Lomonosov's favorite science is chemistry. “Chemistry spreads its hands wide into human affairs... Wherever we look, wherever we look, they turn before us. Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs

Goal: to find out why chemistry was Lomonosov’s favorite science, and what contribution Mikhail Vasilyevich made to it Contents: Biography Biography University of Marburg Lomonosov’s merits Lomonosov’s merits Law of conservation of mass of substances Law of conservation of mass of substances areas in which Lomonosov left his mark areas in which Lomonosov left their traces of Moscow State University. Lomonosov Moscow State University. Lomonosov Cabinet of the chemist M.V. Lomonosov Cabinet of the chemist M.V. Lomonosov Science chemistry Science chemistry approval of sciences in the fatherland approval of sciences in the fatherland Monument to M.V. Lomonosov in his homeland Monument to M.V. Lomonosov in his homeland M.V. Lomonosov’s grave in Alexandra - Nevsky Lavra Grave of M.V. Lomonosov in Alexandra - Nevsky Lavra

Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born on November 8, 1711 in the village of Denisovka near Kholmogory. His father, Vasily Dorofeevich, was a famous man in Pomorie, the owner of a fishing artel and a successful merchant. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov was born on November 8, 1711 in the village of Denisovka near Kholmogory. His father, Vasily Dorofeevich, was a famous man in Pomorie, the owner of a fishing artel and a successful merchant.

In 1735, 12 of the most capable students were called from the Moscow Academy to the Academy of Sciences. Three of them, including Lomonosov, were sent to Germany, to the University of Marburg, then he continued his education in Freiburg. In 1735, 12 of the most capable students were called from the Moscow Academy to the Academy of Sciences. Three of them, including Lomonosov, were sent to Germany, to the University of Marburg, then he continued his education in Freiburg.

Lomonosov's merits Lomonosov's favorite science is chemistry. He created a chemical laboratory in St. Petersburg and discovered a new law; Lomonosov's favorite science is chemistry. He created a chemical laboratory in St. Petersburg and discovered a new law; While studying physics, he solved the mystery of thunderstorms and northern lights; While studying physics, he solved the mystery of thunderstorms and northern lights; He loved to watch the stars and improved the telescope; He loved to watch the stars and improved the telescope; Observing Venus, he established that this planet has an atmosphere; Observing Venus, he established that this planet has an atmosphere; He is the world's first polar geographer; He is the world's first polar geographer; He studied the history of the ancient Slavs and the history of porcelain making; He studied the history of the ancient Slavs and the history of porcelain making; And how much he did to improve the Russian language! And how much he did to improve the Russian language! Wrote poetry; Wrote poetry; He revived the production of colored glass and made mosaic paintings ("Portrait of Peter I", "Battle of Poltava"); He revived the production of colored glass and made mosaic paintings ("Portrait of Peter I", "Battle of Poltava"); Opened the first Russian university in Moscow. Opened the first Russian university in Moscow.

He created the first university. Better to say, it itself was our first university. A. S. Pushkin. In 1748 he formulated the most important law of chemistry - the law of conservation of mass of matter in chemical reactions. The mass of substances that entered into a reaction is equal to the mass of substances resulting from it.

The history of mankind knows many multi-talented people. And among them, the great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov should be placed in one of the first places. The history of mankind knows many multi-talented people. And among them, the great Russian scientist Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov should be placed in one of the first places. Optics and heat, electricity and gravity, meteorology and art, geography and metallurgy, history and chemistry, philosophy and literature, geology and astronomy are the areas in which Lomonosov left his mark. Optics and heat, electricity and gravity, meteorology and art, geography and metallurgy, history and chemistry, philosophy and literature, geology and astronomy are the areas in which Lomonosov left his mark.

The goal of Lomonosov’s life until his very last day was “the establishment of science in the fatherland,” which he considered the key to the prosperity of his homeland. The goal of Lomonosov’s life until his very last day was “the establishment of science in the fatherland,” which he considered the key to the prosperity of his homeland.

"VINEGAROON" is a black dye for vegetable tanned leather.

It is made at home and its ingredients are ordinary vinegar and iron.

When mixed and left for a month (or so), the iron oxidation process occurs,

it dissolves in vinegar and produces a liquid

which, when interacting with vegetable tannins in the skin, gives a reaction

and turns black. The more tannins, the darker and more saturated the color.

Therefore, before painting, you can soak the leather in a strong infusion of tea or coffee or walnuts and the color will be deep black.

And it is for this reason that this “dye” is applicable only to vegetable tanned leather; it will not work on chrome leather - there are no vegetable tannins there. In principle, this cannot be called a dye either, since by its nature it is not a paint, but an oxide that reacts and changes color. During wear, such dyed leather does not leave black marks on clothing, as often happens with conventional paint.

The beauty of this dye is that it is very cheap (simple table vinegar and the cheapest metal sponges, or even cheaper if you have a handful of old rusty nails). It can be made a liter or two or more without any special expenses. And it paints better than regular paint - right through, and does not rub off on clothes.

I can answer all the questions not as a specialist, but as a person who “read a little about it” and “tried it myself.” If you search for the word "vinegaroon" you will find a lot of information on this topic (if you are interested).

So..

All we need is pure white vinegar without any impurities and RUST-PROOF dishcloths.

Old rusty nails work great too, as do iron filings. The main thing is that it is NOT stainless steel.

I couldn’t find regular washcloths in my nearest store (only stainless steel ones)

but I found washcloths with soap. They cost pennies but you have to rinse out all the soap.

In the photo - a small bottle of vinegar and a bunch of washcloths -

this is too many, as it later turned out, only 3-4 will be needed. You need more vinegar.

I rinsed the washcloths not just in hot water, but also with a mixture of dishwashing detergent

to rinse out all the oils with which the washcloths are coated so that they do not rust.

The smaller and finer the fibers -

the better and faster they will oxidize and dissolve. Look for small and thin ones in the store.

Take a glass scrap jar. I didn’t have one, so I took the “needed” one. What to do..

Gut 3-4 washcloths and put them in a jar. Do not press them, let them “hang” in free flight.

Here I stuffed a full jar, but then took out half.

Fill with vinegar. I only bought one bottle but now I realized that I needed more..

Oxidation begins instantly - vinegar turns rusty in seconds

Cover the jar with a lid. Do not close it tightly - you need a small hole, otherwise the evaporation gases will rip the lid off the jar.

Place in a warm place. My jar was on the kitchen floor.

There was no smell, only if you stuck your nose into the jar - then brrrrrr!

Literally the next day the liquid clears and becomes clear.

The iron becomes covered with bubbles - the process has begun!

Stir the entire mixture every day.

All this should infuse and dissolve for at least two weeks, preferably a month.

In the photo you see what I got after a month and a week of infusion.

The iron dissolved, an oxide crust appeared on top and sediment appeared on the bottom. The liquid is almost transparent.

The yellow color in the photo is rust on the walls of the can.

Now you need to strain everything. You see that the liquid is transparent. You also see black pieces of oxide.

This is what is left at the bottom. I got excited and also poured it into a common pot, but it was probably better to throw it away.

The liquid turned out to be quite cloudy

So I strained it again

that's what's left on the napkin

Now I left the jar to steep for a couple more days, but with the lid completely open,

so that all the vapors disappear. the main oxidation process took place due to vapors,

so it was very important to keep the lid closed throughout the month

leaving only a couple of holes for excess gases to escape. Now let's let everything air out.

After a couple of days, my liquid separated as you can see in the photo.

I strained it again through several layers of thick napkin. Red color is the top layer

Now the middle layer has gone - it is lighter and yellower

We don't need the sediment - we'll throw it away

these are still pieces of oxide after the second stage of infusion

And this is our dye. Vinegarun. Everything is strained and packed into jars (or bottles if you prefer).

Now it can stand for a year or two. It depends on how often you will use Vinegarun.

You color the leather, then pour the liquid back into the jar and seal it.

Leave until next use.

And so on - until the “fortress” weakens. When you see that the color is no longer completely black and

that in order to color you have to keep the skin in the vinegaroon longer and longer - it’s time to renew it.

You don’t pour out the liquid, but simply add a couple more washcloths and a bottle of fresh vinegar.

and go through the whole tincture process again.

The color of the winegarun may turn out different (I mean the color of the liquid and not the color of the painted skin).

I got a beautiful amber one, but to be honest -

on all forums they usually write that the result is either black or cloudy red or transparent..

It all depends on the proportions of vinegar and iron, I think, as well as on the infusion conditions -

lighting, temperature, infusion time.

Many tanners are very impatient and start using the tincture within two weeks or even earlier.

It will turn black, but for a truly high-quality infusion it is better to be patient and let it sit for a month.

Therefore, if you get a different color than mine, this does not mean that you did something wrong.

Perhaps I did it wrong

If during “fermentation” the liquid becomes reddish-cloudy, this means that you have gone too far with iron and there is not enough vinegar to process everything. Add fresh vinegar to the bottle and everything will clear up in a day or two.

Now let's try to color the skin. It is best to do this in a bath.

Take a tray for developing photographs (if you have one, I have a lot from mine)

stormy childhood but everyone stayed in Ukraine), you can take any other suitable

a non-metallic container that is large enough to hold your pieces of leather.

I’m not painting anything now, I just took a piece of leather for clarity and I won’t use baths. I'll get wet right into the jar.

If you are using a bath, pour vinegarun into it and dip your skin in it.

Keep the skin in the solution for a few seconds and remove.

Here in the photo I only held it for one second - I got wet and took it out. The skin instantly turns gray - the reaction has begun

I got wet again and took it out immediately. This is for clarity.

The lighter area - 1 second in the solution. The darker one - 2 seconds in the solution.

Now we place the skin on the table surface and look at it. The color changes before your eyes.

Blacker and blacker every second.

Let stand for 5-10 minutes (I stood for 2 minutes, but it takes longer for it to soak in and blacken well).

Now you need to stop the reaction and to do this you need to dip the colored piece of skin into a baking soda solution.

I put a full tablespoon of baking soda per liter of water.

Dip the skin into this solution and immediately remove it. If you hold it for a long time, the skin will “burn.”

You will see how, upon contact with a soda solution, the skin becomes covered with bubbles -

the oxidation process is neutralized (I don’t remember when I operated on t

with such clever words for the last time - probably back at school!

Now immediately lower the skin under running water and rinse everything well.

There is no need to wrinkle or twist the leather - if you have embossing on the leather, you will destroy it.

Just hold it under the tap for a long time or keep it in a bowl of clean water so that the soda rinses out

This is the wrong side.

It's dried out a little. You see a line that separates the light area and the darker one.

As you remember, the lighter one was in the winegaroon for only one second, and the darker one was in the winegaroon for 2 seconds.

You need to keep it for no more than one minute; when the solution is completely fresh, even half a minute will be enough.

I held it for one and two seconds - just so you can see how it works.

Our piece of skin is completely dry. The color is black but not black either.

Now the real magic is to give the skin a deep black color.

During this entire process, the skin lost oils and became dry.

That's why the color is more gray than black.

We need to return lost oils to the skin so that it can acquire a truly beautiful color.

You can use any oil FOR SKIN.

You can use NEATSFOOT OIL - it is the best for the skin.

You can use any other one you find - look at the manufacturers of leather treatment products.

Do not use olive or sunflower vegetable oil - these are mineral oils and are not suitable for working with leather.

I took what was on hand - one of the oils that I use when working.

I only applied the oil to half a piece of skin so you can see the difference.

They also say that you can use leather conditioner

(not for your facial skin but for leather products) instead of oil. I decided to try it and took my favorite.

I applied the conditioner to a small area - in the upper right corner of the skin.

I applied oil from the inside too - but just a little,

so that the skin does not become sour in oil, but it is enough for it to change color

I decided to go all the way and applied a fixer - a little, for shine.

In the area where there was no oil, the fixative was absorbed instantly - there the skin is dry and needs nourishment.

And where you applied the oil, the skin is already sufficiently nourished and the fixative is absorbed slowly, reluctantly.

I note that in the place where the conditioner was applied, the fixative was absorbed very quickly,

which means the conditioner was not enough to return the necessary substances to the skin. It's better to use oil.

Everything was absorbed and dried. The lower part of the leather in the photo is treated with oil.

Beautiful black rich color. Top right is a piece treated with conditioner.

If you don’t compare it to a piece of butter, then in principle it’s normal.

At the top left is pure vinegarun without further treatment with oil. The skin has lost oil and has a gray, dry color.

Here is a photo from a different angle (black is quite difficult to photograph).

The area without oil or conditioner is circled in red.

Closer shot.

The cut shows that in the area treated with oil (on the right), where the oil was absorbed, the color became black.

And where there is no oil - on the left - the color inside the skin remains the same.

Circled in red is the area that spent one second in winegaroon. Everything else - 2 seconds in solution.

The section shows that where the skin was in the solution for only one second, the dye did not have time to be absorbed into the skin.

And where I held it for two seconds, the dye penetrated deeper.

When dyeing skin in Vinegarun, the solution will penetrate deep into the skin within 30 seconds or longer.

and will color it completely from the inside. Then the oil will finish the job and the color will turn to a beautiful black.

This is my experience in making Vinegarun - a black dye. I shared with you the process I went through.

If you have questions, ask, maybe I can answer them. But let me remind you that I am not an expert in this.

I just tried what I found on the Internet.

I don’t even use black when working - I tried it out of curiosity!

(But maybe now I’ll use it - I won’t waste a month and a half’s work!)

Thank you for your attention! Questions are welcome!

Materials:

Table vinegar, iron

Brain-ring in chemistry

“Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs.”

Expand knowledge of chemistry, instill interest in science

Develop creativity

Develop the ability to work in pairs

Participants: students in grades 9-10

1. Introductory speech by the teacher.

Hello guys! We invited you today to witness a competition in resourcefulness, cheerfulness, and knowledge of the subject of chemistry between teams of grades 9 and 10.

And so let me remind you that today we are holding a “BRAIN RING” of 6 rounds.

Dear fans, today you are allowed to give hints, give independent answers, and you can become participants in the 6th round and compete with future winners.

Our brain ring will be watched by our JURY:…….

Team greetings are assessed on a five-point system

SO, let's now give the floor to our teams.

I. ROUND “Great Chemists”

1. Read the law of constancy of the composition of chemical compounds and name the French scientist who discovered this law. (Answer: Proust Joseph Louis)

2. Add a numeral to the name of the chemical elements of group 3 to get the name of a Russian scientist - chemist and composer.

(Answer: Bor-one = Borodin Alexander Porfirievich 12.11.1833–27.02.87)

3. Peter the Great said: “I have a presentiment that someday, and perhaps even during our lifetime, the Russians will shame the most enlightened peoples with their success in science, tirelessness in their work and the majesty of their firm and loud glory.”

Question. Now you have to decide who these verses belong to and tell very briefly what kind of person he is.

"O you who await

Fatherland from its depths

And he wants to see them,

Which ones are called from the camp of strangers,

Oh, your days are blessed!

Be encouraged now,

It’s your kindness to show

What can Platonov's own

And the Newtons are quick in mind

Russian land to give birth.” Answer. M. V. Lomonosov

5. A. A. Voskresensky worked at the St. Petersburg Main Pedagogical Institute, gave lectures at the Institute of Railways, the Corps of Pages, and the Engineering Academy. In 1838–1867 taught at St. Petersburg University.

Question. Name his most famous student. The grateful student called his teacher “the grandfather of Russian chemistry.”

Answer: D.I. Mendeleev.

6. Give A. A. Voskresensky’s favorite saying, which D. I. Mendeleev often repeated.”

Answer: “It is not the gods who burn pots and make bricks.”

7. Who and when proposed a simple and understandable system of alphabetic symbols to express the atomic composition of chemical compounds. How many years have chemical symbols been used?

Answer: 1814 by Swedish scientist Jan Berzelius. The signs have been in use for 194 years.

Word of the JURY

ROUND II "Acids"

1. Which acid and its salts served the cause of war and destruction for several centuries.

Answer: Nitric acid.

2. Name at least 5 acids that people eat.

Answer: Ascorbic, lemon, vinegar, lactic, apple, valerian, oxalic...

3. What is “oil of vitriol”?

Answer: sulfuric acid (pl. 1, 84, 96, 5%, due to its oily appearance, was obtained from iron sulfate (until the mid-18th century.)

4. There is a concept of acid rain. Is it possible for acid snow, fog or dew to exist? Explain this phenomenon.

We will be the first to call the cat,

Secondly, we measure the thickness of the water,

The union will suit us for the third

And it will become whole

Answer. Acid

"The Mystery of the Black Sea" Yu. Kuznetsov.

Crimea was shaking in 1928,

And the sea reared up,

Emitting to the horror of the nations,

Fire pillars of brimstone.

Everything is over. The foam is blowing again

But since then everything is higher, everything is denser

Twilight brimstone Gehenna

Approaches to the bottoms of ships.”

(!?) Write diagrams of possible OVRs that take place in this episode.

Answer: 2H2S+O2=2H2O+2S+Q

S+O2=SO2

2H2+3O2=H2O+3O2+Q

III. ROUND (P, S, O, N,)

1. “Yes! It was a dog, huge, pitch black. But none of us mortals had ever seen such a dog. Flames burst out of its open mouth, sparks were thrown from its eyes, a flickering fire shimmered across its face and neck. the inflamed brain could not have conceived a vision more terrible, more disgusting than this hellish creature that jumped out at us from the fog... A terrible dog, the size of a young lioness. Its huge mouth still glowed with a bluish flame, its deep-set eyes were I touched this luminous head and, taking my hand away, I saw that my fingers also glowed in the dark.

Learned? Arthur Conan Doyle "The Hound of the Baskervilles"

(!?) What element is involved in this nasty story? Give a brief description of this element.

Answer: Characteristics according to the position in PSHE. In 1669, the alchemist Brand discovered white phosphorus. For its ability to glow in the dark, he called it “cold fire”

2. How to remove nitrates from vegetables? Suggest at least three ways.

Answer: 1. Nitrates are soluble in water, vegetables can be soaked in water.2. When heated, nitrates decompose, therefore, it is necessary to cook vegetables.

3. Which city in Russia is named after the raw material rock for the production of phosphate fertilizers?

Answer: Apatity, Murmansk region.

4. As you know, the outstanding naturalist of antiquity, Pliny the Elder, died in 79 AD. during a volcanic eruption. His nephew wrote in a letter to the historian Tacitus “...Suddenly there were peals of thunder, and black sulfur vapors rolled down from the mountain flames. Everyone ran away. Pliny stood up and, leaning on two slaves, thought to leave too; but the deadly steam surrounded him on all sides, his knees buckled, he fell again and suffocated.”

Question. What did the sulfur vapor that killed Pliny consist of?

Answer: 1) 0.01% hydrogen sulfide in the air kills a person almost instantly. 2) sulfur (IV) oxide.

5. If you want to whitewash ceilings, coat an object with copper, or destroy pests in the garden, you cannot do without dark blue crystals.

Question. Give the formula of the compound that forms these crystals.

Answer. Copper sulfate. СuSO4 * 5 H2O.

Word of the JURY

IV. ROUND – question – answer

Which element is always happy? (radon)

Which elements claim that “other substances can be produced” (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

What will be the medium when sodium carbonate is dissolved in water? (alkaline)

What is the name of a positively charged particle that is formed when current is passed through an electrolyte solution (cation)

What chemical element is included in the structure that Tom Sawyer was forced to paint (fence - boron)

The name of which metal carries the magician (magnesium-magnesium)

V. ROUND (As, Sb, Bi)

1. Criminal law legislation has always distinguished poisoning from other types of murders as a particularly serious crime. Roman law saw poisoning as a combination of murder and treason. Canon law placed poisoning on a par with witchcraft. In the codes of the 14th century. For poisoning, a particularly frightening death penalty was established - wheeling for men and drowning with preliminary torture for women.

At different times, in different circumstances, in different forms, it acts as a poison and as a unique healing agent, as a harmful and dangerous industrial waste, as a component of the most useful, irreplaceable substances.

Question. What chemical element are we talking about, name the atomic number and its relative atomic mass.

Answer. Arsenic. Ar =34.

2. What chronic disease does tin suffer from? What metal can cure the disease?

Answer. Tin turns to powder at low temperatures - the “tin plague”. Bismuth atoms (antimony and lead) when added to tin cement its crystal lattice, stopping the “tin plague”.

3. What chemical element did the alchemists depict as a writhing snake?

Answer. In the Middle Ages, arsenic was depicted with the help of a wriggling snake, emphasizing its poisonousness.

5. What chemical element did alchemists depict as a wolf with an open mouth?

Answer. Antimony was depicted in the form of a wolf with an open mouth. She received this symbol because of her ability to dissolve metals, and in particular gold.

6. What chemical element is the compound? Was Napoleon poisoned?

Answer. Arsenic.

VI. ROUND (Chemistry in everyday life)

1. Without what can you bake a sour apple pie?

Answer. No soda.

2. Without what substance is it impossible to iron dry clothes?

Answer. Without water.

3. Name a metal that is in a liquid state at room temperature.

Answer. Mercury.

4. What substance is used to treat soils that are too acidic.

Answer. Lime.

5. Does sugar burn? Try this.

Answer. All substances burn. But to ignite sugar, you need a catalyst—cigarette ash.

6. Humanity has used preservatives to store food since ancient times. Name the main preservatives.

Answer. Table salt, smoke smoke, honey, oil, vinegar.

While the JURY is tallying the results of the competitions and announcing the winner, I will ask the fans questions:

What kind of milk do you not drink? (limestone)

What element is the basis of inanimate nature? (hydrogen)

What kind of water does gold dissolve in? (aqua regia)

For which element in the form of a simple substance do they pay more than for gold, or, on the contrary, do they pay to get rid of it? (mercury)

What is allotropy? Give examples.

What is glacial acid? (acetic)

What alcohol doesn't burn? (ammonia)

What is white gold? (alloy of gold with platinum, nickel or silver)

The word of the JURY.

Winner's reward ceremony

Chemistry spreads its hands wide into human affairs... wherever we look, wherever we look, the successes of its diligence appear before our eyes. M. V. Lomonosov.

Chemistry 9th grade

“Structure of nucleic acids” - Polymer. Complementarity. Genetic code. DNA. NK structure. DNA model. Nucleic acids. Red blood cells. Three codons are punctuation marks. Connection of nucleotides. An amino acid is encoded by three nucleotides. Opening of NK. Types of RNA. Properties of the genetic code.

“World of Metal” - Do you know metals. Metallic properties. .What is the name of the “king” of metals. Plan. Chemical properties. Tasks. Journey into the "world of metals". The influence of metals on the color of plants. Biological role of metals. Harmful effects of metals and their compounds on the human body. 4Al + 3O2. General characteristics of metals. Interesting materials about metals. Metal content in potatoes. Gold, silver, iron.

"Organic chemistry" - Valence properties. Chemistry spreads its hands widely into human affairs. Protein. Target. Main components. Detergents. Carbohydrates. F. A. Kekule. Subject of organic chemistry. E. G. Fischer. Amino acids. Normal butane. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds. A. M. Butlerov. Synthetics. Hybridization. Fuel. Polymers.

“Chemical properties of sulfur” - Repetition of the structure. Using an interactive whiteboard. Radius of sulfur. Review questions. Interaction with oxygen. Sulfur. Chemical properties. Chemical properties of sulfur. Chemistry lesson. Interaction with carbon. Interaction of sulfur with hydrogen. Oxygen. Interaction with metals.

“Carbon, carbon compounds” - Water hardness and ways to eliminate it. Questionnaire. Adding soda. The effect of smoking on internal organs. Application of carbon compounds: carbon dioxide. Stalactites and stalagmites. Greenhouse effect. Carbon cycle in nature. Drills and drills. The effect of smoking on fetal development. Consequences of using hard water. Algorithm for working in shift pairs. Graphite crystal lattice. Elements found in living organisms.

“Silver” - It has been known for a long time, like gold. In natural silver, the Ag content is usually 97-99%. Characteristic features of silver. A copper coin dipped in a silver nitrate solution becomes coated with silver. Silver is a native noble metal. Conditions of education and residence. Chemically, silver is inactive and practically does not interact with oxygen in the air. Potential health hazard.

Chumakova Yulia

Among the glorious names of the past of Russian science, there is one that is especially close and dear to us - the name of Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. He became the living embodiment of Russian science. He chose chemistry as the main direction in his work. Lomonosov was the most outstanding scientist of his time. His activities required visible results. This explains the persistence with which he achieved success.

Presentation topic:“Chemistry stretches its hands wide into human affairs.” This is a presentation about the activities of M.V. Lomonosov in the field of chemistry.

This topic is relevant because M.V. Lomonosov is one of the great scientists, who without a doubt can be placed in one of the first places among the multi-talented people among humanity. His achievements in the field of science are amazing. Everything that Lomonosov addressed had the character of deep professionalism. That is why his activities are of great interest and respect at the present time.

The work was carried out under the guidance of a teacher of chemistry (report) and computer science (presentation)

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Report “Chemistry spreads its hands wide into human affairs” at the VI student scientific and practical conference “And your reflection burns even now...”

Among all the sciences that the encyclopedist Lomonosov studied, the first place objectively belongs to chemistry: on July 25, 1745, by a special decree, Lomonosov was awarded the title of professor of chemistry (what today is called an academician - then such a title simply did not exist yet).

Lomonosov emphasized that in chemistry “what is said must be proven,” so he sought the issuance of a decree on the construction of the first chemical laboratory in Russia, which was completed in 1748. The first chemical laboratory in the Russian Academy of Sciences is a qualitatively new level in its activities: for the first time the principle of integration of science and practice was implemented in it. Speaking at the opening of the laboratory, Lomonosov said: “The study of chemistry has a twofold goal: one is the improvement of the natural sciences. The other is the multiplication of life’s blessings.”

Among the many studies carried out in the laboratory, Lomonosov’s chemical and technical work on glass and porcelain occupied a special place. He conducted more than three thousand experiments, which provided rich experimental material to substantiate the “true theory of colors.” Lomonosov himself said more than once that chemistry is his “main profession.”

Lomonosov gave lectures to students in the laboratory, teaching them experimental skills. In fact, this was the first student workshop. Laboratory experiments were preceded by theoretical seminars.

Already in one of his first works, “Elements of Mathematical Chemistry” (1741), Lomonosov stated: “A true chemist must be a theorist and practitioner, as well as a philosopher.” In those days, chemistry was interpreted as the art of describing the properties of various substances and methods of their isolation and purification. Neither

Research methods, neither the methods of describing chemical operations, nor the thinking style of chemists of that time satisfied Lomonosov, so he moved away from the old and outlined a grandiose program for transforming chemical art into science.

In 1751, at the Public Meeting of the Academy of Sciences, Lomonosov delivered the famous “Sermon on the Benefits of Chemistry,” in which he outlined his views, which differed from the prevailing ones. What Lomonosov planned to accomplish was grandiose in its innovative design: he wanted to make all chemistry a physical-chemical science and for the first time highlighted a new area of ​​chemical knowledge - physical chemistry. He wrote: “I not only saw in different authors, but also with my own art I was convinced that chemical experiments, when combined with physical ones, show special effects.” For the first time, he began to teach students a course on “true physical chemistry,” accompanied by demonstration experiments.

In 1756, in a chemical laboratory, Lomonosov conducted a series of experiments on the calcination (calcination) of metals, about which he wrote: “... experiments were made in glass vessels that were tightly melted to investigate whether weight comes from pure heat; Through these experiments it was found that the opinion of the famous Robert Boyle is false, because without the passage of external air, the weight of the burned metal remains in one measure...” As a result, Lomonosov, using a specific example of the application of the universal law of conservation, proved the constancy of the total mass of matter during chemical transformations and discovered the fundamental law of chemical science - the law of constancy of the mass of matter. Thus, Lomonosov for the first time in Russia, and later Lavoisier in France, finally turned chemistry into a strict quantitative science.

Numerous experiments and a materialistic view of natural phenomena led Lomonosov to the idea of ​​a “universal law of nature.” In a letter to Euler in 1748, he wrote: “All changes occurring in nature occur in such a way that if something is added to something, it is taken away from something else.

Thus, as much matter is added to one body, the same amount is lost from another. Since this is a universal law of nature, it also applies to the rules of movement: a body that excites another to move with its push loses as much from its movement as it imparts to the other moved by it.” Ten years later, he outlined this law at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, and in 1760 he published it in print. In the above-mentioned letter to Euler, Lomonosov informed him that this obvious law of nature was questioned by some members of the Academy. When the director of the Academic Chancellery, Schumacher, without the consent of Lomonosov, sent a number of Lomonosov’s works submitted for publication to Euler for review, the great mathematician’s response was enthusiastic: “All these works are not only good, but also excellent,” wrote Euler, “for he ( Lomonosov) explains physical matters, the most necessary and difficult ones, which were completely unknown and impossible for the most ingenious scientists to interpret, with such thoroughness that I am completely confident in the accuracy of his proofs. In this case, I must give justice to Mr. Lomonosov that he is gifted with the happiest wit for explaining physical and chemical phenomena. One must wish that all other Academies would be able to show the kind of inventions that Mr. Lomonosov showed.”