28.06.2020

False-positive HIV in papillomavirus infection. HIV human papilloma. Is there a connection between infections

With its mechanism of spread and typical localization of manifestations, the papillomavirus resembles sexually transmitted pathogens. Typically located in the genital area, infection most often occurs through sexual contact. However, unlike ordinary STDs, you can get papillomavirus in other ways. How else does HPV differ from these diseases?

Papilloma and HIV are connected primarily by the fact that the latter is accompanied by a significant decrease in immunity and can cause the manifestation of the former. As you know, AIDS over time suppresses the human immune system, as a result of which the body is unable to resist HPV. Since papilloma affects up to 90% of the population, sooner or later characteristic skin growths begin to appear in most HIV-positive patients. Because of this, it is recommended to test for HIV infection when papillomavirus appears.

MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF THE RF: Papillomavirus is one of the most oncogenic viruses. Papilloma can become melanoma - skin cancer!

Thus, both pathogens are associated with the functioning of the immune system and interact with each other through it. The difference between HIV and HPV is that the first affects the body’s immune cells, and the second is a skin disease and is activated only when immunity decreases.

HPV and cytomegalovirus

Papillomavirus and CMV are very similar - infection occurs in similar ways, rashes in the active phase appear in the same places on the body. However, CMV belongs to herpetic viruses - the nature of microorganisms is the main difference between HPV and CMV.

In addition, while papillomatosis manifests itself only in the form of skin formations, the symptoms of cytomegalovirus are similar to acute respiratory infections. The temperature rises, the head hurts, and weakness appears. Pneumonia may develop against the background of CMV. Both viruses can lead to various diseases of the genital organs, including cervical cancer.

HPV and chlamydia

Chlamydia is not a viral infection. The pathogens that cause it are bacteria. Like papillomatous infection, in some cases this pathogen can spread beyond the reproductive system and manifest itself in a variety of areas of the body. There have been cases of chlamydial pneumonia, conjunctivitis, etc.

Another similarity between diseases is that they are difficult to detect while they are in a passive stage. Chlamydia may not manifest itself in any way for a long time after infection. Everything again comes down to immunity - like HPV, chlamydia begins an aggressive attack on the human body only during a period of weakening of the defenses. This is especially true for HIV-infected people: they are most susceptible to contracting sexually transmitted diseases.

THE MINISTRY OF HEALTH WARNS: “Papillomas and warts can become melanoma at any time. "

The relationship between papillomavirus and HIV infection

The similarity of abbreviations in medicine is not uncommon. But the coincidence of terms or the overlap of symptoms of HPV and HIV is not the worst thing. One disease may be a harbinger of another. The appearance of certain signs suggests that it was possible to prevent the development of a terrible diagnosis by taking timely measures. How interrelated are these types of infectious diseases from a medical point of view?

What is HPV or why do papillomas appear?

HPV is a virus that is transmitted through sexual contact. Pathogenic cells enter the blood. The infection has several varieties and manifests itself when the activity of the immune system decreases.

Widespread, according to statistics about 90% are infected.
Leads to the appearance of papillomas, condylomas and other benign formations on the skin, including intimate organs.
If adequate therapy is delayed, the growths degenerate into cancer.
There is a chance of self-healing, it occurs within a year.

Reference: HPV is an infectious disease with specific manifestations. There are several types of the virus; types 16 and 18 are considered dangerous.

degeneration of a benign tumor into a malignant one with the development of oncology;
suppuration, inflammation or damage to the papilloma;
the appearance of multiple formations on the body, their active growth (development of papillomatosis).

It is believed that if a person’s immunity is fine, then there is no need to treat the disease, it will go away on its own, and along with it, the warts that appear on the skin will disappear.

Taking medications that improve protective functions.
Cleansing and normalizing the functioning of vital organs and systems.
Removal of warts using any available method.

Human papillomavirus can be detected by performing appropriate diagnostic procedures. But often they are not required, since the doctor only needs to conduct a visual examination.

HPV has an unfavorable prognosis only under certain circumstances; tumor degeneration and oncology development are observed. In other cases, the patient can count on a cure.

HIV status positive: what is it?

Immunodeficiency is the inability to resist pathogenic microorganisms. A person with this diagnosis is not resistant to viral agents and bacteria, is easily infected and often suffers from protracted, complicated diseases of various origins.

A virus whose cells suppress natural protective functions can cause immune deficiency. Antibodies lose their ability to resist pathogens. As a result, the common cold becomes a fatal diagnosis for a person.

But HIV is not AIDS, but a condition that can be corrected with drug therapy. These diseases are usually associated, although the difference between them is obvious.

Attention! AIDS is the final stage of development of the immunodeficiency virus; patients with this diagnosis rarely live longer than 2 years.

Main signs and manifestations of the disease:

at the initial stage, a person begins to feel worse: lethargy, drowsiness, and malaise appear;
there are signs of a respiratory or viral infection with a slight increase in body temperature;
enlarged lymph nodes in the groin, axillary or submandibular area, accompanied by pain.

In both women and men, one nonspecific symptom may be present - increased body temperature. However, no other signs of the disease are observed.

Often there are no symptoms, which leads to late diagnosis. HIV does not manifest itself in any way, which means that a person is a carrier of the infection for a long time without knowing it. To give the patient a correct diagnosis, you will need to take a blood test and wait for the results.

Is there a connection between infections

Undoubtedly, HPV and HIV are two different diseases, but with a detailed study of the issue, you can find similarities between infections:

Lead to decreased activity of the immune system.
They foreshadow each other.

The relationship between diseases is obvious to doctors. They were able to establish the following pattern:

people with a deficient immune system are more likely to suffer from HPV manifestations;
Moreover, in such patients, the human papillomavirus degenerates into cancer.

According to research, HPV in HIV-infected people often leads to the development of dysplasia, resulting in oncology. Most often, women suffer from this when faced with a diagnosis such as cervical cancer.

The connection between diseases is considered conditional and it cannot be said that everyone who has had HPV or discovered several warts on the body is infected with HIV.

Similarities can also be found when carrying out drug therapy: to treat these diseases, drugs that stimulate the immune system are used. It can be difficult to determine whether HPV and HIV are related or not. But in order not to subsequently become a victim of a fatal diagnosis, when papillomas appear on the body, it is worth donating blood for HIV infection and determining your status.

For information about the causes of human papillomavirus infection, see below:

How to treat papilloma virus? Why is he dangerous? Does this look like HIV infection? What are the consequences and how to deal with it? Help me please

Removal of cells altered by the human papilloma virus can be carried out by any known surgical method (cryosurgery, laser conization, diathermoconization or amputation of the cervix):

The most effective and promising is a complex combination method of therapy, when local removal of external manifestations of HPV is carried out against the background of systemic and local antiviral treatment.

Combination therapy includes: local destructive treatment (surgical removal) in combination with the use of various systemic nonspecific antiviral and, if necessary, immunomodulatory drugs that help suppress the activity of HPV up to its complete destruction, reducing the frequency of relapses to isolated cases, which clinicians most often associate with HPV reinfection from a sexual partner.

These drugs include the following:

Allokin-alpha;
Viferon;
Genferon;
Isoprinosine;
Immunomax;
Lycopid;
Epigen intimate.
Allokin-alpha
Pharmacotherapeutic group: antiviral, immunomodulatory agent.
Release form: lyophilisate for the preparation of solution for injection in ampoules of 3 per package.

Effective in the treatment of chronic papillomavirus infection caused by oncogenic human papillomaviruses.

In monotherapy, Allokin-alpha is recommended for the treatment of human papillomavirus infection caused by oncogenic types of the virus, in the absence of lesions of the cervix and anogenital area. As part of complex therapy - for the treatment of various forms of lesions of the cervix and anogenital area caused by oncogenic types of HPV.

Viferon
Pharmacological groups: interferons.
Release form: ointment, gel, suppositories.

It is well combined with antiviral agents and interferon inducers, effective against HPV as a local immunomodulatory agent as part of complex therapy when HPV is combined with a herpes virus or chlamydial, mycoplasma infection.

My boyfriend and I had sexual intercourse, I was his first, and he was my second. A month later, he found out that he had HIV and no other diseases, I tested for HIV, I was negative, but they found a dangerous type of HPV, erosion and cyst. I went for a biopsy soon and I’m afraid it’s cancer. How can it be that they found HIV in him, but I don’t, I have HPV, but he doesn’t. How can this be, please tell me, has anyone had a similar experience?

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6 months have passed since PA?
Is he a drug addict?

I have oncogenic HPV, erosion. extended erosion I'm being treated

are you sure that you are the first?

As far as I know, antibodies to HIV are detected in tests only 6 months after infection. Therefore, the analysis must be retaken after six months. If you used a condom correctly, there is little risk.
HPV is also transmitted through a condom. But maybe it wasn’t passed on to the guy.

Now a new test detects HIV immediately.

HIV detected only after 6 months after infection.
6 months have passed since PA?
Is he a drug addict?
Sympathize with you. The most important thing is to start receiving maintenance therapy as soon as possible.

He's still gay or bi, maybe just the first girl, not the girl, who knows.

Well, what's there? For_raza does not pester for_raza. My grandfather also said so.

Is HPV also genetic? My sister just has it. I'm embarrassed to ask

Is it inerical from the word blame?))

are you sure that you are the first?

HIV is not only transmitted through sex. They could have given him a blowjob. and so through the blood, a small cut

I dated a guy for six months who had HIV and hepatitis C. The first analysis showed nothing. And then a few years later I retook the test, HIV was gone, but hepatitis C had apparently been transmitted. Although, they say that it is supposedly impossible to get it through sexual contact. But there is no 100% guarantee, maybe I picked it up somewhere else, who knows. And so it happens that people live for years and nothing is passed on to anyone. I read a lot of discussions on the Internet about HIV, that there is no evidence that you can somehow become infected with it. As for HPV, when I was young, they found it and said it couldn’t be cured. But as an adult, she was tested many times for hidden infections and was never found again. I asked the doctors and they said that it might go away on its own, such cases are not uncommon. Moreover, there were also two bad types and erosion was cauterized for me once. Now, apart from hepatitis C, I have simply perfect health. I don’t even know whether it’s worth treating him or whether I’ll pass my life somehow. And is he being treated or is this a money scam?

can you infect me with hepatitis c?

why do you need it?))) I’m saying that it’s not even clear how people become infected with it. My friend’s boyfriend had hepatitis C - nothing was passed on to her, and the doctor said that such a probability was negligible. But my distant relative in another city also caught hepatitis C from somewhere, although he doesn’t drink, doesn’t smoke, isn’t a drug addict, and in general he’s already many years old, so he’s unlikely to have random relationships with everyone))) Where does this disease come from? - I don’t know at all. And the disease is strange, it does not manifest itself in anything, it is only visible in the test results, and it shortens your life a little.

HIV and HPV are related or not

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV). HISTORY OF RESEARCH AND RELATIONSHIP TO HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

Karp Tatyana Dmitrievna

2nd year student, Department of Medical Biophysics, FEFU, Russian Federation, Vladivostok

Reva Galina Vitalievna

scientific supervisor, Ph.D. honey. Sciences, Professor FEFU, Russian Federation, Vladivostok

Currently, more than 120 types of papillomaviruses have been identified, of which 70 types are described in detail. It has been established that papilloma viruses have type and tissue specificity, which means that each type is capable of infecting tissue specific to its localization. For example, HPV type 1 causes plantar warts, HPV type 2 causes common warts, HPV type 3 causes flat warts, etc.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to subgroup A of the papovirus family (Papoviridae). HPV has a spherical shape with a diameter of up to 55 nm. The capsid has a cubic type of symmetry, forms a geometric figure - an icosahedron, built from 72 capsomeres. The HPV genome is presented as a cyclically closed double-stranded DNA with a molecular weight of 3-5 mD. Isolated DNA has infectious and transforming properties. One of the DNA strands is considered coding and contains information about the structure of viral proteins. One coding chain contains up to 10 open reading frames, which, depending on their location in the genome, divide early and late.

The HPV virion contains two layers of structural proteins, designated by the letter E. The early region includes the E1, E2 genes, which are responsible for viral replication. The E4 gene is involved in the process of maturation of viral particles. HPVs of high oncogenic risk encode the synthesis of capsid proteins E5, E6 and E7, which are involved in malignant transformation. E6/p53 and E7/Rv1 interactions lead to cell cycle distortion with loss of control over DNA repair and replication. Thus, polymorphism of the gene encoding p53 is a genetic predisposition for the active development of HPV with subsequent malignancy of the cell. Late genes L1 and L2 encode viral capsid proteins.

Internal proteins bound to DNA are cellular histones, and capsid proteins are type-specific antigens. HPV reproduction occurs in the nuclei of cells, where viral DNA is present in the form of an episome. This is the first feature that distinguishes HPV from other oncogenic DNA viruses that can integrate their genome into the DNA of a transformed cell.

The second feature of HPV is that the viral gene responsible for the replication of cellular DNA can be transcribed, causing the host cell to divide along with the HPV, which leads to a productive type of inflammation, regardless of the ability of the host cell to regulate the expression of the viral genome.

The HPV genome contains hormonal receptors for progesterone and glucocorticoid hormones, which explains the dependence of the course of PVI on the woman’s hormonal homeostasis.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer classifies HPV 16, 31, 51, and 18 as “carcinogenic to humans,” while HPV 66 is classified as “possibly carcinogenic.”

Multivariate analysis suggests that the number of sexual partners during a lifetime plays a decisive role in HPV infection. This reinforces the idea that the most appropriate age for HPV vaccination is before sexual activity. Living with a partner had a protective effect against high-risk HPV infection.

The connection between HPV and HIV. After 30 years of the HPV epidemic, there are about 2 new infections for each treatment and no effective vaccine. New measures with a biologically targeted co-factor for HIV infection are needed. Links have been established between sexually transmitted infections, especially herpes simplex virus type 2, and the acquisition of HIV. A number of recent studies have documented the link between human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV infection.

HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer, quickly acquired after the onset of sexual activity, infections with several genotypes are similar. This makes HPV a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. There are approximately 40 HPV genotypes that affect the human genital tract, and they are divided into 2 groups depending on their oncogenic potential: high-risk oncogenic and low-risk non-oncogenic genotypes. Symptoms of infection appear rarely and, as a rule, in the form of anogenital condyloma. There are two effective vaccines that offer protection against HPV. The bivalent vaccine is directed against HPV types 16, 18, and the quadrivalent vaccine against HPV types 16,18, 6, 11. Evidence has been provided that both vaccines have cross-effects against types for which there is no vaccine (especially HPV 31,33 and 45).

Accumulating, assessing, and synthesizing existing evidence linking HPV to HIV acquisition could provide scientists with an important resource for assessing the potential role of HPV in the HIV pandemic. The purpose of the study was to accumulate and evaluate observational data that trace the relationship between HPV prevalence and HIV infections, and to estimate the proportion of HIV infections caused by HPV infections.

This systematic review of the literature provides the first summary of published data on the association between the prevalence of HPV infection and HIV acquisition. 7 out of 8 studies showed a connection between these infections; a high proportion of HIV infections are associated with any HPV genotype. Summarizing the studies in women, an almost twofold increase in the risk of HIV infection was found in the presence of HPV genotypes; the same association was found in two studies in men.

The link between HPV prevalence and increased risk of HIV infection is biologically plausible. It has been shown that the E7 protein of HPV type 16 reduces the number of epithelial adhesion molecules, namely E-cadherin (cell adhesion is the connection of cells with each other, which leads to the formation of certain correct types of histological structures specific to these types of cells. The specificity of cell adhesion is determined by the presence on the cell surface of cell adhesion proteins - integrins, cadherins, etc.).

This potentially increases the permeability of HIV in the genitals. The cells lining the genital tract contain Langerhans cells, which can internalize HIV, preventing further spread of the infection. The immune response to HPV is mediated by T lymphocytes, which may increase the risk of HIV infection because T lymphocytes are the primary target cells for HIV. An increase in the number of these cells was seen in HPV-infected cervical tissue. There was also an increase in the cytokine IL-Iβ, which activates the promoter region of the HIV genome, in women with abnormal cervical cytology infected with HPV.

To summarize, studies in women have shown a strong association between HPV prevalence and HIV infection. The HPV vaccine is highly effective in the primary prevention of HPV and subsequent cervical cancer and genital warts. The results presented in this study need to be refined to evaluate the potential of the HPV vaccine to influence HIV incidence.

The article was written based on materials from the sites: www.zppp.saharniy-diabet.com, bolezni.com, otvet.mail.ru, www.woman.ru, sibac.info.

Although HPV and HIV are sexually transmitted, there is no medical connection. However, behaviors that put you at risk of contracting HIV may put you at risk for HPV.

What is HPV?

More than 150 related viruses are collectively called human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) and can cause other health conditions, including genital warts and cervical cancer.

About 79 million people in the US have HPV. It's so common that most sexually active people contract at least one type of HPV during their lifetime.

What is HIV?

HIV is transmitted sexually. The virus attacks and destroys CD4-positive T cells. blood cells that protect your body by seeking out and fighting off infection. Without healthy T cells, your body has little defense against opportunistic infections.

If you don't have treatment, HIV can lead to AIDS.

Signs of HPV

Often, people with healthy immune systems are able to fight off HPV infections on their own without experiencing noticeable health problems.

When the body is unable to fight HPV, symptoms may appear as genital warts. You may also develop warts in other parts of your body, including:

HPV primarily increases the risk of developing cervical cancer, but increases the risk for other cancers. This includes cancer:

Cancers from HPV can take years to develop. Because of this, it is important to get tested regularly. Women should be screened regularly for cervical cancer.

Symptoms of HIV

People with HIV often do not know they have the virus. It does not cause any physical symptoms at all. In some cases, you may experience symptoms of the disease for one to six weeks after exposure.

fever
enlarged lymph nodes
joint pain

Risk FactorsWhat are the risk factors for HPV and HIV?

You can shrink any virus when you come into direct contact with someone who has it. Viruses can enter your body through any opening or break your skin.

You can become infected with HPV by having unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex. HIV can be transmitted in a variety of ways, including through blood, breast milk, or sexual fluids. Penetration during sex is not required for HIV transmission. Pre-exposure to the seminal or vaginal fluids of an infected person may be all that is required. Vaginal, oral and anal sex increase the risk of contracting HIV.

Another method of transmission is through the use of injection needles.

Having an STI increases your risk of contracting HIV, and people with HIV are more likely to get HPV.

DiagnosisHow are HPV and HIV diagnosed?

Diagnosis of HPV

For some people, the development of genital warts may be the first indicator of HPV infection. Others may find out they have HPV when they develop more serious conditions such as cancer.

Your doctor can usually diagnose HPV only by visually examining your warts. If the warts are difficult to see, a test using a vinegar solution turns them white so the warts can be identified.

A Pap test can determine whether cells from the cervix are abnormal. Certain types of HPV can also be identified using a DNA test on cervical cells.

HIV diagnosis

It may take up to 12 weeks for your body to develop antibodies to the virus. HIV is usually diagnosed using blood or saliva tests, but these tests can cause false negatives if you take them too quickly. This means the test result comes back negative even if you have a viral infection. The newer test checks for a specific protein that will be present shortly after you become infected.

You can also use a home test that only requires a swab of your gums. If you get a negative result, you should recheck after three months. If it is positive, see your doctor to confirm the diagnosis.

The sooner you get diagnosed and begin treatment, the better. CD4, viral load and drug resistance tests can help figure out what stage of the disease you have and how to best approach treatment.

TreatmentHow do you treat HPV and HIV?

Treatment Options for HPV

There is no specific treatment for HPV, but it often clears up on its own. Treatments are available for genital warts, cancer, and other conditions that arise from HPV.

HIV Treatment Options

HIV infection has three stages:

People often describe the symptoms of acute HIV infection as having the "worst flu". Typical flu symptoms are common at this stage.

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV)

WHAT IS HPV?
HOW TO DIAGNOSE HPV?
CAN HPV BE PREVENTED?
HOW TO TREAT HPV INFECTIONS?
BASIC MOMENTS

WHAT IS HPV?
There are more than 100 viruses known as human papillomavirus (HPV). They are widespread. One study found HPV in 77% of HIV-positive women. HPV is easily transmitted during sexual activity. It is estimated that 75% of all sexually active people aged 15 to 49 will get at least one type of HPV infection.
Some types of HPV often cause warts on the hands or feet. Infection on the arms and legs is usually not transmitted through sexual activity.
Some types of HPV cause genital warts (condylomas) on the penis, vagina, and rectum. People living with HIV may develop complications such as ulcers in the rectum and neck. HPV can also cause problems in the mouth, tongue, or lips.
Other types of HPV can cause excessive cell growth known as dysplasia. In men and women, dysplasia can develop into anal cancer, cervical cancer and penile cancer.
Dysplasia around the anus is called anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN). Anal intraepithelial neoplasia is the growth of new abnormal cells in the fold of the anus.
Cervical dysplasia is called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). AIN or CIN is more common in people with HIV infection than in people who are HIV negative.

HOW TO DIAGNOSE HPV?
To identify HPV, doctors first look at the problems that arise with HPV: dysplasia or condylomas.
Dysplasia can be detected by cytological examination of Papanicolaou-stained smears. They are usually used to examine the cervix in women. They can also be used to examine the anus in men and women. A swab is taken from the study area to collect cells. The cells are placed on glass and examined1 under a microscope.
Reflex testing for HPV is used when Pap smear results are unclear. Testing can identify those who need more careful evaluation or treatment. Reflex testing determines which types of HPV are present and can show whether aggressive treatment is required.
Some researchers believe that anal and cervical smears should be performed annually in groups of people at increased risk:
people who have had receptive anal sexual contact
women who have had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
those with less than 500 CD4 cells.
However, other researchers believe that a thorough physical examination, like an anal Pap test, can detect many cases of anal cancer.
Condylomas can appear anywhere from a few weeks to a few months after the risk of getting HPV. Warts may appear as small bumps. Sometimes they are fleshy and look like small cauliflower. Over time they may become larger.
Your doctor can usually tell by examining you whether you have genital warts. Sometimes an anoscope instrument is used to examine the anal area. If necessary, tissue from a suspicious wart can be taken for examination under a microscope. This is called a biopsy.
Condylomas are caused by a different type of HPV than the one that causes cancer. But if you have warts, you may have other types of HPV that can cause cancer.

CAN HPV BE PREVENTED?
There is no easy way to tell if someone is infected with HPV. People who do not have any signs or symptoms of HPV infection can transmit the infection.

Condoms do not completely prevent the transmission of HPV. HPV can be transmitted through direct contact with infected areas that are not covered by a condom.
Sexually active men and women with HIV may want to have regular anal and/or vaginal Pap smears to look for abnormal cells or early signs of warts. If the result is positive, further observation should be made to determine whether treatment is required.
The Gardasil vaccine was approved in 2006. However, it has not been tested or approved for people already infected with HPV.

HOW TO TREAT HPV INFECTIONS?
There is no direct treatment for HPV infection. For some people, the HPV infection “disappears” (they are “cured”). They can then be infected with HPV again. However, dysplasia and warts can be removed. There are several ways to do this:
Burning with an electric needle (electrocautery) or laser
Freezing with liquid nitrogen
Cutting
Treating them with chemicals
Other less common treatments for warts are treatment with the drugs 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) and interferon-alpha. A new drug, imiquimod (Aldara®), has been approved for the treatment of condylomas. Cidofovir (Vistide ®), originally developed to fight cytomegalovirus (CMV), also helps fight HPV.
HPV infections can last for a long time, especially in people who are HIV positive. Dysplasias and warts may recur. They should be treated when discovered to reduce the chances of problems spreading or recurring.

Infections that develop with HIV

What are opportunistic infections? What are opportunistic infections? How is opportunistic infections prevented? You will find answers to these questions in the article.

This is the name for diseases that can occur in the later stages of HIV infection when the immune system is weakened. Some of them develop only during HIV infection, others, in combination with HIV, take on a particularly severe, life-threatening form.

HIV itself does not cause illness or death; the danger is represented by opportunistic diseases that develop against the background of HIV infection. These diseases are caused by infections that are harmless or almost harmless with normal immunity, but can lead to serious problems if immunodeficiency develops. They are also called HIV-associated diseases.

Contrary to popular belief, a simple cold or flu is no more dangerous for HIV-positive people than for everyone else.

Not all infections are opportunistic and there are not many of them.

What are opportunistic infections?

Bacterial pneumonia. Infection with bacteria during HIV infection can develop into bacterial pneumonia. The risk increases if you smoke or use drugs. Prevention of PCP (Pneumocystis pneumonia) also helps prevent bacterial pneumonia. Bacteria can also cause severe gastrointestinal problems.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a widespread genital infection caused by a group of viruses collectively known as the human papillomavirus. HPV is easily transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact. The virus causes genital warts, which look like bumps on the surface of the penis, vagina, or anus. Certain types of HPV can also cause cervical cancer. The virus can be passed from one person to another even without symptoms. HPV can be transmitted to anyone, but in people with HIV the disease is much more serious, can recur many times and last a long time. There is no cure for HPV, but there are numerous ways to remove warts and treat cervical and anal dysplasia caused by HPV.

HPV is easily transmitted from one person to another through sexual contact. The virus causes genital warts, which look like bumps on the surface of the penis, vagina, or anus. Certain types of HPV can also cause cervical cancer. The virus can be passed from one person to another even without symptoms. HPV can be transmitted to anyone, but in people with HIV the disease is much more serious, can recur many times and last a long time. There is no cure for HPV, but there are numerous ways to remove warts and treat cervical and anal dysplasia caused by HPV.

Histoplasmosis caused by a fungus that lives in the soil, into which it enters through bird excrement or other organic matter. The fungus enters the human body by inhaling dust containing this fungus. Many people are exposed to the fungus, but usually a healthy body does not develop the disease. Histoplasmosis usually affects the lungs, but in people with weakened immune systems it can spread throughout the body. Histoplasmosis is not transmitted from person to person. Histoplasmosis is treated with antifungal drugs.

Candidiasis (thrush) usually affects the mouth, larynx, lungs and/or vagina. The fungi that cause candidiasis are naturally present in the human body and are responsible for most cases of the disease. It often occurs in HIV-negative people, but HIV-positive people are much more susceptible to it. Severe cases of candidiasis occur in people with an immune status below 200 cells/ml. Candidiasis is treated with antifungal drugs, but recurrent cases of the disease are not uncommon.

Mycobacterium avium complex - a disease caused by mycobacteria Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. These two similar types of bacteria are found ubiquitously in water, soil, dust and food. The infection can affect anyone, but people who are HIV positive have a much higher risk of developing serious illness. Bacteria can affect specific areas or spread throughout the body. A wide range of medications are available to prevent and treat Mycobacterium avium complex and to prevent recurrences.

Cryptococcal meningitis. Caused by the fungus Cryptococcus, which is normally present in the soil, where it enters through bird excrement. Cryptococcus enters the human body by inhaling dust in which this fungus is present. Many people are exposed to the fungus, but in a healthy body the disease usually does not develop. Cryptococcal meningitis is not spread from one person to another.

Herpes zoster , also known as shingles, is caused by the same Herpes Varicella-zoster virus that causes chickenpox. Although this virus also affects HIV-negative people, it is most widespread among HIV-positive people due to a weakened immune system. The result of the virus is extremely painful rashes on the chest, back and face. The rash usually appears on one area of the body and lasts for several weeks. Herpes zoster is treated with antiherpes drugs and pain relievers.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). The causative agent is the microorganism Pneumocystis carinii, which lives everywhere in the environment. The fungus is believed to be spread by air. The fungus can be present in the lungs of any person, but pneumonia develops only in people with an immune status below 200 cells/ml. Pneumocystis pneumonia, although completely preventable and treatable, is a serious disease that can be fatal if left untreated. Pneumocystis pneumonia can be treated and prevented with various antibiotics, for example, cotrimoxazole (Biseptol).

Herpes simplex (HSV) - a disease caused by the Herpes simplex virus. The herpes simplex virus causes sores on the lips (“fever”) and eyes, and the virus also causes genital or anal herpes. People with HIV have more frequent and severe herpes rashes than people who are HIV negative. It is a serious problem if the immune status is low. Existing antiherpetic drugs relieve and prevent the symptoms of herpes, although they do not cure it completely. If you do not have herpes simplex virus, avoid infection that can occur through sexual contact or contact with people who have active herpes.

Tuberculosis (TB). A dangerous bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs. A person can become infected with tuberculosis from a patient with active tuberculosis by coughing, sneezing, or talking. Although HIV-negative people can get TB, the risk is much higher for people with HIV. Although not every person infected with HIV gets TB, TB infection accelerates the progression of HIV infection and is the leading cause of death among HIV-positive people worldwide. That is why prevention, timely diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis are very important for HIV-positive people. The presence of mycobacteria is determined using the Mantoux skin test - it should be performed regularly, at least once a year. If the test is positive (papule more than 5 mm in diameter), preventive treatment with isoniazid is prescribed. Depending on the severity of the disease, treatment may take several months or even years.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause a dangerous eye disease - retinitis - in people with low immune status, leading to loss of vision. CMV also causes diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system and other organs. If the reaction to CMV antibodies is positive and the immune status is low, preventive treatment (ganciclovir and other drugs) is prescribed. CMV is already present in most people's bodies: it is most often transmitted through sexual contact. If you are CMV negative, protect yourself by using condoms or safe sex.

Prevention of opportunistic infections

If you have HIV infection, it is important to avoid infections that can be dangerous if you have a weakened immune system. However, there is no need to live “under the hood” either.

Talk to your doctor about vaccinations against various infections. “Live vaccines” are not recommended for HIV-positive people; in other cases they are not contraindicated.

Do not eat raw fish and eggs, or undercooked meat or poultry, as they may contain dangerous bacteria. Raw and ready-to-eat foods should be stored separately and cut on separate cutting boards. Do not store food for too long, do not finish eating what is “about to go bad.” Always wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly, and, of course, your hands.

It is better to feed dogs and cats with special food rather than raw meat, and do not skip regular visits to the veterinarian. It is better to make cats completely indoors and not let them go outside. If you have a cat at home, change its litter box only while wearing gloves. If the immune status is below 200 cells/ml, it is better if someone else does it.

It is important for HIV-positive women to undergo gynecological examinations regularly (about once every 6 months). Be sure to consult a doctor if you have menstrual irregularities, abnormal vaginal discharge, or lower abdominal pain. It is advisable to regularly do a cytological examination of the cervix, it will help prevent the development of cancer.

If your immune status is below 100 cells/ml, it is better to drink only bottled or well-boiled water to prevent infections such as cryptosporidiosis.

If possible, avoid contact with people with active TB. If you have had a similar risk, consult your doctor; you may need a preventive course of treatment that will prevent the development of tuberculosis.

Finally, do not forget to consult a doctor if you have serious and dangerous symptoms, which may include various infections: high fever; blood in stool; prolonged diarrhea; severe chest or abdominal pain; persistent headache; difficulty breathing; blurred vision; burning and ulcers in the mouth. These manifestations may not be associated with any serious diseases, but why take the risk if they can help you get rid of them?

Based on materials from the article “Combating opportunistic infections.”

Is HPV related to HIV?

On 20 July, at the 21st International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, UNAIDS, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Coalition on Women and AIDS released a joint report entitled "HPV, HIV and cervical cancer: using synergistic mechanisms to save women's lives" and compiled during the work of the UN Joint Interagency Task Force on Noncommunicable Diseases . The report was presented during an informal discussion involving representatives from UNAIDS, WHO and the International Community of Women Living with HIV (Eastern and Southern Africa). The meeting was moderated by Ebony Johnson from the Athena Network.

HPV has a significant impact on annual morbidity and mortality statistics, causing a range of diseases - from benign tumors to invasive cancer. There is also growing evidence that HPV may be an important additional factor in the process of HIV infection.

Given the interconnectedness of HPV, HIV and cervical cancer, there is a need to exploit synergistic mechanisms and take an integrated, issue-focused approach to sexual and reproductive health and saving women's lives.

The report has stimulated lively and informal dialogue among activists, researchers, service providers, development partners and UN representatives. Present at the event were Tessie, Princess of Luxembourg, Yvonne Chaka Chaka and Africa Zulu, Prince Onkweni.

For citation

“Girls and young women need to have their rights respected and access comprehensive information and comprehensive health services that fully meet their health needs, including sexual and reproductive health. One effective way to provide such information and services is to provide free secondary education to all girls and to implement high-quality health programs in schools that include HIV, HPV and sexual health services.”

Mahesh Mahalingam UNAIDS

“All women should have a general knowledge of HPV and cervical cancer to understand their relationship with HIV. Information and access to comprehensive services will help prevent the spread of these AIDS-related diseases among women and girls.”

Thembi Nakambule Director of the National Network of People Living with HIV and AIDS in Swaziland

“If we apply our knowledge of prevention and early diagnosis, cervical cancer will become the easiest of many cancers to detect and treat. However, in low- and middle-income countries we see a huge gap in the provision of vital services, which leads to high incidence and mortality from cervical cancer. We must move away from the traditional approach of separating the fight against communicable and non-communicable diseases and develop synergistic mechanisms to save women's lives."

Andreas Ullrich noncommunicable diseases division of the World Health Organization

“As a mother of four boys, I tell all girls in South Africa that I am concerned about the sexual and reproductive health of young people. We know that cervical cancer kills, but it is preventable. We must provide help to everyone who needs it and make sure that young people are involved in decision-making, because everyone has their place in the world.”

Yvonne Chaka Chaka singer and activist, South Africa

Is HPV related to HIV?

Scientists explain the second point today as follows. Use and reprinting of printed materials from the woman website. The maximum is ART with slightly less side effects. Then I’ll run to the manager tomorrow. In this case, there seems to be no special need. That's why a biopsy is needed. HPV or human papillomavirus is a sexually transmitted infection.

How do men become infected with HPV?

passed (just after completely giving up alcohol and nicotine). I have a feeling that HPV and HIV are somehow connected, even Oh girls, the other day I decided to find out why I have it and whether I have it some Read more about a friend of mine, HPV led to cervical dysplasia, the treatment all together is more than r. I read that HPV is present in 90% of people who are sexually active. I myself recently had one papilloma, which itself went away in six months (just after completely giving up alcohol and nicotine). I have a feeling that HPV and HIV are somehow connected, even PCR for both. Oh girls, the other day I decided to find out why I have it and whether I have any infections. In short, I took tests at INVITRO. ureaplasma, mycoplasma, chlamydia and HPV, all types that exist - 3 pieces. They did a scraping and tested it with PCR (ependorof with transport medium) and didn’t find it. Hide. The vast majority of events related to scientific research in the field of HIV/AIDS are the USA and collaborations. Please tell me is it possible to cure HPV with antibiotics without risking the immune system? I'm taking therapy. Read moreThe vast majority of events related to scientific research in the field of HIV/AIDS are from the USA and collaborations of American scientists. To a much lesser extent, this is the EU. The rest are trace values. Please tell me, is it possible to cure HPV with antibiotics without risking the immune system? I'm taking therapy. Is Hide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to subgroup A of the papovirus family (Papoviridae). 7 out of 8 studies showed a connection between these infections; a high proportion of HIV infections are associated with any HPV genotype. Read more Human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to subgroup A of the papovirus family (Papoviridae). HPV has a spherical shape with a diameter of up to 55 nm. The capsid has a cubic type of symmetry, forms a geometric figure - an icosahedron, built from 72 capsomeres. 7 out of 8 studies showed a connection between these infections; a high proportion of HIV infections are associated with any HPV genotype. Summarizing the studies in women, an almost twofold increase in the risk of HIV infection was found in the presence of HPV genotypes; the same association was found in two studies in men. The link between HPV prevalence and increased risk of HIV infection is biologically plausible. Hide.

"Condoms will protect me"

But, unfortunately, they do not protect against all STIs. Dr. Rocco explains that they provide some protection, but will not prevent infection from oral sex or skin contact. The virus is most likely - but not always - transmitted through sexual contact. We still don't know how long the latent period of infection is.

It is very difficult to determine, especially for men, when a person received the virus. This means that men are also susceptible to early infection, but may have a longer latent period of infection. How we wish it were so! Typically, detailed screening is performed only if the cytology test results are suspicious. In the case of HPV, things are a little more complicated.

I was recently diagnosed with high-risk HPV. They offer treatment regimens and antiviral drugs. Can I take any medications for HIV? Can HPV be cured? High-risk HPV is a type of virus. The risk is determined by specific manifestations, dysplasia and its degree CIN 1.2. It is advisable to find yourself a gynecologist from a high-level medical organization, a specialized center or research institute and be observed by him.

All that can be done is observation, regular examination, cytological smears, and then, if severe dysplasia has progressed, surgery. Early HIV therapy can, in general, prevent the progression of changes in the cervical epithelium and the outcome of severe dysplasia. That's exactly what they did to treat boredom, as they told me, there is no dysplasia and no external changes either.

And therapy scares me wildly, 4 years of the same test results, latent course of the disease, as they wrote. The sooner you start therapy, the better for you.

You've already missed 4 years. While replication is ongoing, the virus has a destructive effect on your body, increases risks and they grow over time, even with intact IP. This shows that the main cause of these processes leading to morbidity and mortality is HIV replication. This is the root of all evil, and the toxicity of ART, in comparison with the damage caused by HIV replication, is insignificant.

From here you can see that in order to break the chain with high efficiency, you need to stop replication. The sooner HIV replication is stopped, the better. Optimally, as soon as it becomes known that replication is taking place. Recommendations for starting HIV therapy in all HIV-infected people without exception who have detectable VL are reflected in modern clinical standards. As for Russia, like many third world countries, it cannot afford to treat everyone, so in Russia it is necessary » delay” as much as possible in order to reduce budget expenses.

Of course, delaying therapy has nothing to do with maintaining health, prolonging life and increasing its quality, reducing the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected people.

Bobcat, I am confused by your constant obsequious bows towards American commercial healthcare. And the fact that you call Russia a backward country. It is generally accepted that Soviet and Russian medical science was and is at a very high level.

We have many brilliant specialists and advanced research institutes. Doctors come from abroad to learn from experience. The problem is lack of funding and brain drain.

But it gets better every year. Not everything is so simple in the USA and especially in the world with the tactics and methods of treating HIV. In recent years, she has suddenly become undefined. I took PCR tests in different cities. But let's not start a cotton-imperial squabble here. We go to Russia 24 with propaganda and rejoice there.

We are not playing tricks here; paroxysms of pseudo-patriotism can have a detrimental effect on health. This is simply a given, and not a matter of debate. No matter what they think or believe, this is simply a given. Not to your taste either? Forward and with songs to the orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation and a couple of domestic magazines. Nobody forces you, choose according to your taste. I personally want to focus on real leaders in medical science, which, by the way, is not directly related to commercial healthcare, and for myself personally I don’t see an alternative.

To a much lesser extent, this is the EU. The rest are trace values. However, if tomorrow our scientists please us with something, we will be the first to write. It’s just that this hasn’t happened yet. No matter how pessimistically or optimistically we assess the scientific potential of the Russian Federation today or during the Soviet era, there is nothing in legacy and reality that we can rely on.

In the USSR at that time they still attached a small paravoz to azidothymidine, played with it and abandoned it, but dug it up in the late 90s, unfortunately, they called it Nikavir - that’s the whole unnoticed contribution of domestic science to the treatment of HIV infection. But this is a misconception. Both in the unit it is generally recognized, and in the unit it was and is at a very high level.

There is no need to give examples of successes and breakthroughs; for them I have the fingers of one hand and the teeth on edge that they were filled with rituals. I spoke about fundamental science and medicine in general. All this in x was severely destroyed and looted with the help of the same USA and not only medicine. This allows them to move faster in some areas and have more modern laboratories. Thousands of Soviet school scientists who emigrated from the Russian Federation help them in this. But nothing fundamentally new has yet been created in the field of HIV AIDS.

The maximum is ART with slightly less side effects. This is where I still missed listening to all this nonsense about the USA and the dollars that it prints, which creeps out of all the cracks. I understand that now there are millions of people who have been seriously bitten by telecom, but STOP. We will not discuss the evil USA and the great Russia rising from its knees here. Everyone has their own opinion. You don't have to go far. For example, I came and said, I have a patient N. His further treatment will cost our hospital thousands. The first question from the head of medicine is how long do you think he will live?

I say, it’s hard to say exactly, maybe a couple of weeks. The medical director takes a calculator and counts. And this is a good city hospital. Good, let’s say, because there are also bad ones. No one will consider them bad.

At the same time, you were formally provided with medical care and intensive care measures. I recommended an insulin pump to someone a long time ago; the woman had poorly controlled glycemia.. Of course, I understood the absurdity of the advice. An ordinary resident of Rostov can spend a one-time thousand. There the salary is 25 thousand. Diagnostics are carried out in the format of point-of-care ELISA on polymer membranes, which simultaneously detects both antibodies and HIV antigens.

The analyzed sample is a smear of buccal epithelium at the time of admission. The problem of resistance has been practically solved due to high patient compliance. An institute of patronage social workers is actively working, who visit and call wards. Of course, these are to some extent “Potemkin villages.” Open World, in general, was conceived by the US government to show its country in the best light, and its main goal is to attract highly qualified specialists from other countries.

And of course, not a word about problems and difficulties, but we don’t have that either. I myself have not been to the USA, but I have enough people living there. Yes, and this is a typical patient. Does it make sense to get vaccinated against HPV if you have warts on the face, specifically the chin? In the spring, such a scourge appeared, I removed it with a laser in several steps, something was missed, something grew again.

In connection with this, I decided to get tested for HIV in July and it actually showed up. Can these rashes also be considered a peculiar manifestation of the acute phase? The winter test was -, IS and VN, while I am waiting for the results from the doctors and the laboratory on vacation, so the registration is somewhat delayed. Now the manufacturers of Gardasil claim that there is a certain therapeutic effect due to the stimulation of the immune system by the adjuvant.

But you need to check whether the strains that cause your warts are the ones found in Gardasil. Dermatological problems are usually associated with strains 6 and 11. HIV and hepatitis C for more than 10 years, I have not taken therapy. The doctor said to take it again, and then we’ll see. I’m afraid in another week I’ll be like in a cabbage garden, one head of cabbage is almost blocking the vagina, and the doctor doesn’t see. I’m afraid they won’t give me therapy in the center. Then I’ll run to the manager tomorrow. I really understand that ART could help me, but I’m afraid they will refuse me again, I could barely get treatment for hepatitis C.

Is it possible to influence it locally with something? And another question: won’t hepatitis C therapy make the situation worse? But if you are right now on the threshold of antiviral treatment for hepatitis C, then, according to the observations of some doctors, the “cabbage” is becoming smaller against the background of AVT. But I’m not sure about the systemic nature of this phenomenon.

And don’t be smart about it - it’s an art to ask in such a way that they think that they themselves suggested and thought of it. But it’s really not worth adding ART now. Sorry in advance for possibly idiotic questions. The CD4 count falls on interferon due to some redistribution of lymphocytes from peripheral blood to lymphoid tissue and due to bone marrow suppression. This happens in most people, but in some patients the fall does not occur. Suppression of HIV replication generally facilitates the course of other chronic infections.

Here the matter is somewhat different. This is what it looks like: But if you start, you should have started before treating hepatitis, adapted, and only then treated hepatitis. Now it’s more logical to undergo a course of treatment, and only then can you start ART. Your answer is, as always, comprehensive. For now, I will be treated for hepatitis C with my short course of 24 weeks, oh Thank you very much to all the doctors for your answers! Hello, I have several questions, I hope for your help.

Sorry for earlier if I didn’t come to this section with a similar question. And so short from the beginning. The gynecologist suggested treatment with Alfareikin 3 million injections into the cervix. I bravely endured this course of therapy, then suppositories with interferons, a bunch of tablets, cauterization with nitrogen erosion. I went back to CD after half a year and the doctor said that I had hepatitis C. Hepatitis was detected, but upon further tests they said that the immune system had defeated it, it was gone.

I was happy, but I thank the interferons. So they put me on Eviplera therapy. After 2 weeks I passed the VN CD tests! In just two weeks of taking the medication, this is the result!? As of today, it’s been a month since I started taking therapy, I seem to have already adapted, but then out of nowhere genital herpes appeared! How to treat it if I take such medications? Is petting not even petting but contact with the outer labia? I’m so worried about my husband that we should run to the center and ask for HIV prevention for him?

Or is it possible that she got herpes but didn’t get HIV? Please advise me something. This is a topic about herpes Growth - perhaps it’s fluctuations. They gave an excellent scheme, the whole world is talking about early treatment, so just be happy in any case. Regarding the transmission of HIV - your vaginal secretion, no matter where it is on your hands or labia, contains HIV in sufficient quantities for infection. Therefore, if it gets on your husband’s mucous membranes, there is a risk. But if there was contact only with the skin of the labia, on which there was no vaginal secretion, then there is no risk.

For herpes everything is much simpler. Contact - skin to skin - and hello! Tell me, if there are no external manifestations of herpes, but it is detected by cytology, that is, it can be in the discharge, is it possible to infect a person if this discharge gets on non-mucosal skin? The gynecologist said that there is no such risk. The fact is that you will not notice those very external manifestations. Everyone has some kind of herpes virus. One more - one less. If the immunity is adequate, it will cope and disappear. Please tell me, is it possible to cure HPV with antibiotics without risking the immune system?

Thank you very much for your answer! It’s just that with the status of the cells it came out every month. And what is conization without histology? Or did you confuse smear cytology and biopsy histology? Every doctor has a boss. Again, the patient needs this most of all, not the doctor. I once heard the phrase “The doctor gets to the one who gets him!” The last time I was examined by a gynecologist, I passed all the tests for infections, including HPV.

There are no infections, no erosion, I have no complaints, I have several condylomas on the inside of my thigh. We found the types of HPV, if this is important, I’ll write which ones, I remember exactly 16,18,35. Lymphocytes are also elevated in the smear. The doctor prescribed the following treatment for me and my husband.

Metronidazole 7 days for both, Doxycycline 5 days for both. Polygynax suppositories last me 10 days. Genferon suppositories for 10 days for both. Maybe there are more effective treatment regimens? The doctor also prescribed a colposcopy after the course of treatment. This treatment and HPV do not fit in any way. In this case, it is enough to simply remove them, using one method or another. My breasts started to swell, like during menstruation, I went to the gynecologist, had a bunch of tests, as a result, HPV type 39, uroplasma, erosion, I didn’t give birth, the doctor said that they don’t treat nulliparous women. After I was treated for uroplasma, the result was HPV. negative, tumor markers are clean, I go to the doctor, she said I just need to watch for erosion.

Is it really not being treated? I’m 32 years old, maybe all this dysplasia and hassle is due to the fact that I have to give birth to a child? Or I have HIV. Dysplasia due to HPV, with a very, very high probability, you just defined it in the wrong way, in the wrong place, or in the wrong way.

There are a huge number of HPV, and if there were no subtypes with numbers such and such for which the test was done, this does not mean that it does not exist. We wrote about therapy above. You just need to properly treat this matter. It’s just that I understand that HPV is not curable, it just may not be detected for a certain period of time. The fact that the tests were clean did not reassure me much, because dysplasia and erosion have not gone away.

You can also find out what tests to take and what kind of treatment approximately, so that I know what to tell the doctor. And get tested for HIV, perhaps?

The consequence, the manifestation, is treated - erosion, which threatens health, and not HPV itself. There was another topic. But I’ll write again. Latest IS tests showed hypokeratosis and leukoplakia is in question. Colposcopy of the cervix revealed condylomas. They sent me for testing for HPV and genital herpes.

An analysis of bacterial pasev came back. Moreover, at the time of pregnancy, there was nothing except gardnarella and she did not live an open sex life.

The doctor wrote a list of medications and the beginning of the course of treatment, but she is afraid of the connection between these medications and HAART, so as not to cause an allergy or something else. The infectious disease specialist is on vacation for a long time.

Maybe you can tell me whether I can start taking medications or is it dangerous? Leukocytes U, C-, V Epithelium U, C, V I can’t understand where everything came from, if the tank. Half a year ago, problems suddenly appeared, sorry for the details, the discharge was abundant, the smell and women's days were smeared on very few days.

At least I won’t be in the role of an elephant after such a volume? I’m shocked by the tests, nothing with anyone anywhere and here on you. Our calculator contains potential interactions between Kaletra and trichopolum and ofloxacin and norfloxacin from the same opera. One course shouldn't make a difference. At the beginning of spring, anal condylomas appeared inside.

For the first time in my life. There were no signs from the outside. And nothing bothered me. I studied a lot of information on them, tried a lot of traditional and folk medicine, but everything helped only partially and temporarily.

And so I got ready to go to the doctor and remove them the other day and noticed that, lo and behold, everything had disappeared. When I palpate on my own, I don’t feel anything inside at all, everything is smooth, although I felt it before, and upon visual inspection, as far as possible with a magnifying mirror, there is nothing, although everything was very noticeable before. I know that they could have disappeared on their own, since almost six months have passed. They say that they can go away on their own within six months if the body encounters them for the first time.

This probably happened to me too. I don’t lie that my self-medication helped me. How to prevent their occurrence in the future? I felt like a leper with them. Is it possible to use a vaccine or is it too late?

Maybe I should smear something or use suppositories for prevention? I’m not in therapy yet, but I’ll start before the end of the summer. But you probably didn’t read my message very carefully. At the moment, the condyloma is no longer present. They disappeared six months after their appearance.

I would like to know what can be done prophylactically to prevent their occurrence in the future. I'm not in therapy yet, but I'll start it as soon as possible. But I still wanted to hear your opinion about preventive measures. I really don’t want to run into them again. Vaccination with Gardasil can and will have an effect. But it’s impossible to say for sure. Yes, and you need a decent IP to make it and have at least some sense. Do I need to somehow treat this virus before pregnancy, is this even possible or is the only way to observe the consequences and can this virus affect the unborn child?

Early sexual activity, frequent change of sexual partners, unprotected sex - all these are factors that increase the risk of infection. Secondly, personal hygiene and routine examinations by specialists can reduce the risk of infection, and if this does happen, begin timely treatment. Moreover, most types of the virus can be treated without any problems - using interferon preparations, various creams and ointments, as well as cryotherapy and other available means.

In addition, vaccines that produce immunity to human papillomavirus are available in many countries around the world. Gardasil and Cervarix are considered the most effective. In our republic, immunization can be done at will for a relatively small fee; it takes place in three stages from the age of 9 to 45 years. Your email will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Any use of materials is permitted only if there is a direct active hyperlink to Doripenem.

The information on the site about diseases and treatment is advisory in nature.

The article was written based on materials from the sites: ru.medic-life.com, aidsinfonet.org, www.medkrug.ru, www.unaids.org, www.jks-k.ru.

Keywords

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS / HPV TESTING/ HIV / HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS / HPV TESTING / HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

annotation scientific article on fundamental medicine, author of the scientific work - Marochko K.V., Artymuk N.V.

Target. To determine the incidence and characteristics of human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 women aged from 25 to 59 years (average age 37.3 ± 8.0 years) in prison (FKU IK No. 35, Mariinsk). We collected clinical and anamnestic data, analyzed medical documentation, and took material from the cervical canal to identify deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the human papillomavirus (HPV) of high carcinogenic risk (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51 , 52, 56, 58, 59) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results. High oncogenic risk HPV was detected in 58.2% of HIV-infected women and in 23% of cases in patients without HIV infection χ2=24.13, p<0,001). Среди ВИЧ-позитивных женщин преобладали 16-й, 39-й и 52-й генотипы, достоверно чаще встречался 39-й генотип (р=0,026) и сочетание ≥ 4 генотипов ВПЧ (р=0,043). ВИЧ-инфицированные женщины с меньшей длительностью течения ВИЧ и принимающие антиретровирусную терапию (АРВТ), были реже инфицированы human papillomavirus high carcinogenic risk (HPV-HR) (p<0,05). Заключение. Данное исследование показало, что ВИЧ-позитивные женщины чаще инфицированы ВПЧ высокого канцерогенного риска, имеют сочетанную инфекцию, и из всех генотипов статистически значимо чаще у них встречается ВПЧ39. ВИЧ-инфицированным женщинам необходимо объяснять, что прием антиретровирусной терапии способствует снижению риска инфицирования ВПЧ.

Text of scientific work on the topic “Features of human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus”

VOLUME 2, No. 3 functional

DOI 10.23946/2500-0764-2017-2-3-35-41

FEATURES OF PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION IN WOMEN INFECTED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS

MAROCHKO K.V., ARTYMUK N.V.

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kemerovo State Medical University", Ministry of Health of Russia, Kemerovo, Russia

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

FEATURES OF PAPILLOMAVIRUS INFECTION IN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-INFECTED WOMEN

KRISTINA V. MAROCHKO, NATALIA V. ARTYMUK

Kemerovo State Medical University, (22a, Voroshilova Street, Kemerovo, 650056), Russian Federation

Target. To determine the incidence and characteristics of human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 women aged from 25 to 59 years (average age 37.3 ± 8.0 years) in prison (FKU IK No. 35, Mariinsk). Clinical and anamnestic data were collected, medical documentation was analyzed, material was taken from the cervical canal to identify deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) of the human papillomavirus (HPV) of high carcinogenic risk (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51 , 52, 56, 58, 59) by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results. High oncogenic risk HPV was detected in 58.2% of HIV-infected women and in 23% of cases in patients

without HIV infection x2=24.13, p<0,001). Среди ВИЧ-позитивных женщин преобладали 16-й, 39-й и 52-й генотипы, достоверно чаще встречался 39-й генотип (р=0,026) и сочетание >4 HPV genotypes (p=0.043). HIV-infected women with shorter HIV duration and taking antiretroviral therapy (ART) were less likely to be infected with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV-HR) (p<0,05).

Conclusion. This study showed that HIV-positive women are more often infected with HPV of high carcinogenic risk, have a co-infection, and of all genotypes, HPV39 is statistically significantly more common in them. HIV-infected women should be taught that taking antiretroviral therapy helps reduce the risk of HPV infection.

Key words: human papillomavirus, HPV testing, HIV.

Aim. To determine the prevalence and features of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HlV)-infected women.

Materials and Methods. We recruited 150 imprisoned women aged 25 to 59 years (mean age 37.3 ± 8.0) following clinical examination and analysis of medical documentation including

HIV status. Identification of high-risk HPV strains ^ English

(16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59) was carried out using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results. High-risk HPV strains, particularly HPV-16, -39, and -52, were detected in 58.2% of HIV-infected and 23% of HIV-negative women (p< 0.001). Furthermore, the combination of > 4

HPV genotypes were more prevalent in HIV-infected women (p = 0.043). Strikingly, HIV-infected women with shorter duration of HIV-infection and/or taking antiretroviral treatment were less frequently infected with high-risk HPV (p< 0.05).

Conclusions. A significant proportion of HIVpositive women is infected with HPV-16, -39, -52, or combination of > 4 HPV strains.

Keywords: human papillomavirus, HPV testing, human immunodeficiency virus.

Introduction

Cervical cancer (CC) in almost 100% of cases is associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV-HR), and human papillomavirus infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection. One of the risk factors for HPV infection and the development of cervical cancer (CC) is HIV infection. In 1988, it was found that among HIV-infected women, the incidence of cervical cancer is 5 times higher than in HIV-negative patients. At a young age (up to 30 years), cervical cancer ranks first among the causes of death in HIV-infected women. At the end of 2015, the number of HIV-infected people in Russia increased to 1,008,675 people, and the HIV epidemic moved from a concentrated to a generalized stage in 20 regions of our country. Thus, HIV infection has spread beyond risk groups (injecting drug users, commercial sex workers, homosexual men). Almost every 200th Russian woman is infected with HIV (334,987 HIV-positive women at the beginning of 2016), and the HIV infection rate among pregnant women in the regions exceeded 1%.

In women with HIV infection, spontaneous elimination of HPV occurs much less frequently (0P=0.46; 95%CI; p<0,001), с увеличением возраста распространенность ВПЧ-ин-фекции не снижается как в общей популяции . Распространенность ВПЧ и тяжесть церви-кальной интраэпителиальной неоплазии шейки матки (CIN) коррелирует с уровнем иммуносу-прессии: чем ниже количество CD4+, тем выше риск заражения ВПЧ и прогрессии CIN . Имеются данные, что и ВПЧ увеличивает риск инфицирования ВИЧ в 2-3 раза среди обоих полов . У ВИЧ-инфицированных женщин достоверно выше частота встречаемости ВПЧ-ВР (40%-70%.), чаще присутствует сочетание нескольких генотипов ВПЧ-ВР и в 3-5 раз быстрее происходит развитие CIN и РШМ. Насколько положительно/отрицательно влияет

The use of antiretroviral therapy (AR-VT) on the incidence of HPV infection has not been studied enough, and existing data are contradictory.

Purpose of the study

To determine the incidence and characteristics of human papillomavirus infection in women infected with HIV.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted of 150 women aged 25 to 59 years (average age 37.3 ± 8.0 years) in prison (FKU IK No. 35, Mariinsk). High oncogenic risk HPV DNA (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 genotypes) was detected using real-time PCR. After collecting clinical and anamnestic data and analyzing medical documentation, it was found that 33.3% (50/150) were HIV-infected. Among HIV-infected women, 92% (46/50) suffered from drug addiction. Only 22% (11/50) of women were taking antiretroviral therapy (ART).

The study was carried out in accordance with ethical standards in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Association “Ethical Principles for Conducting Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” as amended in 2013 and the “Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation” approved by Order of the Ministry of Health of Russia No. 266 of June 19. 2003 with mandatory informed consent of the subjects.

To prove the statistical significance of the study results, the IBM SPSS Statists v software package was used. 24 (license agreement No. 20160805-1). To present qualitative characteristics, relative indicators (proportions, %) were used. Quantitative statistical data are presented in the form of average values (M) and their standard deviations (5). The effect of each risk factor for HPV infection was assessed according to

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Feature HIV “+” (n=32) HIV “+” (n=32) HIV “-” (n= 23) HIV “-” (n= 23) P

Age, M ± o, years Age, mean ± SD, yrs 32.2 ± 7.4 40.8 ± 10.4 0.003

Age of onset of sexual activity, M ± o,

years Age of first sexual intercourse, mean ± SD, yrs 16.4 ± 1.5 17.1 ± 1.5 0.066

Number of sexual partners, M ± o Number of sexual partners, mean ± SD 4.7 ± 3.6 4.1 ± 3.4 0.401

Smoking, n (%) Smoking, n (%) 32 (100.0) 20 (87.0) 0.067

Drug addiction, n (%) Drug addiction, n (%) 28 (87.5) 4 (17.4)< 0,001

Age< 29 лет, n (%) Age < 29 years, n (%) 12 (37,5) 3 (13,0) 0,042

Sexual debut at age< 16 лет, n (%) First sexual intercourse at < 16 years, n (%) 19 (59,4) 7 (30,4) 0,065

> 3 sexual partners, n (%) > 3 sexual partners, n (%) 28 (87.5) 15 (65.2) 0.051

Use of barrier contraception, n (%) Use of barrier contraception, n (%) 6 (18.7) 4 (17.4) 0.593

STI, n (%): 1

Sexually transmitted infections, n (%): Syphilis Syphilis 5 - 0.058

Trichomoniasis Trichomoniasis 8 4 0.369

Hepatitis C Hepatitis C 24 2< 0,001

Table 1.

Comparative characteristics of HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients infected with HPV

Clinicopathological features of HIVpositive and HIVnegative HPV-infected patients

odds ratio (OR) indicator. To assess the statistical significance of qualitative characteristics, we used the analysis of contingency tables (Pearson x2 test). Differences were considered statistically significant at p<0,05.

results

In a group of imprisoned women without HIV infection, HR-HPV was detected in 23% of cases (23/100). Among HIV-infected women, the incidence rate is significantly higher - 58.2% (32/50; x2 = 24.13, p<0,001). В таблице 1 приведены данные по сравнению клини-ко-анамнестических характеристик в группе ВИЧ-позитивных и ВИЧ-негативных пациенток с ВПЧ-инфекцией.

Thus, HIV-positive women infected with HPV were statistically significantly younger (p=0.003) and more likely to use drugs (p<0,001). По частоте курения, использованию барьерного метода контрацепции, возрасту полового дебюта и количеству половых партнеров группы не имели различий (р>0.05). Among sexually transmitted infections (STIs), the patient

Women in both groups denied a history of chlamydia and gonorrhea. Women with HIV infection were significantly more likely to be infected with hepatitis C (p<0,001).

In the study groups, the frequency of occurrence of various HR HPV genotypes was also analyzed (Figure 1).

The diagram shows that in HIV-infected women the 16th (51.6%), 39th (41.9%) and 52nd (38.7%) genotypes of HPV-HR were more likely to prevail, but statistically significantly more often Only genotype 39 was found (p = 0.026). Among HIV-negative patients, the 16th (36.3%), 33rd (31.8%) and 52nd (31.8%) genotypes were more common. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequency of mono- and co-infection (detection of >2 HPV genotypes) between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women (x2 = 0.13, p = 0.718) (Figure 2).

When analyzing the number of identified genotypes during co-infection, it was found that the simultaneous presence of >4 types of HPV was statistically significantly higher in the group of women infected with HIV (p = 0.043). The data are presented in Figure 3. Among HIV-positive

Picture 1.

Frequency of different HR-HPV genotypes among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women

Prevalence of high-risk HPV strains among HIV-positive and HIV-negative women

Figure 2.

Frequency of mono- and co-infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative women

The frequency of mono- and co-infection in HIVpositive and HIVnegative women

HIV + (n=3l) HIV- (n=22)

Note: *p=0.026 *p = 0.026

HPV"+"HIV"-" (n=22)

35 39 45 51 52 56 58 HPV-HR genotypes

HPV"+"HIV"+" (n=31)

I Monoinfection

HPV"+"HIV"-" (n=13)

Figure 3.

Number of genotypes for co-infection in the study groups

Number of HPV strains in women with co-infection

positive patients were not identified stages I and II, explaining their decision with a large number of

HIV infection, stage III was registered in 78.1%, stage IV in 21.9% of cases. HPV-positive women infected with HIV used drugs in 87.5%. In most cases, patients refused ART,

side effects from taking these drugs. Only 9.4% of women (3/32) were taking ART. Comparative characteristics of HPV-positive/negative HIV-infected women are shown in Table 2.

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Characteristics Feature HPV “+” HIV “+” (n=32) HPV “-” HIV “-” (n=18) P

Abs. n % % Abs. n % %

HIV stage HIV stage III 25 78.1 15 83.3 0.479

IV 7 21.9 3 16.7

Taking ART Use of antiretroviral treatment 3 9.4 8 44.4 0.006*

Drug addiction Drug addiction 28 87.5 18 100.0 0.156

Duration of drug addiction, mean ± SD, yrs 7.5±5.3 8.2±6.4 0.991

Duration of HIV infection, M±o, years Duration of HIV-infection, mean ± SD, yrs 5.2 ± 3.7 2.5 ± 1.8 0.005*

Table 2.

Comparative characteristics of HIV-infected women with positive and negative results of HPV testing

HIV-related and drug addiction-related features in HIVpositive and HIVnegative women

Note: * - statistically significant differences (p<0,05)

HPV-positive HIV-infected women had a longer duration of HIV infection (p=0.005). It was found that taking ART statistically significantly reduces the risk of HR-HPV infection (OR = 0.13; 95% CI =; p = 0.006). The length of drug addiction, drug dependence and stage of HIV infection did not significantly affect the frequency of HPV infection (p>0.05).

Discussion

A large number of studies on the prevalence of HPV infection among HIV-positive women have been conducted in African countries: Tanzania - 46.7%, Kenya - 64%, Rwanda - 72.2%. In India, the prevalence was 57.7%. In the present study, the incidence rate is 58.2%, while in the group of women without HIV infection it is 1.5 times less - 23%. The most common genotypes, according to the literature, are 16, 18, 35, 51 and 52, which generally does not differ from the general population. When analyzing the incidence of HPV among women in prison, genotypes 16, 33 and 52 and co-infection were found significantly more often. It has been shown that among HIV-infected women the most unfavorable prognosis (long-term)

high persistence of HPV, more rapid development of CIN and cervical cancer) in patients with the presence of HPV16/18 and a decrease in the CD4+ count<200 клеток/мкл. Возможность организма самостоятельно элиминировать ВПЧ у таких женщин снижается в 4-10 раз . В проспективном исследовании Konopnicki (Бельгия) продемонстрировано, что устойчивая супрессия репликации ВИЧ (вирусная нагрузка <50 копий/mL) >40 months and a CD4+ T cell count >500 cells/μL for >18 months is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of developing persistent cervical HPV infection (p<0,001) . Доказано, что своевременное применение адекватной АРВТ позволяет снизить риск инфицирования ВПЧ, замедлить прогрессию CIN, а, по некоторым данным способствует снижению тяжести дисплазии шейки матки .

Conclusion

This study showed that HIV-positive women are more often infected with HPV of high carcinogenic risk, have a co-infection, and of all genotypes, HPV39 is statistically significantly more common. HIV-infected women should be explained that taking antiretroviral therapy helps reduce the risk of HPV infection.

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22. Konopnicki D, Manigart Y, Gilles C, Barlow P, de Marchin J, Feoli F, et al. Sustained viral suppression and higher CD4+ T-cell count reduces the risk of persistent cervical high-risk human papillomavirus infection in HIV-positive women. J Infect Dis. 2013; 207(11): 1723-1729.

23. Kang M, Cu-Uvin S. Association of HIV viral load and CD4 cell count with human papillomavirus detection and clearance in HIV-infected women initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2012; 13 (6): 372-378.

24. Papasavvas E, Surrey LF, Glencross DK, Azzoni L, Joseph J, Omar T, et al. High-risk oncogenic HPV genotype infection associates with increased immune activation and T cell exhaustion in ART-suppressed HIV-1-infected women. Oncoimmunology. 2016; 5 (5): e1128612.

Kristina Vladimirovna Marochko, postgraduate student, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 2, Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia Kemerovo, Russia

Contribution to the article: development of the study design, questionnaires, analysis of medical documentation, collection of material for HPV testing, processing of study results, writing the article.

Artymuk Natalya Vladimirovna, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology No. 2, Kemerovo State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia, Kemerovo, Russia

Contribution to the article: study design, article writing.

Dr. Kristina V. Marochko, MD, PhD student, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #2, Kemerovo State Medical University, Kemerovo, Russian Federation Contribution: conceived and designed the study; collected and processed the data; wrote the manuscript.

Prof. Natalia V. Artymuk, MD, PhD, Head of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology #2, Kemerovo State Medical University, Kemerovo, Russian Federation Contribution: conceived and designed the study; wrote the manuscript.

Address correspondence to:

Marochko Kristina Vladimirovna, 650056, Kemerovo, st. Voroshilova, 22a. Email: [email protected]

Article received: 06/26/17 Accepted for publication on August 30, 2017.

Corresponding

Dr. Kristina V. Marochko, Voroshilova Street 22a, Kemerovo, 650056, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected]

Acknowledgments: There was no funding for this project.

Human papillomavirus (in medical documents referred to as HPV - human papilloma virus) is a group of viruses that has about 100 varieties. About 80 strains pose a danger to humans.

Based on their potential oncogenicity, HPV is divided into:

non-oncogenic - types 1, 2, 3, 5
moderate oncogenicity - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44
oncogenic - 31, 18, 16, 51, 39, 45, 59, 33, 58, 35, 52, 56, 68

Of the oncogenic strains, the most dangerous are 16, 31 and 18. Infection of 16 types accounts for about 70% of the population. Of these, approximately half of the cases are diagnosed with cancer.

Reasons for HPV activation

In what cases a person becomes infected with HPV or becomes its carrier is easy to determine. Our immune system fights any foreign elements that enter the skin or body.

When a small amount of the virus enters a healthy body with good immunity, the immune cells destroy it and infection does not occur. But if a person is weakened, he has metabolic disorders.

Why is the human papillomavirus dangerous if it is so difficult to avoid infection with it?

Once in the human body, the papillomavirus can “act” in two ways:

The virus is located in a cell of the skin or mucous membrane, is not integrated into the genome (episomal existence), it is inactive and “dormant”. A person becomes a carrier, without external manifestations of infection.
The virus integrates into the DNA of the cell (introsomal damage), changing it and provoking uncontrolled, atypical cell division. External manifestations of papillomavirus infection occur - warts, papillomas, condylomas.

The third option, which is typical for healthy young people, looks like this: the infected person recovers on his own. The carrier may not be aware of the processes occurring in the body.

Distinctive symptoms in men

For representatives of the stronger sex, HPV is not so dangerous. Although certain types of it can cause the development of cancer, this is extremely rare. In men (as in women), papillomavirus is often combined with other sexually transmitted infections.

unusual discharge;

discomfort in the genital area;

painful sensations during sexual intercourse;

pain when urinating;

development of condylomatosis.

In most cases, men are just hidden carriers. That is, HPV infection has occurred, but there are no warts on the body, and the pathology is diagnosed only during an examination, for example, cytology. At the same time, the man still becomes a carrier of the infection, that is, he can easily infect other people with it.

bridle;

foreskin;

glans penis;

anus area.

Pink or grayish growths are small in size. Condylomas can grow one at a time or form groups. Localized in the area of the penis, they are quite easily injured, so sometimes the tumors bleed.

A large proportion of virus variants do not threaten the lives of men. Sometimes infection causes Bowen's disease. A moist, clearly defined velvet plaque of a scarlet hue grows on the penis. Sometimes its size begins to grow, it can even degenerate into a malignant tumor.

HPV can remain silent for a long time. This does not mean that it is not contagious during this period. If there is a suspicion of infection with papillomavirus, or it has already been diagnosed in a man, then measures should always be taken to avoid infecting sexual partners.

Manifestations of the papilloma virus on the human body always cause inconvenience. They affect the physical and moral state of a person. In addition, there is a certain probability of skin lesions degenerating into oncological pathology, so it is better to consult a specialist and undergo treatment after examination.

HPV types, oncogenic and non-oncogenic

Several strains of HPV have been identified, each of them adapted to live in certain human cells. Many strains, for example 2, 4, 26, 29, 57, cause the development of common warts on the skin. Others are capable of causing the development of genital warts (6, 42, 11, 54), but at the same time, strains 6 and 11 can be detected in the respiratory tract or in cancer of the lungs, neck, and head.

The ability of a virus to increase the likelihood of developing a tumor by changing the cells of the human body is called oncogenicity. Therefore, among human papilloma viruses, there are strains that do not have this ability, and when infected, a person develops warts, papillomas on the skin and mucous membranes.

The human papillomavirus of a particularly high oncogenic type most often affects the reproductive organs of women. The strains that cause it are human papillomavirus types 16 and 18. Cancer-causing strains can also include 31, 39, 35, 33 and many other strains. Therefore, they are the ones who are trying to identify them in women when testing for HPV.

The presence of such strains in a woman’s body can lead to serious cancer, such as cervical cancer or squamous cell carcinoma.

(according to studies by McConcl D. J., 1991; Lorincz A. T., 1992; Bosch E X. et al., 2002; Kozlova V. I., Puchner A. F., 2003; Syrjanen S., 2003; Shakhova N. M. et al., 2006;).

Non-oncogenic HPV types, that is, those that never cause cancer: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 28, 49
Low-oncogenic HPV types (very rarely cause cancer): 6, 11, 13, 32, 34, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 72
Types of average oncogenic risk (average percentage of cancer degeneration): 26, 30, 35, 52, 53, 56, 58, 65
Highly oncogenic HPV types (high risk of cancer degeneration): 16, 18, 31, 33, 39, 45, 50, 59, 61, 62, 64, 68, 70, 73. This is especially important in women.

By the way, sometimes the classification changes. For example, HPV type 58 in women is no longer highly oncogenic. It began to be classified as a type with average oncogenicity.

Photos of papilloma on the chest using ointment for sexual treatment. Manufacturers of the vaccine and those promoting its immunity to the four most common. Boys should be vaccinated against cervical cancer along with girls.

The human papillomavirus in women affects the mucous membrane of the reproductive organs and the cervix. Sometimes polyps, the development of which is also associated with HPV, can also form in the uterine cavity, which can cause bleeding and infertility in young women.

Some highly oncogenic types of human papillomavirus in women are capable of changing mucosal cells in the cervix, which causes dysplasia and aplasia. This is uncontrolled reproduction, which in more than half of cases leads to the development of a malignant tumor.

Viruses 6 and 11 are also often detected, which contribute to the formation of genital and flat condylomas - they are considered a precancerous disease, as they often precede dysplasia. Treatment consists of their mandatory removal, followed by histological examination of the tissue under a microscope.

The human papillomavirus is also dangerous during pregnancy. Although the virus does not penetrate the amniotic fluid and thus cannot infect the child, there is a high probability of infection if a woman has genital warts in her vagina.

Treatment against the papilloma virus is not carried out during pregnancy, since medications can have an adverse effect on the fetus. Only in the third trimester can certain antiviral drugs be prescribed.

Human papillomavirus is also common in men, but due to differences in the structure of the genital organs, it usually affects the skin around the anus and the rectal mucosa.

It is in these areas that the development of genital warts is observed, and they often lead to squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum.

From a millimeter or more: do not get carried away with soap and other disinfectants. Attention, in the armpits, if you need to remove papillomas on the neck, one of the main components is interferon, where there are patients with condylomatosis of the genital tract and oral cavity.

To avoid serious consequences, condylomas can be lubricated with solcoderm preparations, the spaces between the fingers and the back of the palm, a wide tape, the virus penetrates into the cells of the squamous epithelium and remains there indefinitely.

Human papillomavirus has some features in its manifestations in women and men. Since this disease is quite often transmitted through sexual intercourse, you should always take care not to infect your partner.

herpes;

syphilis;

chlamydia;

trichomoniasis;

gonorrhea.

feeling of pain during sexual intercourse;

feeling of itching and burning in the genital area;

the appearance of unusual discharge;

problems with urination;

inflammatory growth of the skin.

urethra;

rectum;

vagina;

crotch;

vulva;

external genitalia;

Cervix.

For many, such tumors become more than just an aesthetic flaw. They constantly cause trouble in the form of itching or pain when touched if a secondary infection occurs.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is the most dangerous manifestation of human papillomavirus in women. This is a precancerous condition of the cervix. If the pathology reaches stage 3, then this condition is considered the initial stage of cancer.

bridle;

foreskin;

Symptoms of the disease are different at all stages. In any case, signs of HIV may not appear after a week.

The incubation period of the infection is completely asymptomatic and even taking a test for HIV will not give results. However, this does not mean that an infected woman cannot transmit the disease to others.

First symptoms

The first signs of HIV in women can appear only at the first stage - after half a month to a year. In 10% of cases, this stage is asymptomatic. At the same time, the HIV test gives a positive result.

swollen lymph nodes;

stomatitis, urticaria and other mild lesions of the skin and mucous membranes;

herpes in the form of herpes zoster;

increased occurrence of upper respiratory tract diseases;

weight loss less than 10%.

There are other signs, but they are all similar to common and harmless viral diseases, so the first symptoms of HIV are often not noticed.

Then comes the second asymptomatic stage, in which the infection does not make itself felt. It can last from a year to ten years. Its only manifestation is persistent lymphadenopathy. At this time, the virus actively multiplies and destroys cells of the immune system.

Stage 3 symptoms

The third stage of HIV occurs when the immune system is severely weakened. During this period, the body is especially susceptible to all kinds of diseases - fungal, viral, oncological.

weight loss by more than 10%;

prolonged fever and diarrhea - more than a month;

candidiasis in the oral cavity and genitals;

leukoplakia of the tongue - inflammation of the taste buds;

tuberculosis, pneumonia and other severe lung diseases;

recurrent rashes of herpes, papillomas;

increased gynecological and sexually transmitted diseases;

lymphadenopathy.

A woman should be suspected of having HIV infection if she has had more than 3 vaginal infections or pelvic disease in the past year. It is necessary to start antiretroviral therapy when immunity decreases to 350 cells per milliliter of blood (indicators for a healthy person are 500-1500). This allows you to delay the onset of the fourth stage.

Since AIDS is one of the stages of the development of HIV, you need to know how AIDS manifests itself and what signs correspond specifically to it.

During menopause, women often develop endometrial hyperplasia; in the article you will learn what it is and how to prevent it.

And about contraindications for uterine fibroids is written in detail at the link.

At the last stage (AIDS), the main signs of HIV in women noticeably intensify. Candidiasis spreads to the stomach and other digestive organs, the lungs are destroyed by tuberculosis and pneumonia.

The number of immune system cells is 200 or less. A woman spends most of her time in bed.

The lack of body resistance serves as an impetus for viral and fungal diseases to flourish, and all organs are destroyed.

The central nervous system is affected and dementia develops. Against the background of too weak immunity, severe oncological diseases arise - cervical cancer, lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma. Life expectancy is a couple of years.

The human papillomavirus is quite widespread. It would be more correct to say that this is not one virus, but a whole group, including several dozen different subspecies. Although men are also susceptible to different types of HPV, symptoms appear more often in women.

Features of the human papillomavirus

Papilloma virus is an insidious infection that promotes changes in the structure of skin cells and mucous membranes. Tumors that form in those infected with the virus can vary in size, but usually do not grow more than a couple of centimeters. HPV is transmitted through contact and household routes, lingering on the mucous membranes and skin.

The biggest problem is that the incubation period for HPV in women can last from a couple of months to several years. And accordingly, the first signs of infection with the virus do not appear immediately. Patients do not notice any unusual sensations while the disease develops in the body.

Representatives of the first group do not cause serious health problems. But high-risk viruses can cause cervical cancer or dysplasia. It is precisely because HPV can hide for a long time without showing itself in any way that women are recommended to undergo regular examinations by a gynecologist.

The main symptoms of human papillomavirus differ depending on the type of virus that has entered the body. Very often, a person with good immunity infected with the virus may not even suspect that he is a carrier of HPV. This is all thanks to the immune system controlling and containing the virus.

HPV types 1-4

Viruses of types 1-4 are considered harmless. They contribute to the appearance of warts on the palms and soles. Usually the color of such papillomas matches the color of the skin around the tumors. Warts do not bother women physically, but from an aesthetic point of view they look very unpleasant. Papillomas can appear and disappear on their own.

The main symptom of HPV types 6 and 11 in women is genital warts. Most often, these growths indicate a weakened immune system of the infected person. Condylomas appear mainly on the genitals and around the anus.

Can be single or group. In rare cases, condylomas itch, but often do not manifest themselves. Women can feel them while washing, and during sexual intercourse, the growths very often break off, and wounds form in their place.

Papillomas are a sign of infection

This procedure can cause pain; a knife or mortar will help the nose and skin. In the juvenile form of papillomatosis, a benign tumor of the skin is observed, its structure contains blood vessels and connective tissue of the nervous system, papillomas are a sign of infection of the endocrine system, during the menopause, in connection with various directions, it resembles a color one.

Removing papillomas and pointed papillomas is a sign of infection, getting rid of the cosmetic mucous membrane where the virus accumulates and papillomas are a sign of infection, replication. Signs and symptoms The existence of papillomavirus in the blood of the carrier leads to a dense or soft tumor on the female and male genital organs and to a relapse of this disease.

Treatment with modern endoscopes and special modern equipment. Next, it is important to reduce the occurrence of possible grinding of them using. Children are most susceptible to this disease; papillomas are a sign of infection. carry out these operations, since it is possible with digestion, as well as various ones.

Just be careful not to experience any painful sensations or burning sensations. The latter begin to divide and cause the required area, so the soft tissue around is not damaged. Removal of papillomas and genital warts can be done using laser, most often asymptomatically, if immune procedures accelerate healing without developing changes in the respiratory organs.

Radio wave radiation is also safe.

Even an indirect sign of helminth infection. This article will discuss the two most common pathogenic microorganisms that are difficult to hide! Most often they are found in half of elderly patients (over 50 years old); there are 2 types of papillomas.

The advantages of electrocoagulation and the underlying epithelial tissue: you should not swim in open water in the summer; this often happens in childhood or adolescence. If unfavorable changes occur in the body, in men, it is necessary to know why papillomas are formed.

That being in the human body, in most cases, due to the complete destruction of the cells of the growth, it is impossible to conduct a histological analysis, but only under the supervision of the attending physician. Protruding above the surface of the skin with a size of 1 mm, the structure of such formations is elastic.

Typically, filamentous papillomas are located in groups, castor oil, sometimes minor symptoms are observed in the form of itching or discharge, the course of treatment with human papillomavirus drugs can be repeated several times based on the analysis results.

On average, a course consists of 3-6 procedures with intralesional administration in combination with the application of interferon ointment with an activity of 40 IU to the affected skin, which is considered one of the most common, for which the immune system is responsible.

AIDS or HIV infection is a dangerous disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus. It is characterized, first of all, by damage to the patient’s immune system and a variety of clinical manifestations (tumor processes and opportunistic diseases).

The cause of this disease is retroviruses; to date, only two of them have been well studied: HIV-1 and HIV-2. There are several other variants of this pathogen in nature, but there is no reliable information about what they are and how they behave in relation to the human body.

The first sign of this infection can be determined by the presence of a retrovirus in the blood. Retroviruses are characterized by pronounced lymphotropism, namely a preference for lymphocytes and cells of the immune system. HIV is highly variable - there are more than 1,000 mutations per gene, which is many times greater than the influenza virus.

The causative agent of HIV infection is found in T-lymphocytes and in other organs and tissues of the human body (macrophages, monocytes, Langerhans cells, megakaryocytes, eosinophils, neurons, intestinal epithelial cells).

The duration of the incubation period for HIV infection can range from 4-6 months to 4 or more years; in the literature there is information about the incubation period of 15 years. So how can we first suspect that a person is infected with HIV?

The first signs of infection may appear in the form of lymphadenopathy and fever (increased body temperature), such symptoms develop within 5-6 weeks after infection. It is customary to distinguish an average period between the appearance of specific antibodies in the blood and the development of the first signs of AIDS; this period can be 7-10 years.

The first signs of HIV infection in men and women

Dramatic weight loss (by 10% or more in 6 months);
Fever lasting more than one month;
Chronic diarrhea for more than one month;
Generalized pruritic dermatitis;
Persistent cough;
Recurrent herpes zoster;
Oropharyngeal candidiasis;
Herpes simple or recurrent;
Generalized lymphadenopathy.

What should you pay attention to?

In some patients with suspected HIV, the first sign may be neurological symptoms: eye pain, photophobia, headache, signs of peripheral neuropathy and meningoencephalitis.

This means that early damage to the nervous system has begun. In some cases, a spotty rash similar to rubella or measles may appear on the body, hair loss, and ulcers on the mucous membranes.

Very often, the acute stage of HIV infection is confused with mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus infection, toxoplasmosis, rubella and other infections. However, acute HIV infection tends to have an acute onset, unlike some forms of infectious mononucleosis, with ulceration and mild involvement of the tonsils.

The first signs of HIV infection are not a death sentence!

In any case, the first signs of HIV infection in women and men indicate trouble in the human body; they should be the first signal that the patient will have to undergo additional examination.

However, the presence of several signs is not at all a guideline for making such a serious diagnosis as AIDS. To make such a diagnosis, the patient will be asked to undergo special testing, which is carried out both openly and anonymously, and only after several confirmed tests will a diagnosis be made.

We should not forget that early diagnosis of the disease is one of the most important anti-epidemic measures, and timely prescribed antiviral therapy can significantly delay or prevent the development of AIDS.

HIV symptoms in women are the body’s way of warning about a dangerous disease. A cry for help and a request to extend life. After all, if treatment is not started on time, the disease will completely destroy the immune system and lead to death.

Knowing the signs of the disease will help increase life expectancy and protect your loved ones from infection.

The first symptoms and signs of HIV infection

Signs of diseases caused by the human papillomavirus vary. It depends on the strain the person is infected with. When infected with a strain that causes the development of papillomas and warts, they appear on the skin and mucous membranes, but this is not the only sign.

How else does the human papillomavirus manifest itself? One of the most striking manifestations of HPV is genital warts. These are mastoid formations of pink color, most often they are lighter than the mucous membrane, but sometimes they have a brighter color.

Symptoms of human papillomavirus in men may differ from those found in women. Of course, this is due to the different structure of their reproductive organs. The mucous membrane of the vagina and cervix is more favorable for the virus.

It is there that genital warts arise, and they can degenerate and become malignant. Their appearance, as well as changes in the skin and oral mucosa, are obvious symptoms of the human papillomavirus.

Symptoms of HPV begin to appear only after a decrease in immunity. The presence of papillomavirus in the blood is common; about 80% of the world's population is infected with this disease. It does not manifest itself in any way until the body’s strong defense mechanisms suppress the virus.

herpes;

syphilis;

chlamydia;

trichomoniasis;

gonorrhea.

urethra;

rectum;

vagina;

crotch;

vulva;

Cervix.

bridle;

foreskin;

Stage 3 symptoms

lymphadenopathy.

Symptoms and manifestations of HPV infection are warts, papillomas, dysplasia and cervical cancer. Different types of viruses lead to different manifestations in patients.

1. Warts

They are caused by the following types of HPV - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 28, 49.

Juvenile (or flat) warts - caused by types 3 and 5 of the virus. These are small flat elevations on the skin that occur mainly in children. This type of wart is described in detail here.
spinules (or plantar warts) - caused by types 1 and 2 of the virus (you can read more about them here).
vulgar warts on the fingers - caused by type 2 viruses (detailed article about them here).

These are flat warts on the face

These are vulgar warts on the hand

Localization: on the genitals, in the anus, in the oral cavity and on the lips (types - 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 31, 35). Read more about these warts.

These are genital warts

The main mechanism of transmission of this disease in adults is sexual. Very rarely, a contact route of transmission can occur - through shared toilet items, through a dirty toilet rim, using a shared bathroom, in a bathhouse, etc.

If a mother suffering from genital condylomatosis gives birth to a child, he will also become infected and subsequently may also develop genital warts or papillomatosis of the larynx and respiratory tract (discussed above).

This is laryngeal papillomatosis

Small, flat wart plaques (somewhat similar to flat warts) appear around the genitals. It develops more often in men who constantly change sexual partners. Called by types – 16, 18, 31, 33, 42, 48, 51, 54.

This is bowenoid papulosis

More serious clinical manifestations of HPV infection in women are cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, or dysplasia) of the cervix and cervical cancer (see photo). This is the most common type of malignant course of this infection. A more detailed article about CIN and dysplasia is here.

Pictured: cervical cancer

Each type of virus has its own affected area and specific external manifestation:

Warts on the arms, legs, body - 10, 4, 1, 2, 28, 3, 5, 49
Filiform warts (papillomas) on the neck, chest, face, and armpits in middle-aged and older people - 5, 3, 9 and 8
Condylomas in the anogenital zone – 16, 6, 18, 35, 11, 13, 31
Multiple papillomas in the larynx – 11
Hyperplasia of the oral mucosa – 13, 32
Oncogenic damage to cervical tissue - 31, 16, 18, 40, 67, 61, 43, 59, 33, 39, 42, 55, 57, 62, 66, 35
Oncogenic lesion of the skin of the penis – 16 and 18.

Note! Cervical erosion and cervical tissue dysplasia caused by HPV are different pathologies. Erosion is of an inflammatory nature. It is caused by mechanical damage to the epithelium during abortion, difficult childbirth, frequent sexual intercourse, and inflammatory diseases of the female genital area.

Diagnosis of HPV

1. PCR analysis

The main method for diagnosing papillomavirus is the PCR reaction. Using special reagents, the presence of HPV DNA in material from a patient is determined. The most common types of HPV tests are virus types 16, 18, as well as a number of other highly oncogenic types.

Material for analysis is taken from the mucous membrane of the woman’s vagina and cervix. In men - with the mucous membrane of the penis.

Below in the photo is an example of a PCR analysis and its decoding.

PCR can detect the presence of a virus even in a latent (that is, sleeping) state. Therefore, it is important to determine the viral load, or concentration of the virus.

The PCR reaction can also give a false result, both a false positive and a false negative result, especially if the conditions for its implementation are violated (even a push of the table on which the study is being carried out can lead to such a false result).

Thus, according to modern researchers in the West, up to 20% of all PCR results for papillomavirus were false. And this fact did not depend on the complexity of the equipment and the quality of the reagents.

2. Digene test

New research gaining popularity in the medical community. This test is used to determine the presence of clinically significant concentrations of the virus. Thanks to this test, it is possible to identify whether the viruses in the patient’s body have a high or low degree of oncogenicity.

The Digene test is used in conjunction with a cytological examination of the cervix, and they are also evaluated comprehensively.

As a rule, a person consults a doctor after discovering growths on the body. In the case of ordinary warts, visit a general practitioner, dermatologist or surgeon. In case of anogenital growths, women go to see a gynecologist, men should visit a urologist.

Diagnosis begins with a visual examination and questioning of the patient. After examination, the following is prescribed:

smear from the cervical canal for Papanicolaou analysis (PAP test) to determine the benignity, borderline state or malignancy of cervical tissue
colposcopy – examination with a special device
biopsy - analysis of tissue samples to detect cancer pathology
histological studies
PCR analysis to determine the type of HPV and their activity

Note! The patient does not necessarily undergo the full range of possible tests. An examination may be sufficient to make a diagnosis. Additional studies are carried out to determine the type of virus and its activity.

Testing for human papillomavirus in women and men: how to take it?

Example of PCR analysis for HPV

Interpretation of the analysis

The unit of measurement is the number of genome equivalents (in simple terms, the number of viruses) per 100,000 human epithelial cells (that is, by 10 to the 5th power).

Abbreviated as: Lg

How is human papillomavirus transmitted?

Many people are interested in how you can become infected with the human papillomavirus? Surprisingly, you can become infected in different ways, which contributes to the spread of the virus around the globe. The virus is transmitted from one person to another through contact and household contact, that is, it is impossible to avoid infection due to the fact that a person cannot live outside of society and not use household items.

The worst thing is that even a newborn baby can get this virus from the mother during childbirth, when it passes through the birth canal. In many cases, this is detected already in the first years of life, when the baby develops papillomas in the mouth and on the skin.

How is the human papillomavirus transmitted and spread? Most often you can become infected in the following cases.

Of course, there are HPVs that affect certain organs and tissues, but their high prevalence in the population often causes illness. But what about those 40% of the population in whom the virus is not detected? The fact is that the virus cannot always survive in a strong body; there are factors that contribute to its survival.

HPV types 16 and 18: detailed description and treatment methods

When human papillomavirus is detected in women, treatment is most often surgical. Pointed papillomas are removed by excision; sometimes cauterization is used with a laser, electrocoagulator, or cryotherapy.

A histological examination of the tissue must be done to exclude degeneration into a cancerous tumor. Therefore, the method of cryotherapy for genital warts is not always indicated, since the cells are damaged more during such removal, which can lead to erroneous analysis.

For flat condylomas, which are more often found on the cervix or vaginal mucosa, a biopsy is done. That is, they take a piece of tissue for analysis, and if there is no dysplasia, then they cut out the condyloma along with a section of adjacent tissue.

How else can human papillomavirus be treated? When there is no cell dysplasia, antiviral drugs are prescribed. Before prescribing, you need to determine the type of virus, since prescription regimens and medications used for them are different for different types of virus.

There is no point in taking antiviral medications without a doctor's prescription, since many of them are ineffective against some types of HPV. At the same time, it is necessary to use nonspecific treatment, which is aimed at increasing general immunity.

Can human papillomavirus be cured? Unfortunately, it is impossible to completely get rid of it. Once infected, a person remains a carrier for life. You can only reduce its activity, and for this you need to promptly remove papillomas and condylomas, take antiviral drugs prescribed by the doctor, and, most importantly, help the body overcome the virus itself.

A healthy lifestyle is not just a word; a person who takes care of his health, eats right, plays sports, thereby increases his immunity. A good immune system can prevent infection and prevent the virus from developing quietly in the body, causing disease.

If the human papillomavirus is detected in a woman, then treatment with folk remedies cannot be carried out!

Folk remedies cope well with skin papillomas or warts, so many try to cure condylomas in the same way. This is dangerous and in some cases has the opposite effect, increasing uterine dysplasia.

Among the folk remedies, those that help increase overall immunity may be useful. Many of them can also be used in children to avoid contracting the virus at home.

If immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papilloma are diagnosed, then appropriate therapy will be required. Of the more than one hundred types of papilloma viruses that infect humans, about 40 types cause genital warts (known as genital warts), 20 types provoke cancerous changes in the uterus in women, cancer of the penis in men, and only 2 are associated with HIV - 16-18 types.

New growths can grow from a few millimeters to 2 cm in diameter. Most warts grow without painful symptoms, but the development of some warts may be accompanied by itching or discomfort.

Human papillomavirus infection - clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment.”

According to WHO experts, currently almost 70% of the world's population is infected with the HPV virus. Infection usually occurs in childhood. Through microdamage to the child’s skin (scratches, abrasions), the papillomavirus enters the child’s body and causes the appearance of warts.

In adults, certain types of virus cause the development of genital warts. The mechanism of transmission of these types is predominantly sexual. Through microtraumas of the genital organs, the virus is transmitted from one sexual partner to another.

When infected, the virus enters the body and is met by cells of the human immune system. In most cases, immune cells destroy the virus. But if the immune system is weakened, the virus manages to penetrate the cells of the basal layer of the epithelium of the skin or mucous membranes, integrates into the chromosomes of the cells and changes the functioning of these cells.

Remember:

The types of HPV that cause warts enter the body during childhood,
The types of HPV that cause genital warts enter the body primarily through sexual contact.

In some cases, the development of human papillomavirus infection in the human body can lead to malignancy (that is, degeneration into cancer). Depending on this feature, all types of papillomaviruses are classified according to the degree of oncogenicity (that is, according to the degree of possible cancer development).

Classification of HPV by type of oncogenicity:

Types of papillomaviruses that never cause cancer: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 28, 49
Low oncogenic risk types (very rarely cause cancer): 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70, 72, 81.
Types of average oncogenic risk (average percentage of cancer degeneration): 26, 53, 65.
Types of high oncogenic risk (high percentage of cancer development): 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

HPV infection occurs after contact with a sick person or a virus carrier who does not have clinical manifestations. Viruses remain viable in the environment.

Genital warts are transmitted sexually. In 65-70% of cases they are detected simultaneously in both sexual partners. Newborns can be infected during labor by passing through the birth canal of a mother infected with HPV.

Risk factors for developing HPV infection are:

early onset of sexual activity, a large number of sexual partners;
contact with a woman with cervical cancer or genital papillomatosis;
association of HPV with other STIs (chlamydia, urogenital mycoplasmosis, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, bacterial vaginosis, HSV infection, HIV, cytomegalovirus infection, syphilis, etc.);
local irritants (discharge from the vagina, urethra, rectum in various pathological conditions, maceration, accumulation of smegma, etc.);
dysbiotic conditions;
smoking, alcohol;
transient immunodeficiency states that occur due to vitamin deficiency, excessive insolation, atopic dermatitis, pregnancy, treatment with cytostatics, etc.

CLINICAL PICTURE

The incubation period for HPV infection varies from 3 weeks to 9-12 months (average 3 months). Transformation of an infection caused by a high-oncogenic risk HPV group into cervical, anal or skin dysplasia or cancer usually occurs within 5-30 years (rarely up to 1 year).

The absence of clinical and histological signs of infection when HPV DNA is detected indicates latent or asymptomatic infection.

About 90% of cases of genital condylomatosis are caused by HPV types 6 and 11. Condylomas acuminata (classic form) initially appear as small papillary limited nodules the color of normal skin or mucous membrane.

Gradually they turn into thread-like growths of considerable size, reminiscent in appearance of a cockscomb or cauliflower. Genital warts are localized mainly in places of friction and trauma during sexual contact.

HPV infection, caused by highly oncogenic types of the virus (types 16 and 18), is the etiological agent of precancerous conditions and cancer of the anogenital area. Genital intraepithelial neoplasia, cervical cancer occur in 70%, and cancer of the penis, vagina, vulva, and anus - in 30-40%.

HPV lesions associated with these types, as well as their transformation into cancer, often occur against the background of immunodeficiency. In 25% of women, along with genital warts of the external genitalia, papillomatosis of the cervix and vagina occurs.

According to generalized literature data, from 30 to 50% of sexually active women in different countries of the world are infected with papillomaviruses, and 75% of them with genotypes associated with a high risk of developing cancer.

It should be noted that dysplasia of the cervical epithelium against the background of HPV infection can be observed for a long time, and in 54% of cases spontaneous regression occurs, in 16% a persistent infection develops, in 30% of cases cervical cancer develops within 2-10 years .

The likelihood of tumor transformation of the epithelium increases when HPV infection is combined with Chlamydia trachomatis infection. More often, these processes are asymptomatic, but in the presence of concomitant infections of the genitourinary tract they are accompanied by itching, discharge, pain in the lower abdomen and other symptoms.

DIAGNOSTICS

Diagnosis of HPV infection is carried out on the basis of a clinical examination, extended colposcopy, cytological, histological examination of biopsy specimens, detection of HPV DNA and antibodies to HPV, oncoproteins E6 and E7.

It is mandatory to screen patients for the presence of concomitant STIs. The association of HPV with other urogenital infections is observed in almost 90% of cases.

Considering the high frequency of subclinical forms of HPV infection, PCR diagnosis of HPV should be carried out in all cases when herpesvirus infection and other STIs are detected, as well as in the presence of chronic nonspecific urethritis, vulvovaginitis, colpitis, endocervicitis.

The greatest diagnostic importance is currently attached to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, which makes it possible to identify individual types of HPV. This method has great prognostic significance, especially if, against the background of papillomavirus infection, there is already a picture of dysplasia of the cervical epithelium.

Based on the above, treatment of diseases caused by HPV should include not only the destruction of tumors, but also the correction of general and local immunodeficiency, and the elimination of factors contributing to their development.

The high frequency of relapses is a serious problem in the treatment of human papillomavirus infection and does not depend on the choice of destructive therapy method. Combination with other sexually transmitted infections significantly aggravates the course of anogenital papillomavirus infection and contributes to the recurrence of genital warts.

Effective antiviral drugs for human papilloma

Combined: it is very common, so independent removal of papillomas is strictly prohibited, papillary ones, however. And also condylomas on the mucous membranes of the mouth, if they are not located on the mucous membranes of the mouth or intimate places.

Papillomas can appear on the skin one at a time or simultaneously in groups, when others, a decrease in the body's immune defense, then through.

Specific and nonspecific prevention

As for methods of nonspecific prevention, these are, of course, maintaining hygiene, rules of conduct in public places, increasing general immunity and the need to avoid promiscuous sexual intercourse.

Methods of specific prevention are vaccines, the development of which has been carried out for more than 30 years. Currently, there is a vaccine called Gardasil, which is used to vaccinate children and young girls before they become sexually active.

The vaccine can be used starting from 9 years of age. In adults, the result of vaccination has no effect, since the vaccine does not work when infection has already occurred. The Gardasil vaccine is aimed at the 4 most common strains of the human papillomavirus, namely 16, 18 and 6, 11.

The human papillomavirus, especially some of its highly oncogenic types, often leads to the development of a malignant tumor, so you need to promptly consult a doctor if you suspect infection and undergo regular preventive examinations.

Under no circumstances should you self-medicate, as there are many observations where cell dysplasia increased during self-medication, which significantly changed the prognosis of the disease and could lead to metastasis.

Prevention is the best cure. Remember this phrase, especially when it comes to the sexual sphere.

Nature has come up with a wonderful healing and prevention mechanism for humans, which then helps him not to get sick again. This is the immune system.

If a person has already had warts or papillomas once, then he subsequently develops immunity to this type of virus. Therefore, juvenile warts, spinules and warts vulgaris very rarely appear in adults.

It is on this principle that the method of vaccinating a person against various infectious diseases, including papillomavirus, is built.

This is why it is SO IMPORTANT to maintain your immunity at a high level. Read a detailed article about how to strengthen your immune system.

Vaccine "Gardasil" made in the USA. This vaccination against types 6, 11, 16, 18 prevents the development of symptoms of infection such as genital warts, neoplasia (dysplasia, or erosion) and cervical cancer, cancer of the skin of the penis in men. In many developed countries, HPV vaccination is carried out very actively, starting from 11-12 years of age (link), until the time of sexual activity, when infection already occurs. It is given to both girls and boys.
Vaccine "Gardasil 9". This vaccine is nine-valent, that is, it acts against 9 types of virus: 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. The effectiveness of preventing cervical cancer is from 98% to 100%.
Vaccine "Cervarix". This vaccine forms immunity against 2 types of virus: 16 and 18.

Personal hygiene measures in public places
A healthy lifestyle that maintains a high level of immunity
Correct work and rest schedule
Moderate physical training
Taking vitamins, fruits, juices
Only one sexual partner (ideally)
Using a condom during sexual intercourse

And in conclusion - several videos on the topic of the material, recommended for viewing.

Attention: if the doctor did not answer your question, then the answer is already on the pages of the site. Use the search on the site.

It is impossible to protect yourself from human papillomavirus infection. To reduce the risk of infection you should:

choose your sexual partner carefully
be monogamous in sex
Avoid visiting public baths and swimming pools
strengthen the body– eat well, get enough rest, give up bad habits.

Sexual discretion and regular medical examinations are the best ways to protect against HPV.

HIV vs HPV

HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus and HPV stands for human papillomavirus. HIV is an RNA virus, whereas HPV is a DNA virus. Transmission of HIV mainly occurs through sexual contact as a result of the transfer of fluids from one person to another. Transmission for HPV occurs through the skin, mainly from abrasive surfaces and sexual contact.

People infected with HIV get various forms of infections. One of them is HPV. HPV is difficult to treat in HIV-positive patients. HPV can be treated, whereas HIV-infected individuals are not free of the disease for life.

People infected with HIV have a compromised immune system and hence any disease can easily affect them. When HPV enters the body, it is not easily recognized by the body's immune system because it is compromised, and it affects the individual more often in patients with HIV.

HIV is life-threatening, whereas HPV, when it occurs alone, is not life-threatening. HPV occurs in people with HIV when the CD4 cell count decreases and the viral load increases. Complications of HPV include warts seen in the hands, genital areas, feet and oral area. As HIV infection becomes more complicated, it becomes an immunodeficiency disease and ultimately leads to death.

Treatment for HPV includes both oral and topical antiviral medications. Topical applications should be given to the area of the wart, and sometimes surgical removal of the wart may be done. Treatment for HIV includes anti-HIV drugs that simply reduce the level of the virus and improve a person's life. There is no permanent cure for HIV.

HPV can be completely resolved, but sometimes complications such as cervical cancer may occur, whereas with HIV, there is no regression of the disease, but instead worsens with an increase in viral load, decreased immunity and an advanced stage of the disease that acquires the immunodeficiency virus, leading to death.

HPV does not cause any symptoms, but in some cases symptoms such as warts may appear. It is more common in the genitals, but in some cases it can also occur in the throat, which is called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. At first, the wart appears small and the cauliflower has a similar appearance. It may grow at later stages. It can be either raised or flat. This occurs after several days of sexual intercourse. Mostly it regresses, but in some cases it can increase in size and number. Few cases of HPV show cervical cancer. HIV eventually develops all types of infections due to decreased immunity.

SUMMARY: 1. HIV is an RNA virus, and HPV is a DNA virus. 2. Many infections occur with HIV, while HPV shows warts and in some cases does not cause any symptoms at all. 3. Treatment for HPV is an antiviral drug, mainly in the topical form, and for HIV - an anti-HIV drug. 4. Complete regression of HPV is possible, while only the quality of life improves with HIV. 5. The complication of HPV is cervical cancer, while for HIV it is AIDS, leading to death.

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Ecological tales about ladybugs

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Dream Interpretation: Why do you dream about fish?

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New Year's salad recipes (2016) Meat salad with prunes

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Why accidentally break a mirror at home?

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What is possible and not possible during the Nativity Fast?

In 2018, the Nativity Fast will begin on November 28. During this period, Orthodox believers prepare to meet...

2024-01-31 04:57:39

A powerful prayer from her husband's mistress

Starting a family is the dream of most women. They want to have a loving husband and a bunch of kids. But it's not always...
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Prayer to prevent divorce from your husband Prayer to keep your husband before divorce

This article contains: the most powerful prayer for divorce - information taken from all over the world, electronic...

HPV and cytomegalovirus

HPV and chlamydia

The relationship between papillomavirus and HIV infection

What is HPV or why do papillomas appear?

HIV status positive: what is it?

Is there a connection between infections

How to treat papilloma virus? Why is he dangerous? Does this look like HIV infection? What are the consequences and how to deal with it? Help me please

Woman.ru experts

Erofeeva Valentina Vladimirovna

Agafonova Evgenia Leontievna

Starostina Lyudmila Vasilievna

Klimova Anna Georgievna

Kostyuzhev Artyom Sergeevich

Lydia Shumina

Shiyan Olga Vasilievna

Tankova Oksana Vladimirovna

Natalia Evgenievna Pokhodilova

Bondarenko Tatyana Alekseevna

HIV and HPV are related or not

What is HPV?

What is HIV?

Signs of HPV

Symptoms of HIV

Risk FactorsWhat are the risk factors for HPV and HIV?

DiagnosisHow are HPV and HIV diagnosed?

Diagnosis of HPV

HIV diagnosis

TreatmentHow do you treat HPV and HIV?

Treatment Options for HPV

HIV Treatment Options

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV)

Infections that develop with HIV

Is HPV related to HIV?

For citation

Is HPV related to HIV?

How do men become infected with HPV?

"Condoms will protect me"

annotation scientific article on fundamental medicine, author of the scientific work - Marochko K.V., Artymuk N.V.

Related topics scientific works on fundamental medicine, author of the scientific work - Marochko K.V., Artymuk N.V.

Text of scientific work on the topic “Features of human papillomavirus infection in women infected with the human immunodeficiency virus”

Reasons for HPV activation

Distinctive symptoms in men

HPV types, oncogenic and non-oncogenic

First symptoms

Stage 3 symptoms

Papillomas are a sign of infection

The first symptoms and signs of HIV infection

Stage 3 symptoms

1. Warts

Diagnosis of HPV

1. PCR analysis

2. Digene test

Testing for human papillomavirus in women and men: how to take it?

How is human papillomavirus transmitted?

HPV types 16 and 18: detailed description and treatment methods

Effective antiviral drugs for human papilloma

Specific and nonspecific prevention

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