Why is a blood biochemistry test prescribed? Biochemical analysis: what diseases can blood tell about? Interpretation of low-molecular nitrogen compounds

The doctor issues a referral for a blood test not only if there are patient complaints, but also when undergoing commissions, pregnancy, or for preventive purposes. Research is carried out using various indicators. Biochemical analysis is common and often used. Based on its results, it is possible to confirm the presence of inflammation, infection of the body and other pathologies. When deciphering, it is necessary to take into account that the meaning of the indicators differs depending on the age and gender of the patient. Thus, the norms of biochemical blood analysis in women have different values ​​than in men and children, and you can often find tables combining these indicators, which allows you to clearly see the differences.

A biochemical blood test is a laboratory diagnostic method that allows you to assess the correct functioning of internal organs, obtain information about metabolic processes, and also identify the body’s need for microelements. The study plays an important role in the diagnosis of almost all diseases, and therefore it is prescribed in the first place.

This type of analysis in women is carried out to obtain information about the condition and correct functioning of organs and body systems in general. Decoding its results gives a complete picture of the amount of vitamins and microelements in the body.

In case of deviations from the norm, it allows one to determine the development of diseases. During pregnancy, blood biochemistry allows you to monitor the general condition of the woman and eliminate complications.

With a biochemical blood test, it is possible to study more than forty indicators. Most often, they are limited to a few specific components, and a more in-depth study is carried out if additional examination is necessary. The norm of indicators is usually understood as a result that is in the interval between the minimum and maximum permissible values.

Normal indicators for women

As noted earlier, the value of indicators in a biochemical blood test varies depending on the age and gender of the person. The difference in female meanings is associated with hormonal status, which is inherently associated with age. At a young age, the result is affected by menstruation, hormonal contraceptives, pregnancy, childbirth and lactation, and for older women - menopause and the period of menopause. The minimum and maximum values ​​of biochemical blood test indicators can be seen in the table.

After looking at the data in the table, you might think that there is nothing difficult to decipher a blood test and make a diagnosis accordingly. But deciphering the research results requires certain knowledge. Each of the indicators contains specific characteristics. Changing one of the values ​​may cause the other to deviate. For example, excess bilirubin (direct or indirect) indicates the presence of liver pathologies. It is possible that as a result of this disorder there are infectious diseases. It is extremely difficult to decipher the results of the study without the help of a qualified doctor.

One of the important conditions when interpreting tests in women is pregnancy. During this period, liver tests are required, that is, blood from a vein is examined for bilirubin, ALT, AST, GGT and alkaline phosphatase. The need is due to the fact that during pregnancy the load on the liver increases significantly. In addition, a biochemical blood test during pregnancy makes it possible to determine the state of other indicators, which will allow monitoring the woman’s health. The norms for biochemistry indicators during pregnancy are presented in the table.

You can evaluate the deviation of indicators from the norm yourself based on these data, but only a doctor can determine what caused this change. Therefore, when receiving the test results, you need to visit a specialist. Timely treatment and prevention will avoid many problems and complications for both the mother and the unborn child.

Reasons for deviations in indicators

There are a huge number of reasons for deviations from the norm in parameters studied during a biochemical blood test. In this connection, there is a need for an in-person consultation with a doctor. After studying the results, the specialist will prescribe an additional examination and select the appropriate treatment. A deviation of a specific indicator indicates a corresponding disease:

1. Cholesterol. An increase in level can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. An increase can be observed in people exposed to frequent stress or abusing bad habits. Increased cholesterol is possible with disorders of the kidneys and liver, pancreatitis, pancreatic tumors, diabetes mellitus, alcohol addiction, cardiac ischemia, and atherosclerosis. A decrease in the indicator may be a symptom of a chronic form of heart failure, anemia, sepsis, liver tumors, tuberculosis and other lung diseases.
2. Glucose. An increased rate is typical for diseases such as diabetes mellitus, endocrine pathologies, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, chronic forms of liver and kidney diseases. An increase in the indicator can be observed after emotional shocks, stressful situations, or smoking. A decrease is typical for disorders in the pancreas, many liver pathologies, stomach and adrenal cancer, toxic poisoning or drug overdose.
3. Creatinine. An increased amount is a sign of renal failure, hyperthyroidism. A decrease in level is possible with prolonged refusal of food, lack of body weight, during the 1st and 2nd trimester of pregnancy.
4. Bilirubin. Necessary for assessing liver function. An increase in the indicator occurs with a lack of vitamin B12, liver diseases, various poisonings, and cholelithiasis.
5. Urea. An increase may mean that there are kidney pathologies, heart failure, leukemia, cancer, shock, myocardial infarction. A decrease is typical for liver diseases, poisoning with phosphorus compounds or arsenic, as well as during pregnancy.
6. Total protein. An increase in the level is provoked by infectious and oncological diseases, rheumatism. A decrease is possible with pancreatitis, pathologies of the liver, intestines, kidneys, bleeding, extensive burns, and injuries. Also, a decrease can be triggered by prolonged fasting or severe physical strain.

This list consists only of the main indicators used in diagnosing diseases. Since biochemistry examines more than 40 values, there are correspondingly a huge number of diseases in which they deviate from the norm. Depending on the patient’s complaints, the list of studied indicators changes. When prescribing an analysis, the doctor specifically indicates the subject of diagnosis, based on the patient’s complaints.

Preparing for the study

In addition to inflammatory processes and pathologies, the result of a blood test can be significantly affected by improper preparation for the procedure. Consequently, the diagnosis will be incorrect, which will mislead the doctor and he may make an incorrect diagnosis and, accordingly, prescribe the wrong treatment. Therefore, before taking the test, you need to do some simple preparation.

1. Avoid food 8-10 hours before the test. Avoid eating fatty and spicy foods for several days. Drinking water is allowed.
2. If possible, avoid taking medications or inform your doctor about their use.
3. Do not drink alcohol several days before the test.
4. Eliminate physical and emotional stress.
5. Do not smoke for several hours before the test.
6. Do not undergo physiotherapeutic procedures or X-ray examinations.

If preparation has not been carried out, then there is a high probability of obtaining unreliable results. Most likely, the attending physician will prescribe a repeat blood test and additional examination. And he will make a preliminary diagnosis and prescribe appropriate treatment, which may turn out to be completely unnecessary. Before taking a blood test, it is necessary to prepare, then the efforts of the doctor, laboratory assistant and the patient themselves will not be wasted.

Biochemical blood test is an accessible and informative diagnostic method. With its help, you can determine the development of diseases, assess your general health and prevent the development of complications in time. The norms of indicators differ depending on the gender and age of a person, so there is no point in comparing the results of male and female analyses. In women, the meaning differs due to different hormonal conditions. The study must be deciphered by a doctor, since a correct assessment of the total set of indicators requires certain medical knowledge.

A biochemical blood test is a diagnostic test that is widely used in all areas of medicine and allows one to judge the functioning of organs and systems and the entire organism as a whole. The results of this study can accurately indicate the onset of inflammatory processes in the body, malignant pathologies, hormonal imbalances, etc. In this material we will look at the decoding of the biochemical blood test in adults in the table.

What does a biochemical blood test show?

A biochemical blood test shows the presence of pathological processes in the body at the earliest stages, that is, when clinical symptoms have not yet appeared and the person is not even aware of the disease.

Correct interpretation of the study results allows you to determine the diagnosis and prescribe timely effective treatment. By and large, blood biochemistry shows how metabolic processes occur in the body, what the level of hormones is, the presence of cancer cells and other pathological foci.

Indications for the study

A biochemical blood test is prescribed to all patients who contact a therapist or other specialist with any complaints. Indications for this study are:

• diseases of the female reproductive system - infertility, disruptions and disturbances of the menstrual cycle of unknown etiology, inflammation of the uterus and appendages, fibroids, ovarian cysts, endometriosis;
• diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract - pancreatitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, cholecystitis, enteritis, gastroenteritis;
• diseases of the endocrine system - diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperthyroidism, dysfunction of the adrenal cortex, obesity, suspected tumors of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland;
• diseases of the heart and blood vessels - previous heart attacks and strokes, hypercholesterolemia, cerebral ischemia, coronary heart disease;
• suspicion of renal or liver failure - in order to identify pathology or monitor treatment;
• oncological diseases;
• inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the musculoskeletal system - arthritis, osteoporosis, arthrosis.

In some cases, a biochemical blood test is enough to give the patient a correct diagnosis, and sometimes this requires additional diagnostic methods, which depends on the course of the disease and the characteristics of the patient’s body.

How is a biochemical blood test performed?

A biochemical blood test is the collection of biological material from the ulnar vein (or any other vein, if the ulnar vein is inaccessible for some reason) in an amount of 5 ml. Sometimes up to 20 ml of blood is drawn from a patient to perform several diagnostic tests. In order for the analysis results to be truthful and as accurate as possible, you should properly prepare for the procedure.

Preparing to donate blood from a vein involves the following steps:

1. 3 days before the study, the patient needs to follow a certain diet - fatty, sweet, spicy, alcohol, strong coffee and strong black tea, spices and smoked meats, pickles and canned food are excluded from the diet;
2. the day before the test and on the day of blood sampling, you must stop smoking, eating and taking medications - if it is impossible to stop taking medications for vital reasons, you should definitely inform your doctor about this;
3. on the day of blood sampling you cannot eat anything - the test is taken strictly on an empty stomach!;
4. Avoid stress and overexertion the day before and on the day of blood sampling - test results such as blood tests for hormones may be unreliable if the patient becomes nervous or physically overloaded.

The results of the analysis are transmitted to the doctor who issued the referral for examination, and the specialist will inform the patient about the presence of deviations, depending on which he will select treatment.

Table of norms for biochemical blood tests in adults

The table shows the indicators of a biochemical blood test that doctors pay attention to, as well as the norms for men and women over 18 years of age.

Total protein

The term “total protein” refers to the total amount of proteins that are generally contained in the blood. Proteins take an active part in the biochemical processes of the body:

• are catalysts for chemical reactions;
• transport substances to organs and tissues;
• take part in the body's immune defense against infections.

Normally, in a healthy adult, the level of protein in the blood should not exceed 84 g/l. If this rate increases significantly, the human body becomes vulnerable to attack by viruses and infections.

Increased protein in the blood: causes

The main reasons for increased protein levels in the blood are:

1. rheumatism;
2. joint inflammation;
3. oncological neoplasms.

Reduced blood protein levels: causes

The reasons for low protein in a blood test from a vein are:

• liver diseases;
• intestinal pathologies;
• disorders of the kidneys;
• malignant tumors in the body.

When studying blood biochemistry indicators, attention is also paid to albumin. Albumin is a protein produced by the human liver and is the main protein in blood plasma. An increased level of albumin in the blood is observed with:

• extensive burns;
• uncontrollable diarrhea;
• dehydration of the body.

A decrease in the level of albumin in the blood is typical for:

1. pregnant and lactating women;
2. liver cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis;
3. sepsis;
4. heart failure;
5. overdose and drug poisoning.

Glucose

Normally, a biochemical blood test in an adult healthy person reveals from 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/l (glucose tolerance test is performed).

Increased glucose levels, causes

An increase in sugar levels in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of:

• diabetes mellitus;
• diseases of the endocrine system;
• pancreatic tumor;
• hemorrhagic stroke;
• cystic fibrosis.

Short-term acceptable increases in blood sugar levels are caused by overeating, stress, and eating too many sweets.

Low blood sugar: causes

A decrease in blood glucose levels below 3.5 mmol/l often occurs due to the following conditions:

• liver diseases;
• inflammatory diseases of the pancreas;
• hypothyroidism;
• alcohol poisoning;
• drug overdose;
• stomach cancer;
• adrenal cancer.

Uric acid

Uric acid is a breakdown product of nucleic acids (purine formations). Normally, in a healthy adult, uric acid does not accumulate in the body and is excreted by the kidneys in the urine. In the blood, uric acid levels normally do not exceed 0.43 mmol/l.

Increased uric acid levels

The reasons for the increase in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma are:

1. renal failure;
2. lymphoma;
3. leukemia;
4. alcoholism;
5. grueling long-term diets;
6. overdose of diuretics and salicylates.

Reduced uric acid levels

A decrease in the level of uric acid in the blood plasma of less than 0.16 mmol/l is observed in the following conditions:

1. Iron-deficiency anemia;
2. treatment with Allopurinol;
3. hepatitis.

Urea

Urea is formed in the body as a breakdown product of proteins. An increase in urea levels is observed in kidney diseases.

A decrease in the level of urea in the blood is typical for pregnant women, people who play sports or practice therapeutic fasting. A pathological decrease in the level of urea in the blood is associated with celiac disease, heavy metal poisoning, and liver cirrhosis.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a protein breakdown product that does not accumulate in the body, but is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. This substance is a product of protein metabolism occurring in skeletal muscles and the brain. The level of this product in the blood plasma directly depends on the condition of the kidneys and muscles.

Increased creatinine: reasons

The causes of increased creatinine levels in blood plasma are the following conditions:

• renal failure;
• muscle injuries;
• hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
• excessive physical activity.

In some cases, an increase in creatinine in the blood can be caused by taking medications.

ALT (AlAt, alanine aminotransferase) and AST (AST)

ALT is an enzyme that is synthesized inside liver cells and takes part in the functioning of the organ. With the development of any liver disease, its cells are destroyed, and part of the alanine aminotransferase enters the blood. Determining the level of ALT makes it possible to judge possible liver dysfunction and the presence of diseases of this organ.

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme that is located inside the cells of the heart muscle, liver, skeletal muscles, kidneys, nerve fibers and takes an active part in ana-acid metabolism. An increase in ALT levels above AST levels is characteristic of liver diseases. In the case when AST levels exceed ALT values, the patient in most cases is diagnosed with pathologies such as:

• myocardial infarction;
• angina pectoris;
• rheumatic heart disease;
• toxic hepatitis;
• acute pancreatitis;
• liver cancer;
• heart failure.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol is a constituent component of lipid metabolism, which takes an active part in the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of hormones of the reproductive system and vitamin D. There are several types of cholesterol:

1. low-density cholesterol (LDL);
2. high density cholesterol (HDL);
3. total cholesterol;
4. lipoprotein cholesterol.

Depending on the level of increase in cholesterol levels, there are:

1. mild hypercholesterolemia – up to 6.5 mmol/l, increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis;
2. average degree – up to 8 mmol/l, corrected with a special low-lipid diet;
3. high degree – more than 8 mmol/l, requires medication.

Increased cholesterol: reasons

The main reasons for increased blood cholesterol levels are:

• atherosclerosis;
• hypothyroidism;
• diabetes mellitus in the stage of decompensation;
• chronic hepatitis;
• obstructive jaundice.

Low cholesterol: reasons

A decrease in blood cholesterol levels below normal is a consequence of the following conditions:

• cirrhosis of the liver;
• rheumatoid arthritis;
• prolonged fasting;
• malignant tumors in the liver;
• violation of metabolic processes;
• hyperthyroidism;
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a red-yellow pigment that is formed during the breakdown of hemoglobin in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Normally, the blood level of an adult is from 5 to 20 µmol/l.

High bilirubin levels

The reasons for increased levels of bilirubin in the blood are:

1. liver cancer;
2. cholelithiasis;
3. acute cholecystitis;
4. cholangitis.

Decreased bilirubin levels

A decrease in the level of bilirubin in the blood below normal levels is observed in the following conditions:

1. acute hepatitis;
2. liver diseases caused by bacterial infection;
3. drug poisoning;
4. toxic hepatitis.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates and facilitate digestion. Amylase is found in the pancreas and salivary glands; a distinction is made between diastase (alpha-amylase) and pancreatic amylase.

Increased amylase levels

An increase in amylase in a biochemical blood test is a consequence of the following conditions:

• pancreatitis;
• peritonitis;
• diabetes;
• stones in the pancreas;
• cholecystitis;
• renal and liver failure.

Decreased amylase levels

A reduced level of amylase in blood tests is typical for the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• thyrotoxicosis;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• pancreatic necrosis.

Minerals: potassium and sodium in the blood

Potassium

Normally, the blood of a healthy adult contains from 3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L potassium. A decrease in the level of this microelement is observed in the following conditions:

• disease of the adrenal cortex;
• exhausting diets;
• insufficient salt intake from food, long-term salt-free diets;
• dehydration as a result of vomiting and diarrhea;
• excess levels of adrenal hormones in the blood, including an overdose of hydrocortisone in the form of injections;
• cystic fibrosis.

An increase in potassium in the blood is typical for:

• acute renal failure;
• kidney diseases;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• convulsions;
• severe injuries.

An increase in potassium levels in the blood is called hyperkalemia, and a decrease is called hypokalemia.

Sodium

The main purpose of sodium in the blood is to maintain physiological pH levels and osmotic pressure in tissues and cells. The amount of sodium in the blood is controlled by the adrenal hormone aldosterone.

A decrease in sodium in the blood is observed under the following conditions:

• diabetes;
• chronic heart failure;
• swelling;
• nephrotic syndrome;
• cirrhosis of the liver;
• abuse of diuretics.

An increase in sodium in the blood is observed when:

• abuse of table salt;
• diabetes insipidus;
• profuse sweat;
• uncontrollable vomiting and prolonged diarrhea;
• diseases of the hypothalamus;
• coma.

As a conclusion

A biochemical blood test is an integral part in diagnosing diseases of internal organs. Standard values ​​for men and women may differ slightly depending on the conditions of blood sampling, compliance with the preparation rules and the laboratory.

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A biochemical blood test (or, more familiar to the patient, “blood biochemistry”) is used at the first stage of diagnosing any pathological conditions. Usually, the reason for its appointment is not very good results of a general analysis, annual medical examination of the population (in the presence of chronic diseases) or preventive examination of people involved in hazardous production processes.

A biochemical blood test (BAC) includes many different indicators that determine the functioning of a particular organ and is prescribed by a doctor, although the patient himself can, at his own request, go to a paid laboratory to have biochemistry done. The values ​​of the norms of traditionally used tests for cholesterol, bilirubin, and aminotransferase activity are known to many people who do not have a medical education, but are actively interested in their health.

Table of norms for biochemical blood analysis

Considering the versatility of the research being carried out in the biochemical laboratory and the high interest of patients in this topic, we will try to summarize these tests, but we will limit ourselves to the most common indicators, the names, units of measurement and norms of which will be presented in the form of a table as close as possible to the official LHC results form.

It should be borne in mind that the norms for many indicators differ between adults and children, and, in addition, often depend on gender, characteristics and capabilities of a particular organism. To prevent the table from boring the reader, the norms will be given primarily for adults with mention of the values ​​of indicators in children ( up to 14 years old), men and women separately, if necessary.

The doctor, having listened to the patient’s complaints and based on the clinical manifestations, will most likely first examine the lipid spectrum in a patient with hepatitis, and if hepatitis is suspected, will prescribe bilirubin, ALT, AST and, possibly, alkaline phosphatase. And of course, the first sign (immoderate thirst) is a reason to test your blood for sugar, and obvious signs will make you interested in iron, ferritin, transferrin and TGSS. If not very good results are obtained, biochemical studies can always be continued, expanded with additional tests (at the discretion of the doctor).

Main indicators of biochemical blood analysis

Based on the changes, they judge the presence of pathology, which will still have to be looked for. Biochemical analysis, in contrast to general clinical analysis, shows dysfunction of a certain organ as a result of pathological changes that have not yet been recognized by the person himself, that is, at the stage of the latent course of the disease. In addition, the LHC helps determine whether the body has enough vitamins, microelements and other essential substances. Thus, the main indicators of a biochemical blood test include a number of laboratory tests, which for ease of understanding should be divided into groups.

Squirrels

This group in the LHC is represented by both proteins, without which the life of the organism is impossible, and specific protein structures that arise due to certain (extreme) situations:

Enzymes

Enzymes in a biochemical blood test are often represented by amylase, which increases noticeably when problems with the pancreas occur. Meanwhile, the list of enzymes that can tell about the state of the body is much wider:

Lipid spectrum

Diagnosis of diseases of the cardiovascular system, as a rule, is not limited to just the appointment of total cholesterol; for a cardiologist, this indicator in isolated form does not carry any special information. In order to find out what condition the vascular walls are in (and they can be touched), whether there are signs of development or, God forbid, myocardial infarction is clearly at risk, most often they use a biochemical test called lipid spectrum which includes:

• general;
• low density (LDL-C);
• High-density lipoproteins (HDL-C);
• Atherogenicity coefficient, which is calculated by a formula based on the digital values ​​of the indicators indicated above.

It seems that there is no particular need to once again describe the characteristics, clinical and biological significance of all components of the lipid spectrum; they are described in sufficient detail in the relevant topics posted on our website.

Carbohydrates

Probably the most common analysis among blood biochemistry indicators is. This test does not need additional comments, everyone knows that it is carried out strictly on an empty stomach, and it shows whether a person is at risk of diabetes. Although, it should be noted that there are other reasons for the increase in this indicator that are not related to the presence of a serious disease (injuries, burns, liver pathology, pancreatic diseases, excessive consumption of sweet foods).

Questions among young patients who are still ignorant of the “sugar” business can be caused by glucose loading test (sugar curve), which is prescribed mainly to identify hidden forms of diabetes.

Relatively new tests designed to determine the behavior of carbohydrates in the body include glycated proteins (or glycosylated - which is the same thing):

1. Glycated albumin (in the BAC it is designated as fructosamine);
2. Glycosylated lipoproteins.

Pigments

- a breakdown product, its elevated levels are characteristic of a wide range of pathological conditions, therefore, three variants of hemoglobinogenic pigment are used for diagnosis:

• Total bilirubin;
• Direct or related, conjugated;
• Indirect (free, unbound, unconjugated).

Diseases associated with an increase in this pigment can be of a very different origin and nature (from hereditary pathology to incompatible blood transfusions), so the diagnosis is largely based on the ratio of bilirubin fractions, and not on its general value. Most often, this laboratory test helps diagnose abnormalities caused by damage to the liver and biliary tract.

Low molecular weight nitrogenous substances

Low molecular weight nitrogenous substances in a biochemical blood test are represented by the following indicators:

1. , which allows you to determine the condition of many organs and systems and tell about serious disorders of their function (severe damage to the liver and kidneys, tumors, diabetes mellitus, decreased adrenal function).
2. , which is a basic analysis indicating the development of renal failure (uremic syndrome, “urinary bleeding”). It would be appropriate to prescribe urea to determine the functional abilities of other organs: liver, heart, gastrointestinal tract.

Microelements, acids, vitamins

In a biochemical blood test, you can often find tests that determine the level of inorganic substances and organic compounds:

• – an intracellular cation, the main place of concentration of which is the skeletal system. The values ​​of the indicator change in diseases of the bones, thyroid gland, liver and kidneys. Calcium serves as an important diagnostic test for identifying pathologies of the development of the skeletal system in children;
• refers to the main extracellular cations, transports water; a change in sodium concentration and its excess beyond the permissible values ​​can lead to serious pathological conditions;
• Potassium (K) - changes in its level to the side can stop the heart in systole, and to the side - in diastole (both are bad);
• – a chemical element firmly associated in the body with calcium, or rather, with the metabolism of the latter;
• – both deficiency (calcification of arterial vessels, decreased blood flow in the microvasculature, development of arterial hypertension) and excess (magnesium anesthesia, heart block, coma) lead to disturbances in the body;
• can do without comment, this element is a component of hemoglobin - hence its main role;
• Chlorine (Cl) is the main extracellular osmotically active anion in plasma;
• Zinc (Zn) – zinc deficiency retards growth and sexual development, enlarges the spleen and liver, and contributes to anemia;
• Cyanocobalamin (vitamin);
• Ascorbic acid (vitamin C);
• Folic acid;
• Calcitriol (vitamin D) – deficiency inhibits bone formation and causes rickets in children;
• (a product of purine base metabolism, which plays an important role in the formation of a disease such as gout).

Central place in laboratory diagnostics

Some laboratory tests, although included in the section of biochemistry, stand apart and are perceived separately. This applies, for example, to an analysis such as one that studies the hemostatic system and includes the study of blood coagulation factors.

When describing LHC, many laboratory tests (proteins, enzymes, vitamins) were left without attention, but, basically, these are tests prescribed in rare cases, so they are unlikely to arouse the interest of a wide range of readers.

In addition, it should be noted that the study of hormones or determination of the level of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) is also a biochemical blood test, which, however, is carried out primarily by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in laboratories of a slightly different profile. As a rule, patients do not somehow connect it with their usual biochemistry, and even if we touched upon them in this topic, we would have to draw cumbersome and incomprehensible tables. However, in human blood it is possible to determine almost any substance that is constantly present in it or accidentally penetrated there, however, in order to examine each of them in detail, one would have to write a large scientific work.

For a basic assessment of a person’s health status, the following indicators are usually used:

1. Total protein;
2. Albumen;
3. Urea;
4. Uric acid;
5. AsAT;
6. AlAT;
7. Glucose;
8. Bilirubin (total and bound);
9. Total and HDL cholesterol;
10. Sodium;
11. Potassium;
12. Iron;
13. OJSS.

Armed with this list, the patient can go to a paid biochemical laboratory and submit biological material for research, but with the results you need to contact a specialist who will decipher the biochemical blood test.

Different approaches to the same problem

A biochemical blood test, like other laboratory tests, is deciphered by a laboratory diagnostics physician or attending physician. However, one can understand the interest and concern of a patient who receives a response with the results of a study of his own blood. Not everyone can wait to hear what the doctor says: elevated levels or, conversely, they are below acceptable values. The doctor, of course, will explain the numbers underlined in red or highlighted in some other way and tell you what diseases may be hidden behind deviations from the norm, but the consultation may be tomorrow or the day after tomorrow, and the results are here: in your own hands.

Due to the fact that patients today, for the most part, are quite literate people and quite “savvy” in matters of medicine, we tried together to understand the most common variants of LHC, but again, for informational purposes only. In this regard, I would like to warn patients against independently deciphering a biochemical blood test, because The same BAC values ​​can indicate different diseases in different people. In order to understand this, the doctor involves other laboratory tests and instrumental methods in the diagnostic search, clarifies the medical history, and prescribes consultations with related specialists. And only by collecting all the factors together, including a biochemical blood test, does the doctor make his verdict (establish a diagnosis).

The patient approaches this issue differently: without special knowledge, he evaluates the results one-sidedly: the indicator is increased - it means he is sick (the name of the disease is not difficult to find). However, this is not so bad, it’s worse when, Based on test results and his own conclusions, a person prescribes treatment for himself. It is unacceptable, since you can waste time if a person is actually sick, or harm your body by using treatment methods read from dubious sources. And here What the patient really needs to know and remember is how to properly prepare for a biochemical blood test.

To avoid unnecessary costs

Biochemical blood tests are always carried out on an empty stomach, since they are very sensitive to various substances that enter the body on the eve of the analysis (food products, pharmaceuticals). The human hormonal background is especially unstable to various external and internal influences, so when going to the laboratory, you should take into account such nuances and try to prepare properly (hormone analysis is not very cheap).

To study the biochemistry of blood, it is necessary to obtain it from the cubital vein in an amount of at least 5 ml (when testing serum on an automatic analyzer, you can get by with a smaller dose). A person who comes for analysis must be aware of and prepared for an important procedure:

• In the evening, allow yourself a light dinner, after which you can only drink clean water (alcohol, tea, coffee, juices are not permitted drinks);
• Cancel the evening jog (avoid increased physical activity), if it is planned according to the regime;
• Deny the pleasure of taking a hot bath at night;
• It is courageous to endure an 8-12 hour fast (for lipid levels, it is not recommended to eat for 16 hours);
• Do not take pills in the morning, do not exercise;
• It is not too early to be nervous so that you can arrive at the laboratory in a calm state.

Otherwise, you will have to visit the CDL again, which will entail additional nervous and material costs. There is no need to particularly compare biochemistry with a general blood test, where the cellular composition is studied. Although preparation is required, it is not so strict; eating a piece of something tasty may not affect the result. Here it is different: biochemical indicators are represented by metabolites and biologically active substances that cannot remain “indifferent” to even the slightest changes within or around the body. For example, one candy eaten for breakfast will cause an increase in blood sugar, the release of insulin, activation of liver and pancreatic enzymes, and so on... Some may not believe it, but any of our actions will be reflected in a biochemical blood test.

Video: biochemical blood test in the program “About the Most Important Thing”

Blood chemistry- a laboratory research method that is used in all areas of medicine (therapy, gastroenterology, rheumatology, etc.) and reflects the functional state of various organs and systems.

Collection for biochemical blood analysis carried out from a vein, on an empty stomach. You do not need to eat, drink or take medications before the test. In special cases, such as when you need to take medications early in the morning, you should consult your doctor, who will give more precise recommendations.

This study involves taking blood from a vein on an empty stomach. It is advisable not to take food or any liquids, except water, 6-12 hours before the procedure. The accuracy and reliability of the analysis results is affected by whether the preparation for the biochemical blood test was correct and whether you followed the doctor’s recommendations. Doctors advise doing a biochemical blood test in the morning and STRICTLY on an empty stomach.

Deadline for performing a biochemical blood test: 1 day, express method possible.

A biochemical blood test reveals the amount of the following indicators in the blood (interpretation):

Carbohydrates. Blood chemistry

Carbohydrates- glucose, fructosamine.

Sugar (glucose)

The most common indicator of carbohydrate metabolism is blood sugar. Its short-term increase occurs during emotional arousal, stress reactions, pain attacks, and after eating. Normal - 3.5-5.5 mmol/l (glucose tolerance test, sugar load test).With the help of this analysis, diabetes mellitus can be detected. A persistent increase in blood sugar is also observed in other diseases of the endocrine glands. An increase in glucose levels indicates a disturbance in carbohydrate metabolism and indicates the development of diabetes mellitus. Glucose is a universal source of energy for cells, the main substance from which any cell of the human body receives energy for life. The body's need for energy, and therefore glucose, increases in parallel with physical and psychological stress under the influence of the stress hormone - adrenaline. It is also greater during growth, development, recovery (growth hormones, thyroid, adrenal glands). For the absorption of glucose by cells, a normal level of insulin, the pancreatic hormone, is necessary. With its deficiency (diabetes mellitus), glucose cannot enter the cells, its level in the blood is increased, and the cells starve. An increase in glucose levels (hyperglycemia) is observed with:

• diabetes mellitus (due to insulin deficiency);
• physical or emotional stress (due to the release of adrenaline);
• thyrotoxicosis (due to increased thyroid function);
• pheochromocytoma - tumors of the adrenal glands that secrete adrenaline;
• acromegaly, gigantism (increased levels of growth hormone);
• Cushing's syndrome (increased levels of the adrenal hormone cortisol);
• diseases of the pancreas - such as pancreatitis, tumor, cystic fibrosis; About chronic liver and kidney diseases.

A decrease in glucose levels (hypoglycemia) is typical for:

• fasting;
• insulin overdose;
• diseases of the pancreas (tumor of cells that synthesize insulin);
• tumors (excessive consumption of glucose as an energy material by tumor cells occurs);
• insufficiency of the function of the endocrine glands (adrenal glands, thyroid, pituitary gland).

It also happens:

• in case of severe poisoning with liver damage - for example, poisoning with alcohol, arsenic, chlorine compounds, phosphorus, salicylates, antihistamines;
• in conditions after gastrectomy, diseases of the stomach and intestines (malabsorption);
• with congenital deficiency in children (galactosemia, Gierke syndrome);
• in children born to mothers with diabetes;
• in premature babies.

FRUCTOSAMINE

Formed from blood albumin during a short-term increase in glucose levels - glycated albumin. It is used, in contrast to glycated 54 hemoglobin, for short-term monitoring of the condition of patients with diabetes (especially newborns) and the effectiveness of treatment.

Fructosamine norm: 205 - 285 µmol/l. Children have slightly lower fructosamine levels than adults.

Pigments. Blood chemistry

Bilirubin

Of the indicators of pigment metabolism, bilirubin of various forms is most often determined - orange-brown bile pigment, a breakdown product of hemoglobin. It is formed mainly in the liver, from where it enters the intestines with bile.

Blood biochemistry indicators such as bilirubin help determine the possible cause of jaundice and assess its severity. There are two types of this pigment in the blood - direct and indirect. A characteristic symptom of most liver diseases is a sharp increase in the concentration of direct bilirubin, and with obstructive jaundice it increases especially significantly. With hemolytic jaundice, the concentration of indirect bilirubin in the blood increases.

The norm of total bilirubin: 5-20 µmol/l.

When the level rises above 27 µmol/l, jaundice begins. High levels can cause cancer or liver disease, hepatitis, liver poisoning or cirrhosis, cholelithiasis, or vitamin B12 deficiency.

Direct bilirubin

The norm of direct bilirubin: 0 - 3.4 µmol/l.

If direct bilirubin is higher than normal, then for the doctor these bilirubin levels are a reason to make the following diagnosis:
acute viral or toxic hepatitis
infectious liver damage caused by cytomegalovirus, secondary and tertiary syphilis
cholecystitis
jaundice in pregnant women
hypothyroidism in newborns.

Fats (lipids). Blood chemistry

Lipids - total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides.

If lipid metabolism is disrupted, the content of lipids and their fractions in the blood increases: triglycerides, lipoproteins and cholesterol esters. These same indicators are important for assessing the functional abilities of the liver and kidneys in many diseases.

• obesity;
• hepatitis;
• atherosclerosis;
• nephrosis;
• diabetes

We’ll talk about one of the main lipids—cholesterol—in a little more detail.

CHOLESTEROL

Lipids (fats) are substances necessary for a living organism. The main lipid that a person receives from food and from which their own lipids are then formed is cholesterol. It is part of cell membranes and maintains their strength. From it 40 so-called steroid hormones are synthesized: hormones of the adrenal cortex, regulating water-salt and carbohydrate metabolism, adapting the body to new conditions; sex hormones.

Bile acids are formed from cholesterol, which are involved in the absorption of fats in the intestines.

Vitamin D, which is necessary for the absorption of calcium, is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin under the influence of sunlight. When the integrity of the vascular wall is damaged and/or there is excess cholesterol in the blood, it is deposited on the wall and forms a cholesterol plaque. This condition is called vascular atherosclerosis: plaques narrow the lumen, interfere with blood flow, disrupt the smooth flow of blood, increase blood clotting, and promote the formation of blood clots. In the liver, various complexes of lipids with proteins are formed that circulate in the blood: high, low and very low density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL, VLDL); total cholesterol is divided between them.

Low and very low density lipoproteins are deposited in plaques and contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis. High-density lipoproteins, due to the presence of a special protein in them - apoprotein A1 - help to “pull” cholesterol from plaques and play a protective role, stopping atherosclerosis. To assess the risk of a condition, it is not the total level of total cholesterol that is important, but the analysis of the ratio of its fractions.

The norms for total cholesterol in the blood are 3.0-6.0 mmol/l.

The normal level of HDL cholesterol for men is 0.7-1.73 mmol/l, for women the normal blood cholesterol level is 0.86-2.28 mmol/l.

Total cholesterol

An increase in its content can be caused by:

• genetic characteristics (familial hyperlipoproteinemia);
• liver diseases;
• hypothyroidism (underfunction of the thyroid gland);
• alcoholism;
• coronary heart disease (atherosclerosis);
• pregnancy;
• taking synthetic sex hormones (contraceptives).

A decrease in total cholesterol levels indicates:

• hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid function);
• impaired absorption of fats.

HDL cholesterol

A decrease may mean:

• decompensated diabetes mellitus;
• early atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.

LDL cholesterol

• hypothyroidism;
• liver diseases;
• pregnancy;

TRIGLYCERIDES

Another class of lipids that is not derived from cholesterol. Elevated triglycerides may indicate:

• genetic features of lipid metabolism;
• obesity;
• impaired glucose tolerance;
• liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis);
• alcoholism;
• coronary heart disease;
• hypothyroidism;
• pregnancy;
• diabetes;
• taking sex hormones.

A decrease in their levels occurs with hyperthyroidism and malnutrition or malabsorption.

Normal triglycerides

Water and mineral salts. Blood chemistry

A blood test shows the close relationship between the exchange of water and mineral salts in the body. Dehydration develops with intense loss of water and electrolytes through the gastrointestinal tract with uncontrollable vomiting, through the kidneys with increased diuresis, through the skin with severe sweating.

Various disorders of water and mineral metabolism can be observed in severe forms of diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and cirrhosis of the liver. In a biochemical blood test, a change in the concentration of phosphorus and calcium indicates a violation of mineral metabolism, which occurs in kidney diseases, rickets, and some hormonal disorders.

Important indicators of a biochemical blood test are the content of potassium, sodium and chlorine. Let's talk about these elements and their meaning in more detail.

POTASSIUM, SODIUM, CHLORIDE

These important elements and chemical compounds provide the electrical properties of cell membranes. On different sides of the cell membrane, a difference in concentration and charge is specially maintained: there is more sodium and chloride outside the cell, and more potassium inside, but less than sodium outside. This creates a potential difference between the sides of the cell membrane - a resting charge, which allows the cell to be alive and respond to nerve impulses, participating in the systemic activities of the body. Losing its charge, the cell leaves the system, since it cannot perceive commands from the brain. It turns out that sodium ions and chlorine ions are extracellular ions, while potassium ions are intracellular.

In addition to maintaining the resting potential, these ions take part in the generation and conduction of a nerve impulse—the action potential. Regulation of mineral metabolism in the body (hormones of the adrenal cortex) is aimed at retaining sodium, which is lacking in natural food (without table salt), and removing potassium from the blood, where it enters during cell destruction. Ions, together with other solutes, retain fluid: cytoplasm inside cells, extracellular fluid in tissues, blood in blood vessels, regulating blood pressure, preventing the development of edema.

Chlorides play an important role in digestion - they are part of gastric juice.

What does a change in the concentration of these substances mean?

Potassium

• cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries);
• dehydration;
• acute renal failure (impaired renal excretion); ,
• adrenal insufficiency.

• chronic fasting (failure to receive potassium from food);
• prolonged vomiting, diarrhea (loss with intestinal juice);
• renal dysfunction;
• excess hormones of the adrenal cortex (including taking dosage forms of cortisone);
• cystic fibrosis.

Sodium

• excess salt intake;
• loss of extracellular fluid (profuse sweat, severe vomiting and diarrhea, increased urination in diabetes insipidus);
• increased function of the adrenal cortex;
• violation of the central regulation of water-salt metabolism (pathology of the hypothalamus, coma).

• loss of element (abuse of diuretics, kidney pathology, adrenal insufficiency);
• decreased concentration due to increased fluid volume (diabetes mellitus, chronic heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome, edema).

Norms of sodium in the blood (Sodium): 136 - 145 mmol/l.

Chlorine

• dehydration;
• acute renal failure;
• diabetes insipidus;
• salicylate poisoning;
• increased function of the adrenal cortex.

• excessive sweating, vomiting, gastric lavage;
• increase in fluid volume.

The norm of chlorine in the blood serum is 98 - 107 mmol/l.

CALCIUM

Participates in the conduction of nerve impulses, especially in the heart muscle. Like all ions, it retains fluid in the vascular bed, preventing the development of edema.

Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction and blood clotting. Part of bone tissue and tooth enamel.

The level of calcium in the blood is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D. Parathyroid hormone increases the level of calcium in the blood by washing this element from the bones, increasing its absorption in the intestines and delaying excretion by the kidneys.

• malignant tumors affecting bones (metastases, myeloma, leukemia);
• sarcoidosis;
• excess vitamin D;
• dehydration.

• decreased thyroid function;
• vitamin D deficiency;
• chronic renal failure;
• magnesium deficiency;
• hypoalbuminemia.

The norm of calcium Ca in the blood: 2.15 - 2.50 mmol/l.

INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS

An element that is part of nucleic acids, bone tissue and the main energy supply systems of the cell - ATP. Its level is regulated in parallel with the level of calcium.

If phosphorus levels are higher than normal, the following occurs:

• destruction of bone tissue (tumors, leukemia, sarcoidosis);
• excess accumulation of vitamin D;
• healing of fractures;
• decreased function of the parathyroid glands.

A decrease in phosphorus levels can affect:

• lack of growth hormone;
• vitamin D deficiency;
• malabsorption, severe diarrhea, vomiting;
• hypercalcemia.

Norm of phosphorus in blood

MAGNESIUM

Calcium antagonist. Promotes muscle relaxation. Participates in protein synthesis. An increase in its content (hypermagnesemia) indicates the presence of one of the following conditions:

• dehydration;
• renal failure;
• adrenal insufficiency;
• multiple myeloma.

• impaired intake and/or absorption of magnesium;
• acute pancreatitis;
• decreased function of the parathyroid gland;
• chronic alcoholism;
• pregnancy.

IRON

• hemolytic anemia (destruction of red blood cells and release of their contents into the cytoplasm);
• sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin pathology, red blood cells have an irregular shape and are also destroyed);
• aplastic anemia (bone marrow pathology, red blood cells are not formed, and iron is not used);
• acute leukemia;
• excessive treatment with iron supplements.

Decreased iron levels may indicate:

• iron deficiency anemia;
• hypothyroidism;
• malignant tumors;
• hidden bleeding (gastrointestinal, gynecological).

FOLATES

• folic acid deficiency;
• vitamin B12 deficiency;
• alcoholism;
• malnutrition;
• malabsorption.

Cyanocobalamin. Cobalamin. Vitamin B12. B12 deficiency anemia

Vitamin B12 (or cyanocobalamin, cobalamin) is a unique vitamin in the human body that contains essential mineral elements. A large amount of vitamin B12 is needed by the spleen and kidneys, slightly less is absorbed by the muscles. In addition, vitamin B12 is found in mother's milk.

Vitamin B12 deficiency leads to serious, dangerous consequences for health - B 12-deficiency anemia develops. Vegetarians and dieters who exclude eggs and dairy products from their diet are especially susceptible to B12 anemia.

With a lack of cyanocobalamin, changes occur in the cells of the bone marrow, oral cavity, tongue and gastrointestinal tract, which leads to impaired hematopoiesis and the appearance of symptoms of neurological disorders (mental disorders, polyneuritis, spinal cord damage).

Vitamin B 12 norm: 180 - 900 pg/ml

Enzymes. Blood chemistry

To assess the functional state of the endocrine glands, the content of hormones in the blood is determined, to study the specific activity of organs - the content of enzymes, to diagnose hypovitaminosis - the content of vitamins.

In blood biochemistry, liver dysfunction is indicated by an increase in indicators such as ALT, AST, PT, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase. When determining blood biochemistry, a change in amylase level indicates pancreatic pathology. An increase in the level of creatinine, determined by a biochemical blood test, is characteristic of renal failure. Myocardial infarction is indicated by an increase in the concentration of CPK-MB, DCG.

Enzymes - alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (Gamma-GT), amylase, pancreatic amylase, lactate, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase, lipase, cholinesterase.

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALAT)

This is an enzyme produced by cells of the liver, skeletal muscles and heart.

An increase in its level may be caused by:

• destruction of liver cells due to necrosis, cirrhosis, jaundice, tumors, alcohol consumption;
• myocardial infarction;
• destruction of muscle tissue as a result of injuries, myositis, muscular dystrophy;
• burns;
• toxic effects on the liver of drugs (antibiotics, etc.).

The ALT norm (AlAT norm) is for women - up to 31 U/l, for men the ALT norm is up to 41 U/l.

ASPARATE AMINE TRANSFERASE (AcAT)

An enzyme produced by cells of the heart, liver, skeletal muscles and red blood cells. Its content can be increased if there are:

• damage to liver cells (hepatitis, toxic damage from drugs, alcohol, liver metastases);
• heart failure, myocardial infarction;
• burns, heat stroke.

The norm of AST in the blood is for women - up to 31 U/l, for men the norm of AST is up to 41 U/l.

GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE (GAMMA-GT)

This enzyme is produced by liver cells, as well as cells of the pancreas, prostate and thyroid glands.

If an increase in its content is detected, the body may have:

• liver diseases (alcoholism, hepatitis, cirrhosis, cancer);
• diseases of the pancreas (pancreatitis, diabetes mellitus);
• hyperthyroidism (hyperfunction of the thyroid gland);
• prostate cancer.

In the blood of a healthy person, the content of GT gamma is insignificant. For women, the GGT norm is up to 32 U/l. For men - up to 49 U/l. In newborns, the HT gamma norm is 2-4 times higher than in adults.

AMYLASE

The enzyme amylase is produced by the cells of the pancreas and parotid salivary glands. If its level increases, this means:

• pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas);
• mumps (inflammation of the parotid salivary gland).

• pancreatic insufficiency;
• cystic fibrosis.

LACTATE

Lactic acid. It is formed in cells during the breathing process, especially in muscles. With a full supply of oxygen, it does not accumulate, but is destroyed to neutral products and excreted. Under conditions of hypoxia (lack of oxygen), it accumulates, causes a feeling of muscle fatigue, and disrupts the process of tissue respiration.

• eating;
• aspirin intoxication;
• insulin administration;
• hypoxia (insufficient oxygen supply to tissues: bleeding, heart failure, respiratory failure, anemia);
• infections (pyelonephritis);
• third trimester of pregnancy;
• chronic alcoholism.

CREATINE KINASE

An increase in its content may be a sign of the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• muscle damage (myopathy, muscular dystrophy, trauma, surgery, heart attack);
• pregnancy;
• delirium tremens (delirium tremens);
• traumatic brain injury.

• low muscle mass;
• stationary lifestyle.

LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE (LDH)

An intracellular enzyme produced in all tissues of the body.

An increase in its content occurs when:

• destruction of blood cells (sickle cell, megaloblastic, hemolytic anemia);
• liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice);
• muscle damage (myocardial infarction);
• tumors, leukemia;
• damage to internal organs (kidney infarction, acute pancreatitis).

PHOSPHATASE ALKALINE

An enzyme produced in bone tissue, liver, intestines, placenta, and lungs. Its level increases when:

• pregnancy;
• increased turnover in bone tissue (rapid growth, healing of fractures, rickets, hyperparathyroidism);
• bone diseases (osteogenic sarcoma, cancer metastases to bones, myeloma);
• liver diseases, infectious mononucleosis.

• hypothyroidism (underfunction of the thyroid gland);
• anemia (anemia);
• lack of vitamin C (scurvy), B12, zinc, magnesium;
• hypophosphatasemia.
  The normal level of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of a woman is up to 240 U/l, for a man - up to 270 U/l. Alkaline phosphatase affects bone growth, so its levels are higher in children than in adults.

CHOLINESTERASE

An enzyme produced in the liver. Primary uses are for diagnosing possible insecticide poisoning and assessing liver function.

An increase in its content may indicate:

• FV type hyperlipoproteinemia;
• nephrosis;
• obesity;
• breast cancer.

• poisoning with organophosphorus compounds;
• liver pathology (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver metastases);
• dermatomyositis.

This decrease is also typical for the condition after surgical operations.

Cholinesterase rate - 5300 - 12900 U/l

LIPASE

An enzyme that breaks down food fats. Secreted by the pancreas. With pancreatitis, it is more sensitive and specific than amylase; with simple mumps, unlike amylase, it does not change.

• pancreatitis, tumors, pancreatic cysts;
• biliary colic;
• perforation of a hollow organ, intestinal obstruction, peritonitis.
  The lipase norm for adults is 0 to 190 U/ml.

PROTEIN. Blood chemistry

Proteins are the main biochemical criterion of life. They are part of all anatomical structures (muscles, cell membranes), transport substances through the blood and into cells, accelerate the course of biochemical reactions in the body, recognize substances - their own or foreign ones and protect their own from foreign ones, regulate metabolism, retain fluid in blood vessels and do not allow it to go into the tissue.

Squirrels - albumin, total protein, C-reactive protein, glycated hemoglobin, myoglobin, transferrin, ferritin, serum iron-binding capacity (IBC), rheumatoid factor.

Total protein

Proteins are synthesized in the liver from dietary amino acids. Total blood protein consists of two fractions: albumin and globulin.

An increase in protein levels (hyperproteinemia) indicates the presence of:

• dehydration (burns, diarrhea, vomiting - a relative increase in protein concentration due to a decrease in fluid volume);
• multiple myeloma (excessive production of gamma globulins).

A decrease in protein levels is called hypoproteinemia and occurs when:

• fasting (complete or only protein - strict vegetarianism, anorexia nervosa);
• intestinal diseases (malabsorption);
• nephrotic syndrome;
• blood loss;
• burns;
• tumors;
• chronic and acute inflammation;
• chronic liver failure (hepatitis, cirrhosis).

Blood protein levels

Albumin

Albumin is one of two types of total protein; Their main role is transport.

There is no true (absolute) hyperalbuminemia.

Relative occurs when the total volume of fluid decreases (dehydration).

The decrease (hypoalbuminemia) coincides with signs of general hypoproteinemia.

Blood albumin levels:

GLYCED HEMOGLOBIN

It is formed from hemoglobin during long-term elevated glucose levels (hyperglycemia) - for at least 120 days (the lifespan of an erythrocyte). Used to assess the compensation of diabetes mellitus and long-term monitoring of the effectiveness of treatment.

Hemoglobin norm, g/l - Men - 135-160, Women - 120-140.

APO PROTEIN A1

Protective factor against atherosclerosis. The normal level of its content in the blood serum depends on age and gender.

An increase in the level of apoprotein A1 is observed when:

• weight loss;
• physical activity.

• genetic features of lipid metabolism;
• early atherosclerosis of coronary vessels;
• uncompensated diabetes mellitus;
• smoking;
• foods rich in carbohydrates and fats.

APOBELOC B

Risk factor for atherosclerosis. Normal serum levels vary by gender and age.

An increase in the level of apoprotein B occurs when:

• alcohol abuse;
• taking steroid hormones (anabolics, glucocorticoids);
• early atherosclerosis of coronary vessels;
• liver diseases;
• pregnancy;
• diabetes mellitus;
• hypothyroidism.

A decrease in its content is caused by:

• low cholesterol diet;
• hyperthyroidism;
• genetic features of lipid metabolism;
• weight loss;
• acute stress (severe illness, burns).
  APO-B normal content in blood plasma is 0.8-1.1 g/l.

MYOGLOBIN

A protein in muscle tissue responsible for its respiration.

An increase in its content occurs in the following conditions:

• myocardial infarction;
• uremia (kidney failure);
• muscle strain (sports, electropulse therapy, cramps);
• injuries, burns.

A decrease in myoglobin levels is caused by autoimmune conditions when autoantibodies against myoglobin are produced; this happens with polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis.

Myoglobin norm, mcg/l - women 12-76, men 19-92.

CREATINE KINASE MB

One of the fractions of total creatine kinase.

An increase in its level indicates:

• acute myocardial infarction;
• acute injury to skeletal muscles.
  The norms of creatine kinase MB in the blood are 0-24 U/l

TROPONIN 1

Specific contractile protein of the heart muscle. An increase in its content is caused by:

• myocardial infarction;
• coronary heart disease.
  Normal levels of Troponin I: 0.00 - 0.07 ng/ml.

FERRITIN

Protein, which contains iron, is stored in the depot, storing it for the future. By its level one can judge the sufficiency of iron reserves in the body. An increase in ferritin levels may indicate:

• excess iron (some liver diseases);
• acute leukemia;
• inflammatory process.

A decrease in the level of this protein means a deficiency of iron in the body.

The normal level of ferritin in the blood for adult men is 20 - 250 mcg/l. For women, the normal blood test for ferritin is 10 - 120 mcg/l.

Transferrin

Transferrin is a protein in the blood plasma, the main carrier of iron.

Transferrin saturation occurs due to its synthesis in the liver and depends on the iron content in the body. Using transferrin analysis, the functional state of the liver can be assessed.

Elevated transferrin is a symptom of iron deficiency (precedes the development of iron deficiency anemia for several days or months). An increase in transferrin occurs due to the intake of estrogens and oral contraceptives.

Reduced transferrin in the blood serum is a reason for the doctor to make the following diagnosis: chronic inflammatory processes, hemochromatosis, cirrhosis of the liver,
burns, malignant tumors, excess iron.

An increase in transferrin in the blood also occurs as a result of taking androgens and glucocorticoids.

The normal level of transferrin in blood serum is 2.0-4.0 g/l. The transferrin content in women is 10% higher; the level of transferrin increases during pregnancy and decreases in older people.

Low molecular nitrogen substances. Blood chemistry

Low molecular weight nitrogenous substances - creatinine, uric acid, urea.

UREA

A product of protein metabolism that is eliminated by the kidneys. Some of the urea remains in the blood.

If the urea content in the blood is increased, this indicates one of the following pathological processes:

• renal dysfunction;
• urinary tract obstruction;
• increased protein content in food;
• increased protein destruction (burns, acute myocardial infarction).

If the level of urea in the body decreases, the following may occur:

• protein fasting;
• excess protein intake (pregnancy, acromegaly);
• malabsorption.
  The normal level of urea in children under 14 years of age is 1.8-6.4 mmol/l, in adults - 2.5-6.4 mmol/l. In people over 60 years of age, the normal level of urea in the blood is 2.9-7.5 mmol/l.

CREATININE

Creatinine, like urea, is a product of protein metabolism that is excreted by the kidneys. Unlike urea content, creatinine content depends not only on the level of protein content, but on the intensity of its metabolism. Thus, with acromegaly and gigantism (increased protein synthesis), its level increases, in contrast to the level of urea. Otherwise, the reasons for changes in its level are the same as for urea.

The norm of creatinine in the blood of a woman is 53-97 µmol/l, for men - 62-115 µmol/l. For children under 1 year of age, the normal creatinine level is 18-35 µmol/l, from one year to 14 years - 27-62 µmol/l.

URIC ACID

Uric acid is a product of nucleic acid metabolism that is excreted from the body by the kidneys.

• gout, as there is a violation of nucleic acid metabolism;
• renal failure;
• multiple myeloma;
• toxicosis of pregnant women;
• eating foods rich in nucleic acids (liver, kidneys);
• hard physical work.

• Wilson-Konovalov disease;
• Fanconi syndrome;
• diet poor in nucleic acids.

The normal level of uric acid for children under 14 years of age is 120 - 320 µmol/l, for adult women - 150 - 350 µmol/l. For adult men, the normal level of uric acid is 210 - 420 µmol/l.

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Blood chemistry- called the “king” of analyses. Experts often prescribe it to clarify the patient’s diagnosis, to monitor the treatment and its effectiveness.

Decoding the biochemical blood test with an English (Latin) abbreviation begins with a comparison of the average statistical data of a healthy person. The norm depends on the age of the person, the gender of the patient and other factors. All these data are compared with the norms accepted in medicine for a healthy average person and an assessment is made of his state of immunity and the quality of metabolism in the body. Assess the functioning of the liver, kidneys, pancreas and other vital internal organs.

• Blood biochemistry - obtained by purifying blood from formed elements: leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, etc. In the general analysis, these cells are given the main importance.

Biochemical blood test - norm in the table with abbreviation explanation

Latin (English) letters in biochemical blood tests

Video: Biochemical blood test - transcript, table and norm

Decoding the biochemical blood test

Amylase

• Men 45 - 75 µmol/l
• Women 40 - 70 µmol/l

Features of preparation for the study: do not take iron supplements for a week before the test; 1 - 2 days before the test, you must limit your intake of fatty foods.

Normal transferrin saturation with iron:

• in men - 25.6 - 48.6%,
• in women - 25.5 - 47.6%.

A physiological change in blood flow rate occurs during a normal pregnancy (increase to 4500 μg/l). In healthy children, FHR decreases immediately after birth and then increases.

High rates indicate: iron deficiency anemia, taking oral contraceptives, liver damage (cirrhosis, hepatitis), frequent blood transfusions. Low indicators of FSS appear: with a decrease in total protein in plasma (starvation, necrotizing syndrome), iron deficiency in the body, chronic infections.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin in tests depends on the age of the patients.

• Newborns up to 1 day - less than 34 µmol/l.
• Newborns from 1 to 2 days 24 - 149 µmol1 glass.
• Newborns from 3 to 5 days 26 - 205 µmol/l.
• Adults under 60 years old 5 - 21 µmol/l.
• Adults age from 60 to 90 3 - 19 µmol/l.
• People over 90 3 - 15 µmol/l.

Bilirubin is a component of bile, a yellow pigment; the breakdown of direct (bound) bilirubin is formed and the death of red blood cells.

What are AST and ALT

AST - astspartate aminotransferase (AST) is an enzyme that is found in various tissues such as liver, heart, kidneys, muscles, etc. Elevated levels of AST, as well as ALT, may indicate necrosis of liver cells. In chronic viral hepatitis, you need to monitor the AST/ALT ratio, which is called the de Ritis coefficient.

Elevated AST over ALT may indicate liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis or alcohol, chemical liver damage. Increased AST also indicates cellular breakdown of liver tissue (necrosis of hepatocytes).

ALT - transcript

ALT (alanine aminotransferase) or ALT.

ALT is a special enzyme in liver tissue that is released during liver disease. When ALT biochemical analysis is elevated, it may indicate toxic or viral damage to liver tissue. For hepatitis C, B, A, this indicator must be monitored constantly, once a quarter or once every six months. The level of ALT is used to judge the degree of liver damage by hepatitis, however, in chronic forms, the level of ALT may remain within normal limits, which does not exclude hidden liver damage. ALT is recorded more during the diagnosis of acute hepatitis.

• Read: diagnosis of hepatitis;

Glucose

Glucose in biochemical analysis:

• Up to 14 years - 3.33 - 5.65 mmol/l
• From 14 - 60 - 3.89 - 5.83
• From 60 - 70 - 4.44 - 6.38
• Over 70 years - 4.61 - 6.10 mmol/l

Glucose testing is a very important indicator in diagnosing diabetes mellitus. Glucose is the energy of our body. It is in demand and is intensively consumed during physical and mental stress and stressful conditions. A high rate indicates diabetes mellitus, adrenal tumors, thyrotoxicosis, Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, chronic kidney and liver diseases, cystic fibrosis.

Video: About AST and ALT blood tests

Osteocalcin

Osteocalcin normal:

• men: 12.0 - 52.1 ng/ml,
• women - premenopause - 6.5 - 42.3 ng/ml.

postmenopause - 5.4 - 59 ng/ml.

Osteocalcin (Bone Gla protein, BGP) is a sensitive marker of metabolism in bone tissue. Used to diagnose osteoporosis.

High value: Paget's disease, rapid growth in adolescents, diffuse toxic goiter, metastases of tumors to the bones, softening of the bones, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic renal failure;

Low osteocalcin: pregnancy, hypercorticism (Itsenko-Cushing disease and syndrome), hypoparathyroidism, somatotropin deficiency, liver cirrhosis, glucocorticoid therapy.

Triglycerides (fats)

Triglycerides 165 mg% (1.65 g/l). Tests for triglycerides are prescribed for heart disease and strokes. As a factor in the formation of vascular atherosclerosis and coronary disease. Impaired lipid metabolism is not one of the reasons for the maturation of atherosclerosis. Therefore, tests for lipid metabolism must be taken into account along with other factors. Fat metabolism indicators are corrected through diet and medication.

Explanation for C-reactive protein

C-reactive protein is an indicator of the acute phase of the inflammatory process, the most sensitive and fastest indicator of tissue damage. C-reactive protein is most often compared to ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Both indicators increase sharply at the onset of the disease, but CRP appears and disappears before the ESR changes. With successful treatment, the level of CRP decreases over the following days, returning to normal on days 6–10, while ESR decreases only after 2–4 weeks.

Such sensitivity can detect changes in CRP not only in conditions of acute but also chronic inflammation. A number of scientific works have proven that an increase in CRP, even in a concentration range of less than 10 mg/l in seemingly healthy people, indicates an increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, as well as the first myocardial infarction, thromboembolism.

Uric acid

Normal uric acid levels are:

• Children under 12 years of age: 119 - 327 µmol/l
• Men from 12 to 60 years old: 262 - 452 µmol/l
• Women from!2 to 60: 137 - 393
• Men from 60 to 90: 250 - 476
• Women from 60 to 90: 208 - 434 µmol/l
• Men over 90: 208 - 494
• Women over 90 years old: 131 - 458 µmol/l

The uric acid level indicates normal or not kidney function and impaired filtration. Uric acid is a metabolic product (purine bases) that is part of proteins. Excreted from the body by the kidneys. Uric acid is a product of the metabolism of purine bases that are part of complex proteins - nucleoproteins, and is excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Rheumatoid factor

• negative – up to 25 IU/ml (international unit per milliliter)
• slightly elevated – 25-50 IU/ml
• elevated – 50-100 IU/ml
• significantly increased - more than 100 IU/ml

Rheumatoid factor is determined in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as in patients with other inflammatory pathologies. Normally, rheumatoid factor is not detected by conventional methods.

Reasons for deviation: detection of rheumatoid factor - rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren's syndrome, Waldenström's disease, Felty syndrome and Still syndrome (special forms of rheumatoid arthritis).

Iron

• Men: 10.7 - 30.4 µmol/l
• Women: 9 - 23.3 µmol/l

Iron is involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin. Indicates hematopoietic diseases and anemia. There is approximately 4 g of iron in the human body. Approximately 80% of the total amount of the substance is contained in hemoglobin, 25% of iron is stored, 10% is contained in myoglobin, 1% is stored in respiratory enzymes that catalyze the processes of cell respiration. Iron deficiency conditions (hyposiderosis, iron deficiency anemia) are one of the most common human ailments.

Potassium

• Up to 12 months 4.1 - 5.3
• 12 months - 14 years 3.4 - 4.7
• Over 14 years old 3.5 - 5.5

Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells. The biological role of potassium is great. Potassium promotes mental clarity, improves oxygen supply to the brain, helps eliminate toxins, acts as an immunomodulator, helps lower blood pressure and helps treat allergies.

Potassium, found in cells, regulates water balance and normalizes heart rhythm.

Increased potassium levels

This phenomenon is called hyperkalemia and is a sign of the following disorders:

• cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of cells, severe starvation, seizures, severe injuries, deep burns)
• dehydration
• acidosis
• acute renal failure (impaired renal excretion)
• adrenal insufficiency
• increased intake of potassium salts.

Typically, potassium is increased due to taking antitumor, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other medications. A decrease in potassium concentration (hypokalemia) begins with insufficient dietary intake, increased losses in urine and feces, vomiting, diarrhea, the use of potassium-depleting diuretics, the use of steroid drugs, certain hormonal disorders, intravenous administration of large volumes of liquid that does not contain potassium.

Interpretation of calcium levels in the blood:

• Newborns: 1.05 - 1.37 mmol/l.
• Children from 1 year to 16 1.29 - 1.31 mmol/l
• Adults 1.17 - 1.29 mmol/l.

Calcium

• Normally, calcium in an adult ranges from 2.15 to 1.5 mmol/l.

Among the nutrients found in the largest quantities in the body, calcium ranks next after protein, fat and carbohydrates. Although 99 percent of all calcium is used for the needs of bones and teeth, the tasks of the remaining one percent are also extremely important.

Elevated calcium levels, otherwise known as hypercalcemia, mean there is too much calcium in the blood. Most human calcium is found in bones and teeth. A certain amount of calcium helps the body work properly. Too much calcium affects the nerves, digestive tract, heart and kidneys.

Sodium

Sodium norm in the body (mmol/l):

• Newborn sodium norm: 133 - 146
• Infants under 1 goal: 139 - 146
• Children norm: 138 - 145
• Adults: 136 - 145 mmol/l.
• Adults over 90 years old in the range: 132 - 146.

Sodium is the main cation that neutralizes acids in the blood and lymph; In ruminants, sodium bicarbonate is the main constituent of saliva. It regulates the actual acidity of the chyme in the forestomach to an optimal level (pH 6.5-7).

Sodium chloride regulates osmotic pressure, activates the enzyme amylase, which destroys starch, accelerates the absorption of glucose in the intestine, and serves as a material for the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice.

Chlorine

• Newborns up to 30 days: 98 - 113 mmol/l.
• Adults: 98 - 107
• Elderly patients over 90: 98 - 111 mmol/l.

Chlorine, like sodium, is found in plant foods in small quantities; Plants grown on saline soils have a higher chlorine content. In the animal body, chlorine is concentrated in gastric juice, blood, lymph, skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Magnesium

• The norm of magnesium for newborns is 0.62 - 0.91 mmol/l.
• For children from 5 months. up to 6 years 0.70 - 0.95
• Children from 6 to 12 years old: 0.70 - 0.86
• Adolescence norm from 12 to 20: 0 70 - 0 91
• Adults from 20 to 60 years old 0 66 - 1.07 mmol/l.
• Adults from 60 to 90 within 0.66 - 0.99
• Adults over 90 years old 0.70 - 0.95 mmol/l

Magnesium, like potassium, calcium or sodium, is an electrolyte, an ion with a positive or negative charge, each of which performs its own specific physiological function.

An increase in the norm of biochemical blood analysis is observed in the following diseases:

• Kidney failure (acute and chronic)
• Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia (overdose of magnesium drugs or antacids)
• Diabetes,
• Hypothyroidism,
• Adrenal insufficiency,
• Addison's disease.
• Tissue trauma
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Multiple myeloma

Despite the fact that magnesium is widely distributed in nature, its deficiency is found very often (approximately 50%), and clinical signs of magnesium deficiency are detected even more often.

Possible symptoms of magnesium deficiency: unexplained anxiety, stress, irregular heart rhythm, muscle cramps (especially nighttime calf cramps), insomnia, depression, muscle twitching, tingling in the fingertips, dizziness, constant feeling of fatigue, migraine attacks.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus rate, mmol/l:

• Up to 2 years 1.45 -2.16
• 2 years - 12 years 1.45 - 1.78
• from 12 - to 60: 0.87 - 1.45
• Women over 60: 0.90 - 1.32
• Men over 60: 0.74 - 1.2

Determination of phosphorus concentration is most often prescribed for calcium metabolism disorders, since the ratio of the amount of calcium and inorganic phosphorus has the greatest diagnostic significance.

An increase in the concentration of phosphorus is observed in renal failure, overdose of vitamin D, insufficiency of the parathyroid glands, in some cases with multiple myeloma, disorders of lipid metabolism (lipid phosphorus).

The amount of acid-soluble phosphorus increases in all diseases accompanied by oxygen deficiency. A decrease in phosphorus concentration occurs when there is a deficiency of vitamin D, malabsorption in the intestines, rickets, hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12 norm in newborns is 160-1300 pg/ml, in adults - 100-700 pg/ml (average values ​​300-400 pg/ml).

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is found in proteins in the normal diet. The absorption process of vitamin B12 follows five complex steps creating the pancreas, duodenum, gastric juice and saliva.

Vitamin B12 is one of the B vitamins. It is the only vitamin that contains the metal - cobalt ion. It is because of cobalt that vitamin B12 is also called cobalamin. The cobalt ion in the vitamin B12 molecule is coordinately linked to the corrin heterocycle.

Vitamin B12 can exist in different forms. The most common form in human life is cyanocobalamin, obtained by chemical purification of the vitamin with cyanide.

Vitamin B12 can also exist in the form of hydroxycobalamin and in two coenzyme forms - methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. The term pseudo-vitamin B12 refers to substances similar to this vitamin found in some living organisms, for example, in blue-green algae of the genus Spirulina. Such vitamin-like substances do not have a vitamin effect on the human body.

Folic acid

The normal level of filic acid in the human body is 3 - 17 ng/ml.

Folic acid is our most significant deficiency. Folic acid is named after the Latin word folium, meaning leaf, because it was first isolated in the laboratory from spinach leaves. Folic acid belongs to the B group of vitamins. It is easily destroyed during cooking and is lost when processing and canning vegetables and peeling grains.

Folic acid is an essential vitamin that helps prevent neural tube development defects in the unborn baby, such as spina bifida, where the newborn's spinal canal is left open, with the spinal cord and nerves exposed, or anencephaly (congenital absence of the brain and spinal cord), hydrocephalus, cerebral hernia.

The neural tube develops very quickly after conception and forms the baby's spinal cord. Studies say that increasing the amount of folic acid that pregnant women take makes it possible to avoid spinal cord fissures in 70% of cases.

With a lack of folic acid, the process of placenta formation can be disrupted, increasing the likelihood of miscarriage.

Women who may become pregnant are advised to eat foods fortified with folic acid or take food supplements rich in folic acid to reduce the risk of some serious birth defects. Having enough folic acid supplements in the months before pregnancy is very important to prevent neural tube defects. It has been suggested that taking 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid daily from fortified foods or supplements. APP equivalents of folic acid in pregnant women are 600-800 micrograms, twice the usual APP 400 micrograms for women who are not pregnant.

Albumen

Albumin molecules take part in the binding of water, so a drop in this indicator below 30 g/l causes the formation of edema. Elevated albumin practically does not occur and is associated with a decrease in plasma water content.

How to take it correctly

Biochemical analysis is prescribed for:

• acute diseases of internal organs (liver, kidneys, pancreas)
• many different hereditary diseases,
• for vitamin deficiencies,
• intoxication and many others.

I often prescribe an analysis to make an accurate diagnosis when the doctor has doubts, if it is based only on the testimony and symptoms of the patient himself. This test is often prescribed by a doctor to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for a particular disease.

Before taking the test, EATING ANY FOOD IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED! Incorrect examination indicators can lead to incorrect diagnosis and, as a result, incorrect treatment. Blood biochemistry shows a close relationship between the exchange of water and mineral salts in the body. The results of the examined blood taken 3-4 hours after breakfast will differ from those taken on an empty stomach; if it is taken 3-4 hours after lunch, then the indicators will differ even more.

When referring a patient for analysis, the doctor wants to find out and evaluate the functioning of a particular organ. This makes it possible to determine the state of the endocrine system (hormones of the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, male and female sex hormones), indicators of immune status.

This study is used in various fields of medicine, such as urology, therapy, gastroenterology, cardiology, gynecology and a number of others.