Brief instructions on the rules of first aid in the field. Methods of first aid A story about first aid

An accident can happen to anyone on the street or at home: injury, burn, animal bite, electric shock and other troubles. Very It is important to provide the victim with correct and quick first aid before doctors arrive. His future life and health often depend on this. Each of us must have the necessary knowledge to come to the aid of another (or even ourselves) in such situations. In Russian schools, students are taught how to provide first aid during life safety lessons.

The concept of first aid (FAM)

First aid (first aid) is the simplest and most necessary actions that need to be taken to provide assistance to the victim immediately at the scene of the incident. You don't need to be a doctor or have sophisticated medical equipment to do this.

Timely first aid will facilitate further treatment of the patient.

The rules for providing assistance are different in every case. In this post we will briefly look at only the most common situations. And practical skills are practiced in life safety lessons.

General rules for providing PMM in different cases

For external bleeding

A wound is any injury to the skin that causes pain and bleeding.

Always treat even a small scratch with an antiseptic(hydrogen peroxide, iodine, brilliant green). At least one of these medications should be in every first aid kit.

For deeper wounds:

1. Stop the bleeding quickly because it can be fatal to humans. To stop different types of bleeding (capillary, venous, arterial), their own methods and means are used (cold water, bandage, tourniquet, etc.).
2. Rinse the wound thoroughly with hydrogen peroxide and treat the edges with iodine or brilliant green.
3. Apply a sterile dressing.

For nosebleeds:

1. Place the victim in a seat.
2. Place something cold on the back of your nose.
3. Soak cotton wool pieces in saline solution and insert them into your nasal passages.
4. Press the wings of your nose against the septum with your fingers for 5 to 10 minutes.

Stopping nosebleeds is easy at home.

For burns

A thermal burn is tissue damage caused by exposure to high temperatures.(hot objects, boiling water, fire). In such cases:

1. Place the burn under running cold water.
2. Cover the damaged area with a clean cloth.
3. Place ice or snow on top.

Chemical burns occur when aggressive substances come into contact with the skin.(eg acids and alkalis).
In this case:

1. Cleanse skin under running water. However, remember that not all chemicals can be washed off with water. In some cases, this can lead to a more severe burn - sulfuric acid is removed with a solution of baking soda or soap, and quicklime with vegetable oil.
2. Apply a bandage and consult a doctor immediately.

In case of electric shock

Electric shock can occur from faulty electrical appliances or lightning. In this case:

1. Turn off the electrical source that caused the impact. If this is not possible, and the victim is still under the influence of the current, do not touch him with your bare hands - use wooden objects to push him away from the source.
2. If he is not breathing, give artificial respiration and chest compressions.
3. Treat any burns and call an ambulance.

In the event of an electric shock, the main thing is to immediately interrupt the contact of the victim with the voltage source and call an ambulance.

For bruises and sprains

Bruises and sprains are a very common type of injury among schoolchildren. Their signs - pain, swelling, bruising in the joint or site of impact. In this case:

1. Apply cold to the damaged area.
2. Apply a pressure bandage using a bandage.
3. Rest the injured body part.

For dislocations and fractures

An altered shape of the joint, unnatural tubercles and bulges, severe pain are signs of a dislocation or fracture. In this case:

1. Immobilize the injured area by properly applying a splint.
2. Take the victim to the hospital as soon as possible.
3. Under no circumstances should you attempt to straighten a dislocation or fracture yourself. This should only be done by a doctor.

In case of dislocation or fracture, securely fix the injured limb with available means.

With sunstroke

When exposed to the sun for a long time, a person may experience weakness, pallor, nausea, and vomiting. These are signs of sunstroke. In this case:

1. Bring him into the shade.
2. Give a cool drink.
3. Apply a cold compress to your forehead and heart area.
4. If you lose consciousness, moisten a piece of cotton wool with ammonia and bring it to the victim’s nose.

In case of sunstroke, you need to act quickly. Protect the victim from the sun and dehydration.

For food poisoning

Poisoning occurs when poison enters the body, most often with food or drink. In this case:

1. Drink a few glasses of water or a weak solution of potassium permanganate.
2. Try to induce vomiting.
3. Take activated charcoal.

If you witness an accident, then:

• correctly assess the situation and its consequences;
• if necessary, call an ambulance by calling 103;
• clearly and clearly tell what happened;
• follow the dispatcher's instructions;
• try to find adults and tell them about this, loudly call for help;
• start providing first aid to the victim yourself, act decisively and calmly;
• Do not put your life at reckless risk.

The head of the St. Petersburg Educational Center for Emergency Medicine and Life Safety, a rescuer, and a first aid instructor helped us debunk harmful myths and tell us about the correct way to work with victims. Yakov Ginzburg.

Misconception 1: Perish yourself, save your comrade

The first point of action when providing first aid requires not rushing headlong to the scene of the incident, but assessing the degree of danger of the situation for yourself and the victim. You may face the same troubles as the victim of circumstances.

Therefore, before approaching someone in need, be sure to assess the level of security. After all, if you also get hurt, then there will be no one to call an ambulance.

The safety assessment process is simple. If there is a clear danger to you, try to remove it. If it is impossible to reduce the threat, go to a safe area and call emergency services.

Remember that moving the victim’s body is carried out only if the scene of the incident poses a threat!

You cannot remove a person injured in an accident from a car when there is no danger of a fire or collapse. It is contraindicated to move a person who has fallen from a height. These actions can aggravate injuries and do the patient a disservice.

Misconception 2: Your medications will help the victim

According to the law, first aid can be provided by anyone with appropriate training and/or skills at the scene of an accident. But there is a nuance. Prescribing medications is the prerogative of health workers. That is, the medications that you have with you cannot be offered or given to the victim.

However, the law allows you to help a person take medicine or give medications prescribed by a doctor. So, if our patient is conscious, we need to ask if he has the necessary medications with him and help him take them.

The strict prohibition is dictated by common sense: there are often cases when, for example, “good Samaritans” tried to pump out a person who had fainted with heart drops. As a result, a person who simply needed to be taken out into the fresh air ended up in the hospital with serious poisoning.

It often happens that well-wishers inject the victim with medications to which he is allergic, and this is a direct threat to life.

In addition, a person has the right to refuse your attempts to “do good.” Therefore, before providing first aid, you need to ask the victim about this if he is conscious.

Misconception 3: The presence of breathing is determined by available means

An ambulance must be called as soon as you realize that the person is unconscious. But, if he is not yet breathing, you need to immediately start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and call an ambulance in the process.

How to quickly determine the condition of someone in trouble? First, ask the victim loudly and clearly, “Can I help you?” If you don’t answer, repeat the question louder. There is no reaction – there is no consciousness.

Now you need to determine the presence of breathing and pulse. And then citizens who are not burdened with knowledge begin to feel the pulse on their hand and bring the mirror to their lips. These actions are a waste of time, because with weak breathing the mirror will not fog up (and you will still find it). In case of serious injury, the pulse cannot be felt in the wrist. What to do?

A universal way to determine the presence of breathing is carried out according to the “Hear-See-Feel” scheme.

Bring your ear closer to a distance of 3-4 centimeters from our patient’s lips. Look at his chest. For 10 seconds, record your sensations: with your ear at this distance, you can, if not hear, then feel the warmth and moisture of weak breathing. In addition, do not forget to look at the victim’s chest from this position: it is at the level of the horizon, and it is easy to see the movement of the sternum, even if the victim is dressed in thick winter clothes.

If breathing can be traced, we turn the patient on his side in the recovery position so that the tongue does not sink in, and wait for the doctors to arrive.

There is no breathing - we urgently perform CPR. Rhythmically (about 100-120 times per minute) we press our palms on the person’s sternum, stepping back two fingers’ width from the lower edge of the chest, every 30 presses we blow air into his mouth twice – we open the lungs. The technique of this action should be learned in advance from professionals in courses and be sure to practice CPR skills on mannequins.

Misconception 4: It is necessary to recover from a state of fainting

A person's fainting usually lasts from 1 to 5 minutes. This is a defensive reaction of an exhausted body - it “turns off” in order to gain strength. Therefore, the widespread myth that a person needs to be urgently brought out of fainting is fraught with serious consequences, including coma.

Bringing ammonia under your nose can burn your nasopharynx, rubbing your ears is ineffective and can lead to cartilage fractures, slaps in the face can cause jaw fractures.

Therefore, the correct action in case of fainting is the following. Raise the patient's legs, tilt his head back slightly, and wait five minutes. If after this time the person does not wake up, call an ambulance. While you are waiting for the doctors, it is worth turning the victim on his side to prevent his tongue from sticking.

Misconception 5: Telepaths work in ambulances

An ambulance must be called in the following situations: lack of breathing, consciousness, pulse (simultaneously with CPR). We also immediately call doctors if we see severe fractures, intense bleeding, or an open chest wound along the edges of which blood is foaming (the hole must be plugged as quickly as possible with an airtight material).

To avoid long questions from the dispatcher and the departure occurs faster, your actions should be as follows. Introduce yourself, tell us about the incident, give the address of the place, access from the yard or from the street, floor, intercom code, number of victims, their gender and approximate age, estimated condition, measures taken to rescue and leave your phone number. It is advisable that someone meet the team and escort the doctors to the victim.

Misconception 6: Vodka is a panacea

The myth about the miraculous properties of vodka as an anesthetic for bleeding is deadly. In case of injury, alcohol thins the blood, which increases bleeding. It was from alcohol, which was given to patients on operating tables for medical purposes, that patients died in the 18th and 19th centuries.

In addition, strong alcohol always causes intoxication of the body weakened by trauma and interferes with the effect of medical anesthesia.

Alcohol is contraindicated when providing assistance to victims.

Misconception 7: When you have a nosebleed, you need to raise your face.

In case of injuries, general assistance is based on a simple principle: rest (immobilization of injured limbs), stopping bleeding, applying cold to the site of a bruise, sprain or ordinary fracture. In case of severe bleeding that cannot be stopped, and severe injury to the limbs, you must call 103.

The advice to throw back your head when bleeding from the nose is caused only by fear for the cleanliness of the carpet under your feet. The correct actions to take when providing assistance in this case are as follows. You need to tilt your head forward, squeeze the wings of your nose and not let go for at least 10 minutes, apply cold to the bridge of your nose and ensure peace.

Misconception 8: Burns can be treated with butter and sour cream.

It was rare that anyone who received burns did not suffer from a blatant violation of common sense on the part of illiterate assistants - for some reason oil was poured onto the burns, which created a “fur coat” that interfered with cooling and aggravated the degree of the burn.

They like to apply sour cream and yogurt, which contain a weak acid, to the skin affected by burns, which also does not promote healing. There is no point in talking about the dangers of “treating” burns with urine that contains caustic substances.

The correct help for minor burns (for severe injuries, be sure to call an ambulance) is as follows. Cool the burned areas for 15-30 minutes under running water, remove all jewelry, treat the burns with panthenol and apply an aseptic bandage.

The victim should be given plenty of fluids to prevent burn disease.

Misconception 9: An epileptic should put something in their teeth during a seizure.

Under no circumstances should you insert objects into the teeth of a person who is having a seizure. His tongue, cramped, will shrink in his mouth, and it will be impossible to bite it. But you can quite easily break the unfortunate man’s teeth with a board or pen inserted into his mouth.

To provide first aid in such an attack, you need to sit next to the person and hold his head so that the poor fellow does not hit his skull on the asphalt.

Then you need to make sure that sleep after a seizure lasts no more than 10 minutes and monitor your breathing during this time.

We call an ambulance if the seizure lasts more than 3 minutes, and if sleep after the attack lasts more than 10 minutes. Medical assistance will also be required if the patient is a diabetic, a pregnant woman or a child. Also, a call to the medical team is needed for a person who has had a similar attack for the first time.

Misconception 10: A person who looks drunk must be drunk.

A person with a drunken gait could easily be a stroke victim who needs help. The first sign of a stroke is an uneven gait without the smell of alcohol.

Next, we listen to the speech and look him in the face. Signs of a stroke are speech impairment and half of the face “slipping” down. Now we ask the person to stick out his tongue and then smile. During a stroke, the tongue will be bent, and the smile will appear on only half of the face, the other half will remain motionless.

We also ask the patient to raise his hands and touch his chin to his chest. A person with a stroke will not be able to raise his limbs to the same height, nor will he be able to lower his chin evenly.

If at least one of these signs is confirmed, we call an ambulance.

While doctors are rushing to the scene, the victim must be laid on his side, on the side of the wide pupil (or on the “living” side of the body), apply cold to the top of the head, control breathing and provide psychological assistance.

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Since childhood, we have been taught about how to provide first aid by our parents, school and the Internet. Among such an abundance of advice, it is difficult to understand where the truth is and where the lies are. This information could cost someone’s life, so it’s worth figuring out once and for all how you can help, and what exactly you shouldn’t do.

We are in website We collected several common mistakes when providing first aid and firmly learned what not to do. We hope that there will be no case in our life or in yours when these tips will come in handy, but they are still worth knowing. Just in case.

Myth No. 8. A burn needs to be lubricated with oil.

Many of us were taught this by our grandmothers, but doctors have long disputed this myth. Oil, ointment and even Panthenol create a film and prevent the burn from healing. To quickly cope with this problem, you need to hold the burned area under water for 15-20 minutes and let the wound dry. Only the next day or even later can you apply Panthenol to the burn.

Myth No. 7. The main thing is to apply a tourniquet, but it doesn’t matter how

It seems that more people have suffered injuries from improperly applied tourniquets than from bleeding. The main mistake is applying a tourniquet directly to the skin. This should not be done under any circumstances, as the skin can be seriously damaged. The second mistake is applying a tourniquet for a long time. At least once an hour, and preferably once every 20 minutes, you need to loosen the tourniquet so that blood flows into the limb. If this is not done, it may even lead to amputation.

Myth No. 6. It is necessary to remove a pedestrian injured in an accident from the roadway

This should not be done under any circumstances, as the victim’s spine may be damaged. The slightest movement with such an injury can lead to disability or even death. In this situation, you need to fence off the scene of the incident with available objects so that passing cars can see the obstacle from afar, and call an ambulance.

Myth No. 5. To apply a splint, you need to straighten the limb and tie it to a stick.

Broken limbs cannot be straightened by force. It is necessary to immobilize the two closest joints by applying a splint so that the victim does not have to straighten his arm or leg.

Myth No. 4. Everyone has this medicine in their medicine cabinet, it definitely won’t make you worse.

An unconscious victim should not be given any medicine, even if it is something familiar to everyone. Each person is individual, and he may be allergic to even the most common drugs. It is better to wait for doctors, trying to help without drug intervention.

Myth No. 3. You need to offer a person a drink: he needs to calm down.

The use of alcohol as an anesthetic is just a common myth. Alcohol thins the blood and increases bleeding. It was from medical alcohol, which surgeons gave to patients as an anesthetic in the 18th–19th centuries, that a huge number of people died. In addition, strong alcohol causes intoxication in an already weakened body and interferes with the effect of medical anesthesia.

Myth No. 2. If a person faints, he needs to be brought out of this state urgently

This is a completely wrong judgment. Fainting is a protective reaction of the body, a kind of reboot. It usually lasts 1–5 minutes. If you hit a person on the cheeks or, for example, pour water on him, you can only worsen the situation and even bring the victim into a coma. In case of fainting

The very first aid is 10 dangerous misconceptions. It doesn’t matter where or when they came from, but almost every person has some knowledge of first aid. Alas, in most cases this body of knowledge is a mess of stereotypes and rumors, and applying this mess in practice is not only useless, but also dangerous.

For example, everyone knows that a fracture needs to be splinted. And most people imagine this tire as two or three sticks, ideally pickets from a fence with the remains of traditional painting. When the need to help arises, for some reason it turns out that the person is not at all happy when they try to straighten his broken arm and leg and tie it to a stick.

And all because the fracture must be fixed in the position that is most comfortable for the victim. The limb is usually half-bent. Like this. Did you know about this? Hope so. And therefore, you will laugh at the ten most common incorrect stereotypes of first aid listed below, as if it were a long-known thing. Or think about it. Or remember. And best of all, find the time and take a good first aid course. Suddenly, God forbid, it comes in handy.

1. Perish yourself, but help your comrade

This stereotype is firmly driven into the heads of representatives of the older generation by films, books and simply the ideology of the Soviet era, which desperately glorified heroism and self-sacrifice. There is no doubt - these qualities are important, valuable and sometimes even necessary. But in real life, on the street, in the city or in nature, following memorized rules can cost the life of both the hero and the person being saved.

A simple example is a car crashing into a power line pole. The driver sits inside unconscious, the current is not scary for him. And suddenly a hero rushes to his rescue. He runs to the car without seeing the wire, and one more victim. Next - another hero, then - a couple more... and here in front of us is a car with a living driver, surrounded by a bunch of heroic bodies that did not have time to call rescuers and an ambulance. Of course, there was a fuss in the press, a rally with posters saying “How long?!”, someone was convicted, and a state of emergency was introduced throughout the country as a whole.

In short, it’s a mess, but why? Because our heroes did not know one simple rule - first determine what threatens you, and only then what threatens the victim, because if something happens to you, you will no longer be able to help. Assess the situation, call 01 and, if possible, refrain from extreme heroism. No matter how cynical it may sound, one corpse is always better than two.

2. Get it by any means

Let's continue the topic of roads and accidents. You won’t believe how common the following scenario is in our country: an ambulance and rescuers arrive at the scene of an accident, and the victims are already taken out of the crumpled cars, laid out in the shade and given some water to drink. At the same time, volunteer rescuers pulled people out of cars by their arms and legs and, in addition to the injuries they had already received, they caught a couple more quite harmless ones, such as deformation of a broken spine. So the person would sit in the car, wait for help, the specialists would carefully dismantle the car, put him on a stretcher and hand him over to the doctors. Six months in the hospital - and again on my feet. But now it doesn't. Now - lifelong disability. And it’s not all on purpose. All out of a desire to help.

So - no need. No need to pretend to be rescuers. The actions of witnesses to an accident come down to the following: call for help, turn off the battery of the emergency vehicle so that spilled gasoline does not ignite from an accidental spark, fence off the accident site, stop the victim’s bleeding (if any) and until the doctors arrive, simply talk to the person... talk. Yes, yes, psychologically support, distract, encourage, joke in the end. The wounded person must feel that he is being cared for. But dragging a person by the arms and legs out of a car is only possible in one case - when the possible consequences of transportation will be less than its absence. For example, when a car caught fire.

3. Tongue to collar

Remember this story? There is a pin in the army first aid package, and it is needed to pin the tongue of a unconscious person to his collar so that it (the tongue) does not sink in and block the airway. And that’s what happened, and that’s what they did. It’s a good picture - waking up from fainting like that, but with your tongue out? Yes, in an unconscious state a person’s tongue always sinks. Yes, this needs to be kept in mind and dealt with. But not with the same barbaric method! By the way, have you ever tried to take a person’s tongue out of his mouth? No? Give it a try. A discovery awaits you - it turns out that it is soft, slippery and does not want to remain in an extended state. Yes, and it's unhygienic. To free the airways from a sunken tongue, simply turn the person to one side. Everything - the airways are open.

This, by the way, is recommended to do with all familiar and unfamiliar drunkards sleeping on the street. Put it on its side - and it’s okay, you’ll sleep it off. But if he falls asleep lying on his back, then his life is threatened by two dangers at once: suffocation from the retraction of the tongue and choking on vomit. And if for some reason it is impossible to move to the side (for example, there is a suspicion of a spinal injury, in which it is dangerous to move a person at all), just tilt his head back. It's enough.

4. Tourniquet around the neck

By the way, this is quite possible. A tourniquet is applied to the neck, but not just like that, but through the arm. But that's not what this is about. Our people have a reverent and tender relationship with the tourniquet. It is in every first aid kit, and therefore, in case of any severe bleeding, citizens rush to tourniquet. Some even remember that in the summer the tourniquet can be applied for two hours, and in the winter for one. And they know that venous blood is darker in color than arterial blood. But it often turns out that for some reason a deep cut that is not the most life-threatening is burned, so much so that upon arrival at the hospital it turns out that the bloodless limb cannot be saved.

Remember - the tourniquet is used only to stop arterial bleeding. How to distinguish it? Well, certainly not by the color of the blood. Firstly, you can’t always distinguish shades of red, and then there’s the stressful situation. It's easy to make a mistake. However, it is arterial bleeding that you can easily recognize. If we convert our typical pressure of 120 to 80 atmospheres, we get about 0.14. Now imagine that water flows from a narrow tube through a small hole under a pressure of one and a half atmospheres. Have you figured out what kind of fountain it will be? That's it. It is by the pressure and height of the fountain of blood that arterial bleeding is unmistakably identified. And here you can’t hesitate, life leaves a person with every second.

So there is no need to look for a tourniquet or rope, or take off your belt. Immediately squeeze quickly, even with your finger. Where? In places where the arteries come closest to the surface of the body and are less covered - the groin, armpits. Your task is to apply pressure to the artery, wait for the bleeding to stop, and then attach the tourniquet in place. And hurry to the hospital. By the way, the tourniquet is placed on clothing so that it can be seen. It is better to write a note with the time of application of the tourniquet with a marker... on the victim’s forehead. This way there is a greater chance that the information will not be lost, and the poor guy will probably forgive you for this body art.

But venous bleeding - even very heavy - is better to stop with a tight pressure bandage. It doesn’t matter if it gets soaked through with blood - put another layer on top. This, among other things, will allow the doctor to assess the severity of blood loss based on the thickness of the bandage.

5. Lubricate the burn with oil

Just imagine, we are 80% water, which, among other properties, also has heat capacity. What is a burn, given these data? A certain amount of heat enters the skin and goes deeper from its surface into the tissues of the body, which readily accumulate the joules they receive. What does banal logic tell us? In order to extract the joules back and stop overheating, the burn site must be cooled. Isn't that right? And just like that. Pour cool water over the burn and wait. But we wait, as it turns out, not enough. As a rule, until the pain syndrome softens or disappears, that is, less than a minute. During this time, only part of the joules comes out, while the rest sit, hidden, and wait for events to develop.

How do we develop events? We thickly smear the burn site with panthenol, cream, kefir or - according to my grandmother's recipe - oil and salt. What's happening? Above the place where the notorious joules are still walking in the tissues, an airtight cushion is created from a substance that blocks their exit to freedom. As a result, the burn only gets worse. But if I had the patience to stand under water for another 10-15 minutes, it would be a completely different conversation. Both panthenol and other products would begin to work on the damaged area of ​​​​the skin, from under which all the heat has already been removed.

6. Rub his ears

Russia is a cold place, so one of the threats for Russian people is frostbite. Almost everyone has encountered it - the ears and nose become white, lose sensitivity, but if you rub them with your hands or snow, they quickly turn red, and then pain comes. Why does it hurt so much? Yes, because our body (pardon the simplification) is a system of tubes and wires, where the first are blood vessels, and the second are nerve endings. In the cold, the tubes freeze, blood does not circulate through them (hence the white color), the wires become tanned, and the whole thing becomes fragile.

And we begin to grind. And we crush and break small tubes and wires, causing serious damage to the body. After all, even a bottle of beer frozen in the freezer can burst if suddenly transferred to a warm place. And the delicate vessels... Therefore, there is no need to rub them. You have to warm it up slowly. Cool or lukewarm water. Then the consequences of frostbite will not be so dire, and the pain when sensitivity returns is not so strong.

7. Chills - let's warm you up

Remember how it happened at high temperatures - you’re hot, but you’re shivering. The whole body is trembling, you want to lie down in a ball under a warm, warm blanket and warm up... And after all, they lay down, and even warmed up later, and did not know that getting warm in such a situation is not just harmful, but deadly. Everything is very simple - chills at a high (over 38) temperature indicate only one thing. The fact that the temperature continues to rise and the body overheats. He needs cooling, but instead we wrap ourselves up warmly, cover ourselves with blankets, and cover ourselves with heating pads. The result is a personal thermos in which the body heats up more and more.

In the saddest cases, it flew beyond the 41 mark, and then irreversible processes began, leading to death. Not often, but it happened. So remember - if you have a high temperature or chills, you don’t need to wrap yourself up. We need to cool down. A cool bath, a light blanket, a wet rubdown... anything to give the body the opportunity to shed excess heat. Rest assured - this way the high temperature will be tolerated and pass much easier.

8. Jar with potassium permanganate

So here it is. Did your parents know that manganese crystals completely dissolve in water only at a temperature of about 70 degrees? Did they know that drinking such a solution is not only pointless (it is not necessary to drink antiseptics in order to immediately give them back), but also dangerous, since an undissolved crystal of potassium permanganate can cause a lot of trouble in the gastric mucosa? There is no need to waste time and chemicals - to cleanse the stomach, just drink 3-5 glasses of plain warm water and induce vomiting.

9. Let's knock and clap

The man choked, poor fellow, and coughed so hard his heart broke. What are those around you doing? Naturally, they help him - they knock on his back. But why do they do this? From a scientific point of view, such blows irritate the place where the foreign body is located even more; the cough reflex of the choking person intensifies and the piece that gets into the wrong throat flies out on its own. Now imagine a drainpipe. We throw the cat there (of course, supposedly, we’re not some kind of sadists) and start hitting the pipe with a stick (virtually). What do you think is the probability that a cat will jump out of the top of the pipe? It’s the same with our piece - in ninety-nine cases the person clears his throat. But in one case, a piece will fall deeper into the respiratory tract with all the ensuing consequences - from the need for medical intervention to death from respiratory arrest.

Therefore, there is no need to knock. Even if they ask. It is much easier and safer to calm the person and ask him to take several slow, very slow breaths and sharp exhalations. When exhaling, it is better to lean forward slightly so that our drainpipe moves from a vertical position to a horizontal one. Three or four such inhalations and exhalations - and the coughing will intensify. The piece will fly out by itself, simply and safely.

10. Unclench his teeth

This is probably the most common and most legendary misconception, which millions of Russians believe in all seriousness. This is an unshakable belief that a person who has an epileptic attack needs to unclench his teeth and insert something between them. Beauty! And they put it in - they try, at least. And epileptics later, having come to their senses, are surprised to realize that their mouth is filled with plastic from a chewed-up fountain pen (at best) or fragments of their own teeth (at worst).

So: don’t! Don’t shove anything into a person’s mouth, he’s already having a hard time. You'll only make it worse. After all, what is the justification for such acts of goodwill? Because a person in a fit can bite off his tongue. Three times "ha"! Just so you know - during an attack, all a person’s muscles are in good shape. Including the tongue, which, among other things, is also a muscle. It is tense and therefore will not fall out of your mouth or get between your teeth. Maximum - the tip will be bitten. There is not much blood, but, mixed with foamed saliva, it creates the appearance of unprecedented destruction - this is how the myths about bitten off tongues are fueled.

In general, don’t bother with your knives, forks, and spoons. If you really want to help, kneel next to the epileptic’s head and try to hold it, the head, so that it does not hit the ground. Such blows are much more dangerous than a hypothetical bitten tongue. And when the active phase of the attack passes - the convulsions end - carefully turn the person on his side, as he has entered the second phase - sleep. It may not last long, but still in this state the muscles are relaxed and therefore there is a possibility of suffocation from the retraction of the tongue.

These are the harsh realities of our unsafe life. It is advisable to assimilate them very well, because it is not for nothing that the most important medical law sounds like this: “Do no harm!” It would be nice to follow the laws - we will be healthier.

A few years ago, just like today, there were not so many ambulances. But traffic jams had already appeared then. Our teacher worked as a paramedic at that time. She, as part of her team, arrived at that call later than expected. Arriving at the scene, the paramedic saw two men smoking near a body sprawled on the ground. Heart failure. The doctor had no choice but to declare death. She only asked the deceased’s comrades: “Did you really just stand and watch your friend die?” They only silently shrugged their shoulders in response. And, according to the teacher, all you had to do was lightly hit the man on the chest with your fist, and the heart would start working. Sometimes a simple action is enough to save a person's life.

In general, according to the teacher, the population’s knowledge about it still leaves much to be desired. This is probably why 17 years ago this date appeared on our calendars - World First Aid Day. It was initiated by 2 organizations: the Red Cross and the Red Crescent.

Due to the fact that there is enough information on the Internet about first aid techniques in a wide variety of situations, be it a burn, frostbite or a fracture, today we will talk about what to do if a person has lost consciousness and you have no idea what with him.

So, if a person simply falls in your presence, the first thing you should do is calm down and not give in to panic. It's not that easy, especially if the victim is someone close to you. However, it is necessary to pull yourself together. Only in a sober mind can you really provide proper assistance to the victim.

Secondly, you need to make sure that neither you nor the victim is in danger. In the first case, this is necessary so that you can provide all the necessary assistance. After all, it may happen that if some misfortune happens to you at that very moment, there will be no one to help the victim. The safety of the victim himself is necessary so that your efforts to help him do not turn into ashes. Because if this happened on the road and cars are rushing past, you both could die. In this case, it is worth moving the person to a safe place. This should be done very carefully, because you don’t know what caused the loss of consciousness. And there can be many reasons: from ordinary fainting from stuffiness to a heart attack or stroke.

The first thing you need to do is check whether the person is really unconscious. To do this, the teacher I described above clapped her hands a couple of times and loudly asked the victim: “Why are we lying there?” For example, you can simply find out his name. If the person answered you, then it is better not to touch him. Leave him in the position you found him in and call an ambulance. There is no need to tug at the victim or shake him by the shoulders, as is written on many websites. It's risky because you don't know what exactly happened to him.

The root cause of any is a sharp decrease in blood flow to the brain. At the same time, breathing usually weakens. Therefore it is necessary release victim of compressed clothing: unbutton the collar of the shirt and remove the belt. The victim himself should be laid on his back so that he the head was lower than the body level. However, you can simply raise your legs using available objects. Turn the victim's head to the side. This is done so that he does not choke on his own vomit if he suddenly starts to feel sick.

Don't forget to ask someone call the ambulance, and proceed to the inspection yourself. First, find out whether the person is breathing or not. To do this, lean towards his face and turn your head towards the chest. If you feel his breathing and see his chest heaving, then the person is breathing. Just remember that all this needs to be done very quickly. You have a maximum of 10 seconds to observe your breathing.

If a person is breathing, give the body the so-called restorative pose. To do this, kneel on the right hand of the victim. Then bend the victim's right arm so that it is at a 90-degree angle to his body. In this case, the palm should face up. Place the palm of the victim’s left hand on his right cheek and, holding the hand thus fixed, pull up the victim’s left leg, bending it at the knee. Pull the victim's knee towards you. The person should be lying on his right side, his left hand under his cheek, his right arm and left leg bent. Now just wait for the ambulance, observing your patient’s breathing from time to time.

If the person is not breathing, proceed to . Place the base of one hand in the lower third of the sternum, press the second palm to the first hand and hook your fingers onto it. The number of compressions on the sternum is 100-120 per minute. You can combine these steps with artificial respiration. To do this, move the victim's head so that the chin looks up. Pinch the victim's nose and, after taking a normal, not too deep breath, exhale the air into the victim's mouth. Try to watch how his sternum rises at the same time. For every 30 compressions on the sternum, there should be 2 breaths into the mouth. There are situations where mouth-to-mouth breathing is risky for the first responder. For example, you may know that a person is suffering from some contagious disease. In this case, according to experts, artificial respiration may not be necessary. Since indirect cardiac massage is most often enough to maintain life until doctors arrive.

Let's hope that neither you nor I will ever need these tips.