Incentive action. What does an incentive offer mean?

Interrogative are sentences that are intended to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. For example: Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg?(P.); What will you tell yourself now to justify yourself?(P.).

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated, for example: Did you invite happiness with a song?(L.) (Cf.: Is it did you invite happiness with a song? - Did you invite happiness with a song?);

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence), for example: Not Is the hostile city burning?(L.); But Will he return soon with a rich tribute?(L.);

3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Not better can you get behind them yourself?(P.); Is there really no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something as a keepsake?(L.); Why are we standing here?(Ch.); Where does the glow come from?(L.); What were you doing in my garden?(P.); What do you want me to do?(P.).

Interrogative sentences are divided into proper interrogative, interrogative-impellative and interrogative-rhetorical.

Proper interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer. For example: Have you written your will?(L.); Tell me, does my uniform fit me well?(L.).

A peculiar type of interrogative sentences, close to proper interrogatives, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative. For example: So are you going? (Bl.); So it's decided, Herman?(Bl.); So, to Moscow now?(Ch.).

Interrogative sentences, finally, can contain the negation of what is being asked; these are interrogative-negative sentences. For example: What might you like here? It doesn't seem particularly pleasant(Bl.); And if he spoke... What new can he tell?(Bl.).

Both interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-declarative ones, since they are transitional in nature from a question to a message.

Interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed through a question. For example: So, maybe our wonderful poet will continue the interrupted reading?(Bl.); Shouldn't we talk about business first?(Ch.).

Interrogative rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech. For example: I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him if fate had mercy on me. Who has not made such terms with his conscience?(L.); Desires... What good is it to wish in vain and forever?(L.); But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is melancholy, but no passions?(L).

Plug-in constructions can also take the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example: The prosecutor flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine? - does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example: How did you stop loving her?(L.); Don't you recognize me?(P.); And how could she let Kuragin do this?(L.T.).

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker. They can express: 1) an order, a request, a plea, for example: - Be silent! You! - Survivor exclaimed in an angry whisper, jumping to his feet.(M.G.); - Go, Peter! - the student commanded(M.G.); - Uncle Grigory... bend your ear(M.G.); - And you, my dear, don’t break it...(M.G.); 2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat, for example: This Arina is an original woman; Please note, Nikolai Petrovich(M.G.); Pets of windy fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves!(P.), Look, my hands are washed more often - beware!(M.G.); 3) consent, permission, for example: Do as you wish; You can go wherever your eyes take you; 4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example: Well, let's try with all our might to defeat the disease.(M.G.); My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!(P.); 5) desire, for example: Give him Dutch soot with rum(M.G.).

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, supplication and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

The grammatical means of forming incentive sentences are: 1) incentive intonation; 2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that add an incentive to the sentence ( come on, come on, come on, yeah, let it go).

Incentive sentences differ in the way they express the predicate.

Every day a person says very a large number of words combined into sentences. Naturally, we speak with different emotional tones and, accordingly, with different intonation. We say some things in a calm tone, and sometimes by increasing the volume of our voice we focus attention on some important words. In written speech, all changes in meaning and tone are recorded with punctuation marks. We list the main ones:

• period (placed at the end of a declarative sentence);
• question mark (placed at the end of a question sentence);
• exclamation mark (written at the end of the incentive sentence).

A declarative sentence will be called if it is pronounced by a person in a calm tone. It is this type of sentence that people most often use in life when they have conversations, talk, or tell each other about something. The second type of sentences is interrogative. These sentences are also common in our everyday speech. People use them when they ask a question to another person. The most interesting type of offers are incentive ones. They will be discussed by me below.

About incentive offers

Incentive sentences in writing are highlighted with an exclamation point. Almost always in everyday speech, incentive sentences are pronounced louder than declarative sentences. The peculiarity of incentive offers is expressed in the fact that they are used to designate a wide range of expressions of will. For example, these sentences help express a request, order, threat, protest, appeal, invitation to joint action, warning, and others. Incentive sentences got their name precisely because they encourage a person to take some action and are always pronounced with a raised (incentive) intonation. Sometimes you can find this type of sentence without an exclamation mark, but with a period at the end. In such cases, the motivating connotation of the sentence lies in particles and interjections. For example: “let”, “let”, “come on”, etc.

You don’t need to look far for examples of incentive offers. All of us make dozens of incentive sentences a day: “It’s time to get up!”, “Hurry up, have breakfast!”, “Do your homework first!”, “Vasya, go home!” The intonation of the sentence will be exclamatory or interrogative; in both cases, you persuade the other person to fulfill your freedom. In order to do this grammatically correct, let’s take a closer look at what incentives are. offers .

It turns out that if you were approached with an incentive sentence (“Vasya, hurry home!”), you will never confuse its intonation with a narrative one (“Vasya is already at home”) or with an interrogative one (“Is Vasya home?”). But attention! If the sentence is formulated like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” – then this example belongs to the category of “interrogative-motivating sentence”. Such offers contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in the imperative mood: “Go away, Petya!” (Well, how much more can one persuade poor Vasya!) There are also predicates in the form of the subjunctive mood: “Wouldn’t you go away!” And even in the form of the indicative mood: “Go away!” The latter does not sound very respectful, but issues of etiquette are not discussed in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: say, the stern “No smoking!” - something like that offers are called “negative-incentive”. Correct helpers of incentive offers– special particles. Scientifically, they are also called modal-volitional. They are all beautifully familiar to us: “Let it go!”, “Let it go!”, “Give!”, “Let’s go!”, “Come on!”. And the easily necessary particle “would”. But sometimes just one noun in the nominative case is enough for the sentence to become motivating. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" – you’ll instantly figure out what the speaker wanted to encourage you to do. “Run! Save yourself! Call “01”! So let the tasks with determining incentive offers be unknown to you from now on! And let these offers sound to you not in the form of orders and prohibitions, but extraordinarily in the form of respectful and sensitive requests. Let's say: “Should we have some tea?” Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya..."

“Infinitivus” means “indefinite” in Latin. In dictionaries published before the 70s of the 20th century, “ infinitive" was defined as "the indefinite inflection of the verb." What does slope have to do with it, and what is the positive definition of infinitive A? Does it even exist?

Modern dictionaries interpret infinitive easy - “indefinite form of the verb” (words such as “run”, “fly” with inflection “-t”). The fact that form is intelligible, but since language is a physical representation, does it have infinitive and the table of contents? This question still causes heated debate: someone calls infinitive zero form (and with no table of contents), someone insists on returning the previous formulation - “indefinite slope”. There are also followers of the “zero voice” (that is, neither active nor passive; neither energetic nor passive - again in the old custom or in the traditions of other languages, say, English). The most paradoxical version - infinitive has nothing to do with verbs at all, but rather with particles (expressing modality, phase, etc.). It's hard to say whether it has zero slope or zero collateral. infinitive ah, but the fact that particles could not be part of the predicate is true. The infinitive, on the contrary, can be part of predicates (verbs). Let’s say, expressing the same modality (desirability): “he stopped wanting to study,” where there is both the actual modal verb (“to want”) and the reflexive verb “to study.” By the way, some researchers also classify reflexive verbs as infinitive Well, it’s true that this judgment seems false, because the postfix – xia (itself) already carries within itself a certain semantic content, and infinitive- an indefinite form - still cannot have such a detailed meaning (teach oneself). The question with “-t” remains unresolved to this day. Some scientists are still inclined to believe that this is an inflection (that is, a morpheme that combines a word with other members of a sentence), others - that it is a formative suffix infinitive and, not responsible for the connections in the sentence. Speaking about the predicate, it is necessary to note that in colloquial speech infinitive can, in sentences with the meaning of message, movement, speech, direction, beginning or continuation, perform the function of a zero predicate. Let’s say, “We’re having dinner,” “It’s time to go,” “Children, go to bed!”

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Inclination refers to the non-constant morphological sign of the verb, present in the conjugated forms and expressing the relationship of the action to reality by contrasting the forms of the imperative, indicative and subjunctive mood.

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Types of offers

Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences (by type of statement)

Depending on the purpose of the statement There are narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences.

Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and a calm fall tones at the end of a sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard (P.).

Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational.

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation- raising the tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is connected;

2) word arrangement(usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence);

3) question words- interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example.

Interrogative sentences are divided into

actually interrogative,

interrogative and motivating

and interrogative-rhetorical.

Actually interrogative sentences contain a question that requires an answer.

A peculiar variety of interrogative sentences, close to interrogative ones themselves, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such proposals are called interrogative-affirmative.

Interrogative sentences can contain the negation of what is being asked, this is interrogative negative sentences.

Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative, since they are transitional in nature - from a question to a message.

Interrogative and incentive sentences contain a call to action expressed through a question.

In interrogative and rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech.

Essentially, counter questions (an answer in the form of a question) also belong to interrogative-rhetorical questions.

Insert constructions can also have the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example.

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc.

Additional shades can be emotional, for example,

shade of negative expression: Are you deaf or what?;

a shade of politeness (softening the question is usually achieved with the help of the particle not): Won't you come to me tomorrow? Wed: Will you come to me tomorrow?

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker; their purpose is to encourage action.

They can express:

1) order, request, plea, for example;

2.) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat,

3) consent, permission, for example;

4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example;

5) desire.

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, plea and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

By grammatical means of design incentive offers are:

1) incentive intonation;

2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood;

3) special particles that introduce an incentive tone into the sentence (come on, come on, come on, yes, let it).

Incentives vary according to the way of expressing the predicate:

The most common expression of the predicate verb in the imperative mood.

An incentive connotation can be introduced into the meaning of the verb special particles.

As a predicate incentive sentence it can be used verb in the indicative mood (past and future tense).

As a predicate - subjunctive verb. Among these proposals, the following stand out: with the word to, and the verb may be omitted. Such sentences characterize colloquial speech.

The predicate in an incentive sentence can be infinitive.

Infinitive with particle would expresses a gentle request, advice.

In colloquial speech incentive offers are often used without verbal expression of the predicate- a verb in the imperative mood, clear from the context or situation. These are peculiar forms of sentences in living speech with a leading word - a noun, adverb or infinitive. For example: Carriage for me, carriage! (Gr).

The structural center of incentive sentences (also in colloquial speech) can be the corresponding interjections: come on, march, tsyts, etc.

Exclamatory sentences

Exclamatory sentences are sentences that are emotionally charged, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.

Different types of sentences can have an emotional connotation: narrative, interrogative, and incentive.

For example,

declarative exclamatory:He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle! (L.);

interrogative and exclamation marks:Who would dare ask Ishmael about that?! (L.);

exclamatory exclamations:- Oh, spare him!.. wait! - he exclaimed (L.).

Grammatical means of design The exclamation sentences are as follows:

1) intonation, conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion), for example.

2) interjections, for example: Ah, alas, Uh, Ahti, Ugh;

3) exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving the expressed emotional coloring: well, oh, well, where, how, what, what, etc.

Common and non-common offers

Uncommon is a sentence that has only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate.

Sentences that, along with the main ones, have positions of secondary members are called common.

A sentence can be extended by compatible, controlled and adjacent word forms (according to the rules of verb connections), included in the sentence through phrases, or by word forms related to the entire sentence as a whole. Supply distributors are generally called determinants. As a rule, various circumstances and additions that express a semantic subject or object are determining.

Thus, sentence propagators can be included in the predicative stem of a sentence, distributing either the composition of the subject or the composition of the predicate, or be proliferators of the stem as a whole. The term “determinant” was introduced by N.Yu. Shvedova.

Simple and complex sentences

A simple sentence has one predicative center that organizes it and thus contains one predicative unit.

A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units combined in meaning and grammatically. Each part of a complex sentence has its own grammatical composition.

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonation unity. This idea about the integrity of a complex sentence was substantiated in the works of N.S. Pospelov.

Although parts of a complex sentence structurally resemble simple sentences (they are sometimes called that by convention), they cannot exist outside of a complex sentence, i.e. outside a given grammatical association, as independent communicative units. This is especially clearly revealed in a complex sentence with dependent parts. For example, in the sentence I don’t know how it happened that we still don’t know each other (L.) none of the existing three parts can exist as a separate independent sentence; each of them requires explanation. As analogues of simple sentences, parts of a complex sentence, when combined, can undergo structural changes, i.e. they can take on a form that is not characteristic of a simple sentence, although at the same time these parts have their own predicative nature.

Parts of a complex sentence can be combined

as equals,grammatically independent, For example: Branches of blossoming cherry trees look out my window, and the wind sometimes strews my desk with their white petals (L.);

and as addicts, For example: On three sides blackened the crests of the cliffs and branches of Mashuk, on top of which lay an ominous cloud (L.).

The main difference between a simple and complex sentence is that a simple sentence is a monopredicative unit, a complex sentence is a polypredicative unit.

The meaning of the linguistic term “incentive sentence” is easy to understand even on an intuitive level - from the name it is clear that we are talking about a linguistic unit that encourages action. But how does it do this, what is its significance and what forms does it take? Motivation can be expressed in different ways, and all its features are studied in 3rd grade.

Features and forms of incentive offers

The desire for a certain action in incentive sentences can be expressed in very different ways. This can be either a prayer or a request, or an order, a ban, or even a protest. An invitation, a wish, a parting word - all these are forms of encouragement.

Many people think that incentive and exclamatory sentences are the same thing. But this is not entirely true - in fact, depending on the nature of such a sentence, it may have different intonation.

Examples of incentive sentences with different intonation

Thus, motivation can take the soft form of a plea, request, advice or wishes, as well as parting words. In this case, from an intonation point of view, it will be closer to a narrative sentence.

An incentive sentence in a soft form will be pronounced calmly and evenly, and on the letter at the end of such a syntactic unit there will be a period, not an exclamation point.

Here are some examples.

Sleep well, my darling- This is a parting sentence.

Come visit us in the summer, we'll go to the beach- This is an invitation offer.

Protest, prohibition, order - in these cases, the incentive sentence takes an exclamatory form. This means that an incentive sentence has two forms: exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

Thus, non-exclamatory sentences are pronounced calmly. they lack a pronounced emotional coloring. At the same time, there are forms of motivation that are impossible without expression.

Exclamatory sentences not only express an incentive to action, they are also emotionally charged. It is the emotional background that gives such syntactic units the form of an exclamation.

In such an incentive sentence, an exclamation point is placed at the end.

There are several ways to help express motivation. And the main one is the grammatical basis in which the verb is used in the form of the imperative mood. Modal and formative particles such as “come on”, “let”, “yes” and so on help in expressing motivation. In this case, the incentive offer can be either one-part or two-part.

What have we learned?

Incentive sentences necessarily express an incentive to take some action, but in different forms. If we are talking about a soft form of motivation, then a period is placed at the end of the sentence, and it is pronounced with a calm intonation. If the incentive sentence is emotionally charged, then the intonation of its pronunciation is exclamatory, and at the end, accordingly, an exclamation point is placed.