff syndrome. Damage to this level of the nonspecific system is also associated with disturbances of consciousness (sometimes in the form of confusion, confabulations) and changes in the emotional sphere, the qualitative features of which have not yet been sufficiently studied.

The level of the mediobasal cortex of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.

Everything is the same, just in rougher forms.

Diencephalic syndrome is a complex of clinical manifestations. It is formed as a result of lesions, the picture of which includes vegetative-trophic endocrine disorders. In other words, there is a violation of the hypothalamic-pituitary system. Next, we will consider this pathology in more detail.

Hypothalamic-pituitary system: general information

Within this structure, a close humoral and nervous connection is established between the main elements. It is customary to distinguish three parts in the hypothalamus: posterior, middle and anterior sections. The latter is involved in regulating the parasympathetic nervous system. The middle one provides control over trophic and endocrine functions. The tasks of the posterior section include regulating the nervous sympathetic system. The nuclei of the hypothalamus produce some steroids, which are then concentrated in the pituitary gland. In this regard, damage to one department usually leads to damage to another. The hypothalamic-pituitary system thus acts as a structure whose elements exist in close interaction.

Connecting to the Brain

A feature of the vascularization of the hypothalamus is the intensity of the capillary blood supply. It significantly exceeds the speed in other parts of the brain. Due to vascularization, vascular permeability increases. This, in turn, ensures the passage into the brain from the blood of various humoral compounds that signal the state of the body. The hypothalamus is closely connected with the cerebral cortex, reticular formation and subcortical formations. The hypothalamus is involved in the regulation of humoral and endocrine processes. They, in turn, ensure the body’s adaptation to constantly changing conditions of the internal and external environment. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary system in the body is vital. This structure is an important link, a key element of the limbic-reticular organization of the cerebral integrative mechanism. It ensures the integrity of the formation of activities.

Disruption of activity

Diencephalic syndrome is a consequence of the action of pathogenic factors. One of them is increased vascular permeability. It facilitates the penetration of viruses and toxins present and circulating in the blood into the brain. Closed TBI is also important. When the fluid column moves, the walls of the third ventricle are injured, the ependyma of which covers the nuclei. Diencephalic syndrome is also observed when affected by a tumor. This may be pinealoma, subcortical glioma, basal meningioma, craniopharyngioma. Diencephalic syndrome can result from prolonged pathologies of internal organs and endocrine disorders. Mental trauma, along with other provoking factors, also has a certain significance. All this suggests that diencephalic syndrome is based not only on structural and anatomical damage, but also on functional disorders.

Clinical picture

Diencephalic syndrome, the symptoms of which are extremely polymorphic, can manifest itself immediately or after a long period after pathogenic exposure. Most naturally, when affected, there is a disorder in the activity of the vascular structure and internal organs, thermoregulation, and metabolic processes (protein, mineral, water, fat). Dysfunction of the intrasecretory glands and disruption of wakefulness and sleep are observed. A varied combination of these disorders determines one or another nature of the clinical picture. Typical symptoms include thirst, headache, changes in appetite (anorexia or bulimia), difficulty breathing, insomnia or drowsiness, and palpitations.

Classification

Pathology can be primary or secondary. This or that type is determined in accordance with the causes of the syndrome. Neuroinfections and injuries act as provoking factors for the primary disease. The secondary type of pathology is caused by a disorder of metabolic processes. This is evidenced by obesity. There is also a classification according to severity: severe, moderate, mild. In accordance with the predominant clinical symptom during the pathology, diencephalic syndrome is distinguished with:

• obesity;
• neuroendocrine disorders;
• signs of hypercortisolism;
• neurocirculatory disorders.

Neuroendocrine type

This category is considered the most common form of pathology. It is usually based on pluriglandular dysfunction, which is combined with autonomic disorders. This group includes a number of outlined clinical forms, in particular:

Vegetative-vascular disorders

The clinical picture in this case includes symptoms such as:

• high vascular excitability (unstable blood pressure, tendency to palpitations),
• increased sweating,
• spasms in peripheral, cerebral and cardiac vessels.

There is also instability in the functioning of the digestive system. This type of diencephalic syndrome is also characterized by periodic vegetative-vascular paroxysms. Crises may occur. In some patients they are rare (once every few months), in others they are frequent (up to several times a day). Typically, this form is characterized by severe emotional disturbances.

Neurodystrophic form

It is relatively rare. The clinical picture includes:

• Trophic skin and muscle disorders (bedsores, neurodermatitis, dryness and itching).
• Damage to internal organs (bleeding and ulcers along the gastrointestinal tract).
• Bone damage (sclerosation, osteomalacia).

There are disturbances in salt metabolism. As a result, in some cases, ossification of the muscles and interstitial swelling occur. In some cases, there are sleep and wakefulness disorders, constant low-grade fever, accompanied by hyperthermic attacks. Phenomena of an astheno-neurotic nature are also detected. They accompany trophic, endocrine and autonomic disorders. The neurological clinical picture is presented as mild scattered signs.

Diencephalic syndrome: diagnosis

Against the background of pathology, changes in a number of blood parameters are noted. Detection of the disease is carried out by determining the main hormones in the serum. The study of circadian rhythms in the process of synthesis of LH, prolactin and cortisol is a mandatory analysis when examining for diencephalic syndrome. Treatment of pathology is prescribed in accordance with the degree of metabolic disorders. The list of mandatory studies also includes determination of serum glucose concentration, glucose tolerance test and food load analysis. The level of metabolites for sex hormones in the daily urine of a patient in adolescence is of great importance when making a diagnosis.

Therapeutic measures

The main goal of treatment is to stabilize metabolic processes, restore the mechanisms involved in regulating the activity of the reproductive system, and the formation of the ovarian-menstrual cycle in girls. The most significant stages of non-drug effects are considered to be the normalization of sleep and wakefulness, the rehabilitation of all infectious chronic foci, and the normalization of body weight. In case of pathology, physiotherapy, balneotherapy and reflexology are indicated. To eliminate the causes of the disease, surgery to remove tumors is used. Rational infectious therapy is also prescribed, the consequences of injuries are eliminated, and the effects on the primarily affected visceral and endocrine organs are carried out. As a pathogenetic treatment, vegetotropic drugs are used that reduce or increase the tone in the parasympathetic or sympathetic part of the nervous autonomic system. Ascorbic acid, vitamin B1, calcium preparations, antispasmodics, ganglion blockers (medicines Pentamin, Benzohexonium, Pachycarpin) are prescribed.

To regulate the tone of the parasympathetic system, anticholinergic drugs (for example, Atropine) are recommended. Vitamin B12 and the drug "Acefen" are also prescribed. If sympathetic-adrenal pathology predominates, the drug "Pirroxan" is indicated.

The brain is an anatomical structure that, despite its insignificant weight and size, controls almost all functions of the body. Especially many vital centers are located in the brain stem, which consists of diencephalic, stem and midline structures, as well as venous tissues.

Damage to any of these areas leads to serious disorders and complicates the functioning of the entire organism. For example, dysfunction of the midline structures of the brain is the cause of emotional imbalance and disruptions in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system.

The brain stem is a continuation of the spinal cord, and there is no clear boundary between them. It is located in the area of ​​the opening of the occipital lobe of the skull and normally has a size of no more than 7 cm. This small section contains the midbrain, medulla oblongata and pons. According to some sources, the diencephalon and cerebellum are also included in the brainstem..

Pathological changes in the structure and functioning of the trunk can occur both in general and in sections in particular. Depending on the location of the problem, the patient may be diagnosed with:

• Dysfunction of diencephalic structures. Typical complaints: sleep disturbances, poor appetite, fluctuations in body temperature, disturbances in self-regulation and metabolism processes. This is the most commonly diagnosed form of neurological disorder. Its typical example is vegetative vascular dystonia, familiar to many, affecting 30% of the female population.
• Dysfunction of brain stem structures. Patients note uneven breathing and disruptions in muscle tone. This group of pathologies also includes weakening of the vocal cords and problems in the functioning of the speech apparatus (dysphonia), difficulty swallowing and frequent choking (dysphagia), and poor speech perception (dysarthria).
• Dysfunction of midline structures. Causes emotional disorders, unbalanced behavior, sudden mood swings, vegetative forms of somatic disorders.

Normally, the processes of regulation of human life activity from the side of the brain stem are clearly established and do not require correction. However, under the influence of certain risk factors, diseases arise, which, depending on the degree of complexity, can be expressed in vivid or subtle clinical manifestations.

What are the risk factors?

The health of brain stem areas can be negatively affected by: traumatic factors, toxic effects on brain tissue of chemicals and biological toxins, radiation exposure, environmental disasters, and infectious diseases.

If the diagnosis in question is made to a newborn child, then the neonatologist suspects the quality of childbirth and the primary postpartum period.

A hereditary predisposition to this type of pathology cannot be ruled out, as well as disturbances in the blood supply leading to cell hypoxia and atrophic phenomena in tissues in general. In adult patients with such problems, the causes may be traumatic brain injury, poisoning, various kinds of hormonal imbalances, cancer and their consequences of varying levels.

Depending on the location of the dysfunctional cells and tissues, the consequences of dysfunction of the midline structures may have the following clinical manifestations:

• Loss of skin sensitivity in all areas;
• there is excessive pain sensitivity with an increase in its individual threshold;
• tremor of the limbs becomes noticeable (even at rest);
• signs of puberty appear early;
• Unreasonable changes in mood appear in behavior: crying is replaced by laughter, even hysterics, and vice versa;
• the functioning of the endocrine system causes serious disruptions. Depending on the location of the lesion, symptoms of hyperthermia, as well as an increase or decrease in blood pressure, may be observed.

Such disorders can be characterized as thalamic, and the resulting syndromes are called neuroendocrine.

How severe is minimal dysfunction?

Often a child with such signs is diagnosed with minimal dysfunction. His complaints are moderate, and his medical history includes:

• pregnancy with complications or occurring in a severe form, with the need for medication correction;
• failure of labor and the need to stimulate it in various ways;
• infectious diseases or exacerbations of chronic pathology during various types of pregnancy;
• stress and strong psycho-emotional arousal during pregnancy;
• radiation accidents;
• ecological problems.

This pathology is quite common today. Statistics have been published that it is found in every fifth baby.

Children with this diagnosis present the following complaints:

• regular headaches;
• irritability, tearfulness, frequent nervous agitation;
• speech disorders;
• poor memory;
• decreased attention;
• developmental delay;
• difficulty of being in a team;
• problems with sleep and appetite.

At the initial stage of complaints, due attention is often not paid to this. Such borderline states are regarded as individual character traits. As the disease develops, the symptoms do not stop, but move into their new stage, more intense and pronounced. Eventually, they can reach serious nervous disorders, such as epilepsy.

At the same time, if you consult a doctor on time, the initial stage of dysfunction of the midline structures can be easily treated and does not leave negative consequences. The treatment regimen is based on the constant dynamics of the development of brain structures and nonspecific correction of diagnosed problems.

How is the diagnosis made?

The main method of instrumental diagnostics is electroencephalography of the brain. During such an examination, zones of excitation of the brain and brain stem in particular are detected.

During the EEG, basic and additional tests are carried out, which allow you to objectively assess the activity and type of waves, their average amplitude and dominant frequency. The correspondence of clinical symptoms and wave characteristics is a guarantee of a correct diagnosis by a pediatric neurologist.

However In addition to the EEG, the doctor may need to obtain a picture of a layer-by-layer analysis of the structure of the soft tissues of the brain, which are visible on CT or MRI images. This is often necessary in cases where a person with the described symptoms has no history of injury, bruise or other provoking factor.

In this case, the doctor, visually noting signs of brain disorders, including dysfunction of stem structures, must find out the mechanism of their development. MRI and CT are methods by which various types of accumulations of tissues and cells are identified, not excluding atypical elements.

In addition, such studies make it possible to identify concomitant pathologies, for example, parallel venous dysfunction - a condition in which the outflow of blood from the brain is impaired due to vascular disorders. Clinically, headaches, fainting, cyanosis of the facial part of the head, darkening in the eyes, swelling of the soft tissues of the face are added to the symptoms of damage of the stem and diencephalic nature.

Further clarification of such irritations is carried out using additional studies, for example, angiography or.

The doctor receives a certain amount of information from laboratory blood tests for the presence of glial neurotrophic substance. This is a type of enzyme immunoassay. The concentration required to confirm the diagnosis is amounts greater than 17.98 pg/l.

What should pathology be differentiated from?

The diagnosis of “brain dysfunction” in any of its varieties needs to be differentiated from:

• cerebral palsy;
• head injuries and injuries;
• infectious pathologies;
• cerebral hypoxia;
• toxic poisoning (for example, lead vapor);
• other problems.

Specific examination methods in this case are selected according to the profile of the main symptoms.

On the issue of treatment

The choice of treatment regimen is made by the doctor, taking into account a visual examination, medical history and life of the patient (for a child - the course of pregnancy in the mother and the nature of childbirth), the results of instrumental research methods, often prescribed over time.

In addition, neuropsychological diagnostics are important for the doctor (especially if there are speech disorders). The chosen treatment methods are individual in nature and include neuropsychological and pedagogical areas.

If the initial stages of treatment do not give a positive result, medications are prescribed, the main of which are tranquilizers, psychostimulants, nootropics. Amphetamines (Ritalin, amitriptyline) have proven themselves well in treatment.

Treatment of children should be carried out against the background of a full fight against the disease in the family. These are routine moments, being in the fresh air, communication, educational activities, interesting and educational leisure. In case of accompanying complaints, the doctor may prescribe symptomatic treatment. However, it is possible that such symptoms will subside as the underlying cause is treated.

The diagnosis of “dysfunction of midline structures” can be called topical, since it clearly indicates the location of the pathological change in the brain. You can hear the opinion that it does not reflect the clinical picture of the disease, because the nature of the brain is being learned more and more deeply every day. And such a diagnosis as, for example, “minimal brain dysfunction”, like “subcortical dysfunction”, is completely absent in the tenth international classification of diseases. Time will tell, but today for neurologists this concept reflects the cause of certain clinical manifestations and gives the right to prescribe appropriate treatment.

There are many known methods for correcting dysfunctional states of the brain. They are all sharply different from each other. Each method is based on different approaches. In general, scientists from around the world agree on a common point of view that an integrated approach is necessary to correct brain dysfunction. Corrective actions are carried out on the basis of an individual approach. Specialists have many approaches in their arsenal that make it possible to take into account the needs of different categories of patients.

The main methods that are most often used in practice are methods of neuropsychological and pedagogical correction. Modification of behavioral and emotional reactions.

If the therapy used is ineffective, they resort to drug correction. The main groups of drugs are tranquilizers, antidepressants, psychostimulants, nootropic substances. Most doctors recognize amphetamines, such as Ritalin and amitriptyline, which belong to the group of antidepressants, as the most effective drugs.

To carry out diagnostics and take timely measures, when the first signs of dysfunction appear, you must contact a pediatrician (therapist) or a psychiatrist.

It should be noted that treatment of the disease is associated with a number of difficulties. For example, it is necessary to provide a child or adult with the necessary level of physical activity, since without it it is impossible to guarantee the success of treatment. It is important to pay attention to the development of qualities such as dexterity and coordination of movements.

When using psychological and pedagogical methods of correction, it is important to ensure full-fledged work with the child in the family. He needs to be given due attention and use various educational games together. It is necessary to limit the time a child spends at the computer or in front of the TV. It is advisable to replace this type of leisure with outdoor games and walks in the fresh air. Parents should spend as much time together as possible. The daily routine must be carefully thought out and communication with the child organized. Meals should be timely and complete. The child must receive the necessary amount of attention, the proper level of encouragement and praise.

The treatment plan depends on what goals need to be achieved, as well as the severity of the main symptoms. For example, with hyperactivity, therapy should be aimed at reducing activity, eliminating impulsivity, and preventing rash actions. The child needs to be taught to be attentive and self-controlled. Sedatives and sedatives will help with this. You can use both medications and various herbs and homeopathic remedies. Mandatory vitamin therapy is carried out. If necessary, supplements containing nutrients are added to the diet.

If other manifestations of the disease are detected, symptomatic therapy is carried out aimed at suppressing these symptoms.

If inhibition predominates in a child, therapy should be aimed at excitation and activation of brain structures. It is also important to use means aimed at activating motor skills and mental activity. Various stimulants are often used.

Medicines

Brain dysfunction can be treated quite effectively with medications. When using them, a number of precautions must be observed. Under no circumstances should you take medications on your own, without a doctor’s prescription. In most cases, this ends in serious consequences. The situation only gets worse; pathologies of other parts of the brain develop. With improper treatment, dysfunction can develop from a mild form into a severe, stable one. Medicines require precise adherence to dosage and treatment regimens. Side effects manifest themselves in the form of worsening pathology, headaches, and migraines.

Melleril, which belongs to the group of potent neuroleptics, has proven itself well. But it reduces hyperactivity, increased excitability and normalizes the functioning of the central nervous system. Used for brain dysfunction, severe irritability, neurasthenia, neuroses. It is recommended to take 0.005 grams three times a day. For severe mental illnesses, the dosage is increased to 50-100 mg per day. It should be borne in mind that with long-term use, a decrease in the number of leukocytes is possible. Dry mouth may occur, and extrapyramidal disorders often develop. Do not take if you have eye diseases or retinal problems.

Trioxazine is used for increased excitability and neurotic diseases. It also effectively fights irritability, insomnia, weakness and increased fatigue. Take 0.3 grams three times a day. Side effects and signs of overdose include dry mouth, nausea, and vomiting.

Seduxen promotes muscle relaxation, has a calming effect on the central nervous system, and eliminates cramps. The daily dosage for an adult is 8-10 mg.

Aminalon is used to treat birth injuries and postpartum brain damage. The drug is indicated for mental retardation, retardation in physical and mental development, and various brain dysfunctions. Take 1 gram twice a day.

Vitamins

• Vitamin PP – 60 mg
• Vitamin H – 150 mcg
• Vitamin C – 500-1000 mg
• Vitamin D – 45 mcg.

Physiotherapeutic treatment

It is used when traditional drug treatment is ineffective. Physiotherapeutic techniques are selected based on the individual characteristics of the body, the goals and objectives of corrective interventions. In most cases, the complex of treatment methods includes manual therapy sessions, sessions aimed at restoring the spine, and massage. Kinesitherapy has proven itself well. To improve metabolic processes, acupuncture and electrical stimulation methods can be used.

Traditional treatment

Traditional treatment is widely used to treat dysfunctional brain disorders.

It is recommended to take a fortified mixture, which can be easily prepared at home. To prepare, you need to take 150 grams of dried apricots, raisins, prunes and walnuts. Pass it all through a meat grinder. Add the juice of one lemon and the juice obtained from the pulp of an aloe leaf. Mix all this thoroughly, add a tablespoon of honey. Infuse for a day in the refrigerator. Take a tablespoon three times a day. Saturates the body with vitamins, promotes rapid recovery, stimulates the immune system.

Also, in case of dysfunctions, it is advisable to drink fortified juice. To prepare, you need 200 ml of pomegranate juice and 50 ml of hawthorn juice or syrup. Mix, you can add honey to taste. Drink in 2 doses: part in the morning, the second part in the evening. The duration of the course is 7-14 days.

To cleanse the body and stimulate metabolic processes, aloe juice with honey is prescribed. To prepare, take 50 grams of juice and a tablespoon of honey. Mix thoroughly. Allow to brew for half an hour. Drink in 1 or 2 approaches. The course of treatment is from 5 to 7 days.

Herbal treatment

Dysfunctions can be treated with herbs. Chamomile helps with this very well. It helps relieve inflammation and has a tonic, calming effect on the body. A decoction is used: 1.5 tablespoons of herbs are poured with a glass of boiling water and left for half an hour. Drink half a glass twice a day. You can also add chamomile to tea and drink in unlimited quantities throughout the day.

Mint decoction has proven itself well. For preparation you need 1-2 tablespoons of mint. Pour a glass of boiling water and drink in small sips throughout the day. It has a calming effect on the body and tones the nervous system. Eliminates side dyspeptic disorders, nausea. It is not recommended for men, as it contains female hormones, which help restore and normalize female hormonal levels and negatively affect the hormonal levels of men.

For increased excitability of the nervous system, irritability, nervousness, restlessness, take a decoction of motherwort. To prepare, pour 2 tablespoons of the herb into 500 ml of boiling water and leave for an hour. They drink it like tea. The entire decoction must be drunk within 24 hours. The next day a new one is brewed. The duration of treatment should be at least a month.

Homeopathy

Homeopathic remedies are quite effective in treating various brain disorders. However, they are not so safe that they can be taken uncontrolled. They can have serious side effects, both on the brain and on other organs and systems. An important precaution is to be careful to take homeopathic remedies only after a comprehensive diagnosis has been made and the cause of the pathology has been identified. This will make it possible to select the remedy as accurately as possible and build in the optimal treatment regimen.

The herbal collection has proven itself well. To prepare, you need to take a tablespoon of chamomile herbs, calendula flowers and mint. Mix, pour two glasses of boiling water, drink throughout the day. Helps relieve stress, fatigue, and mental stress. Has a tonic and calming effect.

For depression, loss of strength, and weakness of nervous origin, a herbal mixture is recommended. To prepare, take a tablespoon of aster inflorescences and half a tablespoon of knotweed. To brew, pour a glass of boiling water over the mixture and leave for an hour. Then drink a third of a glass three times a day.

To eliminate brain disorders and normalize its basic functions, ginseng infusion is used. To prepare, take 5-10 grams of the plant, pour a glass of vodka, and leave for 24 hours. Drink 2 tablespoons three times a day for 15 days.

For brain disorders, hysteria and depressive states, chicory is used. Approximately 20 grams of chicory per glass of water. Brew it like tea, drink it 2-3 times a day.

» Child's brain

Doctors at the Inpromed Children's Medical Center - specialists in pediatric practice - will answer your questions.

Dysfunctions of diencephalic structures of the brain

Question:
Hello! My daughter is 3.6 years old. We still don’t really talk, the hearing is good, she speaks individual syllables and words mom, dad, grandma.. The neurologist sent her for an EEG, this is what happened 1. Note the study was carried out in a darkened room, eyes open.Tense.Recording with many motor and
Myographic artifacts. Did not complete the load. 2. Description of the EEG Analysis of the EEG is difficult with registration conditions. In recording areas free from motor artifacts, the myographic artifact predominates, with a frequency of 20-26 Hz, amplitude up to 30 μV. The alpha rhythm is disorganized, recorded fragmentarily, with a frequency of 8 Hz, average amplitude 50 μV, the index is reduced due to the recording conditions. Zonal differences are not clear. Slow-wave activity is moderate, in the form of waves of the theta range in the central-parietal regions, with a frequency of 6 Hz and an amplitude of up to 110 μV. 3. It is impossible to assess the imbalance of the regulatory systems of the brain in reactions to stimuli, i.e. no loading work was carried out. 4. conclusion. Moderate changes with signs of dysfunction of the diencephalic structures of the brain are detected. Beta activity is increased. The alpha rhythm is formed, but the index is reduced due to the registration conditions. No typical foci of epiactivity were identified in this recording. The mother makes the child go crazy because I can’t express myself, what should we do, my daughter is irritable! Thanks in advance!

Answer:
Good afternoon Christina! According to the EEG data, which was recorded in violation of the registration conditions due to the characteristics of the child and age, no significant changes were revealed. Dysfunctional disorders occur in the vast majority of children at this age. You need to consult a neurologist and psychoneurologist to identify the cause of speech delay. In the future, such children need long-term rehabilitation, including both drug treatment and classes with speech therapists and teachers.

You are looking for: Irritation of brain stem structures - added at the request of Lyubov Khmelovska.

The attacks last, on average, a day. The study of electrical activity of the brain is studied at rest, using functional tests and tests for hyperventilation and photostimulation of the visual analyzer, with sleep deprivation. These are your people and they love you. The doctor diagnosed vasospasm and migraine. Osteochondrosis SHOP I stage. The word "irritation" is a loanword whose roots come from the Latin word irritare, meaning "to embitter" or "to irritate." In particular, the somatosensory association area is located behind the postcentral gyrus. An analysis of the reasons for the development of hyperventilation showed that in three patients the tidal volume corresponded to the target calculated by the respirator, while the respiratory rate and, accordingly, the minute volume of ventilation significantly exceeded the target. Signs of functional lability of regulatory stem structures with disturbed excitatory-inhibitory relationships. Reactivity to external stimuli is weakened. There are no clear signs of interhemispheric and focal asymmetry. In children, the EEG differs in a number of features. On the outer surface of the frontal lobe, in addition to the vertical precentral gyrus, there are three more horizontal ones: upper, middle and lower. Lateroventriculoasymmetry D on the EEG of a 3.5-year-old child was diagnosed on the background of age-related neurophysiological immaturity of the brain; there are moderately pronounced diffuse changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain with signs of dysfunction of stem structures and signs of a decrease in the threshold of excitability. The limbic region of the cerebral hemispheres includes the cortical areas of the olfactory seahorse, or hippocampus; septum transparent, cingulate gyrus. as well as the gustatory cortex around the island of analyzers. In relatively mild forms of brain damage, with short-term loss of consciousness, diffuse cerebral changes of varying severity such as disorganization of oscillation frequency, dysrhythmia, irritation, disturbance of uniformity in amplitude, and pathological slow activity of sharp waves are more often found. Jones PA, Andrews PJ, Midgley S, et al. Five residents of Astrakhan died in a traffic accident in Kalmykia.

Dysfunction of the cerebral cortex. Treatment of dysfunctions of brain structures

At rest, the tone of the cortex is unstable and increased. Damage to the cortex in these areas does not cause noticeable disturbances in hearing, smell and taste, since the connection of each hemisphere of the brain with its perceptive apparatus in the periphery is bilateral. No clear interhemispheric asymmetry was detected. Conclusion: Diffuse changes in the BEA of the brain. Moderate diffuse changes in the bioelectrical activity of the brain in the form of uneven alpha rhythm, increased beta rhythm and the presence of acute potentials, which correlates with anxiety and neuroticism. This phenomenon is apparently ensured by the fact that changes in the blood supply to the brain are inevitably associated with the phenomena of hypoxia and hypercapnia, which in turn lead to disruption of cellular metabolic processes. I have a big problem. Statistics During the day, 174 questions were added, 288 answers were written, of which 74 answers from 16 specialists in 11 conferences. Damage to the area above the calcarine groove wedge determines the occurrence of lower quadrant hemianopia, and below it the lingual gyrus - superior quadrant hemianopsia.

Treatment of minimal brain dysfunctions in children: therapeutic possibilities of Instenon

Minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) in children is the most common form of neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. According to domestic and foreign studies, the incidence of MMD among preschool and school-age children reaches 5-20%.

Currently, MMD is considered as a consequence of early local brain damage, expressed in age-related immaturity of certain higher mental functions and their disharmonious development. With MMD, there is a delay in the rate of development of functional brain systems that provide such complex integrative functions as speech, attention, memory, perception and other forms of higher mental activity. In terms of general intellectual development, children with MMD are at the normal level, but at the same time they experience significant difficulties in school learning and social adaptation. Due to focal lesions, underdevelopment or dysfunction of certain parts of the cerebral cortex, MMD in children manifests itself in the form of disturbances in motor and speech development, development of writing skills (dysgraphia), reading (dyslexia), and counting (dyscalculia). The most common variant of MMD appears to be attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The term “minimal cerebral dysfunction” became widespread in the 1960s, when it began to be used in relation to a group of conditions of varying etiology and pathogenesis, accompanied by behavioral disorders and learning difficulties not associated with a general lag in intellectual development. The use of neuropsychological methods in the study of behavioral, cognitive and speech disorders observed in children with MMD allowed us to establish a certain relationship between the nature of the disorders and the localization of focal lesions of the central nervous system. Of great importance are studies that confirmed the role of hereditary mechanisms in the occurrence of MMD.

Due to the variety of clinical manifestations, heterogeneity of factors underlying the etiology and pathogenesis of MMD, for the latest revision of the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10, recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO, 1994), diagnostic criteria were developed for a number of conditions previously considered within MMD (Table 1). Thus, with the scientific study of MMD, the tendency towards their differentiation into separate forms is becoming more and more clearly visible. However, it should be noted that in clinical practice it is often necessary to observe in children a combination of symptoms that belong not to one, but to several diagnostic categories for MMD according to the ICD-10 classification.

Age dynamics of minimal brain dysfunctions

A study of the anamnesis shows that at an early age, many children with MMD exhibit hyperexcitability syndrome. Manifestations of hyperexcitability occur more often in the first months of life, in 20% of cases they are delayed until later (over 6-8 months). Despite the correct regime and care, a sufficient amount of food, children are restless, they cry for no reason. It is accompanied by excessive motor activity, autonomic reactions in the form of redness or marbling of the skin, acrocyanosis, increased sweating, tachycardia, and increased breathing. During screaming, you can observe an increase in muscle tone, tremor of the chin, hands, clonus of the feet and legs, and spontaneous Moro reflex. Sleep disturbances (difficulty falling asleep for a long time, frequent spontaneous awakening, early awakening, startling), feeding difficulties and gastrointestinal disorders are also characteristic. Children have difficulty latching on the breast and are restless during feeding. Along with impaired sucking, there is a predisposition to regurgitation, and in the presence of functional neurogenic pyloric spasm, vomiting. The tendency to loose stools is associated with increased excitability of the intestinal wall, leading to increased pain.

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Primary diagnosis

Causes of MMD:

• difficult childbirth;
• infectious diseases;

• diencephalic structures
• stem tissues
• midline structures
• venous

Median structures

• low pain threshold;
• tremor;

Barrel malfunction

• traumatic brain injury;
• birth injury;
• concussion and bruise.

• fainting state;
• fainting;
• unhealthy complexion;
• spots and veils in the eyes;
• lethargy in the morning;
• soft tissue swelling.

Far-reaching consequences

body.

• speech problems, dysarthria;
• dysphonia;
• dysphagia.

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The diagnosis of brain dysfunction made by a doctor in most cases is very frightening for the patient.

The medical term "dysfunction" is a malfunction of any function in the human body. In this particular case, it indicates problems with the tissues of the brain stem.

This is an anatomical area that controls almost all vital processes of the body. The trunk regulates the heartbeat, body temperature, respiratory apparatus, processing of food elements, etc.

Primary diagnosis

In situations in which a person’s brain receives damage of a certain nature, the trunk almost always receives damage. This leads to various disruptions in brain functions. The most traumatic ones are childbirth, hypoxia, a strong blow, bruise or concussion.

It is noteworthy that failures can be clearly expressed by certain symptoms, but sometimes it is necessary to diagnose disorders using various research techniques.

When a doctor suspects brain dysfunction, he most often issues a referral for a computed tomography scan. This diagnostic method allows you to detect damage to the brain, including in the brain stem, through its layer-by-layer display on the monitor.

It happens that the diagnosis does not require the use of tomography, usually this concerns situations in which there is no reason to suspect the presence of injury.

In such cases, the neurologist recommends that the patient undergo an ECHO-EG. This diagnostic method is based on sequential recording and examination of electrical signals from the brain. When structures are damaged, irritation is often observed; it indicates irritation of one of its zones.

MMD and other types of brain dysfunctions

Compared to the rest of the body, the mass of the brain is small; its average weight in an adult is within 1.5 kg. However, this does not prevent him from controlling most of the processes that are responsible for the vitality of the body.

Despite its importance, the brain is very vulnerable. Even minor disturbances during childbirth can greatly affect the child’s development, his vision of the world, and his emotional state.

Today, the diagnosis of minimal brain dysfunction (MCD) is made in approximately 25% of pediatric patients. Violations manifest themselves in both neurological and psychological spheres.

The symptoms manifest themselves most clearly at school age, when the child goes to school. The result is frequent headaches, excessive mobility and hyperactivity in children, and a high level of nervousness. Most children report poor memory and fatigue. Often there are developmental problems, poor concentration, motor skills and speech suffer.

• difficult childbirth;
• the pregnancy was difficult;
• infectious diseases;
• long-term effect of toxins on a woman’s body;
• improper child care in infancy.

Also, disorders can be caused by traumatic brain injury, which was caused by a blow, accident, bruise, or illness.

In adults, different areas of the brain may be negatively affected. Brain dysfunction can be found in the area:

• diencephalic structures– control metabolic processes, human sleep, temperature, appetite;
• stem tissues– are responsible for regulating the main processes of human life support, appetite, muscle tone and breathing;
• midline structures– participate in vital processes, control the emotional background of the body, vegetative processes of the nervous system;
• venous– the most noticeable symptoms of which are severe fatigue and headaches.

Median structures

This area is responsible for the stable functioning of the human autonomic nervous system, regulation of sleep processes and emotional background. Often a disorder in this area is caused by birth or traumatic brain injury. The diagnosis is made by studying the EEG.

Dysfunction of the midline structures of the brain manifests itself in thalamic disorders, as well as a group of neuroendocrine syndromes:

• poor sensitivity on the body and face;
• low pain threshold;
• tremor;
• sharp, unnatural laughter or crying;
• premature puberty;
• disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system.

Barrel malfunction

It is the brain stem that is responsible for the most important life support processes - contractions of the heart muscle, regulation of body temperature and others. Dysfunction of brain stem structures is caused by:

Often the diagnosis is combined with visual changes - the patient may experience changes in the facial bones and improper formation of the jaw. There is a possibility of developing asthenia, which affects speech development. There are also problems with muscle tone, excessive sweating and salivation.

With timely diagnosis and correct treatment, the consequences of disorders can be reversed and functionality can be at least partially restored.

Venous cerebral insufficiency

Venous dysfunction is characterized by damage to the vascular outflow of the brain. May be caused by injury or heart failure. Venous thrombosis can provoke the development of the disease.

This disorder is characterized by the presence of pulsating headaches, sudden surges in blood pressure, and migraines.

Often headaches are accompanied by a feeling of nausea, vomiting, and convulsions. Other symptoms:

Diencephalic structures in the risk area

Disorders can spread to different parts of the brain, which is reflected in symptoms; for example, when the intermediate part in the area of ​​diencephalic structures is affected, the dysfunction is characterized by problems with metabolic processes, sleep disorders and a clinical picture characteristic of other areas.

Irritation manifests itself as irritation of the brain. Symptoms will vary depending on the area affected. Usually, irritation is not a separate disease, but a consequence of the course of another disease (tumor, neuroinfection, etc.).

Epilepsy attacks are the result of dysfunction of the midline and stem structures of the brain. Speech and autonomic system disorders are also detected. If the lower parts are damaged, problems with consciousness (confusion with time), attention, and memory may occur.

Far-reaching consequences

Dysfunction of brain tissue poses a great danger to humans. In particular, the trunk is responsible for important processes in the operation of everything body.

If there are any violations in its work, you should certainly expect the following to develop:

When a lesion forms in the stem part, paralysis may develop.

Source:

Brain dysfunction - causes and symptoms of failures in various areas

The diagnosis of brain dysfunction made by a doctor in most cases is very frightening for the patient.

The medical term "dysfunction" is a malfunction of any function in the human body. In this particular case, it indicates problems with the tissues of the brain stem.

This is an anatomical area that controls almost all vital processes of the body. The trunk regulates the heartbeat, body temperature, respiratory apparatus, processing of food elements, etc.

Primary diagnosis

In situations in which a person’s brain receives damage of a certain nature, the trunk almost always receives damage. This leads to various disruptions in brain functions. The most traumatic ones are childbirth, hypoxia, a strong blow, bruise or concussion.

It is noteworthy that failures can be clearly expressed by certain symptoms, but sometimes it is necessary to diagnose disorders using various research techniques.

When a doctor suspects brain dysfunction, he most often issues a referral for a computed tomography scan. This diagnostic method allows you to detect damage to the brain, including in the brain stem, through its layer-by-layer display on the monitor.

It happens that the diagnosis does not require the use of tomography, usually this concerns situations in which there is no reason to suspect the presence of injury.

In such cases, the neurologist recommends that the patient undergo an ECHO-EG. This diagnostic method is based on sequential recording and examination of electrical signals from the brain. When structures are damaged, irritation is often observed; it indicates irritation of one of its zones.

MMD and other types of brain dysfunctions

Compared to the rest of the body, the mass of the brain is small; its average weight in an adult is within 1.5 kg. However, this does not prevent him from controlling most of the processes that are responsible for the vitality of the body.

Despite its importance, the brain is very vulnerable. Even minor disturbances during childbirth can greatly affect the child’s development, his vision of the world, and his emotional state.

Today, the diagnosis of minimal brain dysfunction (MCD) is made in approximately 25% of pediatric patients. Violations manifest themselves in both neurological and psychological spheres.

The symptoms manifest themselves most clearly at school age, when the child goes to school. The result is frequent headaches, excessive mobility and hyperactivity in children, and a high level of nervousness. Most children report poor memory and fatigue. Often there are developmental problems, poor concentration, motor skills and speech suffer.

• difficult childbirth;
• the pregnancy was difficult;
• infectious diseases;
• long-term effect of toxins on a woman’s body;
• improper child care in infancy.

Also, disorders can be caused by traumatic brain injury, which was caused by a blow, accident, bruise, or illness.

In adults, different areas of the brain may be negatively affected. Brain dysfunction can be found in the area:

• diencephalic structures– control metabolic processes, human sleep, temperature, appetite;
• stem tissues– are responsible for regulating the main processes of human life support, appetite, muscle tone and breathing;
• midline structures– participate in vital processes, control the emotional background of the body, vegetative processes of the nervous system;
• venous– the most noticeable symptoms of which are severe fatigue and headaches.

Median structures

This area is responsible for the stable functioning of the human autonomic nervous system, regulation of sleep processes and emotional background. Often a disorder in this area is caused by birth or traumatic brain injury. The diagnosis is made by studying the EEG.

Dysfunction of the midline structures of the brain manifests itself in thalamic disorders, as well as a group of neuroendocrine syndromes:

• poor sensitivity on the body and face;
• low pain threshold;
• tremor;
• sharp, unnatural laughter or crying;
• premature puberty;
• disturbances in the functioning of the endocrine system.

Barrel malfunction

It is the brain stem that is responsible for the most important life support processes - contractions of the heart muscle, regulation of body temperature and others. Dysfunction of brain stem structures is caused by:

Often the diagnosis is combined with visual changes - the patient may experience changes in the facial bones and improper formation of the jaw. There is a possibility of developing asthenia, which affects speech development. There are also problems with muscle tone, excessive sweating and salivation.

With timely diagnosis and correct treatment, the consequences of disorders can be reversed and functionality can be at least partially restored.

Venous cerebral insufficiency

Venous dysfunction is characterized by damage to the vascular outflow of the brain. May be caused by injury or heart failure. Venous thrombosis can provoke the development of the disease.

This disorder is characterized by the presence of pulsating headaches, sudden surges in blood pressure, and migraines.

Often headaches are accompanied by a feeling of nausea, vomiting, and convulsions. Other symptoms:

Diencephalic structures in the risk area

Disorders can spread to different parts of the brain, which is reflected in symptoms; for example, when the intermediate part in the area of ​​diencephalic structures is affected, the dysfunction is characterized by problems with metabolic processes, sleep disorders and a clinical picture characteristic of other areas.

Irritation manifests itself as irritation of the brain. Symptoms will vary depending on the area affected. Usually, irritation is not a separate disease, but a consequence of the course of another disease (tumor, neuroinfection, etc.).

Epilepsy attacks are the result of dysfunction of the midline and stem structures of the brain. Speech and autonomic system disorders are also detected. If the lower parts are damaged, problems with consciousness (confusion with time), attention, and memory may occur.

Far-reaching consequences

Dysfunction of brain tissue poses a great danger to humans. In particular, the trunk is responsible for important processes in the operation of everything body.

If there are any violations in its work, you should certainly expect the following to develop:

When a lesion forms in the stem part, paralysis may develop.

This section was created to take care of those who need a qualified specialist, without disturbing the usual rhythm of their own lives.

Let's start with the fact that the EEG school, which is widely used in Russia, is not entirely comparable with the EEG interpretation that is used in Western medical schools.

Accordingly, there are simply no dysfunctions of the median structures, stem structures, or mesencephalic structures. Because the term “dysfunction” is quite unclear. Functional dysfunction, nothing more. It is almost impossible to use it in clinical practice.

It happens that an EEG is prescribed unnecessarily. For example, a patient with a headache. The doctor who describes the EEG, who does not know anything about the patient, writes about this so-called dysfunction of any structures. And the patient begins to receive unnecessary treatment because the neurologist who ordered the EEG does not understand what it means. He sees that there is some kind of dysfunction. It turns out to be a vicious circle. And patients take unnecessary appointments after unnecessary examinations.