Verb. Basic meanings of tense forms. Little secrets of Russian verbs or three important tenses

It is with this verb that you need to start learning English grammar. Verbs in English do not change for persons, but the verb to be is an exception. Using this verb, we will learn to compose simple sentences that do not contain a verb in Russian, for example, “I am a student,” “he is at home,” “this is interesting,” etc. In English it is unacceptable to form without a verb that performs the action, and to be serves as a linking verb. For example, to say “I am a student,” we must insert the desired form of the linking verb to be and, as a result, the sentence will take on the meaning “I am a student” - “I (am) a student.”

Forms of the verb to be in the present tense

In the present tense, the verb to be has three forms: AM, IS, ARE:

• Remember: to be and AM, IS, ARE are not 4 different ones, but forms the same verb:

(We hope our dragon will help you remember this)

Let's look at how the verb to be changes in the present tense

Affirmative form

• We are friends - we are friends
• They are busy - they are busy
• The book is thick - the book is thick
• It is a cat
• She is clever - she is smart

Negative form

To form a negative conjugation form of a given verb, you need to put a negative particle “not” after one of the required forms of the verb (am, is or are). Here are some examples of negative sentences:

• I am not hungry – I am not hungry
• He is not busy
• The room is not big – the room is not big

Interrogative form

To form an interrogative form, you need to put the appropriate form of the verb (am, is or are) at the beginning of the sentence:

• Are you Peter? -Are you Pete?
• This room? – Is this a room?
• Are you hungry? -Are you hungry?
• He is busy? – Is he busy?

• To understand how verbs live in the English language, let’s first remember at least one Russian verb in its initial form, for example, the verb “to live”. As you know, Russian verbs in their initial form end in “-т”, and later, when conjugated, the ending changes. As for the English language, the verb in its initial form is used together with the particle to, for example, we say to be – would t, find t Xia, i.e. if the particle to precedes the verb, this means that the verb is in the initial form, and when further using the verb with persons, this particle is omitted. Let's give an example: “To be or not to be” - there are two verbs in the sentence - and both are in the initial form, and they must be used together with the particle to, and, accordingly, we will translate into English as “to be or not to be”. If we have before us the sentence “I (am) a student,” i.e. we have changed the verb to suit the person of the subject, then the particle to is omitted and the proper form of the verb is used, in this case am.
• Unlike the verb to be, other verbs in English are not conjugated, for example, the verbs “live, sit, love” in the initial form are translated into English “to live, to sit, to love”, i.e. with a particle to, and when conjugated - without to, for example, “I live, sit, love” will be translated into English as “I live, sit, love,” i.e. initial form of a verb in English without a particletonot used, but when conjugatedtofalls. The initial form in English is called the Infinitive - Infinitive.

More about the particle to watch our video tutorial:

Verb conjugations tobe in present time

Now let's learn how the verb to be changes (conjugates) in the present tense. As mentioned above, in Russian, sentences like “I am a student, she is a doctor, we are workers” are formed without a predicate verb. But to translate these sentences into English, you need to put the appropriate form to be after the subject - “I am a pupil, she is a doctor, we are workers.”

Please note the translation of the following sentences in affirmative, negative and interrogative forms into English:

Verb conjugations tobe in past and future tense

In the past tense, the verb to be has two forms - was and were (was, was, were)

In the future tense, the verb to be is conjugated as follows

Note: In modern English the form shall is rarely used to form the future tense of verbs (although its use is not a grammatical error), the form is used for all persons will. Therefore, sometimes there are discrepancies in different textbooks.

To summarize, consider the following table:

Here are some commonly used verb expressions: to be which you should learn and conjugate yourself using the conjugation table:

• To be happy/unhappy – to be happy/unhappy
• To be glad - to be joyful
• To be hungry/to be full up– to be hungry/full
• To be fond of - to love, be carried away by something
• To be busy - to be busy
• To be late (for) - to be late (for)
• To be in time for – to be on time
• To be present at – to be present at (for example, in a lesson)
• To be absent (from) – to be absent
• To be married – to be married
• To be single - to be single / not married
• To be lucky - to be lucky
• To be ready (for) - to be ready (for, for example, a lesson)
• To be afraid (of) – to be afraid
• To be interested (in) - to be interested in something
• To be ill / well - to be sick / to feel good
• To be angry (with) - to be angry, angry (at someone)

Let's conjugate together the expression to be married in affirmative, interrogative and negative sentences. What did you get?

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object.

At night the weather became noisy, the river became agitated, and a torch had already burned out in the man’s smoky hut. The children are sleeping, the housewife is dozing, the husband is lying on the bed, the storm is blowing; suddenly he hears: someone is knocking on the window. (P.)

Words: knocks, howls, makes noise, gets excited, burns out, listens-denote the actions of an object. Words: sleeping, dozing, lying- indicate the condition of the item. The verb answers the questions: /i>what does the object do? what is being done with it? The student (what is he doing?) is reading a story. The story (what is being done with it?) is read by the students.

Changing the verb.

A verb, denoting an action, can also indicate the time when the action is performed. The verb has three tenses: present, past and future.

I knock (present tense), knocked (past tense), I will knock, I will knock (future tense).

The verb has 3 persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and two numbers: singular and plural.

In the past tense, the verb has no special personal endings, and the person is expressed only by a personal pronoun.

For example: I knocked, you knocked, he knocked. In the past tense, the verb changes according to gender and number: brother knocked (masculine), sister knocked (feminine), something knocked (neuter), we knocked (myoj. number).

Changing the verb according to persons, tenses and numbers is called conjugation.

Verbs can end with the particle -sya or Verbs ending t-sya(-s), are called returnable. After consonants and th used -xia, and after vowels -s: washes - washes, soap - washed, wash - wash, my - wash, mine - wash, washed - washed.

The role of the verb in a sentence.

In a sentence, the verb is usually predicate. The predicate-verb denotes the action or state of an object that is the subject of a given sentence, and agrees with the subject in number and person, and in the past tense - in number and gender.

We boldly rush towards the enemy; after us the red cavalry rushed into battle; the enemy hastily retreats.

We rush. Predicate let's rush agrees with the subject we in person and number.

The cavalry rushed. Predicate rushed agrees with the subject cavalry in gender and number.

Indefinite form, or infinitive

The verb has a special form, which only names the action, does not itself indicate time, number, or person and is therefore called an indefinite form, or infinitive; read, cherish, carry, come. The infinitive form of the verb answers the question: what to do? what to do?

The infinitive form of the verb ends in -t, -ti: build, carry. There is a special group of verbs with an indefinite form in -ch. Verbs have -whose the stem in the present tense ends in G or to: I can, I can, I bake, I bake, I take care, I take care. Here we find the alternation G And To with sound h.

Letter b remains in an indefinite form in front of the particle -xia: build - build, take care - take care.

Note. The indefinite form of the verb is derived from the verbal noun. That's why she doesn't indicate the time and person. Our language still retains several words that can be both nouns and verbs, for example: hot oven (noun), bake pies (verb); big leak (noun), water stopped flowing (verb); old noble nobility (noun), wants to know a lot (verb).

Types of verbs.

Verbs can be imperfect or perfect.

1. Imperfective verbs show an unfinished action or a repeated action: work, scream, sleep, buy, take, throw, look in.

Verbs of the imperfect form form the future tense using an auxiliary verb: I Will work.

Note. Verbs that denote only a repeated action are said to be of the multiple type if there is a verb with a continuous meaning nearby: read (when reading), walk (and walk), sit (when sitting).

2. Perfect verbs show the completeness of the action: buy, take, bring, leave, read, write.

Perfective verbs cannot have the present tense; the form of the present tense has the meaning of the future for them: I will buy, I will take, I will start, I will bring, I will leave, I will read, I will write, I will speak.

Note. Verbs of the perfect form, which denote an action that happened only once, are said to be of the one-time form. These are especially the case with verbs with the suffix -path, which preserve it in the past tense: jump when jump (cf. jumped), spit, spit (cf. spat), shout when scream (cf. shouted).

Formation of verb types.

Most simple verbs are of the imperfect form: carry, write, work. However, give, lie down, sit down, stand, child and a number of verbs: buy, throw, finish, let, forgive, decide, captivate, deprive, etc. will be of the perfect form.

Note. Some simple verbs have both perfective and imperfective meanings: to wound, to marry.

This also includes many verbs in -irate and -ovate: telegraph, organize, attack.

Complex verbs with prefixes in the vast majority of cases belong to the perfect form: bring, leave, read, sign, speak, sketch, throw. However, verbs are complex, formed from verbs wear, drive, carry, walk, run, fly, will be mostly imperfect. For example: bring, take away, bring in, enter, leave, etc.; take out, bring out, take out, go out (but in&carry, take out, go out etc. will be perfect); bring in, take down (but putting in a shirt, taking off boots, etc. will be perfect).

I. Almost every perfective verb can be used to form an imperfective verb with the same meaning: give-give, start-start, bring-bring, etc.

The main way of forming imperfective verbs from the corresponding perfective verbs is the suffix -yva or -two, and often the root o alternates with a, and the final root consonant of a number of verbs alternates according to: read-read, smear - lubricate, sign - sign, rise - scoot, jump - jump, push - push, smooth - smooth, hang - hang, freeze - freeze, ask - ask, manure - manure, nip - nip, feed - feed, accumulate - accumulate etc. etc.

Another way to form imperfective verbs is to change the suffix -And- to suffix -I-(or -A- after sibilants) with the same changes in final root consonants as in the previous case: meet - meet, peel - peel, give birth - give birth, illuminate - illuminate, design - design, get ahead - get ahead, load - load, finish-finish, decide-decide, surround - surround and so on.

The third way of forming verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -A-, and the root e or I (A after hissing ones) often alternates with and: erase - erase, die - die, subtract - subtract, light - light, hush - hush, begin - begin.

2. The fourth way to form verbs of the imperfect form is the suffix -va-, used in cases where the root of the verb ends in a vowel: break-break, ripen-ripen, give (ladies) - give (I give), find out (learn) - find out (know).

Notes

• 1. In some cases, a completely different verb serves as an imperfect form to a perfect verb: take - take, say - speak, buy - buy, put - put, etc.
• 2. For some verbs, the imperfect form differs from the perfect form only in the place of stress: scatter (scatter) - scatter (scatter): trim (cut) - trim (cut); I find out (to find out) - I find out (to find out).

II. From simple verbs of the imperfect form, the perfect form is formed either by means of a suffix -Well-(single verbs): jump - jump, scream - shout etc. or through so-called “empty” prefixes that do not change the basic meaning of the word: o- (about-), po-, s-, na-, etc.: to grow stronger - to grow stronger, to please - to please, to destroy - to destroy, to do - to do, to write - to write, etc.

However, most simple verbs of the imperfect form do not form the perfect form: bite, sit, sleep, lie down etc. This also includes verbs welcome, be absent, participate and some others.

Alternation of vowels in the formation of species.

Sometimes the formation of species is associated with the alternation of vowel sounds in the root: die - die, lock up - lock up, throw away - throw away, light up - light up.

Table of alternation of vowels in verb roots during the formation of species.

Verb tenses.

The present tense of a verb means that the action occurs simultaneously with the moment of speech, that is, when it is spoken about.

1. The wind blows across the sea and propels the boat. He runs in the waves on swollen sails. (P.) 2. And caravans of ships sail under a scarlet flag from the midday seas along a concrete channel.

The present tense is also used to denote an action that is performed constantly, always. 1 The plant reaches towards the light source. 2. A person breathes with his lungs. 3. The northern shores of the USSR are washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

Past tense means that the action took place before the moment of speech. They defeated the atamans, dispersed the governors, and ended their campaign on the Pacific Ocean.

The future tense means that the action will take place after the moment of speech. 1. And if the enemy wants to take away our living joy in a stubborn battle, then we will sing a battle song and stand up for our Motherland. 2. We beat the enemies of the Soviet regime, we beat them and we will beat them.

Two verb stems.

The verb has two stems: the indefinite stem and the present tense.

To highlight the base of the indefinite form, it is necessary to discard the suffix from the verb of the indefinite form -t, -ti, for example: carry a piss.

The present tense stem is highlighted if the personal ending is dropped from the present tense or future simple verb, for example: write-ut, bear-ut, say-ut.

All verb forms are formed from these two stems.

Changing verbs according to persons and numbers.

Verbs in the present and future tenses change according to persons and numbers.

The first person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself: I work, read, study.

The second person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one to whom the speaker is speaking: you work, read, study.

The third person of the verb shows that the action is performed by the one about whom they speak: he, she works, reads, studies.

In the plural, all these forms show that the action refers to more than one person: we work (we), work (you), work (they).

Present tense.

Personal endings.

Verbs with endings: -eat (-eat), ~et (-et), -eat (-et), -ete (-ete)3 -ut (-et) are called first conjugation verbs.

Verbs with endings -ish, -yga, -im, ~ite, -at, (-yat) are called verbs of the second conjugation.

For reflexive verbs, a particle is added to the personal ending -sya (s). I study, I study, I teach, I study, I teach, I study, well, I swim - I swim, I swim - I swim, I bathe - I swim,

Note. When conjugating some verbs, there is an alternation of consonants preceding the personal endings: shore - you take care (g - g); flow - flow (k - n) - in verbs of the first conjugation; I wear - you wear (w - s); I drive - you carry (f - h); I’m sitting - sitting (w-d); twist - twist (h - t); sad? - sad (w - st): love - love (6l-“6); catch - catch (ate - in); sculpt - sculpt (pl - p); feed - feed (ml - m); graflu - grafish (fl - f) - in verbs of the second conjugation.

Spelling personal verb endings.

At the end of the 2nd person singular of the verb after w letter is written b: you carry, you give, you hurry, you stand.

The letter b is retained in the 2nd person singular and in cases where a particle is added to the ending of the verb -running around, studying, swimming.

3. It is necessary to distinguish the indefinite form of verbs into -tsya from the 3rd person singular and plural present tense to -tsya. We must remember that b written only in the indefinite form: he can(what to do?) work(indefinite form), but He(what is he doing?) works(3rd person).

Spelling of verbs of the first and second conjugation.

Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations differ in hearing if the stress falls on the personal endings.

You go, you go, you go, you go, you go-1st conjugation.

In a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry, in a hurry-:2nd conjugation.

If the stress falls on the stem, then the personal endings of verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations are almost the same by ear. For example: you prick - you saw, you prick - you saw. In such cases, the conjugation of the verb is determined by its indefinite form.

Of the verbs with unstressed personal endings, the 2nd conjugation includes:

1. All verbs with unstressed personal endings, having an indefinite form in ~it, for example: build - you are building, they are building; to love - you love, they love (except for the verb shave - you shave, they shave).

2. Seven verbs per -to: watch, see, depend, hate, offend, endure, twist.

3. Four verbs per -at: hear, breathe, hold, drive.

These verbs in the 1st singular form do not have present tense suffixes -e-, -a-: look - I look, see - I see, breathe - I breathe, hear - I hear. Compare: blush - blush(1st conjugation verb, suffix -e- exists at the base) and answer - answer(also 1st conjugation, with the suffix -o- at the base).

All other verbs with unstressed endings belong to the 1st conjugation.

Note. Verbs with a prefix belong to the same conjugation as the unprefixed verbs from which they are formed: If you get enough sleep, you sleep, if you bear it, you carry it. (I. Utkin.)

Variably conjugated verbs.

Verbs want and run are called heteroconjugated. They are conjugated partly according to the 1st, partly according to the 2nd conjugation;

Singular Plural.

I want to run we want to run

do you want to run do you want to run

he wants to run they want to run

Verbs are specially conjugated eat and give:

I eat I'll give you we eat we'll give you

you eat you give you eat you give

he eats will give they eat will give

Verbs derived from these verbs are also conjugated: eat, eat, give out, give away, etc.

Note. In the Old Russian language, the auxiliary verb to be was also conjugated in a special way: I am, we are, you are, you are, he is, they are

In modern literary language, only the 3rd person forms have been preserved: there is also less of a point.

Past tense.

The verb in the past tense has no personal endings: I read, you read, he read (compare with the endings of the present tense: I read, you read, he reads).

The verb in the past tense in the singular changes according to gender: The steamer has sailed, the boat has sailed, the ship has sailed.

In the masculine gender there is no gender ending, c. in the feminine gender the gender ending is -A, average -o: took, took-a, took-o.

In the plural, the past tense verb does not change according to gender and has the ending -i. Compare: students read-and - students read-and.

The past tense is formed by adding the suffix -l to the stem of the indefinite form: run-bezyua-l, walk-walk-l, build-build-l. Before the suffix -l the vowel that comes in an indefinite form before -t: see - saw, hear - heard.

In the masculine gender, after the consonant sound at the end of the word, the suffix -l drops out: crawled - crawled, carried - carried, carried - carried, wiped - wiped.

Reflexive verbs in the past tense have a particle at the end -xia or -s: took care, took care: took care, took care; took care, took care; took care, took care.

Notes

• 1. For verbs ending in the indefinite form with -sti and -ch, the past tense is formed from the stem of the present tense, and the final t and d skipped: row - rowed - rowed, rowed; take care - take care - take care, take care; oven - bake-o-pek, bake-shi; weave - weave-u - weave-l, weave-li; lead - ved-u - ve-l, ve-li. In imperfective verbs with an indefinite form in -ku-t, the past tense is formed with the omission of the suffix -well-: dry-well - dry, dry: frozen-well, frozen, frozen.
• 2. The change of the past tense verb by gender, and not by person, is explained by the origin of the past tense. It came from a special complex form of the past tense, which was a combination of a verbal adjective (participle) with the suffix -l and the auxiliary verb to be. The verb adjective changed according to gender and number, and the auxiliary verb - according to persons: did it (i.e. I did it) did it (i.e. you did it), did it (i.e. he did it), did it (i.e. she did it).

Later auxiliary verb be they started to miss. The past tense began to be denoted by one word, that is, a verbal adjective that retained its generic endings.

Verbal adjectives in -l in the Old Russian language they could be not only short, but also complete. The remainder of the complete ones are adjectives such as former (compare the verb was), mature (compare mature), skillful (compare could), etc.

Future

The future tense can be simple and complex. Verbs of the perfect form have a simple future tense: to do - I will do, to decide - I will decide. The future is complex for imperfective verbs: do - I will do, decide - I will decide.

The future simple consists of one word and has the same personal endings as the present tense: to do, to decide - I will do, I will decide; you will do it, you will decide; will do, decide.

The future complex is formed from the future tense of the verb be and the indefinite form of the conjugated verb: I will do it, I will decide. Verb be, with the help of which the future tense is formed, is called in this case an auxiliary verb.

Use of tenses.

In our speech, we sometimes use one tense to mean another.

1. The present tense is sometimes used to mean the past: the past is told as if it were now passing before one’s eyes. This helps to vividly imagine what is being said. I was returning home from the station last night, walking along a dark street. I'm in a hurry. Suddenly I see: near the nearest lantern something is getting dark.

2. The present tense is used to mean the future. To make things more vivid, we talk about the future as if it were already happening. I often paint myself a picture of my future life: I finish school, go to university, study in the winter, and in the summer I certainly go on an excursion.

3. We use the future simple tense to mean the past when we talk about something that has been repeated several times.

I remember that my old friend would come to me in the evening, sit down next to me and begin to talk about his travels to the distant north.

The future tense in the meaning of the past is also used in combination with the word it happened. In winter, it used to be that in the dead of night we would lay down a daring troika... (P.)

4. We use the future simple in the meaning of the past when we talk about something that happened unexpectedly. I came closer to the girl, and she screamed.

Impersonal verbs.

A special group of verbs consists of impersonal verbs.

Impersonal verbs mostly denote natural phenomena (it's getting dark, it's freezing) or various states and experiences of a person (fever, unwell, remember, think).

In a sentence, impersonal verbs are predicates, but they represent an action without an agent. With them there is not and cannot be a subject.

Impersonal verbs do not change according to persons and numbers. They have in the present and future tense only one form of the 3rd person singular, and in the past tense only a neuter form: It's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting dark - it's getting dark, it's getting feverish - it's getting feverish.

Note. Impersonal verbs like feverish, chilly, freezing, were once personal. This was in those distant times when people did not yet know how to fight nature, they believed in the existence of supernatural forces, good and evil, and explained the action of these mysterious forces and various natural phenomena and the human condition. When they spoke feverish, freezing, They thought that both fever and frost were the actions of some special mysterious force, some supernatural being.

Transitive and intransitive verbs.

Verbs, according to their meaning and how they are connected in a sentence with other words, are divided into two groups: transitive and intransitive.

Transitive verbs denote an action that passes to another object, the name of which is in the accusative case without a preposition: I take (what?) a book and see off (who?) my sister.

The remaining verbs are intransitive: I lie down, sleep, walk, run, do (what?), hope (for what?).

Notes

• 1. Transitive verbs can be used in intransitive meaning. Then after them it is impossible to pose the question of whom? What? Compare: The boy draws a dog (the verb draws is transitive) and Brother draws well (that is, he generally draws well, knows how to draw well; here the verb draws is used in an intransitive meaning).
• 2. After transitive verbs with negation, the name of the object to which the action is transferred may not be in the accusative case, but in the genitive case: read a book, but did not read the book, saw mountains, but did not see mountains. In the genitive case there is the name of the object even if the action of the transitive verb extends not to the entire object, but to part of it: drank water (i.e. part of the water), tried kvass, bought sugar. This is only possible with perfect verbs.

The meaning of reflexive verbs.

Reflexive verbs formed from any transitive verb are intransitive: lift (transitive) - rise (intransitive), wash (transitive) - wash (intransitive), meet (transitive) - meet (intransitive).

Note. There are verbs that are not reflexive: I walk, I sleep, I sing. On the contrary, there are also verbs that are used only as reflexives: I'm afraid, I laugh, I admire, I work.

Particle -xia in reflexive verbs has several meanings. The most important of them are the following.

a) Particle -xia denotes only the intransitivity of an action, i.e. an action that is not directed at any object: the dog bites, the horse rushes, the sea is rough, the fog rises.

b) Particle -xia gives the verb its own reflexive meaning: it indicates that the action returns to the actor himself. Compare: bathe (who?) a child and bathe (i.e. bathe oneself).

c) Particle -xia gives the verb a reciprocal meaning: it indicates that the action occurs between two or more characters or objects. With these verbs you can ask a question with whom? with what? For example: meet(with whom? - with a friend), fight, fight.

d) Particle -xia gives the verb a passive meaning.. With these verbs you can ask questions by whom? how? For example: Rocks (subject) are eroded by (what?) water. Compare: Water erodes rocks.

e) Particle -xia gives the verb an impersonal meaning. At the same time, she indicates that the action is performed as if by itself, against anyone’s will. With these verbs you can ask questions to whom? what? For example: I can’t sleep (who?) (compare: he doesn’t sleep), he doesn’t want to, I think.

Note. Origin of verbs -xia. In the Old Russian language, after transitive verbs, the short form wine could be used. pad. units including the reflexive pronoun sya (i.e. yourself). For example, wash(i.e. wash yourself). Previously, sya was a separate member of the sentence and could stand in different places in the sentence, that is, in Old Russian one could say: I want to wash myself (I want to wash myself).

Later, the pronoun xia turned from an independent word into a particle, began to be used only after the verb, and finally merged with it into one word. In this case, the verb changed from transitive to intransitive. ¦

Compare: wash (who? or what?) and wash (yourself), dress (who? or what?) and dress (yourself).

Inclinations.

The verb has three moods - indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

The indicative mood of a verb denotes an action that has happened, is happening, or will actually happen: read - read - will read; I read it - I'll read it. The indicative mood has three tenses: present, past and future.

The subjunctive (or conditional) mood denotes an action that is possible or desirable. The subjunctive mood is formed from the past tense form by adding a particle would: You should have come home earlier. If the weather had been good yesterday, we would have gone boating.

The particle can appear either after or before the verb, and can also be separated from the verb in other words: If the best rider on the fastest horse galloped along our borders, he would spend about two years on this unprecedented run in the world.

The imperative mood denotes an order, command, as well as a request, a wish. Verbs in the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person singular and plural: carry - carry, work, work, cook - cook.

Formation of the imperative mood.

The imperative mood is formed from the present tense stem in two ways.

Some verbs add an ending to the base of the present (future) tense -and: go-ut-go, sit-yat - sit, take-out-take out, shout-ut - shout.

In other verbs, the imperative mood is formed without an ending and is equal to the present tense stem. The stem of such verbs in the imperative mood ends:

1) to a soft consonant (in writing b): throw (kin-ut), throw (throw-yat), hit (hit-yat), prepare (ready-yat);

2) to hissing (in writing b): cut (rez-ut), hide (hide-ut), console (console-at);

3) on -th; read, throw, draw.

In the 2nd person plural. ending is added to the number -those: go-go, throw-throw, read-read, hide-hide.

The imperative mood of reflexive verbs on the code has a particle -sya or -sya: Look after - look after, look after; take a closer look, take a closer look. Throw - throw, throw; rush - rush, rush. Throw-throw, throw; rush - rush, rush.

Sometimes the particle is added to the imperative mood -ka. This particle usually softens the order and gives it the character of a friendly address. Let's go and pick some chestnuts in the garden. Come here

Note. For the expression of the 1st person plural. numbers of the imperative mood, the usual forms of the 1st person plural are used. numbers of the present or future tense with imperative intonation: Let's go. We'll decide. Let's sit down. These forms are also used with the ending -te: Let's go. Decide. Let's sit down. They then either indicate that the command is addressed to several persons, or indicate a polite address to one person.

To express the 3rd person imperative mood, the usual form of the 3rd person is used in conjunction with particles let, let, yes: Long live the muses, long live the mind! (P.) Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! (P.) Let your face glow like the dawn in the morning.

Replacing inclinations.

In Russian, one mood can be used to mean another.

The imperative mood is often used in the meaning of the subjunctive mood and the conjunction if. The subject can be in any number and person and usually comes after the predicate. If he had told us earlier, everything could have been arranged. (Compare: If he had said earlier...) If we were five minutes late, he would have left. (Compare: If we were five minutes late...)

In other cases, on the contrary, the subjunctive mood has the meaning of the imperative mood. You should rest a little. Someone should sing for us. Such phrases express a request, advice, a polite offer.

Often, in the meaning of the imperative mood, the indefinite form of the verb is used. Be silent/Sit still! Keep quiet/ This use of the indefinite form expresses a persistent and strict command.

Verb suffixes.

From nouns, verbs are formed using suffixes -oe- (at), -ev- (at). In the present tense these suffixes are replaced by the suffixes -yes, -yu-: conversation-conversation - talking, grief - grieving - grieving.

Verbs are formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e-(t) (in the present, tense -e-yu): white - turn white - turn white (with the meaning of becoming white), gray-gray - turn gray (with the meaning of becoming gray), beast - become wild - beast (with the meaning of becoming beast) or using the suffix -i-(t) (in the present tense -/o): white - whiten - whitewash (with the meaning of making white), litter - litter-litter (with the meaning of making litter).

Verbs are also formed from nouns using a suffix -a-(t): carpenter - to do carpentry; smart guy - to be smart (with a change from k to h).

The suffixes -ir-(at), -izir-(at) occur mostly in verbs of foreign origin: telegraph, register, agitate, collectivize, organize.

Spelling verb suffixes.

To distinguish unstressed suffixes -ov-(at), -ev-(at) from the suffixes -iv-(at), -iv-(at), it is necessary to form the 1st person singular. numbers of the present (future) time.

If the verb is in the 1st person singular. numbers of the present tense end in -yu-, -yu-, then th is in an indefinite form, and in the past tense it is necessary to write -ovat (-oval), -evat (-eval): advise, advised, advise; I'm grieving, grieving, grieving.

If the verb is in the 1st person singular. the number of the present tense ends in -Ivayu, -Ivayu-, then in an indefinite form,” and in the past tense you must write -yat (-yval), -iv (-ival): showing - showing, showing; arrange-arrange, arranged

Notes

• 1. This does not include several verbs that end in e-vayu, e-vat: I sow, I start, I put on, I warm, I sing, I overcome. In these verbs the suffix is ​​-va-, and e belongs to the root. Compare sow and plant, start and start, etc.
• 2. In addition, you need to remember the following verbs ending in -evayu, -evat, where e belongs to the suffix: eclipse - overshadow, get stuck - get stuck, intend - intend, overwhelm - overwhelm, exhort-exhort.

Spelling particles ns verbs

Negation Not written separately with the verb.

The exception is those verbs that are not used without no. For example: to be indignant, to hate.

If verbs missing and lacking indicate a lack of something, they are written together: My friend lacks (that is, he does not have) the ability to get down to business right away. He lacks (that is, he does not have) endurance in his work.

Verb not enough- in the sense of not reaching for something - written separately: The child cannot reach the table with his hand:

Verb lacks-in the sense of not taking it, it is written separately: Our dog barks at strangers, but doesn’t grab anyone’s legs

Good afternoon, dear student! My students and I began to study perhaps one of the most complex topics in the Russian language - verbs and their tenses. The fact is that in some languages ​​of the world there are only a few tenses, but in Russian there are 3 of them - the past tense, the present and the future. In order to correctly understand and use them in your speech and writing, let’s look at all three tenses in more detail.

Present tense

Present tense verbs in Russian answer the question: what is he doing? For example,

Kate in a hurry to study Kate is in hurry on her way to work.

What is Katya doing? - she is in a hurry - she is now, at the moment she is in a hurry, which means the time is present.

Every a week parents are going to the dacha Every week parents go to dacha.

What are parents doing? - they are going, every a week shows us that the action occurs regularly, that is, in the present tense. Please always pay attention to keywords, they can serve as a hint for you which time to use at one time or another.

In the present tense form, the endings in the conjugation depend on their conjugation. If you have forgotten what conjugation is and whether it is worth learning, I recommend reading this topic. It will help you understand the difficulties when using present tense verbs.

Future

What will you do? What do we do? What will we do? What will you do? For example:

When will they start holidays, I I'll go to Moscow I will go to Moscow, when the holidays will come.

What will the holidays do? - will begin, they have not yet begun, this time has not come, which means we understand that the conversation is about the future time.

What will I do? - I’ll go, the person is not going anywhere yet, but he is already planning his trip to Moscow, which means we are talking about the future tense.

In Russian, there are two types of future tense; you can find, for example, the following verb:

I I'll draw this picture and I'll give it to you to my mom I will draw this picture and will present it to my Mom. What will I do? - I’ll draw it and give it to you as a gift

But you can also see this phrase, and it will also be in the future tense:

I am going to draw this picture tomorrow and will present it to my Mom.

What will I do? - I will draw, the action did not happen, he plans to do it, therefore this is the future tense.

But how then can you figure out which form should be used in a particular case? The fact is that verbs of the future tense can be simple and complex. Simple verbs in the future are formed from perfective verbs (which answer the questions: What will I do? What will you do?)

I’ll paint, clean, carry, say, sing- they all answer perfect questions. Where a characteristic feature that will help you remember this form is the addition of the letter -c at the beginning of the question:

What will I do? I'll clean it up

Complex verbs of the future tense are formed from imperfective verbs using the verb be+ the infinitive or the initial form of the verb - this is the form that is in the dictionary, open the Russian dictionary and see that the verb: I guessed right is in the infinitive form: guess.

Let's look at examples with complex verbs:

Ivan is going to watch a serial every day, as he is planning to pass the Russian language exam.

Verb " be" in turn changes according to persons:

I will (paint)
You will (paint)
They will (paint)
He/She will (paint)
We will (paint)
You will (paint)

Verbs in the future tense are inflected for persons and numbers, but genus it is impossible to determine in the future tense!
There are a number of verbs that do not form the 1st person singular form. Here are some of them:

Win To win
To convince
To feel
To find oneself in

When used, the word changes completely in the future tense, for example:

I can find myself in.. I will find myself in..
I can be convinced - I want to be convinced I want to convince
I can win - I will become the winner [Ya stanu pabeditelem] I will be the winner

Past tense

Basically, past tense verbs are formed from the infinitive form of the verb (which is in the dictionary) and adding the suffix -l, for example:

Clean - clean L(what did you do?) to clean - was cleaning

Watch - look L(what did you do?) to look - looked

Knowing this rule, you will already have a hint and you will be able to form the past tense verb without problems. Depending on the gender, one or another ending may appear at the end:

Looked - looked - looked He looked- she looked- they looked

But there are verbs that are formed in the past form not according to this rule, for example, without adding the suffix -l in the masculine gender:

Carry - carried (masculine, past tense) to carry - was carrying, but in other forms of the gender: carried, carried they were carying, she was carrying.

When there is alternation in a word (when letters replace each other), for example, when forming the past form, the letters ch//g, ch//k can alternate in those verbs that end in -ch:

Stere whose- stereg (masculine gender, past tense: what did you do?) to watch over - was watching over, but in the feminine and plural the ending is added depending on the person: steregla, steregli she was watching over, they were watching over.

Please remember that we cannot determine the person of past tense verbs, only gender and number.

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. Verbs change according to number, person and tense. In addition, they have conjugations, types and moods. In the Russian language, there are three main forms of verb tense: past, present and future. Let's talk in more detail about how to understand verb tenses.

Determining the type of verb

Verbs come in perfect and imperfect forms. Perfect verbs indicate that an action has already been done (or will be done) and the result has been achieved. The question “what to do?” is suitable for such verbs. Perfect verbs have only two tenses: past and future.

Imperfect verbs can be in the past, present or future tense. They answer the question “what to do?”

Past tense verbs

The main signs that a verb refers to the past tense are:

• suffix -l; (walked, flew)
• endings -а (feminine), -о (neuter) and -и (plural). Masculine verbs in the past tense have no ending. Example: played, played, played, played.

To understand that a verb is in the past tense, depending on its gender and number, you need to substitute the following questions:

• for the perfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “what did they do?” (plural);
• for the imperfect form: “what did you do?” (m.r.), “what did you do?” (f.r.), “what did it do?” (Wed. R.), “What did you do?” (plural).

Present tense verbs

In the present tense, the verb reflects the action taking place at the moment of speech. The general defining question of such verbs is:

• in the singular - “what does it do?”;
• in the plural - “what are they doing?”

As noted above, only imperfect verbs can be in the present tense.

The ending of the verb in the present tense will depend on whether it belongs to the 1st or 2nd conjugation.

First conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat (second person); -et (third person). Example: I carry, you carry, carries; reading, reading, reading

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -yut (third person) Example: we carry, we carry, we carry; read, read, read.

Second conjugation verb endings

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; building, building, building.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: lying, lying, lying; build, build, build.

Future tense verbs

Verbs in the future tense reflect an action that is planned to be done or an action that will be done in the future. Determining questions for singular verbs:

• perfect form: “what will he do?”;
• imperfect form: “what will it do?”

Questions for plural verbs:

• perfect form: “what will they do?”;
• imperfect form: “What will they do?”

Imperfect verbs in the future tense have one interesting feature - they turn into complex verbs. The verb “to be” is added to the infinitive in the appropriate form. For example: I will walk, I will run, I will play.

The endings of perfect verbs of the first conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -eat, -eat (second person); -et, -et (third person). Example: I’ll take it, you’ll take it, you’ll take it; read, read, read.

Plural: -em, -em (first person); -ete, -ete (second person); -ut, -ut (third person). Example: we’ll take it, you’ll take it, they’ll take it; read, read, read.

Endings of perfect verbs of the second conjugation

Singular: -у, -у (first person); -ish (second person); -it (third person). Example: I’ll lie down, you’ll lie down, you’ll lie down; I'll build, build, build.

Plural: - ending -im (first person); -ite (second person); -at, -yat (third person). Example: let's lie down, lie down, lie down; Let's build, build, build.

The present tense form is very meaningful in terms of meaning and is capable of expressing several shades of meaning.

Its main meaning is to indicate an action that coincides with the moment of speech: “There goes my friend”; “Why are you smoking! After all, the bell has already rung, and it’s time for the lecture” (the actions are in progress, you are smoking, and they are carried out at the moment of speaking); “Dear grandfather, Konstantin Makarych!” he wrote. “And I am writing you a letter. I congratulate you on Christmas and wish you everything from the Lord God” (Ch.) (the actions “I write”, “I congratulate”, “I wish” occur at that moment when the hero of the story writes a letter). This is the present concrete time. However, already from the examples given, it is obvious that all the actions named in the examples only in some part coincide with the moment of speech and indicate processes that are broader than the moment of speech - that conditional starting point at which speaking occurs. Typically, the idea of ​​present time (as opposed to past and future) is associated in the minds of speakers with a certain temporal plane, a certain period of time. Within this segment, those actions are carried out that are perceived by the speaker as occurring now, now, at a given time (as opposed to what was and what will be).

Depending on what particular aspectual meaning of the imperfective verb (continuous continuous or continuous intermittent, or, as it is called, continuous repeated) appears in the context, the present concrete tense is realized: 1) as the present concrete extended; 2) as a present concrete repeating.

1) The present concrete extended denotes actions, processes that began before the moment of speech, coincide with it and will continue for some time after it. For example: “I thought that the world had ceased to be divided into two impenetrable parts, above which there were different skies. We increasingly understand that the world is one earth and one sky” (Tickle); “American farmers are putting hard pressure on President Bush so that he allocates an additional loan to the Union for the purchase of agricultural products. We are talking about an amount of approximately $ 3.5 billion, which George Bush has not yet decided to provide “economic space.” The pressure farmers, accustomed to working for the Soviet market, is explained by the desire to protect their own interests of producers of products surplus to America" ​​(Kur. 1991. November 19).

2) The present concrete repeating indicates actions that are periodically repeated in a given time period: “I would like to draw attention to the fact that when people speaking foreign languages ​​are shown on television, cases of inadequate translation are very frequent... It should also be noted that that when the translation ends, the speaker’s speech, as a rule, continues for a few seconds and ends mid-sentence” (Soviet cult. 1989. August 24).

In addition to denoting the present concrete, which was mentioned above, forms of the present tense can denote actions regardless of the moment of speech, that is, outside of any of their association with the moment of speech: “A whistleblower in the next world is hanged by his tongue”; “They meet you by their clothes, they see you off by their intelligence”; "The well-fed does not understand the hungry." This is present abstract time. It appears when the speaker (writer) needs to name permanent properties of objects, people, phenomena, etc., not associated with any time plan. For example: “A light year is equal to the path that light travels in a year, i.e. 9.46x1012 km” (Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1.980. P. 1189); “The deception of peoples is preceded by their self-deception. Self-deception is preceded by the troubles of life and the desire to reshape it” (Klyamk.). The present abstract can also be realized in different ways, depending on the aspectual meaning of the verb: 1) as an abstract constant; 2) as an abstract repeating. So, in the statements: “A person breathes with the help of his lungs, and a fish with the help of his gills”; “Penguins are a detachment of swimming birds... weigh up to 42 kg.... They live on sea coasts, swim and dive well. They nest in colonies” (Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary. P. 999.) the meaning of the present abstract constant appears. But in a humorous statement by A.P. Chekhov from the story “The Death of an Official” the verb to sneeze in the present tense expresses the meaning of the present abstract repeating: “No one is forbidden to sneeze anywhere. Men, police chiefs, and sometimes even secret councilors sneeze. Everyone sneezes” (Ch.).

There is no impassable boundary between the two basic meanings of the present tense form (the present concrete and the present abstract). So, when using temporary instructions, such as now, now, at the present time, etc. when put into context, statements with the present abstract can acquire a concrete meaning: “There is a flu in Moscow now, and everyone is sneezing.” On the contrary, removed from the context, which establishes the timing of the action at a certain point in time, statements containing forms of the present tense can acquire a timeless, generalized character. The following example is extremely illustrative in this regard. Until recently, in almost every cinema one could see a poster quoting the words of V.I. Lenin: “Of all the arts, cinema is the most important for us.” This phrase reproduced Lenin’s statement mentioned in one of A.V.’s letters. Lunacharsky. In the letter, Lunacharsky talks about a conversation with Lenin, in which the possibilities of cinema as one of the most accessible forms of propaganda at that time to a mass audience were discussed. The conversation did not at all talk about the priority of cinema in general, but only about its importance at that moment, from Lenin’s point of view. And the meaning of the present specific tense was realized in verbal form. Subsequently torn off from the context, from the specific situation, the phrase began to be perceived as a statement of a generalized nature, in which the meaning of the present abstract time is realized, although from the point of view of logic, the thought that is expressed in it cannot in any way be recognized as a universal, some kind of immutable truth.

Rakhmanova L.I., Suzdaltseva V.N. Modern Russian language. - M, 1997.