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This guide could save your life one day.
Recently, residents of Hawaii received a warning about a missile strike. However, after a few minutes it turned out that the alarm was false. But during this time, many realized that they absolutely did not know how to behave in the face of such a threat.
So, imagine that you find yourself in a similar situation: an intercontinental ballistic missile or other nuclear weapon is fired at your city. What to do?
To be saved, you must first know what the danger of a nuclear explosion is and how it manifests itself. This is a whole range of effects:
The first three phenomena propagate at the speed of light, so they overtake victims immediately after the explosion. In this case, exposure to heat can last several seconds and cause burns even several kilometers from the epicenter.
The last two effects, that is, the blast wave and the radioactive fallout, occur almost simultaneously, although the distance of the blast wave is somewhat greater. It is this that causes the greatest damage - overturning cars, destroying houses, etc. The last to spread is the bulk of the radioactive fallout - the explosion lifts it into the atmosphere, from where it falls down.
We must remember that while indoors, we are largely protected from these effects. In addition, it is important to understand that the power of nuclear weapons is not infinite, but is limited by the amount of explosive material in the bomb or missile. Thus, a single explosion - or even several explosions - leaves most people with a good chance of survival.
Arms control experts suggest that, for example, North Korea could have missile warheads with a yield of 10 to 30 kilotons of TNT - the lower limit of this corridor is slightly less than the power of the bomb dropped by the Americans on Japan in 1945.
The greatest destruction and the least chance of survival are characteristic of the “zone of severe destruction.” For a 10-kiloton bomb (that's two-thirds the power of the Hiroshima explosion), that's about a kilometer radius.
It is possible that North Korea could also launch a miniature thermonuclear weapon that would produce an explosion equivalent to 100 kilotons, but even then the area of major destruction would be limited to a radius of about two kilometers.
Brooke Buddemeyer, a civil defense and radiation specialist at Livermore National Laboratory, says, "You don't need a bomb shelter for protection—a regular building will greatly improve your chances."
However, buildings are different, and after the blast wave has passed, it may be wiser to move.
It's hard to find a worse shelter than a car, Buddemeyer says. The machine offers almost no protection from radiation, including radioactive fallout. In addition, the driver may be temporarily blinded by the flash of the explosion - and lose vision for a period of 15 seconds to a minute.
“The rods and cones in your retina become overloaded and take time to regain sensitivity - during which time you can easily lose control of the car. If you are driving along the road and suddenly lose your vision, like other drivers around you, an accident cannot be avoided,” explains the expert.
So if you're driving under a missile warning, your best bet is to drive to the nearest place where you can park safely, get out of your car, and make your way to the nearest building.
"When you're inside, moving to the middle of the house or basement will help avoid injuries from broken glass, flash glare and thermal burns," Buddemeyer says.
The expert says blast protection techniques are similar to tornado protection: "If your home is in the path of a tornado or blast wave, it's better to be in the strongest part of it."
Another tip: avoid rooms with a lot of ceiling tiles, lamps or moving objects - it's better if there is nothing falling on you.
In an office building, take cover on the stairs:
“It's in the center of the building, surrounded by load-bearing walls, and there's not a lot of extra space, so it's an ideal location.”
If the alarm finds you at home, go down to the first floor and stay closer to the center. If there is a basement, run there. At the dacha, an ordinary cellar can save you.
In the building you are also partially protected from the radiation wave, and this is important because its excessive exposure in a short time can greatly damage the body - it will stop recovering, fight infections, and so on - this is called acute radiation sickness.
Several hours of exposure to an intensity of about 750 millisieverts is thought to result in illness—that's about 100 times the natural and medical exposure the average person receives in a year. With a 10-kiloton explosion, such a dose can be received while being approximately within a radius of two kilometers, in a zone of moderate destruction. (When moving a few kilometers away, the radiation dose drops to tens of millisieverts.)
However, Buddemeyer clarifies that most estimates are based on nuclear tests that were carried out in deserts.
He says: “This does not take into account that there may be some obstacles between you and the explosion - reinforced concrete, steel and other building materials that absorb radiation.”
So a suitable shelter can reduce the radiation dose by a factor of ten or more. However, it is not a fact that you need to stay in the shelter that you find before the explosion after.
The next danger is radioactive fallout. This is a mixture of products of the splitting of atoms, so-called radioisotopes.
During an explosion, these particles rise high into the sky and within 15 minutes can settle on the ground, and although their concentration is highest in the area of the explosion, the wind can carry them over hundreds of square kilometers.
The danger of these particles is that they continue to decay, emitting gamma radiation - it is invisible, but carries a lot of energy, penetrates deeply into the body and can cause significant damage.
However, in terms of radiation contamination, a ground-based nuclear explosion is more dangerous than a missile warhead explosion, since the latter are usually designed to explode high above the target, which means they throw up less dust into the air.
“If the first building you come across in which you took refuge from an explosion is not very safe, and there is a more suitable one nearby, it is worth moving there to protect yourself from radioactive fallout,” he advises.
After the explosion, you have 10-15 minutes, depending on the distance to the epicenter, to change your shelter. Ideally, this should be a basement without windows so that the earth and concrete protect you from radiation.
However, if you don’t know where to go, it’s better to stay in the first shelter - there may be fires or obstacles in the form of debris from destroyed structures around.
Buddemeyer notes: “The main thing is to be in the room both during the explosion and during the period of radioactive fallout.”
A 2014 study found that in some situations it may be useful to wait in the first shelter for an hour after a detonation, then move to a more suitable location if it is within 15 minutes of travel.
Buddemeyer advises following the rule of “hide, don’t go anywhere, set up communications” (that is, choose a shelter, don’t leave it, and try to get official instructions on where to go next using a radio or cell phone).
“The consequences of radioactive fallout can be avoided - if it happens in a big city, then understanding how to behave can save hundreds of thousands of people from death or radiation sickness,” the expert notes.
There are other techniques you can use to increase your chances of survival.
So, it is useful to have a set of the most necessary things at home, at work and in the car: a radio, water, a couple of nutrition bars and the medicines you need - this will not be superfluous in any disaster, not necessarily nuclear.
To protect against radioactive fallout, you can seal broken windows or doors with plastic film, and also turn off all ventilation systems that draw in air from the street. In addition, it is good if bottled drinking water and canned food or other non-perishable food that does not require cooking are available.
If you have been exposed to radioactive fallout, particles can be removed as follows:
Potassium iodide tablets, often considered the most important anti-radar drug, are not a very effective means of protection against radiation fallout. Buddemeyer estimates that radioactive iodine makes up only 0.2% of the total fallout you might encounter outdoors, and these tablets are more likely to solve long-term problems associated with food contamination.
He reminds: “If you receive a nuclear warning, the most important thing is to find shelter.” And he adds: “In Hiroshima, people survived 300 meters from the epicenter. They didn't try to find shelter - they just happened to be in the building at the time of the explosion. And they received the most serious injuries from flying glass.”
Prepared by Evgenia Sidorova
For administrative useHow to survive after a nuclear war
INSTRUCTIONSMoscow Civil Defense Headquarters
Departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
Manuals for fire, emergency, rescue and medical services§1. Preliminary information.
1.1. The most likely time for a nuclear strike on Moscow is around 18:00 Moscow time. This is because:
a) 10 a.m. Washington time makes it possible to prepare and carry out a strike during the working morning of the relevant security forces, without prematurely attracting increased attention from our intelligence services to the activity of the departments of a possible enemy during non-working hours;
b) all types of urban and intercity communications are overloaded at the end of the working day, and the coordination of emergency defensive measures is difficult;
c) the attention of the duty services decreases at this time;
d) a significant part of the population is on the road between places of work and residence, which further complicates the coordination of measures and actions;
e) transport arteries are paralyzed by traffic jams, and the population located in them is primarily unprotected from damaging factors.
1.2. The most likely yield of a thermonuclear weapon is from 2 to 10 megatons. The super-power of the ammunition is limited by the capabilities of the delivery vehicles and is due to the large area of the Moscow metropolis, the concentration of central intelligence and defense units and enterprises there, and along its perimeter - belts of missile and aviation cover systems, but first of all - the high security of the shelters of the presidential and government apparatuses and services departments of the Ministry of Defense, which are the main target.
1.3. The most probable time from the moment of the warning signal “Atomic alarm!” until the moment of striking:
a) about 14 minutes when launching ground-based launch vehicles from the territory of the American continent;
b) about 7 minutes when launching launch vehicles from sea-based submarine-launched missile carriers occupying positions in the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean.
This corresponds to the flight time of ballistic missiles moving in supra-atmospheric space along ballistic trajectories at a speed of the order of the first cosmic speed, i.e. 7.9 km/sec, or approx. 28,000 km/h. In practical terms, in combat conditions it is possible to foresee some failures and communication delays, which can actually reduce the warning time to several minutes.§3. Persons provided with shelters by their official position immediately begin to act in accordance with the evacuation plan in the event of a nuclear alarm, under the leadership of civil defense officials, or building commandants, or team leaders, or independently. You should act without panic, in an organized manner, without the slightest delay. Any manifestations of panic must be immediately suppressed by any possible means, including the use of force and weapons.
No more than 6 minutes (or earlier by order of the shelter senior, who is convinced that the full strength of the assigned groups is present in the shelter) after the first warning signal, all entrances to the shelter must be blocked and blocked according to combat mode, regardless of cases of those who did not have time to take cover in them and the number remaining outside. Attempts to prevent the closure of entrances by any persons without exception must be immediately suppressed by any means, including the use of weapons.§4. At the signal “Atomic alarm!” persons who are not provided with shelters act independently, depending on where they are currently located, without delay or panic, taking all necessary protective measures and sheltering from the factors of nuclear destruction. You should act calmly, competently, assessing the specific conditions of your location, using your voice and action to encourage others to follow your example and instilling confidence in them. First of all, it is necessary to take care of the safety of children and women, as well as the elderly.
4.1. If the house has a basement, you should take refuge in the basement. The cracks in the doors should be plugged with any cloth that can be wetted. It is useful to take a small supply of drinking water with you.
4.2. While in a building, it is better to take refuge in a closed room - an internal corridor, a bathroom, a storage room - which is separated from the external walls by an additional partition and has no windows. It is also useful to seal door cracks and stock up on water.
4.3. In a room with a window, lie on the floor with your feet facing the outer wall, covering your head with your hands. Choose a spot at the bottom or side of a window so that as little light falls on you as possible. It is better to hide from the light behind a heavy object - a closet, a sofa, a table.
4.4. Those on the streets should immediately take shelter in buildings, at least in their entrances, or use other natural shelters, which include:
a) the metro is the best of all possible shelters;
b) any basements, boiler rooms, underground garages;
c) sewer wells and tunnels of any underground routes;
d) foundations and lower premises of new buildings;
e) underground passages and road tunnels;
f) warehouses, underground toilets, etc.
4.5. If you are on public ground transport, you should immediately leave it and take cover (see above).
4.6. While in a car, you should immediately leave it and take cover (see above). If you find a car in a tunnel, you should stop there. If it is impossible to leave the car in a traffic jam or there is no shelter nearby, you should lie on the floor between the seats and cover your head with your hands, protecting yourself from outside radiation.
4.7. If it is impossible to hide in any room, lie down on the ground near the building under the wall opposite the city center, where the epicenter of the explosion will be located. Try to choose a well-like courtyard closed on all sides or a narrow passage between buildings.
4.8. If you are in a park area away from possible shelters, identify a thick tree, or a hill, or a ditch, or any uneven terrain, or a monument, and lie down with your feet towards it, facing away from the center of the city, where the epicenter of the explosion will be located. This will protect you from thermal radiation, which is the main damaging factor.
4.9. All entrances to the metro are closed immediately upon a warning signal. Any manifestations of panic among the population or attempts to resist the immediate closure of entrances are suppressed immediately by station police pickets by appropriate means, up to and including the use of lethal force. At the same time:
a) all escalators switch to descent; after
When all citizens arrive at the station platforms, all escalators stop;
b) station personnel switches the power supply of all equipment to emergency in economic mode;
c) trains do not depart from the stations; trains located in tunnels on stretches continue moving to the nearest station and remain there or within possible proximity;
d) trains that find themselves in open spaces must reach the entrances to the tunnels and, if possible, go deeper into them.§5. In clear, cloudless weather during daylight hours, the approach of a descending warhead can be determined by a white contrail, similar to that of an aircraft at a higher altitude, arcing down from the upper atmosphere towards the center of Moscow at high speed. Remember: the sound of a warhead approaching and descending will not be heard due to its supersonic speed.
§6. With the accuracy of modern guidance systems, the epicenter of the explosion will be located within the Boulevard Ring, focusing on the Kremlin-Lubyanka-Arbat area.
§7. A ground explosion should be expected in Moscow. This slightly reduces the radius of the overall damage compared to an above-ground explosion, but increases the strength of the seismic wave, which leads to ground movements such as tectonic disturbances of a nature similar to a high-power earthquake in the upper layers, leading to crushing and destruction of even significantly buried shelters of increased strength within the radius ten to fifteen kilometers.
§8. Thermal damaging factor.
8.1. At the epicenter of the explosion, a flash of light appears, the brightness of which is many times greater than the observed sunlight. Within 0.03-0.04 seconds. the flash forms into a dazzling luminous sphere 1.5-2 km in diameter, with a temperature of 10-20 million "C. It covers the city center within the radius of the Boulevard Ring - the Kremlin - Polyanka, and everything entering this space instantly ceases to exist, passing into a plasma state.
8.2. Within a radius of 3-4 km, all objects of organic origin immediately exposed to the direct thermal radiation of the explosion (unsheltered people, animals, plants, wooden parts of buildings facing the direction of the explosion) instantly evaporate and incinerate. Asphalt road surfaces, metal fences, roofs and parts of building structures, concrete and brick walls, including those with stone and ceramic cladding, both exposed to the direct thermal radiation of an explosion and hidden to a depth of several meters, melt, evaporate, and instantly burn out. . All substances, both organic sheltered and inorganic heat-resistant, within the radius of the Garden Ring, immediately following the moment of explosion, burn within a few seconds with a temperature of tens of thousands of degrees.
8.3. Within a radius of 20-25 km, all wooden, plastic, painted surfaces and plants facing the direction of the explosion and accessible to direct thermal radiation flare up, metal roofs burn through, concrete, brick, glass, metal, stone melt; Window frames burn, glass evaporates, wires melt, asphalt catches fire. The active fire zone instantly covers the city within the Moscow Ring Road. A ring forest fire breaks out outside the Moscow Ring Road. Fully built-up areas and forested areas catch fire. The reservoirs of the Moscow River and Yauza are evaporating, and the upper layer of the Khimki Reservoir is boiling.
Remember: direct radiation thermal effects last from fractions of a second to several seconds and even up to several tens of seconds depending on the power of the explosion and spread only in a straight line, i.e. any obstacle between you and the explosion, in the shadow of which you find yourself, can save you life in a situation of sufficient distance from the epicenter of the explosion.§9. The damaging factor of the shock wave.
9.1. The action of the shock air wave begins immediately at the moment of the explosion and follows the thermal radiation, but lags behind its instantaneous effect as it moves away from the epicenter of the explosion, the further, the longer the period of time. In the second affected area, the speed of the air shock wave reaches 1-5 thousand m/sec, i.e. everything in this zone, which has already been subjected to thermal effects, is blown away by a powerful explosion in the direction from the epicenter to the periphery, turning into a leveled surface of crushed debris burning at high temperatures (the so-called “landscape blowing away”). Crushed burning fragments of substances located between the radii of the Boulevard and Garden Rings are ejected by a shock wave along an expanding concentric circle into zone three.
9.2. In the third zone, i.e. within Moscow inside the Moscow Ring Road, the speed of the shock wave decreases slightly, especially at the surface itself, but continues to remain above supersonic, i.e. up to 300-500 m/sec at the border of the Moscow Ring Road, which causes instantaneous destruction all ground-based buildings, both high-rise and low-rise. The hot and burning parts of the surfaces facing the epicenter, mixing with other materials during demolition, give the so-called. “carpet of fire” with a temperature that ensures the combustion of metals and melting of ceramics. During the passage of the shock wave, individual parts and components move in the air at speeds on the order of artillery shells, aggravating the process of destruction of everything that rises above the surface. All plantings are torn out, water is “squeezed out” from all reservoirs.
9.3. The forests, settlements and airports closest to the Moscow Ring Road are also subject to complete or primary destruction, partial or complete destruction and burning.
9.4. Inside the entire affected area, an area of sharply reduced atmospheric pressure arises due to both the burnout of oxygen in the air and the concentric “spreading apart” of air masses. As a result, soon after the passage of the shock wave, a “reverse shock wave” appears, directed towards the epicenter. It is characterized by a significantly lower speed, commensurate with the speed of an ordinary hurricane, but it brings masses of fresh oxygen to the entire burning area, which creates the effect of “bellows”, creating the so-called. “fire storm” over the entire affected area. The zone within the Moscow Ring Road is likened to the leveled surface of hot coals in a furnace.§10. The seismic impact of a ground explosion causes an “earthquake effect” with compaction and displacement of surface layers. All underground metro structures within the Circle Line and the stations closest to it are destroyed and completely collapsed. All bomb shelters within the Garden Ring are completely destroyed. All basements within the Moscow Ring Road are completely destroyed. All sewer and ventilation underground structures in the space “Prospekt Mira”, “Zoo”, “Serpukhovskaya”, “Ilyich Square” are crushed, destroyed and collapsed. All entrances and exits from the metro, ventilation shafts, emergency and service exits collapse, or are crushed, or are completely blocked by a layer of hot mass on the surface.
§eleven. The external picture of the explosion looks normal and is characteristic of a high-power thermonuclear explosion. The white plasma sphere, which, like a two-kilometer cap, covers the center of Moscow and is four times higher in height than the Ostankino body, after a few seconds begins to dim, becomes covered with a crimson smoky veil and separates from the surface, “floating” upward. The burning city “lays down” in all directions, like a circle of dominoes, is covered with billowing smoke, and streams of smoke and fire rush from the periphery of the MKAD circle to the rising sphere, forming a characteristic “mushroom stem”, which expands at the bottom to the limits of the affected area, narrowing at the top to the sphere , which is enveloped in a cloud of “mushroom cap”. The billowing smoke at the base of the mushroom reaches a kilometer in height, the diameter of the “leg” narrows to eight hundred to thousand meters under the “cap”. The "Mushroom" continues to rise, and although the rise looks slow due to its gigantic size, after three to five minutes the height
it reaches 25-35 km. With a high-power explosion, this picture can last up to several hours.§12. The fire itself, which makes it impossible to begin any rescue work, can continue, taking into account the affected area of the Moscow metropolis, for up to several days.
§13. The high radiation background will not allow any rescue work to begin in the metropolis earlier than in 15-20 days, with the exception of special operations of special importance. Conducting any rescue operations should be considered appropriate in an area no closer than 5-10 km beyond the Moscow Ring Road line.
§14. The crater at the epicenter of the explosion is a crater with a diameter of about 2 km and a depth in the center of up to 200-300 m. Its surface is a glassy mass up to 10-12 m thick.
The second affected area is a relatively flat surface, covered with a layer of glassy sintered mass 0.3-0.9 m thick.The third affected area is a lumpy surface, largely covered with a glassy sintered mass ranging in thickness from several millimeters to several centimeters.
Tests of such ammunition, carried out by both the USSR, the USA and France, have reliably shown that attempts to carry out any rescue operations within the specified radii have no real basis. The defeat of open and hidden manpower, equipment and buildings reaches 100%. Rescue efforts should focus on relocating and providing assistance to people who find themselves outside the immediate affected area, beyond the 100-kilometer zone.
Nuclear war is not a scenario that most people want to survive. In the sixties, the Cuban Missile Crisis pushed us to the dangerous edge, but humanity has yet to experience an event that would lead to its potential extinction.
Nuclear winter is itself a theoretical proposition; Scientists believe that in the event of a nuclear war, huge amounts of soot would be released into the stratosphere and spread by winds across the planet, blocking the sun and causing temperatures to plummet. The plants will wither and die, then the animals will follow. The collapse of the food chain will lead to the extinction of the human race.
A nuclear winter could last for years or even decades, and while it lasts, the people who survived the nuclear war will not be able to restore civilization. The only way to ensure the survival of the human race is to follow tips for surviving a nuclear winter.
10. Live in the countryside
This may sound like unhelpful advice, but the question of who survives the first nuclear explosions will be decided by little more than geography. Estimates made in the 1960s indicated that Russia was launching a devastating attack on the United States in which 100-150 million people would be killed in the initial blasts—more than two-thirds of the population at that time. Large cities will be completely inaccessible as a result of the explosion and the radiation that will accompany the explosions. In general, if you live in a city, you are almost certainly doomed, but if you live in a rural area, you have a moderate chance of survival.
9. Abandon religious beliefs
This advice (and image) may be somewhat controversial, but there are many good reasons why religious beliefs might hinder the efforts of survivors of a potential nuclear war. First of all, going to church on Sunday is not the number one priority after a nuclear disaster. But seriously: in order to survive, you may have to perform actions that are unthinkable for many religious (or simply highly moral) people (see No. 8). The survivors' mindset must be decidedly "Machiavellian": the whole world is open to us; questions of morality are secondary to the question of survival at any cost.
If your religion prohibits you from eating certain foods, you should give up such dietary obligations and eat what you can find. Perhaps the realization that God (or any other deity) could have prevented the collapse of civilization, if he/she really exists, will help you abandon your faith.
8. Kill/Release pets
So, you survived the initial explosion, and now you are an atheist living in the village. What's next? Let's think about your pets. Pets need food, water and care - and don't love them too much during a nuclear winter. You won't live long if you share every morsel of food with Rex.
For those heartless people who may be thinking of killing and eating their pet(s), please note that food will be extremely scarce. Most people (I hope) find these thoughts disgusting and will simply release their beloved animal into the wild. But I say this in all seriousness: nuclear winter survivors, give up all hope of saving your goldfish. Small animals can simply be destroyed without even trying to eat them - this will at least save them from hunger in the future.
7. Take cover
Science Minute: In the event of multiple nuclear explosions in major cities, massive amounts of soot and thick smoke from the fires would rise into the stratosphere, blocking sunlight from reaching much of the Earth's surface for years or even decades.
The surface temperature will decrease sharply, and near-zero values will remain indefinitely. In other words, the need for warm clothing cannot be ignored - so you can start packing your insulating clothes if you are not already doing so. Unfortunately, permanent freezing is not the end of your worries; scientists suggest that massive destruction of the ozone layer will occur, that is, a huge amount of ultraviolet radiation will leak onto the surface of the planet, which leads to death from skin cancer. You can reduce this impact by avoiding sleeping in open spaces, and always wear some kind of hat to protect your face from the cold and harmful UV rays.
6. Arm yourself
If you live in a country where guns are readily available and legal, it won't be too difficult for you to arm yourself against robbers or potential cannibals. Desperate conditions may cause many survivors to steal food from other survivors in order to stave off starvation. Looting a local store with a pistol is a perfectly viable option for those in America (or any other country without significant gun control) - but care must be taken to ensure the gun isn't pulled by the store owner. Otherwise, you may want to keep a knife for protection. For several months after the initial explosions, hunting will still be possible as the animals are not yet extinct. If possible, stock up on meat early on.
5. Learn to recognize cannibals
When all the big meaty animals go extinct after a nuclear war, it will become inevitable that humans will resort to cannibalism to survive. In fact, you might consider cannibalism for yourself at some point when you're starving and find a useful corpse in your area.
As for the other survivors: they will either try to help you or try to eat you, of course, it is important to distinguish between these two reasons. People who eat human flesh tend to suffer from Kuru symptoms; brain pollution, which leads to very noticeable consequences. For example, if a person is walking towards you swaying from side to side and struggling to walk in a straight line, then it is better to run away as he is either drunk or has symptoms of Kuru. Other symptoms include uncontrollable shaking and violent bursts of laughter in inappropriate situations. Kuru is an incurable disease and death usually occurs within a year of infection, so don't eat human flesh - nuclear winter or not!
4. Travel alone
Introverts will thrive in a post-apocalyptic environment, at least compared to those who instinctively reach for their cell phones when alone. Having a family - especially if it includes children - is not a smart move given the food shortages. Ignore the "outlaw" or "raider" gang clichés that Hollywood feeds us in films like "The Road" and "The Book of Eli." In reality, such groups will never be able to find enough food to support themselves in the long term. This doesn't mean you should abandon (or eat) your family. Simply finding a large group is not a good option for those who want to avoid starvation.
3. Eat insects
The sharp reduction in sunlight and precipitation during a nuclear winter will make growth impossible and kill off most plant life on Earth, many animals in turn quickly dying out from lack of food. For this reason, small insects such as ants, crickets, wasps, grasshoppers and beetles are some of the creatures that are likely to survive in the long term. They will also be a fantastic source of protein for maintaining muscle mass: grasshoppers have the highest percentage of protein: 20g for every 100g of weight. Crickets are rich in iron and zinc, and ants are excellent sources of calcium. Of course, insects are not as tasty as a bucket of fried chicken (though you don't know for sure), but at least they are preferable to starvation.
2. Clean up trash
This may not be the most pleasant activity in a post-apocalyptic time. Who wouldn't want to be able to roam around a mall, stealing any item they want, without facing legal retribution? However, don't get too excited: robbing cash registers will become a pointless exercise with the collapse of civilization. Instead, it's better to focus on hacking food and drink vending machines. If you're hungry, try emptying trash cans for scraps or looking for canned goods that have an indefinite shelf life. It's also fairly easy to find clothing to keep you warm, and if your country doesn't have gun control, you can find guns to protect yourself.
1. Avoid the contaminated area
The photo above shows the ghost town of Pripyat, the site of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in 1986. Due to massive radioactive contamination caused by an explosion at a nuclear power plant, the city was evacuated. The disaster caused 31 immediate deaths from radiation poisoning and several hundred more from various types of cancer afterwards. Today the city is uninhabitable. Radiation levels are too high to safely support life. After a nuclear disaster, radiation levels are likely to be significantly higher. Anyone inside large cities that will be bombed will quickly receive a dose of radioactive poisoning and will soon die.
I found an invaluable reminder on the Internet in case - GOD FORbid it comes in handy - a nuclear war or an attack on Moscow and other Russian cities.
After the recent well-known events over Chelyabinsk, it is also relevant.
Activities related to the “Nuclear Alert” situation
Headquarters of the Moscow Civil Defense Departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations Management of fire, emergency, rescue and medical services.
1. Preliminary information.
1.1. The most likely time for a nuclear strike on Moscow is around 18:00 Moscow time. This is because:
A )
10 a.m. Washington time allows us to prepare and carry out a strike during the working morning of the relevant security forces, without prematurely attracting increased attention from our intelligence services to the activity of the departments of a possible enemy during non-working hours;
b) all types of urban and intercity communications are overloaded at the end of the working day, and the coordination of emergency defensive measures is difficult;
V) At this time, the attention of the duty services decreases;
G) a significant part of the population is on the road between places of work and residence, which further complicates the coordination of measures and actions;
d) Transport arteries are paralyzed by traffic jams, and the population located in them is primarily unprotected from damaging factors.
1.2. The most likely yield of a thermonuclear weapon is from 2 to 10 megatons. The super-power of the ammunition is limited by the capabilities of the delivery vehicles and is due to the large area of the Moscow metropolis, the concentration of central intelligence and defense units and enterprises there, and along its perimeter - belts of missile and aviation cover systems, but first of all - the high security of the shelters of the presidential and government apparatus and control services Ministry of Defense, which is the main target.
1.3. The most probable time from the moment of the warning signal “Atomic alarm!” until the moment of striking:
A) about 14 minutes when launching ground-based launch vehicles from the American continent;
b) about 7 minutes when launching carrier rockets from sea-based submarine-launched missile carriers occupying positions in the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean. This corresponds to the flight time of ballistic missiles moving in above-atmospheric space along ballistic trajectories at a speed of the order of the first cosmic speed, i.e. 7.9 km/sec, or approx. 28,000 km/h. In practical terms, in combat conditions it is possible to foresee some failures and communication delays, which can actually reduce the warning time to several minutes.
2. Signal “Atomic alarm!” served voice on all television and radio broadcasting channels, and is also duplicated by the beeps of railway locomotives and watercraft - one long beep and two short beeps, repeated several times.
3. Persons provided with shelters due to their official position, immediately begin to act according to the evacuation plan in case of a nuclear alarm under the leadership of civil defense officials, or building commandants, or team leaders, or independently. You should act without panic, in an organized manner, without the slightest delay. Any manifestations of panic must be immediately suppressed by any possible means, including the use of force and weapons. No more than 6 minutes (or earlier by order of the shelter senior, who is convinced that the full strength of the assigned groups is present in the shelter) after the first warning signal, all entrances to the shelter must be blocked and blocked according to combat mode, regardless of cases of those who did not have time to take cover in them and the number remaining outside. Attempts to prevent the closure of entrances by any persons without exception must be immediately suppressed by any means, including the use of weapons.
4. At the signal “Atomic alarm!” persons without shelter, act independently depending on where they are currently located, without delay or panic, taking all necessary protective measures and hiding from the factors of nuclear destruction. You should act calmly, competently, assessing the specific conditions of your location, using your voice and action to encourage others to follow your example and instilling confidence in them. First of all, it is necessary to take care of the safety of children and women, as well as the elderly.
4.1. If the house has a basement, you should take refuge in the basement. The cracks in the doors should be plugged with any cloth that can be wetted. It is useful to take a small supply of drinking water with you.
4.2. While in a building, it is better to take refuge in a closed room - an internal corridor, a bathroom, a storage room - which is separated from the external walls by an additional partition and has no windows. It is also useful to seal door cracks and stock up on water.
4.3. In a room with a window, lie on the floor with your feet facing the outer wall, covering your head with your hands. Choose a spot at the bottom or side of a window so that as little light falls on you as possible. It is better to hide from the light behind a heavy object - a closet, a sofa, a table.
4.4. Those on the streets should immediately take shelter in buildings, at least in their entrances, or use other natural shelters, which include:
A) the metro is the best of all possible shelters;
b) any basements, boiler rooms, underground garages;
V) sewer wells and tunnels of any underground routes;
G) foundations and lower premises of new buildings;
d) underground passages and road tunnels;
e) warehouses, underground toilets, etc.
4.5. If you are on public ground transport, you should immediately leave it and take cover (see above). ….
….4.9. All entrances to the metro are closed immediately upon a warning signal. Any manifestations of panic among the population or attempts to resist the immediate closure of entrances are suppressed immediately by station police pickets by appropriate means, up to and including the use of lethal force. At the same time:
A) all escalators switch to descent; after all citizens have descended onto the station platforms, all escalators stop;
b) station personnel switches the power supply of all equipment to emergency in economic mode;
V) trains do not depart from the stations; trains located in tunnels on stretches continue to move to the nearest station and remain there or within possible proximity;
G) Trains that find themselves in open spaces must reach the entrances to the tunnels and, if possible, go deeper into them.
5. In clear cloudless weather During daylight hours, the approach of a descending warhead can be determined by a white contrail, similar to that of an aircraft at a higher altitude, descending in an arc from the upper atmosphere towards the center of Moscow at high speed.
Remember: the sound of a warhead approaching and descending will not be heard due to its supersonic speed.
6. With the accuracy of modern guidance systems The epicenter of the explosion will be located within the Boulevard Ring, focusing on the Kremlin-Lubyanka-Arbat area.
7. A ground explosion should be expected in Moscow. This slightly reduces the radius of the overall damage compared to an above-ground explosion, but increases the strength of the seismic wave, which leads to ground movements such as tectonic disturbances of a nature similar to a high-power earthquake in the upper layers, leading to crushing and destruction of even significantly buried shelters of increased strength within the radius ten to fifteen kilometers.
8. Thermal damaging factor.
8.1. At the epicenter of the explosion, a flash of light appears, the brightness of which is many times greater than the observed sunlight. Within 0.03-0.04 seconds. the flare forms into a dazzling luminous sphere 1.5-2 km in diameter, with a temperature of 10-20 million C. It covers the city center within the radius of the Boulevard Ring - the Kremlin - Polyanka, and everything entering this space instantly ceases to exist, turning into a plasma state.
8.2. Within a radius of 3-4 km, all objects of organic origin immediately exposed to the direct thermal radiation of the explosion (unsheltered people, animals, plants, wooden parts of buildings facing the direction of the explosion) instantly evaporate and incinerate. Asphalt road surfaces, metal fences, roofs and parts of building structures, concrete and brick walls, including those with stone and ceramic cladding, both exposed to the direct thermal radiation of an explosion and hidden to a depth of several meters, melt, evaporate, and instantly burn out. . All substances, both organic sheltered and inorganic heat-resistant, within the radius of the Garden Ring, immediately following the moment of explosion, burn within a few seconds with a temperature of tens of thousands of degrees.
8.3. Within a radius of 20-25 km, all wooden, plastic, painted surfaces and plants facing the direction of the explosion and accessible to direct thermal radiation flare up, metal roofs burn through, concrete, brick, glass, metal, stone melt; Window frames burn, glass evaporates, wires melt, asphalt catches fire. The active fire zone instantly covers the city within the Moscow Ring Road. A ring forest fire breaks out outside the Moscow Ring Road. Fully built-up areas and forested areas catch fire. The reservoirs of the Moscow River and Yauza are evaporating, and the upper layer of the Khimki Reservoir is boiling. Remember: direct radiation thermal effects last from fractions of a second to several seconds and even up to several tens of seconds, depending on the power of the explosion, and spread only in a straight line, i.e. any obstacle between you and the explosion, in the shadow of which you find yourself, can to save your life in a situation of sufficient distance from the epicenter of the explosion.
9. Damaging factor of the shock wave.
9.1. The action of the shock air wave begins immediately at the moment of the explosion and follows the thermal radiation, but lags behind its instantaneous effect as it moves away from the epicenter of the explosion, the further, the longer the period of time. In the second affected area, the speed of the air shock wave reaches 1-5 thousand m/sec, i.e. everything in this zone, which has already been subjected to thermal effects, is blown away by a powerful explosion in the direction from the epicenter to the periphery, turning into a leveled surface of crushed debris burning at high temperatures (the so-called blowing away of the landscape). Crushed burning fragments of substances located between the radii of the Boulevard and Garden Rings are ejected by a shock wave along an expanding concentric circle into zone three.
9.2. In the third zone, i.e. within Moscow inside the Moscow Ring Road, the speed of the shock wave decreases slightly, especially at the surface itself, but continues to remain above supersonic, i.e. up to 300-500 m/sec at the border of the Moscow Ring Road, which causes instantaneous destruction all ground-based buildings, both high-rise and low-rise. The hot and burning parts of the surfaces facing the epicenter, mixing with other materials during demolition, give the so-called. a fire carpet with a temperature that ensures the combustion of metals and the melting of ceramics. During the passage of the shock wave, individual parts and components move in the air at speeds on the order of artillery shells, aggravating the process of destruction of everything that rises above the surface. All plantings are torn out, water is squeezed out of all reservoirs.
9.3. The forests, settlements and airports closest to the Moscow Ring Road are also subject to complete or primary destruction, partial or complete destruction and burning.
9.4. Inside the entire affected area, an area of sharply reduced atmospheric pressure arises due to both the burnout of oxygen in the air and the concentric separation of air masses. As a result, soon after the passage of the shock wave, a reverse shock wave appears, directed towards the epicenter. It is characterized by a significantly lower speed, comparable to the speed of an ordinary hurricane, but it brings masses of fresh oxygen to the entire burning area, which creates the effect of a bellows, creating the so-called. firestorm over the entire affected area. The zone within the Moscow Ring Road is likened to the leveled surface of hot coals in a furnace.
10. Seismic impact of ground explosion causes an earthquake effect with compaction and displacement of surface layers. All underground metro structures within the Circle Line and the stations closest to it are destroyed and completely collapsed. All bomb shelters within the Garden Ring are completely destroyed. All basements within the Moscow Ring Road are completely destroyed. All sewerage and ventilation underground structures in the area of Prospekt Mira, Zoo, Serpukhovskaya, Ilyich Square are crushed, destroyed and collapsed. All entrances and exits from the metro, ventilation shafts, emergency and service exits collapse, or are crushed, or are completely blocked by a layer of hot mass on the surface.
11. The external picture of the explosion looks normal and is characteristic of a high-power thermonuclear explosion. The white plasma sphere, covering the center of Moscow like a two-kilometer cap and exceeding four times the height of the Ostankino TV tower, after a few seconds begins to dim, becomes covered with a crimson smoky veil and separates from the surface, floating up. The burning city lies in all directions, like a circle of dominoes, is covered with billowing smoke, and streams of smoke and fire rush from the periphery of the MKAD circle to the rising sphere, forming a characteristic mushroom stalk, which expands at the bottom to the limits of the affected area, narrowing at the top to a sphere that is enveloped in a cloud mushroom caps. The billowing smoke at the base of the mushroom reaches a kilometer in height, the diameter of the stem narrows to eight hundred thousand meters under the cap. The mushroom continues to rise, and although the rise looks slow due to its gigantic size, after three to five minutes its height reaches 25-35 km. With a high-power explosion, this picture can last up to several hours.
12. The fire itself, which does not make it possible to begin any rescue work, can continue, taking into account the affected area of the Moscow metropolis, for up to several days.
13. High background radiation will not allow any rescue work to begin in the metropolis earlier than in 15-20 days, with the exception of special operations of special importance. Conducting any rescue operations should be considered appropriate in an area no closer than 5 - 10 km beyond the Moscow Ring Road line.
14. The crater at the epicenter of the explosion is a crater with a diameter of about 2 km and a depth in the center of up to 200-300 m. Its surface is a glassy mass up to 10-12 m thick.
Second affected area
It is a relatively flat surface covered with a layer of glassy sintered mass 0.3-0.9 m thick.Third affected area It is a lumpy surface, largely covered with a glassy sintered mass ranging in thickness from several millimeters to several centimeters. Tests of such ammunition, carried out by both the USSR, the USA and France, have reliably shown that attempts to carry out any rescue operations within the specified radii have no real basis . The defeat of open and hidden manpower, equipment and buildings reaches 100%. Rescue efforts should focus on relocating and providing assistance to people who find themselves outside the immediate affected area, beyond the 100-kilometer zone.
In recent days, everyone has been discussing whether the third world war will begin between the USA and Russia or not. In the media and social networks you constantly come across materials about the coming “nuclear apocalypse”, which in turn provokes attacks of fear and hysteria in many. Over the past years, we have already forgotten the warning signals, and the younger generation knows about the threat only from computer games. Life tells what to do if a nuclear mushroom appears on the horizon.
This is, of course, not the Cuban Missile Crisis, but the degree of paranoia in the air has increased sharply. And although no one promises to turn other countries into “nuclear ashes,” there are still enough reasons. The latest of these is the US threat to launch a missile strike on Syria.
The atomic threat has already been largely erased from people's memory. Hardly anyone will now say what one long beep and two short beeps mean, or will quickly answer where the nearest bomb shelter is located. The nuclear mushroom on the horizon has become something like a zombie apocalypse - pure fantasy from books about stalkers and the third world war. We imagined how a reader of such literature would survive after a real nuclear strike.
First day
The threat of nuclear war was a tempting prospect for me. “Battles with marauders”, “survival in radioactive forests”, “clashes with mutants” - this sounded even cooler than a “zombie apocalypse”. I went online, found out that if something happened, Washington would start bombing cities at six o’clock in the evening, and read what products to take. I went to the dacha and took my grandfather’s cartridges - in the event of an apocalypse, they will become the most valuable resource. In addition, I purchased a pistol through an anonymous browser. In addition, I bought a used car so that after the explosion I could go into the forest.
Valuable tips:
Second day
A huge nuclear mushroom appeared on the horizon. I admired it from the window of my house, then quickly grabbed my backpack and went down to the garage. He turned on the car and drove into the forests to survive.
Valuable tips:
Valuable tips:
Valuable tips:
Day ten
We rose to the surface for the first time. Now the adventures should definitely begin: searching for food, hunting, fights with marauders.