Menstruation accompanies a woman most of her life. A regular monthly cycle is the key to women's health. For girls who have recently encountered this process, there is a lot of secret, hidden, unknown. What is a monthly cycle - how to calculate its duration, what day to start from, how long does each phase last?

Girls begin menstruation on average between 14 and 16 years of age. Due to individual characteristics and in the presence of pathologies, menstruation appears at an earlier age - from 9 years, and later - 17-18 years. Doctors call a woman's normal cycle a duration of 28 days. But under conditions of constant exposure to unfavorable factors, an upward deviation of 4 days is allowed. Therefore, a cycle of 32 days is normal.

What does a woman's menstrual cycle mean? A sequence of events that constantly repeats itself. The process in the female body is controlled by hormonal levels. The entire cycle is divided into 4 parts, but conventionally it is usually divided into 2.

Follicular phase

Under the guidance of the brain - the pituitary gland and with the help of the central nervous system, the ovaries produce sex hormones. In the first phase, estrogen predominates. It is responsible for the formation of follicles and the development of eggs in them. Initially, a large number of follicles appear in the ovaries. Within a week, a dominant one appears and an egg develops in it. In parallel with this process, the structure of the inner layer of the uterus, the endometrium, changes. How to count the follicular phase at home? There is a calendar method for this. The calculation is very simple. Add the number of days or look at the calendar. The calendar method is used as the basis for the online calculator. You don’t even have to bother yourself with counting, just enter the date the cycle started and ended. In 12-14 days, the development and preparation process is completed. The next phase begins in the body.

Ovulation

It is generally accepted that ovulation in a healthy woman’s body occurs from days 12 to 16 of the cycle. The ideal option for a menstrual cycle of 28 days is day 14. With a duration of 32 days - 16 days. At this moment, hormonal changes occur in the woman’s body. Estrogen levels decrease, progesterone levels increase. A sharp jump leads to rupture of the follicle. The egg comes out in search of sperm. This phase lasts no more than 2 days for a woman.

Luteal phase

Immediately after ovulation, progesterone remains in the predominant majority. Under its influence, the egg continues to develop. The structure of the endometrial layer changes. It becomes loose so that the fertilized egg can quickly gain a foothold in the uterine cavity. After fertilization, the egg develops autonomously. After 7–10 days, it begins to move through the tubes into the uterine cavity. Implantation occurs. From this moment the pregnancy is considered completed. If fertilization does not occur, 10 days after ovulation the body begins to prepare for menstruation. The uterus uses sedentary muscles. It makes intense contractions and tries to tear away the endometrium. After a few more days, the final phase of this cycle begins, and it is also the beginning of the next one.

Desquamation phase

Nothing more than menstruation. Under the influence of hormones, blood circulation in the pelvic organs increases, blood vessels dilate, and stagnant blood exits through the uterus. At this time, the endometrial layer is shed, and in menstrual flow it looks like clots. Menstruation in women lasts from 3 to 5 days. All deviations up and down are deviations. The beginning of menstruation is a renewal phase. Restoration, transformation. The uterus is cleared of the previous layer of endometrium, ejects the unfertilized egg and is already preparing for a repeat process all over again. This ends the current menstrual cycle and begins the next one.

Typical house cycle calculation

How to calculate the length of your menstrual cycle is a method usually used by women who use a natural method to prevent unwanted pregnancy. How can a woman carry out a regular calculation of her house using the calendar method?

From the beginning of menstruation, mother, sister, friend, doctors recommend having a regular calendar and marking the start and end dates of menstruation. They should be used to guide the usual calculation of duration. The start date of the previous menstruation is considered the first day of the cycle. The date of the next menstruation is its end. For example, menstruation began on September 22, the next one began on October 24. Then the duration of the menstrual cycle is 32 days.

The usual calculation of a woman's menstrual cycle is complicated by irregular cycles. After all, for many women, menstruation does not come on time. Then the gynecological count is averaged. Data will be required for at least 6 months, preferably a year. Then add up the duration of all cycles and divide by the number of months. For example, 28+32+27+33+28+40 = 188 days. Divide the number by 6 months, the average length of the menstrual cycle is 31 days.

The calendar method allows you to obtain the total duration of a woman’s entire cycle. To find out how long each phase lasts, you should use another calculation method - measuring basal temperature. It is often used in gynecological practice.

Calculation of each phase of the house cycle

Based on basal temperature readings, you can determine the phase of the cycle. For the most part, women are interested in the moment of ovulation. After all, only a week before it begins and 2 days after ovulation is considered a favorable period for conception. Basal temperature is used to initiate pregnancy and to prevent it. You can determine when your period will start.

After ovulation, no more than 6 days pass before the next period begins. Changing this rule is considered a deviation.

Basal temperature is measured by a woman in the morning without getting out of bed. A mercury thermometer is used to measure. Record the start date of menstruation, mark the temperature on the graph every day, and connect it with a line. To get the most complete picture of the duration of each phase, measurements should be carried out for at least 3 months, preferably six months. It should be remembered that a healthy woman has 2 cycles a year without ovulation. This is how the body rests. After 35 years there are about 6 such cycles.

1. If the basal temperature chart shows no significant delay or increase in temperature, it means there was no ovulation in the cycle.
2. If the changes are minor, ovulation is weak.
3. If in the second phase there is a decrease in temperature again and an increase again. The basal temperature indicator remains at 37 degrees - egg implantation has occurred, a pregnancy test should be performed.

Measuring basal temperature will allow you to determine the presence of pregnancy even before the test shows it. In addition, whereas the gynecological calculation gives only an average value. The basis is ovulation in the middle of the cycle. Although in fact it can occur on any day of the cycle, even when menstruation occurs. Hence the deviation of the gynecological pregnancy period from the present one by 1–2 weeks in one direction or the other. The exact date of ovulation allows you to determine the real date of birth.

Discharge in each phase of the menstrual cycle

You can determine which phase lasts by looking at the vaginal discharge. We'll have to keep an eye on them for a few months. Then the woman will know exactly when and what happens in her body:

1. In the first phase, the discharge is scanty, practically absent. Odorless, transparent or .
2. During ovulation, a change in consistency and quantity occurs. The discharge becomes more abundant. Transparent, viscous. Reminds me of egg white. Sometimes blood particles are present. The discharge takes on a pink tint or is smeared with brown.
3. In the second phase they remain abundant. There is a change again. The color is white, the consistency is thick.
4. Before menstruation, the discharge becomes a little less. A brown tint appears. When calculating the duration of the menstrual cycle, days with brown spotting are not taken into account. If they are followed by full periods.
5. During pregnancy, the discharge remains thick and the amount increases.

The normal monthly cycle is the same every month. However, due to the fact that many internal and external factors influence a woman’s body, the timing changes. For example, ovulation does not occur in the middle of the cycle, periods are late or start earlier.

Factors influencing the length of the menstrual cycle

Gynecological diseases are not always to blame for cycle disruption. Failure occurs due to hormonal imbalance. Various factors can affect hormone levels, including gynecological diseases. For example:

• climate change;
• physical exercise;
• nervous system disorder;
• illnesses with fever;
• viral disease;
• thrush;
• medicines;
• uterine fibroids;
• cervical erosion;
• endometriosis;
• endometritis;
• change in a woman's weight;
• bad habits;
• nutrition.

If the cycle is irregular, all these factors should be taken into account to calculate its average duration. If a woman underwent treatment and there were serious psychological stresses, such a cycle should not be taken into account in the calculations.

All methods for calculating the monthly cycle can be done at home. If desired, use an online calculator on the Internet. Every woman should know the length of her cycle. The well-being of a future pregnancy depends on its regularity. After all, sooner or later every woman will think about a child. A constant delay in the menstrual cycle indicates the presence of problems in women's health. You should seek help from specialists. In some cases, you will have to undergo hormonal therapy. An irregular menstrual cycle is allowed only at the beginning of its formation, 2 years after the start of the first menstruation.

The menstrual cycle is a natural process that repeats from month to month and occurs in the body of all women of reproductive age. Normally, the duration of the menstrual cycle should be the same in each month, but sometimes the body malfunctions and various disorders occur. In order to detect or suspect a pathology in time, you need to know how many days your period should take, and how long it lasts normally.

A girl should have her first menstruation before the age of 15. Heredity has a great influence on the process of puberty. If grandmothers or mothers started their periods early (at age 11), then the girl’s period will come early, and vice versa.

If menstruation does not begin until the age of eighteen, then the girl needs to see a gynecologist to identify the cause of this condition.

But a certain duration of the menstrual cycle is not immediately established. This happens within 12–18 months. In this case, there may be either fewer or more days between periods.

After about a year, the duration of the cycle becomes stable, and all deviations from the established figure are violations that require attention.

Cycle duration

After menstruation begins, the girl must be taught to count the duration of her cycle in order to know how many days later her period will arrive. The countdown begins from the first day of menstruation and ends with the beginning of the next menstruation.

A normal cycle length is 21–36 days. Each month must have the same number of days; a deviation of 2–4 days is acceptable, either upward or downward. However, such deviations should not be frequent.

A delay of several days may be due to a number of reasons:

• colds and viral diseases;
• nervous overstrain;
• unfavorable environment;
• physical overload;
• acclimatization.

For convenience, it is worth keeping a calendar that will prompt you in case of any changes.

Phases of the menstrual cycle

If the duration of the cycle in women is different, then its phases are absolutely identical for everyone. These phases correspond to changes occurring in the endometrium and ovaries.

1 phase

Includes follicular and menstrual phases. The menstrual phase is essentially menstruation, that is, the period of bleeding from the uterus. It lasts about 6 days, it depends on the length of the menstrual cycle. The follicular phase lasts approximately two weeks. A follicle is formed in the ovaries, and in the uterus after menstruation, the endometrium is renewed.

Phase 2 – ovulatory

Its duration is no more than 3 days. Intensive production of luteinizing hormone occurs, and at the end of this phase the walls of the mature follicle rupture and the egg is released.

Phase 3 – luteal

This phase lasts from ovulation until the onset of menstruation. A corpus luteum forms at the site of the ruptured follicle. It intensively produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone, which, in turn, prepare the endometrium for conception and gestation. If pregnancy does not occur, then menstruation begins.

Menstruation

The normal duration of menstruation is 3–7 days. How much blood is released during menstruation? There is no exact figure, but blood loss should be at least 50 and no more than 200 milliliters. Heavy discharge is observed in the first two days, then its intensity should decrease. The discharged blood should be scarlet in color; in the first days, small blood clots may be observed in the discharge. The first day of menstruation is more difficult for a woman; she may experience pain and a feeling of heaviness in the lower abdomen, sometimes nausea and dizziness occur.

If the amount of blood released does not decrease or, on the contrary, increases, it is necessary to contact a gynecologist to identify pathologies of the genital organs.

If a woman has an intrauterine device installed, then menstruation can be heavy and painful. This is considered a variant of the norm. When using oral contraceptives, discharge may become scanty and short-lived.

Symptoms of PMS that may indicate your approaching menstruation include:

• the appearance of acne on the skin of the face, sometimes in the chest area;
• enlargement, increased sensitivity, and sometimes soreness of the mammary glands;
• bothered by headaches;
• flatulence is noted;
• mood swings, increased nervousness.

Menstrual irregularities

The duration of the menstrual cycle may vary depending on various reasons:

• severe stress;
• unhealthy diet, starvation;
• diseases of internal organs and endocrine disorders;
• taking certain medications (hormonal drugs, blood thinners, and others).

Hypermenstrual syndrome is characterized by increased blood loss (this condition can lead to anemia):

• Hypermenorrhea is an increase in the volume of blood secreted.
• Polymenorrhea – prolonged bleeding. In this case, how many days does it take for your period to start? The interval between menstruation becomes less than 20 days.
• Proyomenorrhea – frequent menstruation.

Hypomenstrual syndrome is characterized by a decrease in blood loss:

• Hypomenorrhea is a significant decrease in the amount of blood released.
• Oligomenorrhea - reduction in the duration of menstrual bleeding to two days.
• Amenorrhea. There is an absence of menstrual flow for six months or more. Normally, this condition is observed during pregnancy and lactation.
• Opsomenorea. How long does it take for menstruation to start in this situation? With this disorder, menstruation comes with a noticeable delay - up to two months.
• Spanomenorrhea – extremely infrequent periods, several times a year (2–3).

Menstrual dysfunction also includes painful periods (algodysmenorrhea), bleeding between periods, heavy periods in adolescents (juvenile bleeding) and bleeding from the genital tract during menopause.

If any of the above disorders occur, you should consult a specialist, as they may indicate the development of a serious pathology of the genital organs.

How many days between periods should be normal?

Menstrual bleeding begins in the fair sex in early youth and accompanies them until almost 50 years of age (and for some this process lasts even longer). The monthly cycle (after the first 2-3 years after appearance) becomes stable. A woman calculates the approximate timing of the next menstruation, and when there are delays or her period comes earlier than she expected, she begins to worry.

Each of us has our own norm for the interval between menstruation. Let's look at when you shouldn't worry about minor deviations, and when you need to see a doctor.

1. How is the cycle between menstruation calculated?
2. How many days between periods is normal?
3. How many days are there between ovulation and the start of your next period?
4. Small cycle between periods
5. Long break between periods
6. Bleeding between cycles: what to do?

How to correctly count the cycle between menstruation

Sometimes young girls, due to inexperience, count the time of the expected onset of menstruation according to a certain calendar date. For example, in September the “red days of the calendar” came on the 2nd - and they wait for them on the 2nd in October and get scared if this does not happen.

In fact, each new monthly cycle begins on the first day of spotting. The break between this first day and the first day of the next menstruation is the length of the cycle. This interval is different for everyone. It may be equal to:

• 24 days;
• 28 days;
• 31 days.

All these are variants of the norm. You can find out which cycle between periods is considered normal by looking at a medical school textbook. If the interval between the first days of your cycles is from 21 to 35 days, and this always happens with slight deviations, everything is in order. But it also happens differently. Knowing how to calculate the cycle correctly, you can determine whether there are any malfunctions in the reproductive system. You should count every month, for which you need to get yourself a pocket calendar and mark the first day of the appearance of spotting there.

What should the cycle be like between periods?

How many days should pass between periods? There is no clear answer to this question. Reason: every woman’s body works in its own way, so everyone’s cycle lasts differently.

On average, it is believed that the duration of one cycle is 28 days. This is exactly what birth control hormonal pills create an “artificial cycle”. However, in life everything is far from being so ideal. Gynecologists accept cycles with intervals of 21 (the shortest) to 35 (the longest) days as normal. These intervals allow the reproductive system to carry out the entire process of preparation for conception and implantation of the embryo without disruption. During this period, the woman’s body manages to:

• “grow” a dominant follicle;
• rupture it and release the mature egg;
• prepare a “lush” layer of endometrium in the uterus;
• to support pregnancy.

If significantly more or less time passes, and the break becomes shorter or longer, it means that some processes are going wrong. The cycle should be such that the numbers from 21 to 35 days are observed. Of course, one-time failures are possible - doctors in such cases attribute violations to:

• ARVI;
• exacerbation of chronic diseases;
• change in climatic conditions;
• stress.

But if the failure recurs, be sure to go to the antenatal clinic. It is necessary to be examined.

When does ovulation occur after menstruation?

The length of the cycle depends on whether (or whether) it occurs at all. Normally, most often 14 days after the egg leaves the dominant follicle into the abdominal cavity, menstruation begins. There should be 14 days between ovulation and menstruation. Normally, minor deviations are possible within 1-2 days.

If you have a normal cycle of 28 days, but for some reason earlier - on the 11-12th day, your period will come on the 25-26th day of the cycle. This happens after successful treatment of diseases, when the body recovers well and quickly. Another reason is a long vacation in a warm climate, at the sea or in mineral springs. Menstruation occurs a little earlier than usual - there is no need to be afraid of this, unless it comes before 21 days.

The second half of the cycle lasts two weeks, but the first can take longer - for example, this month you have suffered serious stress. The egg matures slowly, the menstruation “collects” only on the 31st-31st day. All these are variants of the norm.

Perhaps your cycle is always 21 days. A short cycle is typical for young girls. The main thing is to make sure that it is regular. A month is also good if this always happens. The cycle lengthens slightly in adult women with established menstruation. Closer to menopause, the cycle can lengthen to 40-48 days.

Can ovulation occur immediately after menstruation?

Immediately after the completion of the previous cycle, ovulation cannot occur. After all, the body needs to do hard work to prepare for pregnancy. It takes several days before the new dominant follicle matures.

That is why the first 8-10 days after the start of menstruation are conventionally considered safe days for conception. The calendar method of birth control is based on this.

However, it is impossible to predict how the female body will behave when changing lifestyle and other circumstances. Therefore, theoretically, there are cases when conception can occur on the 7-8th day of the cycle - if it suddenly has time to mature during this time. Then there would be a very short break - less than 21 days.

Regarding fertilization, you need to know the fact that sperm can live in a woman’s genitals for up to 7 days after intercourse. That is, conception immediately after menstruation is possible, and the days that are called safe in the ovulation calculator are conditionally safe.

Malfunctions in the reproductive system occur for various reasons. Between the first and second menstruation, a minimal break is possible in adolescence and during menopausal changes. Premenopause is characterized by an increase in the period between menstruation.

If the amount is produced, then the egg may not mature at all - the cycle will be shortened. The follicular phase (the first half of the cycle, when the eggs in the follicles mature) is shortened. Normally it lasts a little less than 2 weeks. In this case, the interval between the beginning of menstruation and the starting point of the secretory phase will be less than 7 days. The shortest normal cycle is 21 days. If it is shorter, you may have . This can be diagnosed with an ultrasound, but you will need to go through it several times.

Now we know what the break between periods should be - average and shortest. And what can be the longest - but at the same time the reproductive system works normally?

Longest cycle between periods

If your cycle is more than 28 but less than 36 days, don’t worry, everything is fine. A long cycle between periods only means that the first half of the cycle (follicular) is long. Given your hormonal background, the body needs more time to mature the oocyte.

The normal interval between menstruation is up to 35 days. If it is more, this allows one to suspect a violation: the production of hormones is not happening correctly. The cycle lengthens after 45 years, as the process of maturation of the egg undergoes changes.

Women of middle reproductive age may experience oligomenorrhea - a condition when the period between menstruation reaches 40 days or more. This condition requires treatment: the function of the ovaries is impaired, and they may be depleted. Oligomenorrhea is often accompanied by acne rashes on the face, back, and an increase in the hormone testosterone, under the influence of which ovulation is suppressed. The periods themselves are scanty.

Disturbances in the production of hormones by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, improper functioning - all this can lead to prolongation of the cycle. If you are, it is necessary to conduct an examination, and if any violations are detected, treatment is necessary.

Bloody discharge between periods

Sometimes there is bleeding between periods, the reasons for which are very different. The main thing to remember is that spotting, even if it occurs without pain and is not abundant, is always a reason to consult a doctor.

What menstrual cycle is considered normal from the point of view of doctors, what period of time should it last? On average, its duration is 28-35 days. But these are only very average values. Often the cycle shifts up or down. When should you see a doctor?

How many days a normal menstrual cycle lasts is very individual. Moreover, the length of the cycle may change periodically, and this should not be alarmed. This does not indicate a fertility disorder at all.

Is it normal for a menstrual cycle to be 20 days or 21 days? And if 40 days, what does this mean? Gynecologists believe that you only need to worry if your period occurs earlier than every three weeks. This disruption of the menstrual cycle threatens iron deficiency anemia due to frequent blood loss. Especially if a woman loses 70 grams or more of blood during her critical days.

But if “red days” occur too rarely, say, at best, once every 1.5-2 months, and this situation repeats for more than one or two months, then this is also abnormal. We need to look for the cause of the deviations.

The female body is a great mystery! And like inexplicable events in nature, changes in the phases of the moon, a woman’s life also changes. Many scientists have noticed that the cyclical nature of the heavenly body is reflected in a girl’s menstrual cycle. But sometimes there are storms, and a woman’s health is susceptible to changes from the outside and disturbances occur in the body, which can bring a lot of inconvenience to a woman’s life, and most importantly, deprive her of the opportunity to experience the joy of motherhood!

Let's figure out what a normal menstrual cycle is

This is a cyclical, monthly period in the life of every healthy woman, except for the period of pregnancy and breastfeeding, starting from the first day of the appearance of bleeding (menstruation) and until the first day of the next period. Normally, this period ranges from 21 to 35 days, plus or minus 3 days. If the cycle is shorter or longer, then we can already talk about pathology and sound the alarm. The menstrual cycle plays a huge role in a woman’s reproductive function and is necessary for the ability to fertilize, bear and give birth to children.

A girl becomes a girl with the onset of her first period (menarche), which usually begins between 11 and 14 years of age. They may be irregular at first, but after a couple of years the cycle becomes established. And throughout life it is stable, until the period of premenopause, somewhere around 40–50 years.

From birth, a girl’s ovaries contain up to 2 million follicles; by the beginning of menarche, there are up to 400 thousand of them left. One menstrual cycle “uses” one ripening follicle to release an egg.

Cyclic changes normally in women have a two-phase cycle and are clearly controlled by the hormonal mechanism of influence of the endocrine glands.

Normal parameters of the menstrual cycle:

• The duration of the cycle is from 21 to 35 days. On average 28 days.
• The duration of menstruation is from 2 to 7 days. On average 5 days.
• Conditional blood loss is from 40 to 60 ml. On average 50 ml.

Cycle phases

• The first phase, or follicular. During this period, the follicle grows and matures in the ovaries under the influence of hormones from the pituitary gland and hypothalamus (follicle-stimulating hormone or FSH). An egg is released from a mature follicle during ovulation (the middle of the menstrual cycle), ready for fertilization.
• The second phase, or luteal. During this phase, again under the influence of brain hormones (luteinizing hormone or LH), the corpus luteum matures, releasing the follicle egg. If, nevertheless, pregnancy occurs during ovulation, then the corpus luteum of pregnancy is formed from this follicle, producing progesterone for up to 16 weeks, the high level of which helps to maintain pregnancy. And at 16 weeks, the placenta takes over this function.

In parallel with the ovaries, the endometrium in the uterus is also subject to cyclic hormonal influence.

The endometrium, as is known, consists of several layers, the superficial layers are represented by the functional and intermediate layers. The basal layer is not rejected during menstruation, but ensures the restoration of the rejected layers. The intermediate one, being rejected, comes out in the form of menstruation.

Cyclic changes in the endometrium are distinguished in the form of the following phases:

• Proliferation (follicular phase). The active hormone in this phase is estrogen. It lasts from the 5th day of the cycle for 12–14 days. During this period, the surface layer of the endometrium grows with tubular glands up to 8 mm thick.
• Secretion (luteal phase). During this phase, both progesterone and estrogen levels increase and lasts approximately 14 days. During this period, the tubular glands begin to produce secretions, the peak of which is reached on the 21st day of the cycle. Blood flow to the endometrial arteries increases on the 22nd day of the cycle, creating favorable conditions for zygote implantation.
• Menstruation. When pregnancy does not occur, due to the low amount of hormones produced by the ovary, blood supply to the endometrium decreases, blood clots and spasms form in the vessels, and then their sharp expansion leads to endometrial rejection. This is observed by the 24th–27th day of the cycle. Menstruation itself consists of the following phases:

1. Desquamation (rejection of the functional layer).
2. Regeneration (healing of the functional layer). This phase begins immediately after the endometrial intermediate layer is shed. The basis for this, as mentioned above, is the basal layer. And on the 4th day, epithelization of the entire surface of the endometrium occurs after its rejection.

The continuous cyclical process of friendly reproductive organs - glands, ovaries and endometrium, throughout the entire menstrual cycle contributes to the maturation, release of the egg from the ovary and its fertilization, attachment to the already prepared endometrium (thanks to a two-phase cycle) and the further development and maintenance of pregnancy to a greater extent by ovarian hormones . If fertilization does not occur, then the functional layer (necessary during pregnancy for the embryo to attach to it and ensure its vital activity) is rejected in the form of menstruation.

The process of regulation of the cyclic process is carried out by the neuroendocrine system through direct and feedback hormones, i.e. when some hormones decrease, others increase and vice versa. There is the following hierarchy of levels of regulation of the menstrual cycle:

1. The first level is the cerebral cortex, limbic system, hippocampus and amygdala. The influence of the highest level depends on its initial state and the action of external factors. Therefore, menstrual irregularities often depend on the mental state of the woman, and sometimes a delay in menstruation can be observed after suffering stress.
2. The second level is the hypothalamus. It is influenced by the feedback principle of sex hormones coming from the blood.
3. The third level is the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which produces LH and FSH, prolactin, adenocorticotropic and thyroid-stimulating hormones.
4. The fourth level is the ovaries, thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
5. The fifth level is sensitive to the action of hormones (uterus, endometrium and mammary gland).

But, unfortunately, not all women have a regular menstrual cycle and work like a clock. All violations are divided into the following categories:

• Irregularity of the cycle.
• Pain when releasing menstrual blood.

Reasons why the menstrual cycle is disrupted

• Impact on the body from the outside - stress, overwork, malnutrition, change of place of residence and climate.
• Internal factors - concomitant diseases (pathology of the ovaries, central nervous system, adrenal glands, endometrial diseases, curettage of the uterine cavity and abortions, liver diseases, impaired hemostasis, etc.).
• Under the influence of medicinal substances (hormones, anticoagulants, drugs used in psychiatry, etc.).

Types of menstrual irregularities

Menorrhagia (hypermenstrual syndrome)– cyclical heavy menstruation. It in turn is divided into:

• Polymenorrhea is prolonged bleeding that occurs cyclically with an interval of less than 21 days.
• Proyomenorrhea – increased menstruation.
• Hypermenorrhea is a large amount of menstrual flow.

Hypomenstrual syndrome– external manifestation of decreased menstruation:

• Hypomenorrhea – scanty menstrual flow.
• Oligomenorrhea – duration of menstruation up to 2 days.
• Opsomenorea is an interval between menstruation of more than 5–8 weeks.
• Spaniomenorea - mensis is observed up to 2-4 times a year.
• Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation for more than 6 months.

• – bleeding that began a year or more after the cessation of menstruation in older women.
• Metrorrhagia is acyclic bleeding that is not accompanied by endometrial rejection.
• Intermenstrual bleeding – occurs between periods.
• Algodismenorrhea – painful menstruation.
• Juvenile bleeding is profuse bleeding in teenage girls.

Treatment of menstrual disorders

After a complete examination of the woman, including a medical history, a detailed general and gynecological examination, ultrasound, smears, clinical and biochemical blood tests, coagulograms, hormonal examinations, hysteroscopy, and sometimes MRI, treatment can begin.

1. First of all, it is necessary to exclude the influence of external factors.
2. Treatment of concomitant diseases.
3. Hemostatic therapy is provided for bleeding.
4. Surgical treatment (curettage of the uterine cavity, removal of the uterus).
5. Hormonal therapy. Combined oral contraceptives, gestagens, and GnRH agonists are used.

Self-medication is extremely unacceptable! This is dangerous for a woman's life. In case of menstrual irregularities, it is necessary to seek help from a medical institution, since delay can, in mild cases, lead to inflammation, endocrine disorders, infertility, and in extreme cases, death. Take care of yourself and your health - it is priceless!