Working methods for learning Polish. Self-learning Polish from scratch: the best textbooks and useful tips

Considering that trade and tourism between Poland and the countries of the East (Ukraine, Belarus, Russia) are flourishing, more and more attention is being paid to the language of communication and business, and its popularity among Ukrainians is growing rapidly. We believe that learning Polish is extremely simple and does not require significant financial or time expenditure. The main thing is your motivation and desire to gain knowledge of the Polish language. The rest is up to us!

Polish language - self-teacher. How to learn Polish on your own?

By following our portal, you will regularly receive professional instructions regarding self-study and improvement. We have prepared a Polish language tutorial for you: a system of lessons that will step by step lead to the main goal - mastery of the Polish language. Our lessons are developed by a team of highly qualified teachers who have experience and successful results in teaching Polish. A course of Polish language lessons online for beginners from the site will provide you with basic knowledge of the Polish language and will help you feel free in various communicative situations with Poles. You will be able to understand your interlocutor and conduct full-fledged dialogues in a wide variety of situations.

Polish lessons for beginners from the site

For your convenience, Polish language lessons for beginners are organized on a thematic basis. For each lesson you will find a dictionary of the most frequent and necessary words from a particular topic (shopping, border, routes, etc.). In each lesson you will find interesting infographics, pictures, diagrams and tables that will help you easily learn new material. So don't put off learning Polish until later - do it now with lessons from

Free Polish lessons for beginners

We would like to introduce you to the basic introductory block of educational material necessary for learning the Polish language. Using the links below, you will find, as well as, no less important, EXAMPLES of the practical application of these rules in colloquial speech. Our lessons in pictures, infographics and drawings will not only facilitate the process of learning the language, but also make it interesting and educational.

We invite you to take a Polish language course for beginners with us. We emphasize that it is ABSOLUTELY FREE.

Useful articles for learning Polish

We also recommend that you familiarize yourself with our articles on the topic of the Polish language, which in one way or another will be useful to everyone who is studying it. Our articles are full of interesting material, useful infographics and pictures that will make learning a foreign language easy and fun.

Learning Polish through films, TV series and music

Many people consider the process of learning a foreign language to be quite difficult and even boring. However, today, in order to master another language, it is no longer necessary to sit for hours in front of textbooks and dictionaries, doing a lot of uninteresting exercises. It is quite convenient and at the same time exciting to learn a foreign language (including Polish) by watching films or TV series, or listening to songs in the original language.

This allows you not only to learn new words, but also to understand their correct pronunciation, intonation, stress, and examples of use in conversation. It is quite possible to gain a good knowledge of the Polish language through films, TV series and music, and the process itself will be interesting and fun. You can select a film or TV series in Polish to watch in the following articles:

On our website you can get acquainted with the most popular Polish music artists and groups and listen to Polish hits:

Fiction in Polish

If you have already acquired a basic knowledge of the Polish language, you will find it useful and interesting to try reading Polish fiction. Reading in a foreign language will not only consolidate the knowledge already acquired, but also deepen it as much as possible. While reading, you can trace the spelling of words, the correct construction of sentences, the grammar of another language, and the like.

We suggest starting with “The Little Prince” (Mały Książę) by Exupery, “A Christmas Carol” (Opowieść wigilijna) by Charles Dickens or, for example, “The Snow Queen” (Krolowa sniegu) by H.H. Andersen. Next we should move on to more complex works, we recommend the classics in this order: Arthur Conan Doyle “The Hound of the Baskervilles” (Pies Baskerville), Daniel Defoe “The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe” (Robinson Crusoe), Oscar Wilde “The Picture of Dorian Gray” (Portret Doriana) Graya), Mikhail Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" (Mistrz i Małgorzata) and Erich Maria Remarque "Three Comrades" (

This article is intended both for those who are embarking on a serious and thorough study of the language, and for those who want to master the basic skills of reading, writing, translating and conducting a simple conversation in a short time.

Self-study is facilitated due to numerous comparisons with the Russian language, linguistic terminology reduced to a minimum.

The article contains the necessary minimum of linguistic information, which, hopefully, will serve as an incentive for further study of the language and culture of such an interesting country as Poland.

Polish alphabet

The modern Polish alphabet consists of 32 letters (9 vowels and 23 consonants). The letters of the Latin alphabet Q, V, X are also used in borrowed words.

About Polish accent

Accent in Polish fixed, constant. It usually falls on the penultimate syllable. The stressed syllable is emphasized with less force than in Russian. It should be remembered that vowels in unstressed syllables do not change either qualitatively or quantitatively, i.e. there is no reduction of vowels (“akanie”). In any position, regardless of the stressed or unstressed syllable, all vowels are pronounced equally clearly.

But not all words have stress on the penultimate syllable. The exception is some grammatical forms and words, usually borrowed.

Borrowed words with the suffix have stress on the third syllable from the end -ik (a), -yk (a): ‘technika, ‘fabryka, ‘fizykiem and some others ( 'opera, re'pertuar, uni'wersytet).

The same stress (on the third syllable from the end) is characteristic of individual verb forms (for example, forms of the 1st and 2nd person plural of the past tense: 'byliśmy, czy'taliście) and some numerals ( ‘czterysta, 'siedemset, ‘osiemset, ‘dziewięćset).

In modern spoken language, however, there is trend towards unification stress points ( czyta'liście, o'siemset, which, however, is not yet included in the norm).

Vowels “a”, “o”, “u (ó)”

The Polish language has 8 vowels, of which 2 are nasal and 6 are so-called pure. The “pure” ones include, in particular, vowels “a”, “o”, “u (ó)”.

Vowel " a" - pronounced like Russian [a] in a stressed syllable.

Vowel " o"—pronounced almost like Russian [o] in a stressed syllable, but with less labialization.

Vowel " u“—pronounced like Russian [у], but the lips are more forward. The sound has a double graphic image: “ u» — « ó " “ó” in a closed syllable alternates with “o” in an open syllable: bob — bobu. « ó " most often corresponds to Russian [o], and Polish "u" to Russian [у].

Vowel "e"

Vowel " e" - pronounced like a Russian substressed [e] (for example, in the word This). Before “e” the consonants are not softened:

Vowels “y”, “i”. Soft and hard consonants

Vowels " y», « i» - variants of one sound. The consonants before “u” are hard, the consonants before “i” are soft.

Vowel " y» - front row, middle rise. When pronouncing “u” the tongue is less raised than when pronouncing Russian [ы]:

Vowel " i» - front row, high lift. Depending on its position in the word, the letter “i” is pronounced differently or not pronounced at all.

At the beginning of a word or syllable(in position after a vowel) " i" is pronounced iotically, which is not spelled (letter combination ji possible only after z, s, With):

Between two consonants or at the end of a word the letter “i” denotes a sound similar to Russian [i]. At the same time, it is an indicator of the softness of the preceding consonant, and labial consonants b-p; w-f; m before [i] they are softened more “intensely” than in Russian:

In combination [ consonant + “i” + vowel] « i" does not indicate a sound: it is only a graphic indicator of the softness of the preceding consonant, a kind of “Polish soft sign”. Before vowels a, o, u(ó), e consonants can soften b, p, w, f, m, n; before e Also g, k. Of the listed consonants at the end of a word or syllable, only “ n» ( blood, steppe — crew, step). Before “e” the consonants “k” and “g” are most often soft ( -kie-, -gie-). For example, pronunciation of words Kopernik — piernik; bada — biada; pasek — piasek; zdrowe — zdrowie. More examples:

In combination [ consonant + “i” + vowel] the letter "i" can stand for [j]. (As already noted, “j” is written only after prefixes and consonants z, s, c). This pronunciation is typical mainly for words of foreign origin (“j” is written only after prefixes and consonants z, s, c).

Consonants " d», « t», « r" - only hard ones, so the “i” between them and vowels (in borrowed words) is also pronounced as [j] (a hard separating sign).

Nasal vowel “ą” (at the end of words and before fricative consonants)

Nasal vowel " ą » - labialized, back row, has nasal resonance in the position before the consonants “w”, “f”, “z”, “s”, “ż (rz)”, “sz”, “ź”, “ś”, “ch” " and at the end of a word. The word does not appear at the beginning. When articulating “ą”, when pronouncing [o], you need to prepare to pronounce [n] and make sure that the articulation of [n] is not completed:

Nasal vowel “ę” (before fricatives and at the end of words)

Nasal vowel " ę » - nonlabialized, posterior row. Has nasal resonance before fricative consonants. Articulationally similar to “ą”. At the end of a word, the nasal resonance is lost. It is useful to keep in mind that the nasal “ę”, “ą” often correspond to Russian [у], [у], [я]:

(Return component " się"is written in Polish separately from the verb; it can precede it and be separated from it by other words. If there are several reflexive verbs " się", as a rule, is used once. Does not affect the place of stress.)

Consonants “m”, “n”, “b”, “p”, “d”, “t”, “w”, “f”, “g”, “k”

Polish consonants, like Russian ones, can be hard and soft, voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants, as in the Russian language, are deafened at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants.

Consonants " m», « n» - sonorous, nasal, hard. Pronounced like Russian [m], [n]:

Consonants " d», « t» - anterior lingual teeth, hard. They form a pair based on voicedness/voicelessness. Pronounced like Russian [d], [t] respectively:

Consonants " g», « k» - posterior lingual, hard. They form a pair based on voicedness/voicelessness. Pronounced like Russian [g], [k]:

Consonants “r”, “z”, “s”, “c”, semi-vowel “j”

Consonant " r» - anterior lingual, hard. Pronounced like Russian [r]:

Consonant " c» - anterior lingual, hard. Pronounced like Russian [ts]:

Semivowel " j» - middle lingual, fricative. In Russian, it corresponds to the sound [y] (the letter “y” at the end of a word and before consonants) or, in combination with vowels, the iotated vowels “e”, “ya”, “e”, “yu”: daj — give, woj na — war; moja — my:

Sound " j» meets and after consonants, however, it is depicted with the letter “j” only after prefixes ( obj azd) and consonants " z», « s», « c"(mostly in borrowed words). Pronounced like Russian [ ъ] (separating solid character):

Consonant "ch" ("h")

Consonant " ch» - back-lingual, hard, deaf. Pronounced like Russian [x].

The sound has a double graphic image: “ ch», « h»:

The correct spelling will help you check the Russian language: Russian “x” corresponds to “ch” in Polish ( chata, mucha), in place of the Polish “h” there is “g” ( hymn — hymn) or "zero sound" ( harfa — harp). There are also exceptions: hockeyj.

Consonants “ż (rz)” - “sz”, “dż” - “cz”, “dz”. Letter combinations “szcz”; "żdż"; "dżdż"

Consonants " ż », « sz» - front lingual hard. They form a pair based on voicedness/voicelessness. Pronounced accordingly as Russian [zh], [sh]. At the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, “ż” is deafened to “sz”:

Consonant " rz» - in pronunciation it does not differ from “ż” (with the deafening “sz”). In Russian words with the same root as Polish “ rz" corresponds to the soft sound [р'] (as already indicated, the sound "r" in Polish words is only hard), consonant " ż " - Russian [zh], less often [z] or [s]: morz e — sea ​​e; może — Maybe. After “ż” (“rz”) and “sz” no “i” is written:

It is useful to take into account some other patterns. So, for example, Russian letter combinations [ -ere-], [-oro-], [-olo-] often correspond to Polish without the first vowel: shore — brzeg, freezing — mroz, road — droga etc. Russian prefixes re- , pre- , pro- corresponds to the prefix in Polish prze- ; console at- - Polish przy- :

Consonants " dż», « cz» - hard, anterior lingual. They form a pair based on voicedness/voicelessness. Consonant " dż"occurs mainly in borrowed words: dżem, dżentelmen, dudo, dżokej. Consonant " cz" is much harder than the Russian "ch". Pronounced approximately like [chsh] in the word " better" After “dż”, “cz” in Polish words “i” is not written:

Consonant " dz» - voiced pair of consonant “c”. Pronounced together, approximately as in the word “ bridgehead" At the end of a word and before voiceless consonants it is pronounced as “c”:

Consonants “ń”, “l”, “ł”

Consonant " ń » - unlike “m”, “b”, “p”, “w”, “f”, “g”, “k”, it can be soft not only before a vowel, but also at the end of a word or before a consonant. In this case, softness is indicated by a special superscript (“ kreska"). The softness of the consonant “ń” is somewhat “more intense” than the Russian [n’]:

Consonant " l» - pronounced like Russian soft [l’] only before “i”: lipa — Linden. In other cases, “l” has no correspondence in Russian (this is the so-called “European sound l”). There is no “y” after “l”:

Other examples:

(The names of nationalities are written with a capital letter: Polak, Rosjanin)

Consonant " ł » - hard, pronounced as a non-syllabic (very short) [у] (very close to the Belarusian “ў”). Cannot be combined with "i":

Consonants “ź”, “ś”

Consonants " ź », « ś » - middle language, soft. They form a pair based on voicedness/voicelessness. Historically correspond to Russian [з’], [с’]. There are no similar sounds in the Russian language. The softness of “ź”, “ś” before vowels is indicated by the letter “i”, before consonants and at the end of a word by a superscript: Kasia — Kaśka. Examples:

Consonants “ć”, “dź”

Consonants " ć », « dź» - affricatives, soft. They form a pair based on deafness/voice. Historically correspond to Russian [t’], [d’] ( być — be, gdz ie — Where).

Consonant " ć » - softer than Russian [h]. This sound is represented in writing by the letter “ć” only at the end of a word and before consonants. Before vowels it is represented by a combination of letters [ ci-]:

More examples:

Consonant " dź» - very soft, harmonious sound. It is represented by the letter “dź” at the end of a word and before consonants; before vowels the letter combination [ dzi-]:

Nasal vowel decay

Vowels " ą », « ę ", as already noted, retain nasal resonance only before fricative consonants and at the end of the word ("ą"). In other cases we can talk about nasal decay.

Before consonants " g», « k» - nasal “ą”, “ę” break down into “pure” [o], [e] and a nasal consonant, similar to [ŋ] in an English combination or in Russian words gong, paragraph:

Before labial consonants " b», « p» - nasal “ą”, “ę” break down into “pure” [o], [e] and nasal consonant [m]:

Before the front-lingual " d», « t», « dz», « With» - nasal “ą”, “ę” break down into “pure” [o], [e] and consonant [n]:

Before soft anterior lingual " dź», « ć » - nasal “ą”, “ę” break down into “pure” [o], [e] and soft nasal [ń]:

Before consonants " l», « ł » - nasal “ą”, “ę” are pronounced like “pure” vowels [o], [e]:

Consonant assimilation

The pronunciation of consonants can be influenced by both preceding and following sounds. When reading groups of consonants, one must keep in mind the results of the so-called consonant assimilation.

As in the Russian language, in the group of consonants [voiced + voiceless] both sounds are pronounced as voiceless: podp is[-tp-], czekoladk a[-tk-], wt orek .

In the group [voiceless + voiced], both sounds are pronounced voiced: prośb a[-zb-], liczb a[-dzb-], takż e[-gż-].

The consonants “w”, “rz” after voiceless ones are pronounced as [f], respectively: kw iat , lekarstw o[-tf-], krz eslo .

When reading the letter combinations [-nk-], [-ng-], nasal resonance appears: bank[-ŋk], Anglia[-ŋg-].

Softness of “d”, “t”, “z”, “s”, “r” in borrowed words

Consonants " d», « t», « z», « s», « r", as already indicated, do not have soft pairs. However, in words of foreign origin, and, above all, proper names , , , , there are, for example, the pronunciation of words (geographical names) Sie radz[še-] and Sie rra Leone .

It should also be borne in mind that in Polish foreign proper names, written in Latin letters, most often retain the original spelling: Miterrand (Mitterrand), Chopin, Churchill (Churchill), Freetown, Cannes, line Maginota (Maginot Line) and so on.

However, in the word nazizm, for example, pronounced [źi].

Gender of nouns

In Polish, nouns are differentiated by gender. As in the Russian language, there are masculine, feminine and neuter genders. It should be borne in mind that Russian and Polish words that are similar in sound and meaning do not always belong to the same grammatical gender (Russian " panel" - feminine, Polish. " panel" - masculine):

Nouns on -um belong to the neuter gender (except album, kostium) and in the singular are not declined: forum.

Gender of adjectives

Adjectives and other agreed adjectives have endings depending on gender -y , -i ; -A ; -e (-ie ).

Animate and inanimate nouns

In Polish, as in Russian, there are differences animate and inanimate nouns. The first ones answer the question “ Who's to best? ", the second - " What's next? " Unlike the Russian language, the linking verb in such constructions is rarely omitted:

• Who is this? — Who to best?
• This is a student. —To best student.

In the design " So to za...? "The linking verb is usually absent.

Interrogative pronoun "czyj". Possessive pronouns

In response to an affiliation question that includes pronouns czyj, czyja, czyje, can be used similar to Russian possessive pronouns:

• moj, moja, moje / nasz, nasza, nasze;
• two, two, two / wasz, wasza, wasze;
• jego, jej / ich;
• swoj, swoja, swoje.

The functions of possessive pronouns when addressing an interlocutor “to you” in Polish use the words pan, pani in the genitive case:

• Czyj to syn, pani? (address to the interlocutor) - Yes, moi;
• Czyj to syn, pani Anny? (question about the “third” person) - Yes, jej.

The same words replace the polite “You” in different cases and in other cases:

• Co pan czyta?(address to the interlocutor) - Czytam czasopismo.
• Co czyta ten pan? (question about the “third” person) - On czyta czasopismo.

More examples (note the use of possessive pronouns and words pan, pani):

• Czyj to zeszyt? — To best mój zeszyt.
• Czyja to rzecz? — To best twoja rzecz.
• Czyja to teczka? — To best jego teczka.
• Czyj to wiersz? — To best jej Wiersz.
• What about gazeta? — To best pana gazeta.
• Why not? — To best pani pióro.
• What about bagaz? — To best nasz bagaż.
• Czyje to miejsce? — To best wasze miejsce.
• Czyja to corka? — To best ich corka.

Interrogative sentences with the particle “czy”. Negation of "nie"

In Polish, a question is usually constructed using a question word ( who, co, czyj, jaki etc.) or interrogative particle czy, which is placed at the beginning of the sentence: “ Czy masz brata?» Into Russian czy not translated or translated by the particle " whether» ( You have a brother? — Do you have a brother?). In a different position the particle czy can be translated as " or»: « (Czy) masz psa czy kota?»

The negations “no” and “not” are translated into Polish the same way: “ nie»: Czy znasz tego pana? — Nie, nie znam(if a monosyllable word follows the negation, the emphasis “shifts” to “ nie"). Examples:

• Czy pan Czechowicz mieszka w Warszawie?
  • So, on mieszka w Warszawie.
  • Nie, on mieszka w Krakowie.
• Czy pani dawno mieszka w Moskwie?
  • Tak, mieszkam tu dawno.
  • Nie, niedawn.
• Przepraszam, why not?
  • So, to best Szczytno.
  • Nie, to best Bydgoszcz.

Constructions mieć na imię, nazywać się

Read and memorize the constructions.

“Thank you”, “please”, “sorry”

Russian polite " Please», « Thank you», « Sorry» correspond to the personal forms of verbs in Polish prosić, dziękować, przepraszać: “dziękuję” - “I thank”, “dziękujemy” - “we thank”, etc.:

• Dziękuję (bardzo)! (dziękujemy)
  • Proszę (bardzo)!
  • Nie ma za co!
  • Nie ma sprawy!
• Przepraszam (bardzo)! (przepraszamy)
  • Nie szkodzi!
  • Nie ma sprawy!

Present tense of the verb "to be"

As already indicated, the linking verb is rarely omitted in Polish: He (she) is already healthy (healthy) — On (ona) już best zdrowy (zdrowa).

This also applies to the 1st person singular form of the present tense " jestem»: I'm already healthy (healthy) — Już jestem zdrowy (zdrowa).

Verb "być" in the present tense has the forms of all persons (complete paradigm). Remember the well-known ones and get acquainted with some new forms:

1. jestem / jesteśmy;
2. jesteś / jesteście(remember that to address “on your terms” a verb in the 3rd person singular is used. The 2nd person plural is addressed to a group of people with whom we are on friendly terms, for example, children);
3. best.

Past tense of the verb "to be"

Unlike the Russian language, Polish past tense form of the verb "to be" have not only generic endings, but also personal ones. Here are some of these forms (1st and 3rd person singular):

• byłem- I was;
• byłam- I was;
• był- he was;
• była- She was;
• było- (it was.

Past tense of the verb " be" (singular):

Personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd persons are used much less frequently in Polish than in Russian. They are required only in opposition and in a position under logical stress ( Ja there byłem, a ty nie byłeś.).

Neuter forms byłom, byłoś are used extremely rarely.

Future tense of the verb "być"

Future tense of the verb " być»:

1. będę / będziemy;
2. będziesz / będziecie;
3. bębzie/będą.

The future tense forms of the verb "być" can be used independently ( I will be at home — będę w domu), and - with the infinitive - to form the complex future tense of imperfective verbs ( I will read — będę czytać).

Past tense of the verb "być" (plural forms)

As already mentioned, in the Polish language there is a so-called personal-masculine form in the plural:

• wszyscy oni- people with the mandatory presence of men;
• wszystkie one- women, children, animals, objects.

Verbs in the past tense and, in particular, the verb “być” also have a personal-masculine form in the plural, opposed to the “impersonal”:

• Jacek i Agata byli w kinie.
• Magda i Anna były w kinie.

Past tense of the verb " być" (plural):

Pay attention to the use of polite words panie, panowie, państwo with the 3rd person plural of the verb być:

• Why panie były w kinie?- You ( to women) were you at the cinema?
• Why panowie byli w kinie?- You ( to men) were you at the cinema?
• Czy państwo byli w kinie?- You ( to men and women) were you at the cinema?
• In spoken language, the 2nd person plural form is also possible: czy byliście państwo…

Nominal compound predicate

Nominal compound predicate represented in Polish in different models:

• bunch to and a noun with or without a definition in nominative case: Kraków to stare miasto.
• linking verb in the form of present, past or future tense and a noun with or without a modifier instrumental case: Krakow best starym miastem.
• linking verb in the present, past or future tense and an adjective or other agreed modifier in nominative case: Krakow best story.

Conjugation of verbs “być”, “mieć” (present tense). Verbs of III conjugation

Present tense of the verb " być» :

1. jestem/jesteśmy;
2. jesteś / jesteście;
3. jest/są.

As already indicated, personal pronouns ja, ty, my, wy are used in Polish less frequently than similar ones in Russian.

In the third person plural, the so-called personal-masculine (pronoun) are distinguished oni) and “impersonal” (pronoun one) shapes. Depending on the belonging to these forms, the word “all” is translated as “ wszyscy" And " wszystkie" respectively:

• Oni wszyscy są naszymi kolegami.
• One wszystkie są naszymi koleżankami.

Present tense of the verb " miec» :

1. mam/mamy;
2. masz/macie;
3. ma/mają.

Verbs are conjugated in the same way czytać, mieszkać, znać, opowiadać, odpowiadać, pomagać, ogladać, powtarzać, wyjeżdżać etc. A group of such verbs is combined into a common conjugation type (III).

Instrumental case

Forms instrumental case neuter and masculine nouns with a consonant have a singular ending -em/ '-em (consonants are softened before “-e” k, g: chemik — chemikiem; Bóg — Bogiem). Agreed definitions take endings -ym , -im (Jan był dobrym pracownikiem). In the plural, nouns of all genders have the same ending -ami , for definitions - -ymi , -imi (Jan i Maria byli dobrymi pracownikami).

As in Russian, the forms instrumental case can make prepositions. Preposition " z» (« ze") is used, in particular, to denote the “jointness” of an action: with son — z synem.

IN instrumental case singular nouns, feminine, masculine -a and male surnames -o accept the ending -ą . The agreed upon definitions of the feminine gender have the same ending, for example:

• Ona jest moją koleżanką.
• On the best day of my life.

Forms instrumental case with prepositions z, nad, pod, za, przed and others are used in different meanings, for example: z kolegą(togetherness), nad ziemią, pod dome, za miastem(place), przed wojną(time), etc.

Alternation of consonants in the prepositional case

In Polish there are no soft consonants , , , , . Instead, they are replaced by “ź”, “ś”, “dź”, “ć”, “rz”. The grammatical position where alternations occur z - ź, s - ś, d-dź, t - ć, r - rz, and l - ł, is, first of all, prepositional singular case of nouns with a base on a solid consonant (except for “k”, “g”, “ch”), which has an ending '-e : class — w classie, teatr — w teatrze, zeszyt — w zeszycie etc. The remaining hard consonants before this ending are successively replaced by their soft “pairs”: [b] - , [p] - , [w] - , [f] - [f], [m] - , [n] - [n]: mapa — na mapie, film — about filmie, cinema — w kinie(exceptions - dom, syn, pan with the ending - " — u» : w domu).

Groups of consonants can alternate: masło — maśl e(sł - śl), pism o — piśm ie(sm - śm’), etc., as well as vowels [ -a] — [-e]: mia sto — w mie ście, la s — w le sie, cia Lo — na cie le.

Agreed Definitions masculine and neuter genders have endings in the prepositional case -ym , -im , female -ej .

In plural noun endings - -ach , agreed definitions - -ych , -ich .

Accusative case of nouns ending in -a, -i and agreed feminine adjectives

IN accusative singular feminine nouns with a vowel, masculine with a vowel -A and male surnames -O have an ending -ę . Exception: pani — pania.

Agreed definitions of the feminine gender end in -ą . Exception: ta — tę.

Accusative case forms answer questions who? co?, i.e. in the masculine gender, as in the Russian language, it is important that the word belongs to animate or inanimate nouns:

• mam nową książkę;
• mam nowe czasopismo;
• mam nowy text;
• mam nowego lektora (kolegę).

Unstressed elements

Some monosyllabic words and elements of words do not carry an accent and do not affect its place in the preceding or subsequent word, although they are pronounced together with it. Unstressed are:

• reflexive and monosyllabic personal pronouns: ‘zwali go, ‘daj mi to, 'know why:
• particles no, że(no is written separately, że— together): ‘daj no to, prze'czytajże.
• negation nie And monosyllabic prepositions (do, u, z, nad, w etc.), except when they are followed by a monosyllabic word: nie'mamy — 'nie mam; nie 'know — 'nie znam; do 'niego — 'do niej etc.

Cardinal and ordinal numbers, date designation

Cardinal numbers 1-20:

In Polish, as in Russian, there are generic forms of numerals jeden — jedna — jedno, inflected as adjectives, and forms dwa(masculine and neuter), dwie(female).

In numerals 15, 19 “ę” is pronounced as [e].

Cardinal numbers answer the question ile? , For example:

• Ile pan (-i) ma lat? (Ile masz lat?) — How old are you (you)?
• Mam 20 (dwadzieścia) lat. — I am 20 (twenty) years old.

Ordinal numbers 1-20:

Ordinal numbers answer the question sequentially ktory?(unlike the Russian language, where the question “ Which?»).:

• jaki? - duży, mały, dobry, zly, wysoki, niski, ładny...
• ktory? - pierwszy, ósmy, dwudziesty, ostatni, ten ...

Ordinal numbers vary in the same way as adjectives: by gender, case and number: trzeci rząd, w siódmej klasie, w pierwszych dniach, do dwudziestego wieku and so on.

Using ordinal numbers we construct constructions indicating date(day of month, year):

• Który to był rok?— 2005. (Dwa tysiące piąty).
• W którym to było roku?— W 2005. (W dwa tysiące piątym).
• Który (dzień) jest dziś?— Dziś jest 12.10. (dwunasty paż-dziemika).
• Którego będzie dyktando?— 12.10. (dwunastego paz-dziemika).

Constructions containing names are also similar to the Russian language days of the week and seasons:

• Dziś jest środa (czwartek). Jest winter, jesień- Nominative case;
• W środę (w czwartek) będzie deszcz- accusative,
• winter; jesienią- instrumental case.

To the question “ When?“In both Russian and Polish, you can answer by correlating one event in time with another:

• before the war — przed wojną;
• during the war- podczas (w czasie) wojny;
• after the war — ro wojnie.

Please note that the preposition po used with the prepositional case ( upon arrival).

Names of tens and hundreds (30-1000):

• 30 - trzydzieści / trzydziesty;
• 40 - czterdzieści / czterdziesty;
• 50 - pięćdziesiąt / pięćdziesiąty;
• 60 - sześćdziesiąt / sześćdziesiąty;
• 70 - siedemdziesiąt / siedemdziesiąty;
• 80 - osiemdziesiąt / osiemdziesiąty;
• 90 - dziewięćdziesiąt / dziewięćdziesiąty;
• 100 - sto/setny;
• 200 - dwieście;
• 300 - trzysta;
• 400 - czterysta;
• 500 — pięćset;
• 600 - sześćset;
• 700 - siedemset;
• 800 - osiemset;
• 900 — dziewięćset:
• 1000 - tysiąc.

As already noted, ordinals have gender, number and case forms. Unlike the Russian language, the inflected element in compound numerals is not only units, but also tens:

• on the 21st (twenty-first) floor — na 21 (dwudziestym pierwszym) piętrze;
• May 28 (twenty-eighth) — 28 (dwudziestego ósmego)maja;
• 1945 (one thousand nine hundred and forty-five) — 1945.

It is best to learn a foreign language, even one very similar to your native one, with a native speaker. After all, this is the only way you will hear the correct pronunciation and get used to colloquial speech. However, it is not always possible to attend courses or classes, even if they are free. In this case, an audio course of the Polish language for self-study is ideal for you. You can listen to audio lessons without interrupting your usual life: in the subway, in the car, in the kitchen, in the gym or in any other place convenient for you when you have a free minute.

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“Simple Polish” Plotnikova O.V.

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“Polish from scratch” Mochalova T.S.

“Polish for everyone. Read. Listen. Speak” Palyanova G.V., Palyanova I.V., Borisevich E.V.

Another trustworthy course is Polish for Everyone. The manual will become an indispensable assistant for those who are just starting to learn the basics of the Polish language. In addition to audio lessons, you will find texts of different difficulty levels. At the end of each text there is a Polish-Russian dictionary. With this course you will not only learn conversational skills, but also master grammar.

“Conversational Polish in dialogues” Ermola V.I.

“Hurra!!! po polsku 1» Małgorzata Małolepsza, Aneta Szymkiewicz

For initial learning of the Polish language, the first part of the trilogy “Hurra! po polsku". The authors carefully studied the lessons, selected texts and audio files especially for beginners. Learn Polish with audio lessons “Hurra! po polsku" you can do it yourself at home. The course includes a textbook, a workbook with assignments and audio lessons. Download Tutorial Download Notebook Download Audio

“Hurra!!! po polsku 2» Małgorzata Małolepsza, Aneta Szymkiewicz

For more experienced students, the second part of the trilogy “Hurr!a po polsku” is offered. As in the first year, students are offered a textbook, workbook and audio lessons. The materials are selected in such a way that you simply won’t get bored! The manual is suitable for independent work.