Sapphire eye color. Varieties of eye colors: amber, red, black, green. Facts about eye diseases

Eyes are the “mirrors” of our soul; they are able to express a person’s mood, feelings and emotions. Thousands of poems and songs have been written about their beauty. What makes people unique is their facial features, and in many ways a person’s appearance depends on the color of their eyes. It determines the color type of a person’s appearance, according to which his style is selected, and women usually rely on it to select makeup. There are many colors and shades of eyes, depending on the physiology of their owner. How are they formed, what can they say about a person, which of them are more common and which are less common?

The eyeball consists of several membranes, one of which contains blood vessels and pigment - melanin. The front part of the visual organs is the iris, which is responsible for their color. The iris contains the pigment melanin, which is visible through the cornea.

The iris itself is an automatic diaphragm that divides the space between the lens and the cornea.

One of the rarest eye colors on Earth is pure green.

Depending on the amount of melanin, a person’s eye color is formed. If there is a lot of it, the organs of vision will be brown (or brown), light brown, green, black. If they have a small amount of pigment, they can be light green, gray, or blue.

The color of melanin in the iris ranges from yellow (brown) to black. The back layer of the iris is always black. The only exceptions are albinos, whose organs of vision, as well as their skin and hair are completely devoid of melanin pigment.

What determines the amount of melanin in the organs of vision?

First of all, it is due to heredity. It is noted that the dominant traits are those with an abundant amount of pigment. Thus, the gene for dark eyes seems to be the strongest, and it usually defeats the gene for light eyes.

For example, if one of the child’s parents has brown eyes, and the other has blue eyes, most likely, their baby’s “mirrors of the soul” color will be dark. This explains the fact that the majority of the planet's inhabitants are brown-eyed people.

Scientists have determined the relationship and color of a person’s eyes with his character - from it one can determine what traits he possesses.

What eye colors are there: place of residence and nation matter!

The amount of pigment is determined by belonging to the nation, as well as the climatic conditions in which a person lives. For example, nations whose representatives often include light-eyed people tend to live far from the equator, while dark-eyed people live close to it. Usually brown-eyed people are representatives of latitudes with a temperate climate.

In this way, nature protects the organs of vision from blinding bright sunlight - the darker they are, the easier they tolerate sunlight.

There is one exception to this pattern that can be easily and logically explained. Residents of the Far North also have predominantly dark eyes, which make it easier to perceive the reflection of light from snow, because this phenomenon also blinds.

Brown eyes are the most common on the planet

People's eye color can change. Many Caucasians are born with light-colored vision, but over time, the amount of melanin in the iris increases, causing them to become darker. At about 2-3 years old, the child’s eye color is already formed.

In some older people, on the contrary, they become lighter. Usually this means that their color fades, but, for example, they most likely will not turn from brown to blue. This indicator may also change due to certain eye diseases, stress, and other body conditions.

Today, those who want to change their eye color can do it artificially, namely with the help of. Thanks to them, you can make your organs of vision both blue and black, and even visually. True, that’s why you need to wear them correctly.

Eye colors and their names: the most common colors

The color of the eye iris is established during intrauterine development, and one of the genes is responsible for it. Scientists have established not only what eye colors a person has, but also determined which of them are most common and which are the rarest.

The most common colors and shades of “mirrors of the soul”:

What kind of eyes does a person have? Top 5 rarest colors

Unusual and attractive violet (cornflower blue) eyes

There is no debate about the fact that brown eyes, or more precisely, brown, are the most common. And there are colors of the organs of vision that are the rarest, and therefore the most interesting.

• Green in its purest form. Only 2% of all people living on Earth are green-eyed. Scientists to this day cannot find an explanation for what this might be connected with. There is an assumption that the reason for this may be the Inquisition - in the Middle Ages, people with green eyes were registered as sorcerers and witches, and burned at the stake. The green color is formed due to the presence of light brown or yellow pigment in the iris;
• Even more rare are violet eyes, which are also called cornflower blue. There are very few owners of these in the world, and the phenomenon of this color is practically not studied today. It is believed that Elizabeth Taylor has this eye color. Nevertheless, many experts believe that in the frame this color of the legendary actress’s eyes can be achieved by playing light and applying makeup in a certain way, but in fact the color of the “mirrors of the soul” is blue;
• Red eye color. We are not talking about the colored lenses worn by actors who play ghouls and vampires in films, but about very real people who have red colored vision. This phenomenon is inherent in the background of albinism. With this disease, there is no melanin in the human body, and the organs of vision are no exception. Because of this, their color is formed from the color of the blood in the vessels of the iris. In this case, the eyes, as a rule, do not look as if they are painful. In some cases, the blue and red colors of the blood mix, giving a faint purple tint;
• Amber. This is also a rare phenomenon, which forms a monotonous light brown color. In some cases, it may contain eye shades such as greenish, reddish, golden, marsh;
• Swamp eye color. It is also called beer, nut. Depending on how the light falls on them, they can have different shades - yellow-green, light brown, greenish, brown-green, golden. Swamp is a mixed eye color that is formed when there is a moderate amount of melanin in the iris and a mixture of blue or blue and brown shades. The mixed swampy color of the organs of vision is also quite rare.

A little about heterochromia

An interesting and rare phenomenon is heterochromia - a feature of the body in which the organs of vision have different colors. It is explained by the presence of different amounts of melanin in the irises.

There are two types of heterochromia:

• Complete, in which the eyes have completely different colors;
• Partial, in which the iris of one organ of vision has different colors.

What do psychologists say about light-eyed people?

One of the rarest phenomena is amber eye color.

Taking into account the color of a person’s eyes, many conclusions can be drawn about his character:

• As a rule, green-eyed people are distinguished by their integrity, determination, stubbornness, and determination. Their authority is unshakable among their social circle, they steadfastly resist difficulties, but sometimes green-eyed people feel a lack of vital energy. They are characterized by the fact that they are fair, they make excellent professionals, but they rarely strive to become leaders, therefore, they rarely find themselves among them. Green-eyed representatives of humanity are mysterious, but they solve riddles in others quite easily, being insightful people. Gaining their trust is not easy, but having done this, you can count on having a loyal, reliable and sympathetic friend;
• Blue-eyed people are romantics and dreamers. They are sensitive, vulnerable, sentimental. There are also capricious representatives among them. Moreover, such people are purposeful, generous, and often have talents. They can be quite tough, but most of them have excellent imagination, a rich imagination;
• People with gray eyes are usually hardworking, practical, balanced and have an analytical mind. They have a realistic outlook on life, while being reliable, self-sufficient, honest and usually kind, although they are rarely ambitious. It may seem that a gray-eyed person is reserved to the point of dryness in communication, but he is an excellent friend who will never refuse to help, give advice, listen;

• Representatives of humanity with blue-gray eyes have absorbed the qualities of blue-eyed and gray-eyed people. They are ambitious and determined, zealously protect their interests, and have both a wonderful imagination and high intelligence. They cannot be called sentimental, but they are loyal. Despite the fact that they themselves sometimes feel a lack of spiritual warmth, they are ready to give it to loved ones, in every possible way protecting, helping, supporting people dear to their hearts;
• Gray-green eyes are usually a sign that their owner is hardworking, conscientious, honest, decisive, and looks at things realistically. Flexible, with well-developed intuition, patient, they are able to sympathize with others, listen to their problems and, if possible, help them. People with gray-green eyes are characterized by tenderness towards loved ones, but mercilessness towards their enemies.

Characteristics of psychologists for dark-eyed people

This is what eyes look like with complete heterochromia

Here's what they say about people with dark eyes:

Here are dark shades, according to psychologists.

Regardless of what color people's eyes are, each person is unique, and the color of his visual organs does not make him worse or better than others. The main thing is to avoid them!

Green color has rightfully earned the title of “rare eye color.” It is found in Holland, Iceland and Central Europe, and is less common in other parts of the planet. The color of the organs of vision is determined by the amount of melanin in the cornea, the density of collagen fibers and light scattering. The most common colors are brown, dark blue or gray. The shade of the shell is a fickle phenomenon; it can change over the course of life. This process is affected by pathologies of vision and internal organs.

What does it depend on?

Eye color in humans is determined by the amount of melanin, the pigment of the iris, in the mesodermal (front) layer, since the ectodermal (back) layer is always dark. The darker they are, the more melanin. This is how brown eyes, black or light brown, are formed. Blue or green eyes are formed when the percentage of melanin is less. Red eye color in humans is rare. People who have unusual red eyes are called albinos. In this case, the iris is white, in which the percentage of melanin is zero and the effect is provided by vessels filled with blood. The ratio of pigments is a genetic factor.

It is believed that dark colors dominate the population over light shades. If one of the parents has a high percentage of pigment in the iris, then the children are more likely to have a dark color. Nature has its own laws and color can change over time. In the European race, melanin tends to accumulate and due to an increase in the percentage of pigment, the eyes gradually darken. With advancing age, the membrane becomes pale due to the loss of transparency of the mesodermal layer. Some pathologies of the visual system cause changes in eye color.

What colors are there?

A newborn baby's irises are blue.

The most common eye color is blue, less often the organs of vision are gray or blue. This is due to the low density of collagen fibers and a small percentage of melanin, in which case a person’s eyes are blue. The saturation of the shade will come from the lower density of the fabric. This color is more common in newborns in the first few months of life. With a higher fiber density, the shade will be bluer or gray. This type of color is common among Europeans. Women in Central and Northern Europe are often bright green; for other regions of the planet and for men this shade is unusual. Popular colors:

• brown;
• grey-green;
• blue;
• amber;
• green with hints of tint.

Sapphire eyes are a very rare color. They are actually never found, they are often called when they see a honey or amber green color. Light colors are more common in newborns or older adults.

Mutation of the pigment can cause unique shades such as violet, magenta, amethyst. Natural colors of such shades are found in a very small number of people. Ailments such as glaucoma, cataracts, decreased visual acuity, photophobia and other diseases of internal organs can provoke color changes. There are more people with gray, brown and blue eyes. Also, the shade is a distinctive feature of the region of residence.

Through our eyes we receive 90% of information about the world around us. They give the world the first impression of us.

Beautiful eyes, an attractive, mysterious or decisive look is what attracts the attention of your interlocutor. This is a “talking” organ that will talk about you and show everything. Therefore, we want our “calling card” to play into our hands and be the best.

Structure of the eye

Eyes are compared to the universe not only because of their beauty and aesthetics. This is one of the most complex organs in its structure and functioning, consisting, like cosmic bodies, of many tiny elements.

The organ of vision consists of:

The eye, in its structure and operating principle, resembles a camera. The image, passing through the refractive systems of the cornea, lens and vitreous body, already in an inverted and reduced form, enters the final section of the visual pathway - the occipital lobes of the brain. There the final analysis and decoding of the image seen takes place.

Eye beauty criteria

As noted above, the structure of the eye is the same for everyone. But it is difficult to find people with completely identical eyes.

At different times, fashion dictates its own criteria of beauty. Different peoples have their own idea of ​​beauty. Fashion trends have not spared the eyes either.

The criteria by which their attractiveness is assessed:

Eye color

The color of the iris depends on the content of melanin, a high-molecular pigment contained in the anterior layer of the iris. The color is influenced by the distribution of the pigment, as well as the vessels and fibers of the iris itself.

The following eye colors are distinguished:

In addition, there are many shades and variations of primary colors. So, there are gray-blue, brown-green, gray-green, etc.

What eye color is considered the most beautiful?

There is no consensus on which eye color is the most beautiful. Even among men and women there are different preferences.

Thus, men prefer women with cool blue or bright brown eyes. If they associate the former with aristocratic elegance, the latter with passion and inner fire. Women are more selective and consider rare, unusual colors and their combinations beautiful. If it’s blue, then it’s bright, if it’s brown, then it’s with golden splashes.

Lists of the most beautiful eyes among celebrities will tell most clearly about people's preferences.

Beautiful eyes in men

Legendary musician David Bowie– the owner of different eye colors. Even though the twist came after the fight, it only increased the love of the rocker’s fans.

Also among the men with the most beautiful eyes are Johnny Depp with his deep brown eyes, blue eyes Zac Efron with a pure and innocent look, Jared Leto with the endless gaze of big blue eyes, and Alain Delon.

Beautiful eyes in women

The first places in such lists for many years have been occupied by Megan Fox And Angelina Jolie. Their beautiful cut of light eyes with a predatory look slays men on the spot.

And the actress Kate Bosworth has an anomaly - one eye is blue and the other is brown.

About the huge expressive eyes of the Indian star Aishwarya Rai For many years now they have been talking about it as something unearthly. Big eyes Zooey Deschanel also attract the attention of millions of fans of the actress.

Why is green eye color considered rare and beautiful?

One of the rarest colors of the iris is green.

It is observed in people with a small amount of melanin in the iris. Only 2% of all people have such eyes.

Perhaps the attractiveness of green eyes is partly due to prejudices and stereotypes about green-eyed people.

Coincidence or not, the vast majority of green-eyed people are girls and women. This is why the opinion that all women with green eyes are witches is true.

Nowadays, more than half of all people with green eyes live in the Netherlands, Iceland, as well as other Scandinavian countries and Turkey. In Asia, Africa and South America, such eyes are rare. However, the same as in Russia.

The actress has the brightest and most unusual shade of green eyes. Tilda Swinton.

Rare eye colors in the world

Although green eyes are beautiful, they are not the only rarity.

There are also other unusual eye colors:

Why do people strive to change their eye color?

People tend to strive for the beautiful and perfect. First of all, we strive to make ourselves perfect, to get closer to our ideal. The eyes did not escape this either. People change the shape of their eyes, the shape of their eyelids, and get eyelash extensions. Why do people want to change their eye color?

There may be the following reasons for this:

How can you change your eye color?

On one's own. So, maybe blue, but within a few weeks, they can change their color to gray, brown or other colors.

Also, as we get older, our iris color loses its brightness and saturation and becomes more muted. Severe stress or shock, as well as certain diseases (especially eye diseases), can cause a change in eye color. Short-term changes depend on mood, lighting, etc.

But how to change your eye color arbitrarily and quickly enough:

• 
  Cloth. The right color of wardrobe items can slightly adjust the color of your eyes. If you wear blue clothes to the owner of blue eyes, it will make them more saturated. And blue clothes will add the same shade to gray eyes.
• Makeup. By emphasizing light eyes with dark shadows or a pencil, you can make the color darker and deeper. And when using certain colors, you can adjust yours, for example, using gray shadows to make gray-blue eyes pure gray.
• Lighting. When the lighting changes, the eyes may change color. This is especially visible on light eyes. They can change shade from blue-gray to green.
• . One of the safest ways to temporarily change your eye color. They can change the color either dramatically or slightly adjust it.
• Self-hypnosis. Perhaps the power of suggestion acts only on oneself, but with a certain attitude, the eyes can be seen in a different shade.
• Meditation. Just like self-hypnosis, meditation and trances are not scientifically proven methods for changing eye color. In any case, this method will definitely not harm the body.
• Eye drops. Prostaglandin hormones, when used in the form of eye drops, can make the eye color darker and more saturated. But it is important to remember that first of all this is a medicine. Use without medical indications can lead to undesirable consequences and cause irreparable harm to the eyes.
• Laser correction. During this operation, by removing melanin from the front layer of the iris, it can lighten the eyes, changing the color from brown to gray or blue. But this method is quite expensive, irreversible, and also has possible side effects.
• Surgical intervention. There is a radical way to change. During the operation, a colored implant is inserted into the iris, which can later be removed. But such interference can lead to diseases (and blindness).

Selection of colored lenses

If the choice of how to change your eye color has settled on colored lenses, then you need to consider some selection tips:

Types of colored lenses

Colored lenses are aimed at changing eye color.

Depending on the effect that needs to be achieved, as well as on their features, there are different types of lenses:

Conclusion

Beauty is a subjective concept. And different things are considered beautiful at different times. Therefore, the criteria for eye beauty may change over the course of several years.

And large-scale changes carried out to comply with the canons and indulge momentary impulses are irreversible.

But if the desire to change something, for example, eye color, was deliberate and balanced, go for it, but choose safe methods.

After all, healthy eyes are the most beautiful!

The reason for this deficiency of green eye color is considered to be the medieval Inquisition, which mercilessly exterminated their owners. Girls with eyes of an unusual emerald color were persecuted in every possible way, accused of witchcraft, and this was already a serious reason for ritual burning at the stake.

Most scientists working on the study at that time came to the conclusion that 90% of the women burned were young and had no children. And because of superstitious traditions, men of that time preferred to avoid charming green-eyed beauties, who became fewer and fewer over time. Therefore, the current rarity of this eye color has a direct connection with the actions of the Inquisition and medieval superstitious signs.

Green eye color Possessed by people whose bodies produce a very small amount of the pigment melanin, which is responsible for the color saturation and shade of the eyes. Green is a light color, and high amounts of melanin contribute to darker shades.

Collective characteristics of green-eyed people

How can eye color affect character?

A common characteristic that people with green eyes have is deep vulnerability and suspiciousness. Outwardly, they seem calm and restrained, but in fact, inside them there is a real hurricane of feelings and emotions. These people are not inclined to show off their emotional state. Green-eyed people are excellent psychologists, they know how to listen, cheer up and calm down, they can be trusted with important secrets and mysteries. Ambition, energy, as well as tenderness and dreaminess coexist perfectly in such people. Among them there are a lot of creative personalities, artists, writers, actors and singers.

People with green eyes are wonderful friends

In a situation of any complexity, such a person will always provide significant support to a friend, even if he himself has to sacrifice something in the name of this. They love to give more than to take, and are able to sincerely rejoice in the success and victories of their friends. In friendship, such people are very demanding; they want to be treated the same way they treat others. Betrayal by a close friend for green-eyed people is a terrible blow, which they will not forgive and in most cases will end their friendship.

Love relationship

This area of ​​life can be characterized by the words “complete harmony.” Green-eyed people feel their partner very well, and sometimes dissolve in him. They are capable of experiencing strong emotions, deep sympathy and know how to truly love and care. For the sake of creating a strong family with his soul mate, a person with witchcraft eyes is able to overcome the most difficult obstacles and endure difficult trials, but the same actions are expected from his chosen one. They will be good partners, diligent family men and loving parents to their children.

Health

Due to a significant lack of melanin, owners of green eyes may have various ophthalmological diseases and pathologies. Problems with the nervous and digestive systems are also possible. Very often, changes in the emotional background are possible, which are associated with a lack of melanocyte production. Green-eyed people are characterized by frequent mood changes, which may be invisible to others.

How many people with green eyes are there in the world?

Out of a population of seven billion, there are only 2% of people who have this rare iris color. For residents of the Middle East, Asians and South Americans, this color is completely rare. The most “green-eyed” countries are Iceland (about 35%) and Turkey (almost 20% of the population). Also, emerald eyes are often found among Germans, Scots and northern Europeans. For Russia, this color is rare, so if you accidentally meet a green-eyed person on the street, consider it a good omen!

Eyes are the mirror of the soul. You can drown in their bottomless depths, you can pin them to a place with your gaze or captivate your heart forever... Masters of words often use such epithets. And indeed, sky blue eyes enchant, bright green eyes enchant, and black eyes pierce through. But how often can you meet green-eyed people in real life, and what eye color is the rarest? Read on for answers to these questions.

What eye colors are there?

In reality, there are only 4 pure eye colors - brown, gray, blue and green. But the mixing of colors, pigmentation, the amount of melanin, and the network of blood vessels together create many shades. Thanks to this effect, there are people with light brown, amber, black and even red eyes.

This is theoretically possible, but practically no one has seen it yet

Scientists who study what determines eye color, the heredity of this issue and possible mutations have experimentally determined that theoretically people with violet eyes should live on Earth.

Purple, from a genetic perspective, is a pigmented version of the color blue. In addition to scientific theories, there is evidence that in the remote corners of North Kashmir on the Hindustan Peninsula there are residents with real lilac eyes. Unfortunately, this is only oral evidence, not confirmed by photography or video, so skeptics are cold to such a statement.

However, the eyes of Elizabeth Taylor, a popular actress and queen of Hollywood, had an unusual lilac color. This is clearly visible in the film “Cleopatra”, where she brilliantly played the main role. And these could not be colored lenses, because their production began in 1983, and the film was released in 1963. Although the play of light and shadow coupled with skillful makeup sometimes works wonders...

If we discard the hypothesis about the existence of people with violet eyes on earth, then we can safely say that green is the rarest eye color on the planet. Only 2% of the world's population possess it. In this case, the following patterns are observed:

• The vast majority of green-eyed people live in central and northern Europe, mainly in Scotland, Holland, Germany, Belgium, Norway, Iceland, and Finland. If in Iceland 40% of the total population have green eyes, then this color of the “mirror of the soul” cannot be found in Asia or South America;
• In women, this eye color is 3 times more common than in men;
• there is a direct relationship between green eyes and skin and hair color. Green-eyed people are almost always white-skinned and most often red-haired. During the Inquisition, green-eyed, red-haired women were considered witches and burned at the stake;
• If mom and dad are green-eyed, then the probability of having a child with the same eye color is 75%.

If only one parent is green-eyed, then the probability of having the same baby is reduced to 50%. Interestingly, if one parent has brown eyes and the other has blue eyes, they will never have a green-eyed child. But if both parents are blue-eyed, then the child’s eyes will probably be green, not blue. That's genetics!

The famous poetess Marina Tsvetaeva had eyes of a beautiful emerald shade. Demi Moore and the beautiful Angelina Jolie have irises of the rarest natural green color.

Amber or gold

These colors are varieties of brown eyes. They have a monochrome yellow tint or a mixture of golden and light brown tones. Such exotic wolf-like eyes are very rare. Their amazing color is due to the presence of lipofuscin pigment.

Blue lake – blue magnet

In third place in terms of prevalence are blue eyes. They are most common among Europeans, especially in the Baltic and Northern European countries. For example, almost all Estonians (99% of the population!) and Germans (75% of the population) are blue-eyed.

This shade is quite common among residents of Iran, Afghanistan and Lebanon.

Gray and blue are shades of blue, due to the greater saturation of melanin in the iris. Gray eyes can change tone from light gray, mousey to the rich color of wet asphalt, depending on the owner’s mood and lighting.

It is known that only about 6 thousand years ago a mutation occurred at the gene level, as a result of which the first child with blue eyes was born.

Blue-eyed people have a greater need for sex and pronounced reproductive functions.

Brown-eyed

The most common eye color is brown. Depending on the saturation of melanin in the iris, the eyes can be light or dark brown, almost black. Scientists are 100% sure that 10 thousand years ago, all people on the planet had brown eyes.

A variety of brown shade is black. Black-eyed inhabitants of the Earth are most often found in Asia and Africa. Scientists know that dark skin color determines dark eye color. A black man with blue eyes is the rarest phenomenon on the planet.

Pathologies

Deviations from the norm are red and multi-colored eyes. In the first case, the cause is albinism - a congenital absence of the coloring pigment melanin in the body. In the second - heterochromia, a congenital or acquired pathology. Since ancient times, people with different eyes were credited with magical abilities.