Terminology). Gender name Always written with a capital letter, species name (specific epithet) - Always with a small one (even if it comes from a proper name). In the text, the binomen is usually written italics. The name of the species (specific epithet) should not be given separately from the name of the genus, since without the name of the genus it is completely meaningless. In some cases, it is permissible to shorten the genus name to one letter or a standard abbreviation. According to the established tradition in Russia, the phrase binomial nomenclature(from English binomial), and in botanical - binary, or binomial nomenclature(from lat. binominalis).

Examples

For example, in the scientific names Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758(swallowtail) or Rosa canina Linnaeus, 1753(rose hips), the first word is the name of the genus to which these species belong, and the second word is the name of the species or specific epithet. After the binomen there is often an abbreviated reference to the work in which the species was first described in the scientific literature and provided with a name given according to certain rules. In our case, these are references to the works of Carl Linnaeus: tenth edition Systema naturae() And Species plantarum ().

Examples of abbreviated names (usually the default for well-known laboratory organisms or when listing species of the same genus): E. coli(Escherichia coli T. Escherich, 1885), S. cerevisiae(baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen). Some of these shortened names have made their way into popular culture, e.g. T. rex (T. rex from Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905, tyrannosaurus).

The emergence of binomial nomenclature

Polynomial names

Binomial nomenclature in the form in which it is used in our time developed in the second half of the 18th - early 19th centuries. Before this, rather long, verbose, or polynomial names were used.

The first polynomials were formed spontaneously during the compilation of herbal books of the 16th century. The authors of these works, the “fathers of botany” Otto Brunfels, Hieronymus Tragus and Leonhart Fuchs, comparing the plants of Germany with the plants described by ancient authors (mainly Dioscorides), formed new names by adding epithets to the names of the ancients, which were, like most popular names , are initially single-word. As the number of known plant species increased, the polynomials grew, sometimes reaching one and a half dozen words. Some of them consisted of only two words, but the resemblance to binomial nomenclature was only superficial. This was due to the fact that the concept of ranks of systematic categories and the idea of ​​a necessary connection between the procedures of classification and naming became widespread only at the end of the 17th century.

Carl Linnaeus: emergence nomina trivialia

The reform of nomenclature was one of the important aspects of the transformations initiated by Carl Linnaeus. Linnaeus believed that it was necessary to make the names of genera single-word, getting rid of stable phrases like Bursa pastoris (shepherd's purse) or Dens leonis (Leontodon, kulbaba), and compiling verbose species differences (lat. differentiae specificae) - subject to strict rules. According to Linnaeus's views, nothing should be used in species differences that could not be seen on the plant itself (place of growth, the name of the botanist who first found it, comparisons with other plants). They should concern only the structure of plants, described using standardized terminology (a significant part of the work “Philosophy of Botany” is devoted to its detailed presentation). The length of the species difference should not, according to Linnaeus' calculations, exceed 12 words (6 nouns for the main parts of the plant and 6 adjectives characterizing them). In some cases, a species difference could consist of one adjective if it characterized the entire plant as a whole.

The use of verbose names in practice was associated with certain difficulties. Firstly, they were long, and secondly, they were subject to change: when new species were added to the genus, they had to be revised so that they could retain their diagnostic functions. In this regard, in travel reports and “economic” studies on the economic use of plants and animals, Linnaeus and his students used abbreviated names. At first, such abbreviated names consisted of the genus name and species number, according to the writings of Linnaeus Flora suecica or Fauna suecica. From the mid-1740s. they began experimenting with the use of so-called trivial names(lat. nomina trivialia). They first appeared in the index to the description of the trip to Öland and Gotland (1745) and then in Pan Svecicus(a catalog of the plants of Sweden, indicating which species of livestock feed on them) (1749).

Nomen triviale usually it was one word or a set phrase, sometimes it was the ancient name of the plant, rejected by Linnaeus for some reason (as in the case of Capsella bursa-pastoris, where Bursa pastoris, in fact, is a rejected two-word generic name), sometimes something completely unsuitable as a genuine differentia, as color, smell, country of origin or similar plant (as in the case of Quercus ilex). Invention and Application nomina trivialia was limited by only two rules: they should not be repeated within the genus and should not change after the addition of new species to the genus. Linnaeus was the first to consistently apply nomina trivialia to all types of plants in Species Plantarum(1753), and in the tenth edition Systema Naturae(1758) - to all types of animals and minerals. Unlike differentiae, nomina trivialia were given to plants and animals and in those genera that contained only one species.

In the works of Linnaeus and his closest followers nomina trivialia located in the margins of the page. The custom of placing nomen trivial directly behind the name of the genus, as is currently done, it developed only towards the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries.

The first nomenclature codes

The practice of using binomen was fixed by the first nomenclature codes that appeared in the 1840-60s. The need to develop codes regulating the formation of new names and the use of old ones was associated with the growing nomenclatural chaos. With an increase in the number of authors, insufficient intensity of scientific communication and a weakening of the disciplinary influence of Linnaeus's outdated works, which did not correspond to the nomenclatural practices of that time, the number of new names began to increase like an avalanche.

The first nomenclatural rules were developed in England and adopted at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS) in the city. Hugo Theodore Strickland, an English naturalist, geologist and ornithologist, took the most active part in their development. In botany, an attempt to codify the rules was made by Alphonse Decandolle, who published “The Laws of Botanical Nomenclature” in 1867. Later, at the beginning of the 20th century, international codes of zoological and botanical nomenclature were developed on their basis (and in the second half of the 20th century, special codes of nomenclature for bacteria and viruses). In all these codes, the scientific name of a species is considered to be a binomial name consisting of the name of the genus and what was invented by Linnaeus and his students as nomen trivial.

Notes

Literature and links

• Jeffrey C. Biological nomenclature. M.: Mir. 1980.
• International Code of the Zoological Nomenclature (Fourth Edition, 2000)
• International Code of the Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna, 2005)

see also

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

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