Geosciences: Geography. Which scientist was the first to coin the term "geography"? Who coined the term "sociology"

In the primitive era, the lower part of the face overgrown with hair was the main feature of a person from a primate and indicated male gender.

With the onset of puberty in men, the cheeks and chin are covered with hair that grows quickly. If you don't shave for several years, your beard will reach an impressive length.

For many years there have been discussions: why does a man need a beard? Many believed that it protected the male sex from the cold in the winter, and helped to hide from the heat in the summer. This hypothesis looks true only from one side: a beard can be a means of cooling, but not warming. In fact, facial hair is a sign of gender.

Sign of authority

The beard was once considered a symbol of strength and masculinity, even sacred. The ancient Egyptian pharaohs had to wear them in order to appear majestic and wise at ceremonies. The stronger sex could swear by their beard.

Ancient rulers spent a lot of time decorating and caring for it: dyeing, braiding and curling, decorating with threads of gold or gold dust, which indicates the importance they attached to it.

Is it possible to be beardless?

Once upon a time, most men could not imagine themselves without a beard; the thought of parting with it seemed simply tragic. her to offend God or be subjected to terrible disgrace.

But among the passionate bearded defenders, clean-shaven men already stood out in ancient times. The first razor was made of flint, later iron razors began to appear, and the Aztecs, who lived in the center of the American continent, made them from volcanic rock.

There was even a conflict over beards in Ancient Egypt. Valuing it as a symbol of men, the Egyptians attached great importance to it. Representatives of the ancient Egyptian elite often shaved with gold-plated razors and precious stones. The priests considered the signs of animals to be hair growing on any part of the body. But at important events, upper-class Egyptians wore beards.

As a military style, shaving was introduced by the ancient Greeks and Romans. As a sign of complete submission to God, priests and adherents of the foundations of different religions sacrificed their beards.

Alexander the Great ordered his soldiers to shave their beards to prevent the enemy from carrying out an active seizure. Shaved Roman soldiers thus distinguished their soldiers from their bearded barbarian enemies in battle.

Fashion and rules

Gradually, shaving became fashionable in Rome; due to the shortage of barbers, they had to be brought from the island of Sicily. Barbers were in great demand among the Roman inhabitants. The famous commander Scipio shaved three times a day, and the great Julius Caesar did it himself, afraid to trust his servants.

People have had different styles for a long time: some supported the look of a shaved face, while others did the opposite. After the schism of the Christian Church in the 11th century, in order to distinguish themselves from the Orthodox Church, Catholics left their faces without a beard.

Development of problems of ethical and social hierarchization of certain social relations that contribute to the formation of the state. Chinese philosophy internally unusually stable. This stability was based on emphasizing the exclusivity of the Chinese way of thinking... in the Middle Ages, concepts such as “filial piety” and “duty” became almost the most familiar terms in the Taoist lexicon. Taoism has firmly become part of the state ideology. Of course, Taoism is not dead, it is still...

https://www.site/journal/144515

An advocate of synergetics in Russian science, S. Kurdyumov, wrote on this occasion: “From synergetics a new philosophy: philosophy realizes that the nonlinear world needs to be studied..." Academician V. Stepin, concretizing this idea, emphasizes... the currently generally accepted linear theory of determinism. Increasingly, in recent studies, various authors use term"ring causality" (See, for example,). And this is quite symptomatic. An idea is literally in the air...

https://www.site/journal/144612

The role of Zeno in the history of science and the development of logic, it is necessary to consider the state of Greek philosophy in the middle of the 5th century. BC. Ionian philosophers from Asia Minor they were looking for the origin of all things, the main element from which it is formed... is internally contradictory, the second is also unthinkable, since it is impossible to talk about the absence of something, resorting to the same terms that were used to describe it. The existence of nothingness is impossible to even imagine. Therefore this element exists. Change...

https://www.site/journal/144847

Reality turns out to be not only uncertain, but also undefinable. Europeans first came to these conclusions. philosophers(I. Kant), and in modern times, specialists in quantum mechanics, who, like the Eastern mystics... in dividing the physical world into an observable system (object) and an observational system (subject). The observation system is always considered in terms classical physics, which cannot be done with due consistency and completely in relation to the observed system. ...

Option IV

Who belongs to the political direction of Renaissance philosophy?

Where did newspapers first appear?

Option III

1. Humanism of the Renaissance was expressed in the following position:

a) a person cannot change anything in this world, therefore he should change his attitude towards the world;

b) a person’s entire life is predetermined by Divine Providence and one should not resist it;

c) man in his creativity is like God, has freedom of choice in order to create his own destiny;

d) man is not something to be proud of, but something that is extremely important to surpass by becoming a Superman

2. The term “humanism” comes from Lat. humanus, which means:

a) divine;

b) human;

c) reasonable;

d) natural

a) Spain;

b) Venice;

c) Florence;

d) Italy

4. Humanists of the Renaissance:

a) Dante, Petrarch, Valla;

b) Cusan, Mirandola;

c) Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo;

d) Luther, Munzer, Calvin;

d) Machiavelli;

e) More, Campanella

5. Founder of anatomy:

b) Vesalius;

c) Galileo;

6. Name the scientist who argued that the cosmos is infinite in space and time:

a) N. Kuzansky;

b) N. Copernicus;

c) G. Galileo;

d) J. Bruno

a) Dante, Petrarch, Valla;

b) Cusan, Mirandola;

c) Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo;

d) Luther, Munzer, Calvin;

d) Machiavelli;

e) More, Campanella

8. Thinkers of the Italian Renaissance who created utopian projects for the reconstruction of society:

a) A. Augustine, P. Abelard;

b) T. More, T. Campanella;

c) K. Marx, F. Engels;

d) Sophists and Socrates

9. A genre of literary work about a place and society that never was, is not, and never will be:

b) utopia;

d) parable

10. Match the concept and definition:

1) geocentrism; a) the opinion that God is the cause of all things, the highest reality, and the main subject of philosophical research;

2) heliocentrism; b) a picture of the world, according to which the Sun is the center of the Universe;

3) theocentrism; c) a picture of the world, according to which the Earth is the center of the Universe;

4) anthropocentrism d) separating man from nature, declaring him a creation of God

1. Renaissance philosophy was characterized by:

a) pantheistic understanding of God, as if “dissolved” in nature;

b) understanding of gods as stronger neighbors who regulate people’s lives;

c) the idea of ​​God as a person who created the world according to his own will;

d) the perception of gods as people who have risen to a higher level of existence as a result of a series of reincarnations

a) Dante A.;

b) Petrarch F.;

c) G. Vasari;

d) J. Bruno

3. Recognition of the value of a person as an individual, his right to free development and self-expression:

a) humanitarianism;

b) humanism;

c) anthropocentrism;

d) anthropologism

4. Religious and philosophical teaching that identifies God and the world as a whole:

a) monotheism;

b) polytheism;

c) pantheism;

d) atheism

5. Creator of the heliocentric system:

a) G. Galileo;

b) N. Kuzansky;

c) N. Copernicus;

d) J. Bruno

6. Renaissance reformers:

a) Dante, Petrarch, Valla;

b) Cusan, Mirandola;

c) Copernicus, Bruno, Galileo;

d) Luther, Munzer, Calvin;

d) Machiavelli;

a) N. Machiavelli;

b) N. Kuzansky;

c) N. Copernicus;

d) T. Campanella

Who coined the term "Renaissance"? - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Who coined the term “Renaissance”?” 2017, 2018.

There are many sciences, the object of study of which is the Earth and its nature. This article will talk about one of them. and what is she studying? Who and when introduced this term into science?

Geosciences

There is a whole complex of sciences, the object of study of which is one - the Earth and its nature. They are also called physics (a term from ancient Greek and translated as “nature”), biology, ecology, chemistry and, of course, geography. Next, we will take a more detailed look at the goals and objectives of this scientific discipline, and also find out which scientist was the first to introduce the term “geography”.

It is curious that in ancient times, in the era of the birth of science as such, all knowledge about the Earth was combined into one discipline. However, later, as new knowledge accumulated, the Earth sciences began to differentiate. This is how physics, geography, geology, biology, and then dozens of new disciplines arose.

Nevertheless, all these sciences are united by one object of study. It’s just that their goals and objectives are different. Physics studies all natural processes and phenomena, biology describes all the diversity of the animal and plant world of our planet, but geography is a universal science that studies the patterns of functioning of the geographical

Which scientist was the first to coin the term "geography"?

The term “geography” consists of two words: “geo” - earth and “grapho” - I write, describe. That is, it can be literally translated as “land description.” Who was the first to use the term “geography” in the history of world science?

This was the outstanding ancient Greek philosopher and thinker Eratosthenes from the city of Cyrene. He lived and worked in Ancient Greece in the third century BC. Eratosthenes' scientific interests were so diverse that today he would be called a geographer, a mathematician, an astronomer, and a philologist.

Eratosthenes of Cyrene can be called one of the first geographers in history. Besides him, other ancient Greek scientists - Strabo, Herodotus, Ptolemy - were also involved in this science. The latter, by the way, wrote a voluminous work under the laconic title: “Geography”.

Eratosthenes' contribution to geographical science

The merit of Eratosthenes also lies in the fact that he was the first to try to measure dimensions (namely the length of its circumference). Of course, he already believed that our Earth was spherical. As a result of his measurements, he came up with a fairly accurate number - 39,590 kilometers (the true length of the earth's equator is about 40,000 km)!

How did Eratosthenes manage to calculate the size of the Earth so accurately? After all, he did not have precision instruments and devices, and, of course, he could not go into space either. The scientist's main tool was... the Sun! For his measurements, he took two cities: Alexandria and Siena. When the Sun was at its zenith over Siena, he calculated that in Alexandria the celestial body “lags behind” by 1/50 of a full circle. Knowing the exact distance between the two cities, Eratosthenes multiplied it 50 times and got the length of the earth's circle!

Now you know which scientist was the first to coin the term “geography”. What does this science study at the present stage?

What does geography study?

Today, the main subject of the study of geography can be formulated as follows: analysis of the spatial features of the organization of the Earth. The latter, as is known, consists of four geospheres: litho-, atmospheric-, hydro- and biosphere. Accordingly, the entire science of geography is divided into many narrow disciplines, each of which has its own goals and objectives.

In the structure of modern geographical science there are two large sections:

1. Physical geography.
2. Socio-economic geography.

Among the main and most pressing problems that concern modern geographers are the following:

• the answer to the question “what does geography study”;
• justification of the feasibility of the existence of such a science;
• identification of the main tasks of geography of the 21st century;
• definition of the essence of the concepts “geographical envelope”, “geographical space”, “landscape”, “natural complex”, “geosystem” and others;
• development of theory and methodology of theoretical geography (or metageography);
• drawing up a unified and structurally logical system of geographical sciences;
• searching for ways to improve, etc.

Finally...

Now you know which scientist was the first to introduce the term “geography” into science. This was the ancient Greek thinker Eratosthenes from Cyrene, who lived in the 3rd century BC. But in the history of world science he distinguished himself not only by this achievement. In particular, Eratosthenes quite accurately measured the size of our planet, without having any modern instruments.

The term "geography" is translated from Greek as "description of land". However, the goals and objectives of modern science are more fundamental and multifaceted than just the usual description of the earth's surface.