Poisoning with chlorinated hydrocarbons (dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trichlorethylene, chloroform). Carbon tetrachloride Physico-chemical properties and applications

In the Udmurt village of Balezino, a situation occurred with the unauthorized dumping of several tens of tons of hazardous chemical waste into an abandoned bitumen storage facility. As reported by the republican department of Rosprirodnadzor, there was carbon tetrachloride in the railway tanks. This substance is classified in the second (out of five) hazard class and has an acute toxic effect.

Carbon tetrachloride (or carbon tetrachloride, CCl4) is a colorless, highly volatile liquid, boiling at 76.5 ° C; relative density - 1.594 g/cu. cm (at 20° C). Non-flammable; upon contact with flame or heated objects, it decomposes, forming the poisonous substance phosgene.

It is an excellent solvent for many substances: fats, resins, rubber, bitumen. Due to this, as well as due to its difficult flammability and low cost, it has become of great importance in many industries.

Carbon tetrachloride is not only non-flammable, but also has the ability to extinguish the flames of highly volatile and flammable liquids such as gasoline, benzene, etc. Therefore, it is used for special fire extinguishers.

The substance is classified in the second (out of five) hazard class and has an acute toxic effect.

Carbon tetrachloride enters the body through the respiratory system and skin, exerting a narcotic effect on the central nervous system, mildly irritating on the skin, and toxic on the liver, kidneys and other organs.

In acute poisoning, headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, and vomiting occur. Acute carbon tetrachloride vapor poisoning can result in duodenal ulcers, pancreatic necrosis, anemia, leukocytosis, changes in the myocardium, and acute psychosis. The result of poisoning can be yellow atrophy of the liver, as well as cirrhosis.

In severe cases, shortness of breath, cyanosis develop, and body temperature rises; severe agitation, sensitivity disorders, paralysis, and sometimes toxic pulmonary edema and hepatitis are possible. If very high concentrations are inhaled (by carelessly entering tanks and reservoirs, when extinguishing fires with fire extinguishers with carbon tetrachloride in small enclosed spaces, etc.), either sudden death or loss of consciousness or anesthesia is possible.

Chronic poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal disorders, weight loss, anemia, irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes. When carbon tetrachloride gets on the skin, dermatitis, sometimes eczema, and urticaria develop.
First aid is provided according to the general principles of assistance for poisoning with organic solvents. In case of acute inhalation poisoning - fresh air, rest, prolonged inhalation of oxygen, cardiac medications. If breathing suddenly weakens (stops), artificial respiration is used. When taking poison orally, thoroughly lavage the stomach. In severe cases, immediate hospitalization in a resuscitation center is necessary.

2560 0

General toxicological information

The cause of oral poisoning is usually the mistaken use of this drug for the purpose of intoxication. Inhalation poisoning occurs at work when safety precautions are not followed, and at home when cleaning clothes in small, poorly ventilated areas. The mortality rate for oral poisoning is about 30%, for inhalation poisoning - 15-20%. The lethal dose is 20-40 ml. The lethal concentration is 50 mg/l when inhaled within 1 hour.

CCl4 belongs to the chlorinated derivatives of methane. It is a colorless liquid with an aromatic odor and is highly soluble in fat.

CCl4 enters the body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and skin. When taken orally, about 30% of the drug is absorbed in the stomach during the first hour, the rest is absorbed in the small intestine. Faster absorption is observed when taken with alcohol and fats. The highest concentration of CCl4 in the blood is observed within 2-4 hours, and after 6 hours most of it passes into adipose tissue, liver, and brain.

In case of inhalation poisoning with CCl4, the above toxic-kinetic processes occur 2-3 times faster. Metabolism of CCl4 occurs in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver with the participation of cytochrome P450. As a result, free radicals are formed, of which CCl3 has high activity.

CCl4 is removed from the body through the respiratory tract in unchanged form (up to 50-60%), as well as through the kidneys and intestines.

CCl4 has a less pronounced narcotic effect on the central nervous system than DCE and causes damage to parenchymal organs - the liver, kidneys. Metabolic transformations of CC14 are the basis of its hepatotoxic effect. Free radicals act on functional groups of proteins, intracellular membranes and enzymes. They act as initiators of reactions of peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes, are characterized by an inhibitory effect on protein biosynthesis, cause dissociation of polysomes, ribosomes, and destruction of RNA.

In the pathogenesis of toxic kidney damage, the main role is played by the direct hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of CC14 and its metabolites.

Clinical picture of poisoning

In the early period of intoxication, disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system are pronounced only in severe poisoning with the development of a coma and occur as an exotoxic shock.

An early sign of intoxication is acute gastroenteritis syndrome, which is characterized by nausea, repeated vomiting of bile, frequent loose stools, and cramping abdominal pain.

On the 2-3rd day, as a rule, clinical signs of toxic liver dystrophy develop: an increase in its size, pain on palpation, hepatic colic of varying intensity, yellowness of the sclera and skin. Hemorrhagic syndrome often develops, manifested by hemorrhages under the conjunctiva, nasal and gastrointestinal bleeding. The outcome of toxic liver dystrophy can be acute hepatic-renal failure with hepatargia and hepatic coma.

According to biochemical blood tests, with severe liver damage, the activity of intracellular enzymes increases significantly already on the first day: PMPA, LDH5, LDH4; on days 2-3 - SDH, LDH, MDG3-4 and nonspecific enzymes. From the 5th-6th day, a gradual decrease in their activity begins and normalization by the end of the 4th week. An increase in the content of bilirubin, mainly direct, is characteristic.

Radioisotope research already on the first day reveals disturbances in hemodynamics, absorption and excretory functions of the liver. In case of moderate toxic liver dystrophy, all indicators are normalized by 30-40 days, in case of severe toxic liver dystrophy - after 1.5-2 years (36% of patients).

Disorders of the blood coagulation system manifest themselves on the first day by an increase in the level of blood fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity.

In contrast to DCE poisoning, all patients with CC14 poisoning have renal dysfunction of varying degrees, 85% develop acute renal failure (ARF) with oligoanuria (on days 2-7), azotemia.

During the period of oligoanuria, persistent hypertensive syndrome (increased blood pressure to 200/100-220/140 mm Hg), severe overhydration (puffiness of the face, swelling of the extremities, “water lungs”, hydrothorax, ascites), often accompanied by motor agitation, is often noted with loss of consciousness, acute cardiovascular failure (collapse).

All the main indicators of renal function change: creatinine levels increase, glomerular filtration decreases, tubular reabsorption is suppressed, and renal plasma flow decreases. Recovery of renal function begins after 3-6 weeks, but glomerular filtration, creatinine concentration index and tubular reabsorption of water remain sharply reduced, and do not fully recover for several months.

Inhalation CCl4 poisoning is characterized by the same clinical manifestations, developing more slowly. In this regard, in most cases in the early period, these poisonings remain unrecognized for a long time. Alcohol intake contributes to a more severe course of inhalation poisoning.

On days 1-2 after inhalation of CCl4, the clinical picture of intoxication may resemble the flu. Malaise, chills, an increase in body temperature to 37-39 ° C appear, then gastrointestinal disorders occur. Signs of toxic liver dystrophy are observed on the 2-5th day. They are less pronounced than with oral poisoning of similar severity.

Acute liver failure develops on the 3-7th day. The clinical picture is dominated by the phenomena of severe overhydration (“water poisoning”). Liver and kidney functions are restored faster than with oral poisoning.

Differential diagnosis for oral CC14 poisoning is carried out with poisoning by toadstool, in the initial period of inhalation poisoning - with an acute infectious disease of a respiratory or gastrointestinal nature, and later, with the development of jaundice, with Botkin's disease and other inflammatory diseases of the liver and kidneys.

Laboratory diagnostics are carried out using gas-liquid chromatography. The toxic concentration of CCl4 in the blood is about 50 μg/ml, the lethal concentration is about 150 μg/ml.

Pathomorphological examination reveals severe liver damage in the form of massive centrilobular necrosis (with inhalation poisoning, necrotic changes are less pronounced) and pigmentary cirrhosis. Changes in the kidneys are manifested by a picture of excretory nephrosis, hydropic degeneration of the convoluted tubule epithelium. Multiple hemorrhages are detected under the epicardium, endocardium, pleura, and mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract.

Complex treatment includes: 1) methods of detoxification of the body (see dichloroethane); 2) specific therapy (on days 1-2) with the use of antioxidants: 30-50% vitamin E solution (a-tocopherol) 1-2 ml 4 times a day, 10 ml 5-10% unithiol solution 4 times a day 24 hours intramuscularly, 40-60 ml of 10% calcium thetacine solution per 500 ml of 5-10% glucose solution intravenously.

E. A. Luzhnikov, G. N. Sukhodolova

(Metrachloromethane, Perchloromethane, Freon-10,

Freon-10, Technical Tetra)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CCl 4

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,82

· Main product, %. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,8

Mass fraction of water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005

Mass fraction of acids in terms of perchloric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002

Mass fraction of organochlorine impurities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1

Mass fraction of chloroform. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.04

· State of aggregation

· Appearance.. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .colorless liquid.

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . specific

· Application: as refrigerants, as a non-flammable and non-flammable solvent of resins, varnishes, fats, waxes; as a solvent in many reactions.

Physicochemical characteristics

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1595

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.7

· . . . . . . . . . . minus 22.87

· Critical temperature, °C . . . . . . . 83,1

· Critical pressure, MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,56

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 100.4

· Vapor diffusion coefficient in air, cm 2 /s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,0754

· Solubility in water:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . soluble.

· Reactivity: forms azeotropes with water, formic acid, methanol and other liquids. Dissolves a variety of organic compounds. Under normal conditions it is chemically inert. Resistant to light, air, concentrated sulfuric acid and other reagents. Above 250°C, it decomposes on the surface of metals, forming phosgene. In the presence of iron, aluminum reacts with water at ordinary temperatures. Antimony trifluoride and fluoric acid are converted into freon (freon). With alcohols in the presence of alkalis it forms orthocarbon ethers. On contact with an open flame or hot surfaces, it decomposes releasing phosgene, carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride.

· CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56-23-5

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20/10

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0906

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4/0.7

· Impact on people: has a narcotic effect, affects the central nervous system, liver, kidneys, has a local irritating effect on the skin of the hands, mucous membranes of the eyes, upper respiratory tract, and has cumulative properties. It can enter the human body by inhalation, through the skin, and through the digestive system.

· in case of acute inhalation poisoning – fresh air, rest. Prolonged inhalation of humidified oxygen using nasal catheters. Heart remedies. When taken orally, thoroughly lavage the stomach through a tube. To prevent liver damage - rest, diet, administration of glucose and vitamins. With the development of nephrosonephritis - horizontal position, limiting drinking and protein. Effective exchange blood transfusion.

· Precautionary measures: production premises must be equipped with general supply and local exhaust ventilation. Equipment and communications must be sealed.

· Means of protection: personal protective equipment (work clothes, rubber boots, gloves, safety glasses, industrial filter, gas mask).

· there should be no gas emissions at the production site. The waste is disposed of and rendered harmless: waste chlorine and hydrogen chloride are used in the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons; liquid organochlorine products are subjected to thermal neutralization; Process wastewater is stripped of organic impurities and sent to the alkaline wastewater collector of enterprises.

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .non-flammable, fireproof liquid

· Fire-fighting equipment: vapors have a phlegmatizing effect on the combustion of many organic substances. During thermal decomposition in the presence of water vapor, phosgene can be formed, therefore it is not used as a fire extinguishing agent.

Carbon oxide

(Carbon monoxide)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CO

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..28,01

· State of aggregation

· Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .colorless gas

· Smell

· Application: as one of the starting compounds that underlie the modern organic synthesis industry. Used for the reduction of metals from oxides, for the production of metal carbonyls, phosgene, carbon sulfide, aluminum chloride, methyl alcohol, formamide, aromatic aldehydes, formic acid, etc.

Physicochemical characteristics

· Density at 0 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,250

· Density at 20 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,165

· Boiling point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 192

· Melting point at pressure 101.3 kPa, °C. . . . . . . . . . . .minus 205

· Critical temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 138.7

· Critical pressure, MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,5

· Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 283

· Specific heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10107

· Heat of formation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 110.5

· Heat capacity of gas at 0°C and

constant pressure, kJ/(kg×deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,0416

· . . . .0.7434

· Dynamic viscosity, N×s/m 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.04×10 7

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.55×10 6

0,0233

· Temperatures in °C corresponding to saturated vapor pressure:

*t - solid substance;

· Solubility in water:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . soluble

· Reactivity: It dissolves relatively well, especially under pressure, in solutions of dichloromethane (CH 2 Cl 2), ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid. At low temperatures, carbon monoxide is quite inert; at high levels, it easily enters into various reactions, especially addition reactions. Has restorative properties. Oxidizes into CO 2 at room temperature.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630-08-0

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20*

· Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0337

· Hazard class in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

· MPC m.r./s.s. in atmospheric air, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5/3

* - When working in an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide for no more than 1 hour, the maximum permissible concentration for carbon monoxide can be increased to 50 mg/m3, when working for no more than 30 minutes. – up to 100 mg/m3, with a duration of work of no more than 15 minutes. – 200 mg/m3. Repeated work under conditions of high carbon monoxide content in the air of the working area can be carried out with a break of at least 2 hours.

· Impact on people: toxic substance, refers to substances with a highly targeted mechanism of action, requiring automatic control over its content in the air. Toxic effect on the central nervous system.

· First aid measures for victims of exposure to the substance: fresh air, freedom from clothing that restricts breathing, peace, warmth. Severe and moderate poisoning is treated in a hospital.

· Precautionary measures: Local exhaust devices and general ventilation of the premises are required. Sealing of equipment and communications. Constant monitoring of the concentration in the air of the work area, the use of automatic instruments and alarm devices.

· Means of protection:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . filter gas mask.

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

· . ) . . 12,5-74

· Minimum explosive oxygen content, % (vol..)

when diluted:

nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,6

carbon dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,9

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

· Safe experimental maximum clearance, mm. . . . . . . . . . 0.84

· Fire-fighting equipment:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inert gases.

Phenol

(hydroxybenzene, carbolic acid)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 6 H 6 O

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,11

· State of aggregation. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hard

· Appearance.. white crystalline substance (for grade B a pinkish or yellowish tint is allowed).

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristic

· Impurities (with identification), %:

· Application: used in the production of caprolactam, diphenylolpropane, medical preparations, phenol-formaldehyde resins, ortho-cresol, oil additives, for selective purification of oils.

Physicochemical characteristics

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1057.6

· Air vapor density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,2

· Boiling point, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,75

· Melting temperature (crystallization), °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

· Critical temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

· Critical pressure, MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,13

· Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 2992.3

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32550

· Heat of formation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 94.2

· Temperatures in °C corresponding to saturated vapor pressure:

*t – solid substance.

· Solubility in water at 15°C, % (wt.): . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,2

· Reactivity: soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, chloroform. When exposed to alkalis, phenolates are formed. When reacting with bromine, 2,4,6-tribromophenol is obtained, with nitric acid - picric acid, with sulfuric acid - a mixture of o and n-phenolsulfonic acids, reaction with alkyl halides, olefins - alkylphenols.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108-95-2

· Hazard class in the air of the working area

· MPC m.r./s.s. in the air of the working area, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/0,3

· Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071

· Hazard class in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

· MPC m.r./s.s. . in atmospheric air, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,01/0,003

· Impact on people: If the maximum permissible concentration is exceeded, poisoning, irritation of mucous membranes and skin burns are possible. Acute poisoning with phenol occurs mainly when it comes into contact with the skin. With general poisoning, an increase in temperature, dysfunction of the nervous system and breathing are observed. In case of chronic poisoning - irritation of the respiratory tract, indigestion, nausea, weakness, itching, conjunctivitis.

· Precautionary measures: production premises in which work with phenol is carried out must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation; laboratories - fume hoods.

When producing phenol and working with it, it is necessary to comply with fire safety and electrostatic spark safety requirements.

During the manufacture, use and storage of the product, the sign “It is prohibited to use open fire” is used.

· Means of protection: personal protective equipment should be used to prevent contact of the product with the skin and mucous membranes. In emergency situations, a filter gas mask must be used to protect the respiratory system.

When cleaning devices, as well as when working in containers, a hose gas mask and a special protective suit are used.

· First aid measures: when clothing is wetted with phenol, immediately remove the victim from the affected area. Immediate change of clothes. Wiping the affected areas with 10-40% ethyl alcohol or vegetable oils. Washing the entire body with soap and water (warm shower). According to indications: rest, warming, oxygen inhalation, artificial respiration, caffeine, camphor, cordiamine, intravenous glucose (40% in saline solution), 30% sodium thiosulfate solution (8-10 ml). In case of irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, alkaline inhalations. In case of poisoning through the mouth, give several glasses of warm water or a suspension of burnt magnesia in water (20:200) to drink, induce vomiting (0.5-0.8 ml of a 1% apomorphine solution can be injected under the skin). If necessary, gastric lavage with either warm water with activated carbon, or a slurry of burnt magnesia, or a solution of sodium sulfate until the smell of phenol disappears. Later, take castor oil, egg whites, mucous decoctions; swallow pieces of pure ice.

· Methods for converting a substance into a harmless state: phenol spilled over a small area must be covered with sand. Collect the contaminated sand with a scoop made of non-sparking material into a tightly closed container and transport it to a specially designated place for calcination.

Phenol spilled over a large area must be collected in a tightly closed container and sent to a specially designated place for destruction by burning after diluting it with a flammable liquid.

To burn the product and calcinate the sand, use a furnace of any brand for burning chemical waste, equipped with a device for cleaning flue gases.

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group

· Flash point, °C
closed crucible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
open crucible. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

· Self-ignition temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595

· Concentration limits of flame spread, % (vol.). . 1,5-8,8

· Temperature limits of flame propagation, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . 48-83

· Group of explosive mixture according to GOST R 51330.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T1

· Fire-fighting equipment: water in the form of compact or sprayed jets.

Formaldehyde

(methanal, formicaldehyde, oxomethane)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CH 2 O

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,03

· State of aggregation

· Appearance

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . harsh, annoying

· Application: for the production of isoprene, for the synthesis of propargyl alcohol; for the synthesis of medicinal substances and dyes, for tanning leather, as a disinfectant, antiseptic (35-40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde is called formaldehyde or formol).

Physicochemical characteristics

· Density related to the density of water at 4°
at a temperature of minus 20°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,8153
at a temperature of minus 80°C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,9151

· Gas density in air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,03

· Boiling point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 19.5

· Melting point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 118

· Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 570.78

· Specific heat of combustion, kJ/kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19007

· Heat of formation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 115.9

· Heat capacity, kcal/mol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,49

· Constants of Antoine's equation in the temperature range

Minus 19 – 60 °C

A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,40973

IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607,399

WITH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197,626

· Temperatures in °C corresponding to saturated vapor pressure:

*t – solid substance;

· Solubility in water: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .soluble

· Reactivity: soluble in alcohols, moderately soluble in benzene, ether, acetone, chloroform, insoluble in petroleum ether. Prone to polymerization. Very reactive; it is a strong reducing agent: it precipitates many metals from salt solutions, oxidizing into formic acid. With urea in an alkaline environment it forms mono- and di-methylol derivatives. Galalite is produced from formaldehyde and casein. With phenols in the presence of acids or bases, formaldehyde condenses to the final product - phenol-formaldehyde resins.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50-00-0

· Hazard class in the air of the working area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

· MPC m.r. in the air of the working area, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,5

· Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325

· Hazard class in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

· MPC m.r./s.s. in atmospheric air, mg/m 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,035/0,003

· Impact on people: causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Toxic.

· Means of protection: filtering industrial gas mask, sealed safety glasses. In conditions of very high concentrations - an insulating hose or other gas masks. Hand protection.

· First aid measures for victims: In case of poisoning by inhalation, remove victim to fresh air. Then inhale water vapor with the addition of a few drops of ammonia. According to indications: oxygen inhalation, cardiac stimulants, respiratory stimulants. For irritation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract - alkaline or oil inhalations. For a painful cough - codeine, mustard plasters, cups. If the eyes are irritated, rinse with plenty of water or saline, use cold lotions, and instill 1-2 drops of a 0.5% novocaine solution. In case of poisoning through the mouth, immediately lavage the stomach with sodium bicarbonate solution. In case of contact with skin, immediately wash with water, preferably with a 5% solution of ammonia.

· Precautionary measures: sealing processes. Remote control in production. Loading mechanization. Ventilation of premises.

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flammable gas (GG)

· Self-ignition temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430

· Concentration limits of flame spread, % (vol..) . . . . . 7-73

· Safe experimental maximum clearance, mm. . . . . . . . . . 0.57

· Group of explosive mixture according to GOST R 51330.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T2

· Fire-fighting equipment:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inert gases.

Chloroform

(trichloromethane, freon 20)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CHCl 3

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119,38

· State of aggregation. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liquid

· Appearance.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .colorless liquid

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristic sweetish odor

· Application: as a starting material for the synthesis of freons (freons), as a solvent in laboratory practice and technology.

Physicochemical characteristics

· Density at 20°C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483

· Boiling point, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61,2

· Melting point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 63.5

· Critical temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

· Critical pressure, MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,53

· Heat of formation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 131.8

· Heat capacity, J/(mol×deg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116,3

· Heat capacity, cal/ (mol × deg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27,96

· Temperatures in °C corresponding to saturated vapor pressure:

· Solubility in water: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . practically insoluble.

· Reactivity: soluble in most organic solvents. In the light it is slowly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. Dissolves fats, rubber, resins, phosphorus, iodine. Hydrolyzes with dilute alkali. Reacting with bases, intermediately forms dichlorocarbene. With alcoholates it produces orthoformic esters.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-66-3

· Hazard class in the air of the working area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

· MPC m.r./s.s. in the air of the working area, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10/5

· Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0898

· Hazard class in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

· MPC m.r./s.s. in atmospheric air, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,1/0,03

· Impact on people: has a strong narcotic and anesthetic effect; Due to significant toxicity, it is not used for surgical anesthesia. It has a toxic effect on metabolism and internal organs, especially the liver.

· Precautionary measures: sealing of equipment and communications, ventilation of premises.

· Means of protection: filtering industrial gas mask, hose gas mask with forced air supply. Special protection for skin and eyes.

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . non-flammable liquid

Ceresin

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula(mixture of higher hydrocarbons). . . . . . . . . . . . . C 34 N 70

· State of aggregation. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . amorphous

· Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . homogeneous mass without noticeable foreign inclusions from light yellow to dark yellow

· Application: intended for the production of lubricants, wax alloys, insulating materials and other purposes.

Physicochemical characteristics

· Density at 20°C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910

· Boiling point, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

· Melting point, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64-77

· Specific heat of combustion (calc.), kJ/kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44066

· Solubility in water:. . . . . . . . . . . not wetted by water, waterproof.

· Reactivity: insoluble in cold ethanol, highly soluble in gasoline, chloroform, benzene and diethyl ether. When heated, it releases hydrocarbon vapors and carbon dioxide.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· Impact on people: poisoning is possible due to hydrocarbons released during processing. With large emissions of vapors, poisoning develops quickly and is first expressed in irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and throat; then “intoxication” develops with auditory and visual hallucinations, psychomotor agitation and euphoria. Sometimes a tendency to aggression, for example, when withdrawing from dangerous places, or complete passivity. Prolonged exposure to vapors may result in loss of

consciousness, lasting several hours. Mild cases of “intoxication” quickly pass in the fresh air.

· First aid measures for victims of exposure to the substance: The victim must be removed from fresh air.

· Precautionary measures: rooms in which work with ceresin is carried out must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation. Direct contact of ceresin with open fire is not allowed.

· Means of protection: When working with ceresin, it is necessary to use personal protective equipment in accordance with standard industry standards.

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flammable substance

· Flash point, °C(open crucible). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285

· Ignition temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

· Fire-fighting equipment:

Enamel PF - 115

GENERAL INFORMATION

· State of aggregation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liquid

· Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .suspension (various colors)

· Main product%(mass.): pigments and fillers in alkyd varnish with the introduction of organic solvents, drier and other additives, pigment - 55, xylene - 22.5, white spirit - 22.5.

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . characteristic strong odor

· Application: for painting metal and wooden surfaces exposed to atmospheric precipitation.

Physicochemical characteristics

· Density at 20 °C, kg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1500 – 1600

· Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .insoluble

· Reactivity: diluted with solvent, xylene with white spirit, RE-4V solvent.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· Impact on people: If it comes into contact with the skin, it is irritating and can cause eczema. When released into the air in industrial premises, it has an effect on the blood, the mucous membrane of the eyes and the upper respiratory tract.

· Precautionary measures: The premises must be equipped with supply and exhaust ventilation.

· Means of protection: individual protection means.

· Methods for converting a substance into a harmless state: The decomposition of waste is carried out in a slag bath (t=1400-1600°C), in which they are intensively mixed with oxygen-containing blast. Combustible waste components are oxidized by blast oxygen to carbon monoxide (CO). The mineral part of the waste dissolves in the slag. Some metals (iron), when melted (or reduced from slag), form a layer of metal on the bottom of the furnace. The gases released from the bath are burned (t=1500-1700°C) above the surface of the melt and sent to the boiler and gas cleaning. Final combustion is carried out in the boiler. The process ensures complete decomposition of organic compounds to carbon dioxide (CO 2) and H 2 O. There is practically no secondary waste. The content of nitrogen oxides (before purification) in gases is 50-70 mg/nm 3 .

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group

· Flash point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 – 33

· Self-ignition temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .370 – 440

· Temperature limits of flame propagation (depending on the pigment included in the enamel), °C
- lower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 – 33

- upper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 – 73

· Fire-fighting equipment: sprayed water, air-mechanical foam.

Ethane

(Methylmethane)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C 2 H 6

· Structural formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H 3 C-CH 3

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,07

· State of aggregation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gaseous

· Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . colorless gas

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . without smell.

· Application: in natural gas it is used as fuel. It is part of liquefied gases: a small amount of ethane in the propane-butane mixture increases the total pressure of the saturated vapors of the gas mixture, which provides the excess pressure necessary for normal gas supply in winter.

Physicochemical characteristics

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.263

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.356

· Gas density in air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1,0488

· . . . . . . . . 546

· Density of liquid ethane at minus 90 o C, kg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548,2

· Boiling point at pressure 101.3 kPa, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . minus 88.63

· Crystallization (melting) temperature

at pressure 101.3 kPa, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .minus 183.3

· Critical temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,3

· Critical pressure, MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,82

· Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1576

· Specific heat of combustion, kJ/kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52413

kJ/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63650

· Heat of formation, kJ/kg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 84.68

· . .1.6506

· Heat capacity of gas at 0°C and constant volume, kJ/(kg×deg). . . . 1,3734

· Heat capacity of the liquid phase at 0°C and pressure 101.3 kPa . . . . . . . . . . . 3,01

·.0.745

· . . 0.31

· Dynamic viscosity of gas, N×s/m 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.57×10 7

· Dynamic viscosity of the liquid phase, N×s/m 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.7×10 6

· Kinematic viscosity, m 2 /s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.45×10 6

· . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.121

· Gas thermal conductivity coefficient

at 0°C and pressure 101.3 kPa, W/(m×K) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,019

· Temperatures in °C corresponding to saturated vapor pressure:

· Solubility in water:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . insoluble

· Reactivity: soluble in organic solvents. At normal temperatures it is chemically inert. At high temperatures, it burns completely, forming carbon dioxide and water.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· Hazard class in the air of the working area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

· MPC m.r./s.s. in the air of the working area

(for aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons C 1 - C 10), mg/m 3 . . . .900/300

· Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0415

· FOOTWEAR in atmospheric air

(for a mixture of saturated hydrocarbons C 1 -C 5), mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

· Impact on people: low-hazard substance. It is a fairly strong drug, but its potency is weakened by its very low solubility in the blood. Consequently, under normal conditions it is physiologically indifferent. May cause irritation of the mucous membranes of the eye, conjunctivitis. In case of severe poisoning - pneumonia, loss of consciousness.

· First aid measures for victims of exposure to the substance: remove the victim from the harmful atmosphere. If breathing is impaired - oxygen. In case of severe poisoning – hospitalization. Morphine and adrenaline are contraindicated!

· Precautionary measures: sealing of equipment and communications, ventilation of premises. The simultaneous presence of hydrogen sulfide in the air and elevated temperatures enhance the toxic effect.

· Means of protection: at low concentrations, a filtering industrial gas mask is suitable. At high concentrations and normal oxygen content - insulating hose gas masks. If there is a lack of oxygen, use oxygen respirators.

· Methods for converting a substance into a harmless state:. . . . . . . . . . burning

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flammable gas (GG)

· Self-ignition temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515

· Concentration limits of flame spread, % (vol.):

air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,9-15

oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-66

· Minimum ignition energy at 25°C, mJ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,24

· Normal flame propagation speed at 25 °C, m/s. . . . . . .0,476

· Minimum explosive oxygen content % (vol.):

When diluted with carbon dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8

When diluted with nitrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3

· Maximum explosion pressure, kPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675

· Average rate of increase in explosion pressure, MPa/s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,5

· Maximum rate of increase in explosion pressure, MPa/s. . . . . . . . 17,2

· Minimum phlegmatizing concentration of phlegmatizing agent, % (vol.)

Carbon dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Nitrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

· Safe experimental maximum clearance, mm. . . . . . . . . . 0.91

· Group of explosive mixture according to GOST R 51330.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T1

· Fire-fighting equipment: inert gases.

Ethanethiol (odorant)

(ethyl mercaptan)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 2 H 6 S

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62,13

· State of aggregation. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . liquid

· Appearance.. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . colorless liquid.

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pungent, unpleasant specific odor.

· Application: added to flammable hydrocarbon gases or air to give them a characteristic, warning odor.

Physicochemical characteristics

· Density at 20 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840

· Air vapor density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,11

· Boiling point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

· Melting point at pressure 101.3 kPa, °C. . . . . . . . . . minus 147.3

· Critical temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,5

· Critical pressure, MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,49

· Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 2173

· Specific heat of combustion, kJ/kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34975,1

· Heat of formation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 73.3

· Temperatures in °C corresponding to saturated vapor pressure:

· Solubility in water:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .slightly soluble.

· Reactivity:.slightly soluble in ether, soluble in ethanol.

Sanitary and hygienic characteristics

· CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75-08-1

· Hazard class in the air of the working area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

· MPC m.r. in the air of the working area, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

· Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1728

· Hazard class in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

· MPC m.r. in atmospheric air, mg/m 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5×10 -5

· Impact on people: at a concentration of 0.001 - 0.002 mg/l and inhalation for 5 minutes, performance is impaired, but with repeated exposure for many days, it is restored. In minute concentrations, the vapor causes reflex nausea and headaches due to the disgusting odor. At higher concentrations they affect the central nervous system. It has a narcotic effect, characterized by particular muscle stiffness.

· First aid measures for victims of exposure to the substance: for mild poisoning - fresh air, rest, strong tea or coffee. For severe nausea - aminazine (0.025 g), triftazine (0.001 g) or sedatives, as well as vitamins B 6 (10 mg), PP (25 mg), C (100 mg). For persistent vomiting - intramuscularly 1 - 2 mg of a 2.5% solution of chlorpromazine. If the mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and nose are irritated, rinse generously with a 2% soda solution and drop a few drops of a 0.05% naphthyzine solution into the nose. In case of contact with skin, wash thoroughly with warm water and soap.

· Precautionary measures: thorough sealing of all processes. Local and general ventilation of premises. Monitoring the air content of the working area.

· Means of protection: filtering industrial gas mask. At high concentrations - insulating hose gas masks with forced air supply. Safety sealed glasses, skin protection, workwear.

Fire and explosion properties

· Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . flammable liquid (flammable liquid)

· Flash point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 20

· Self-ignition temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

· Concentration limits of distribution

flame,% (vol.).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,8 – 18,0

· Safe experimental maximum clearance, mm. . . . . . . . . . 0.90

· Group of explosive mixture according to GOST R 51330.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T3

· Fire-fighting equipment: sprayed water, powders, aerosol compositions.

Ethylene

(ethene)

GENERAL INFORMATION

· Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 2 H 4

· Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,05

· State of aggregation. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gaseous

· Appearance.. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . colorless gas

· Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . weak

· Application: used for the production of polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, ethyl alcohol, ethylbenzene, ethyl chloride, acetaldehyde and other organic products, and also as a refrigerant.

Physicochemical characteristics

· Gas density at 20 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174

· Gas density at 0 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,26

· Gas density in air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,974

· Density of the liquid phase at 0 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m 3. . . . . . . . 566

· Boiling point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 103.7

· Melting point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 169.5

· Critical temperature, °C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,6

· Critical pressure, MPa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,033

· Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 1318

· Specific heat of combustion, kJ/kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46988

· Gas diffusion coefficient in air, cm 2 /s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,13

· Density at a temperature of minus 103.8,
related to the density of water at 4°C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,5699

· Heat capacity of gas at 0°C and constant pressure, kJ/(kg×deg). . 1,4658

· Heat capacity of gas at 0°C and constant volume, kJ/(kg×deg) . . . . 1,1634

· Heat capacity of the liquid phase at 0°C

and pressure 101.3 kPa kJ/(kg×deg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,415

· Volume of vapor from 1 kg of liquefied gases under normal conditions, m 3 . . 0,8

· Volume of vapor from 1 liter of liquefied gases under normal conditions, m 3

CARBON TECHLORIDE (carbon tetrachloride; synonym freon 10) - the simplest compound of carbon with chlorine, CCl 4, the strongest hepatotropic poison. Carbon tetrachloride is used to produce refrigerants (freons), in organic synthesis in laboratory and industrial conditions, as a fire extinguishing agent, for dry cleaning and other purposes. Due to its high toxicity, carbon tetrachloride is classified as an industrial poison (see Industrial poisons). In experimental medicine, carbon tetrachloride is used to model heiatopathies in animals (see Liver cirrhosis, pathogenesis).

Carbon tetrachloride is a heavy colorless liquid, melting point is - 22.96°, boiling temperature is 76.75°, relative density at 20° - [d] 4 20 - equal to 1.595, solubility in water is 0.08%, miscible with most organic solvents. Carbon tetrachloride produces azeotropic mixtures (see) with water, methanol and some other liquids, dissolves many organic substances, including fats (see), waxes (see), resins, etc. At ordinary temperatures, carbon tetrachloride is chemically quite inert , at temperatures above 500° it oxidizes to form phosgene (see Asphyxiating agents). Wet carbon tetrachloride corrodes metals (iron, aluminum), decomposing to carbon dioxide CO 2 and hydrogen chloride HCl; Contact of carbon tetrachloride with alkali metals is unacceptable (an explosion is possible). Carbon tetrachloride reacts with sulfuric anhydride (oleum) according to the equation:

CCl 4 + 2SO 3 -> COCl 2 + S 2 o 5 Cl 2;

this reaction is used to produce phosgene in the laboratory. How orthocarbonic acid tetrachloride C(OH) 4 carbon tetrachloride is converted into orthocarbonic esters:

with olefins it enters into a telomerization reaction (a chain reaction of unsaturated organic compounds in the presence of carrier substances with the formation of a mixture of low molecular weight homologues), used in industrial organic synthesis. In technology, carbon tetrachloride is obtained by chlorination of hydrocarbons (see) or their chlorinated derivatives and carbon disulfide and other methods.

The mechanism of the specific hepatotoxic effect of carbon tetrachloride is explained by the influence of a free radical (see Free radicals):

The resulting free radical can directly damage enzyme systems, for example the cytochrome P-450 system of the liver (see Cytochromes). It can also have a pro-oxidant effect, that is, initiate a chain reaction (see Chain Reactions) of lipid peroxidation (see Peroxides), which leads to a structural and functional restructuring of biological membranes (see Biological Membranes), increasing their permeability to H+ ions , K+, Na+, Ca2+ with subsequent spatial separation of oxidative chains. Finally, the cytoplasmic membranes rupture with the release of proteolytic enzymes, and the cell (hepatocyte) dies, which is clinically manifested by cytolysis syndrome (see Liver failure).

Carbon tetrachloride as an occupational hazard

Occupational poisoning with carbon tetrachloride is possible when poison vapors enter through the respiratory tract, carbon tetrachloride is ingested or through prolonged contact with the skin.

Chronic carbon tetrachloride poisoning is characterized by memory impairment, drowsiness, inertia and other manifestations of the initial stage of hepatogenic encephalopathy (see), cardiac dysfunction and dysuric disorders. The liver is enlarged and painful, intestinal motility and peristalsis are impaired, and spasms of its various parts are noted. Early objective symptoms of chronic carbon tetrachloride poisoning are considered to be a positive Van den Berg reaction (see Van den Berg reaction), jaundice (see) in latent or overt form, a decrease in the concentration of calcium (see) in the blood, an increase in urobilin content (see) and urobilinogen, hyperbilirubiemia (see), lymphocytosis. In the blood serum, an increase in the activity of specific aminotransferases (see) and other enzymes (see), primarily microsomal, is noted; hyperferremia and hypoprothrombinemia are observed. The synthetic function of the liver suffers - the synthesis of glucuronides is disrupted (see); bilirubin (see) and serum proteins. When exposed to carbon tetrachloride, dermatitis (see), sometimes eczema (see) may occur on the skin.

Acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning is accompanied by severe headache, dizziness, confusion, or loss of consciousness. In severe cases, liver failure quickly develops (see) and victims may die due to the phenomena of hepatic coma (see). Sometimes acute poisoning with carbon tetrachloride has the character of encephalomyelitis (see), cerebellar dystrophy (see Cerebellum), peripheral neuritis (see), epileptiform convulsions are noted (see). With slowly developing poisoning, these clinical manifestations are accompanied by symptoms of further damage to the liver and kidneys, vomiting, diarrhea, and severe jaundice. The liver is enlarged and painful, oliguria is noted, protein, red blood cells, and casts are found in the urine. The concentration of residual nitrogen in the blood increases (see Residual nitrogen), the content of chlorides decreases, and the content of calcium and serum proteins continues to decrease.

Liver damage is in the nature of fatty hepatosis (see): fatty infiltration, centrilobular necrosis, hemorrhages and leukocyte infiltration of the parenchyma are noted, the development of acute massive necrosis is possible.

First aid and emergency therapy

The victim must be taken to a warm, ventilated room or into fresh air, provided with rest, warmth, and inhalation of humidified oxygen. 20 ml of a 40% glucose solution with 500 mg of ascorbic acid are injected intravenously, 0.5 - 1 liter of a 10-15% glucose solution is administered dropwise; intramuscularly - 40-50 mg of vitamin B1 and 2 ml of a 30% solution of vitamin E (tocopherol acetate) 3-4 times, 10 ml of a 5% solution of unithiol 4 times a day, lipoic acid up to 750-1000 mg per day, subcutaneously - 5 - 10 units of insulin. Diathermy on the kidney area has a good effect; cardiac medications are prescribed according to indications (Corazol, Cordiamine).

In severe cases of poisoning, hemodialysis is used (see), according to indications, if there is no pulmonary edema, artificial respiration is performed (see), adrenaline is absolutely contraindicated! In case of oral poisoning, it is necessary to immediately inject about 150-200 ml of vaseline or castor oil, perform gastric lavage (see), and give a saline laxative. The rest are the activities listed above. The victim must be urgently hospitalized.

Further treatment for acute carbon tetrachloride poisoning, as for chronic poisoning, is symptomatic.

Work ability examination

Issues of examination of work ability, medical and labor rehabilitation in case of carbon tetrachloride poisoning are resolved taking into account the severity of clinical symptoms of intoxication and hygienic characteristics of working conditions. After acute and chronic poisoning, victims are transferred to another job for the entire duration of treatment. If hypersensitivity to carbon tetrachloride is established or in case of severe poisoning with the presence of residual effects of intoxication (development of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, kidney damage), the victim is removed from working with carbon tetrachloride and is provided with rational employment.

Prevention of carbon tetrachloride poisoning

Prevention of carbon tetrachloride poisoning consists of mechanization and automation of manual work in relevant industries, sealing equipment, improving ventilation (see), hygienic standardization of raw materials. The use of personal protective equipment for the respiratory system and skin is of great importance (see Gas masks, Special clothing). Preliminary and periodic medical examinations are required (see medical examination).

The maximum permissible concentration of carbon tetrachloride in the air of the working area is 20 mg/m3, in the air of populated areas 4 mg/m3 (maximum one-time) and 0.7 mg/m3 (daily average), in the water of reservoirs for domestic, drinking and cultural use 0. 3 mg/l.

Carbon tetrachloride in forensic medicine

In forensic medical practice, fatal poisonings with carbon tetrachloride are quite rare, mainly as a result of careless handling at home or at work, or due to the mistaken use of carbon tetrachloride instead of alcoholic beverages. The lethal dose of carbon tetrachloride for oral poisoning ranges from 20 to 50 ml.

Morphological changes revealed at autopsy in victims of carbon tetrachloride poisoning depend on the route of entry of the poison into the body and the life expectancy of the victim after ingesting the poison. In case of inhalation poisoning, which quickly leads to death, only a sharp congestion of the internal organs, toxic edema and acute pulmonary emphysema, and minor hemorrhages in the substance of the brain are determined. When carbon tetrachloride enters the body orally and death occurs a few days after the poison enters the body, a characteristic icteric staining of the skin and sclera, small pinpoint and larger hemorrhages under the meninges and in the substance of the brain, as well as in the myocardium, kidneys, stomach, and intestines are detected. . Foci of necrosis in the pancreas, acute ulcers of the stomach and duodenum, severe liver damage - its sharp increase (up to 2500 g) with a picture of fatty hepatosis are detected. Dystrophic changes in the kidneys up to necrotic nephrosis are noted; rosette-shaped oxalate crystals are detected in the lumens of the renal tubules.

In forensic chemical testing, carbon tetrachloride is extracted from biological material by steam distillation. The presence of carbon tetrachloride in the resulting distillate is determined by the reaction of elimination of chlorine when heated with caustic alkali (Cl ion is detected by reaction with silver nitrate), the reaction of formation of isonitrile when heated with aniline and caustic alkali, the appearance of pink color when heating the distillate with resorcinol and caustic alkali, and also gas chromatographic research (see Chromatography).

The expert opinion on carbon tetrachloride poisoning as the cause of death is based on a combined assessment of the results of the examination of the corpse, forensic chemical and histological studies.

Bibliography: Berezhnoy R.V. Forensic medical examination of poisoning by technical liquids, p. 104, M., 1977; Harmful substances in industry, ed. N.V. Lazarev and E.N. Levina, vol. 1, p. 198, L., 1976; Emergency care for acute poisoning, edited by S. N. Golikova, p. 99, 210, M., 1977; Guide to forensic medical examination of poisonings, ed. R.V. Berezhny etc., p. 341, M., 1980; Sanotsky I.V. and Ulanova I.P. Criteria of hazards in hygiene and toxicology when assessing the danger of chemical compounds, p. 162, M., 1975; Shvaikova M. D. Toxicological chemistry, p. 78, M., 1975.

A. F. Rubtsov (judgment), A. I. Tochilkin (biochemical), I. Ulanova (hyg.).

Benzene

Acute damage by benzene leads to dysfunction of the central nervous system, manifested by agitation, followed by depression of consciousness, coma, death from respiratory arrest, cardiac activity and vascular collapse. In small doses, benzene causes euphoria, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.

In non-fatal forms of damage, normalization of the condition occurs quickly.

HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS: carbon tetrachloride, dichloroethane, chloroform.

Carbon tetrachloride(carbon tetrachloride - CCl 4) is a colorless, volatile liquid with a sweetish (reminiscent of chloroform) odor, non-flammable. Pace. melted - 22.9°C, temp. boiling point - 76.8°C, temp. freezing point - 23 o C, density 1.59 g/cm 3 (20 ° C). Practically insoluble in water, highly soluble in fats. In the environment, carbon tetrachloride is mainly found in the form of a gas, which most people begin to smell at concentrations in the air of 10 mg/l. It is used as a solvent for fats, waxes, varnishes, polymers and as a raw material for the production of refrigerants, as well as a fire extinguishing agent.

Due to its high volatility, carbon tetrachloride enters the atmosphere directly during production, as well as when it is used in other industrial processes. In the air, CCl 4 can persist for many years, even decades, before breaking down into other chemicals. The breakdown of carbon tetrachloride occurs in the stratosphere. This process is slow and, despite the widespread reduction in the production of CCl 4, there is still an increase in its content in the atmosphere, which causes damage to the Earth's ozone layer. Carbon tetrachloride can enter the soil through leaks or discharges from chemical plants. Basically, CCl 4 evaporates and does not remain in the soil, but some of it can get into groundwater.

Inhalation poisoning occurs at work when safety precautions are not followed; oral poisoning often occurs when consuming CCl 4 for the purpose of intoxication and manifests itself with more pronounced symptoms. In the body, most of the carbon tetrachloride is deposited in fatty tissues, liver, and brain. Metabolism of CCl 4 occurs in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver with the participation of cytochrome P 450, resulting in the formation of free radicals that act on the functional groups of proteins, intracellular membranes, enzymes, initiating lipid peroxidation reactions. CCl 4 is excreted from the body through the respiratory tract, kidneys and intestines.

In case of poisoning, CCl 4 has a narcotic effect on the central nervous system, a mild irritant effect on the skin, and a toxic effect on the liver (damage or destruction of cells), kidneys and other organs.

In acute poisoning, toxic encephalopathy (headache, dizziness, weakness, lethargy, ataxia), nausea, and vomiting occur. In severe cases, shortness of breath, cyanosis, toxic pulmonary edema, hepatitis develop, and body temperature rises; severe agitation, loss of consciousness, sensitivity disorders, paralysis, coma are possible. An early sign of intoxication is acute gastroenteritis syndrome (nausea, repeated vomiting of bile, frequent loose stools, cramping abdominal pain. On 2-3 days, signs of toxic liver dystrophy develop: enlarged, painful, yellowness of the sclera and skin. Hemorrhagic syndrome develops: hemorrhages under conjunctiva, nasal and gastrointestinal bleeding. Possible development of hepatic-renal failure, hepatic coma. Acute renal failure is accompanied by oligoanuria, hypertensive syndrome, hyperhydration.

Chronic poisoning is characterized by gastrointestinal disorders, weight loss, anemia, irritation of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and eyes; in severe cases - toxic hepatitis, polyneuritis, kidney damage. When CCl 4 gets on the skin, dermatitis develops.

Medical protection measures: preventing CCl 4 and C 2 H 4 Cl 2 vapors from entering the inhaled air, personal protective equipment; preliminary and periodic medical examinations.

Medical protection for poisoning with carbon tetrachloride and dichloroethane:

1. Detoxification methods: gastric lavage followed by the administration of vaseline or castor oil, hemodialysis, hemosorption, peritoneal dialysis.

2. Specific therapy: acetylcysteine ​​20% solution 150 mg/kg with glucose 5% solution 1 l. Then 50 mg/kg intravenously 4 times a day. for 3 days, in case of CCl 4 poisoning - calcium thetacine 10% solution - 40-60 ml for 5-10% glucose solution 500 ml.

3. Antioxidant therapy. Vitamin E - 1-2 ml 3-4 times a day, intramuscularly, unithiol - 5 ml of 5% solution 3-4 times a day.

4. To prevent exotoxic shock - infusion of polyglucin solution, rheopolyglucin solution, hemodez, 10-15% glucose solution with insulin, 4-8% sodium bicarbonate solution. The volume of infusion therapy is up to 12 l/day.

5. Hepatoprotectors. B vitamins, glucose, lipocaine, cocarboxylase (100-150 mg), lipoic acid (20-30 mg/kg/day), glutamic acid 1% solution 400-800 ml/day, Essentiale - 1000-2000 mg intravenously , 1000 mg/day orally.

6. Hyperventilation.

Chloroform(aka trichloromethane or methyl trichloride) CHCl 3 is a colorless volatile liquid with an ethereal odor and a sweet taste. Practically insoluble in water, miscible with most organic solvents, non-flammable. Pace. kip. 61.2°C, density - 1.47.

Chloroform was first produced in 1831 as a rubber solvent independently by Samuel Guthrie, then by Liebig and Suberein. The French chemist Dumas proposed this name and established the formula CHCl 3 in 1834.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, chloroform was used as an anesthetic for surgical operations. Due to high toxicity, the ability to cause cardiac arrhythmias, dystrophic changes in the myocardium, cirrhosis and liver atrophy, as well as due to the introduction of new drugs and methods of general anesthesia into medicine, in 1985 the drug chloroform for anesthesia was excluded from the range of drugs funds. At the same time, the drug “Chloroform”, intended for external use, has been retained in the nomenclature. Due to its irritating effect on the skin, this drug (usually in a mixture with other agents) is used for rubbing for neuralgia and myositis. Currently, chloroform is used in the production of freon refrigerant, as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and in the production of dyes and pesticides.

Inhalation of chloroform depresses the central nervous system, myocardial excitability, and causes a drop in blood pressure; Chronic exposure to chloroform can cause liver and kidney disease. CHCl 3 often causes vomiting (the incidence of postoperative vomiting reached 75-80%). Chloroform poisoning may cause respiratory and cardiac arrest.

HALOGENATED ETHERS: methoxyflurane, enflurane, fluroxene

Methoxyflurane (CH 3 OCF 2 CHCl 2), synonym: inhalan - anesthetic. Colorless transparent volatile liquid with a specific fruity odor, density - 1.42 g/cm 3 (20°C), temp. boiling point -105 °C. At room temperature and concentrations used for anesthesia, it does not explode or ignite.

Methoxyflurane is used primarily not for independent anesthesia, but in combination with nitrous oxide, barbiturates, and muscle relaxants. Anesthesia comes slowly, the stage of excitation is long; awakening after stopping the supply of the mixture occurs after 15-60 minutes, anesthesia depression completely disappears after 2-3 hours.

Currently, it is not used as an independent anesthetic due to its strong toxic effect on the kidneys (reduces renal blood flow and glomerular filtration). Methoxyflurane is oxidized to fluoride (fluoride ion, F) and oxalic acid. Both metabolites are nephrotoxic. Fluoride directly inhibits tubular function (for example, the transport of chloride ions in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle), which impairs the concentrating ability of the kidneys. Symptoms of methoxyflurane nephropathy include vasopressin-resistant polyuria; increased concentrations of sodium, creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum.

The drug increases the sensitivity of the myocardium to catecholamines.

Enflurane- volatile anesthetic, non-flammable and non-explosive; has a slight sweetish smell. It is used to enhance and maintain general anesthesia in the form of inhalations and has a pronounced mirelaxing effect. Almost 80% of the drug is excreted unchanged by the lungs and only up to 5% is metabolized in the liver. Possible toxic effects: epileptic seizures, hepatitis and kidney damage.

Fluroxene It is a colorless volatile liquid, flammable, and does not have a corrosive effect on the bronchial mucosa. Used for surgical anesthesia, the onset and recovery from anesthesia occurs quickly. It has an insufficient muscle relaxant effect and can cause severe cardiac arrhythmias, especially when used together with adrenaline.