26.06.2020

Catarrhal rhinitis: etiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention. Rhinitis in pets: causes, symptoms, treatment Symptoms of a runny nose in dogs

And from this article you can learn how to diagnose and treat worms in calves. CHRONIC PNEUMONIA DEVELOPES GRADUALLY, THE CALF DOESN'T FEEL SO BAD, BUT IT SUFFERS FROM COUGH AND Runny nose. How to treat a cow's cough. cough in calves. - Vox audita latet, littera scripta manet - Despite all the desire to help you, there is no way to treat in absentia. If colibacillosis in calves is not treated, the animal becomes exhausted in literally 3-5 days and dies in convulsions. In addition, snot appears, joints become inflamed, and the medical history does not exclude the occurrence of short-term nervous attacks. This transition causes stress in the body and the calf is most susceptible to various types of diseases. Treatment of catarrhal pneumonia and bronchopneumonia requires large material costs and, depending on the nature of the course, alienates the animal from its healthy relatives for a long time. Pneumonia in calves.

How to Treat a Runny Nose - published in Farm Business: I am a doctor and I know: A fairly effective (although not entirely pleasant) way to rid yourself of a runny nose is to wash it regularly (three times a day). Vocation can be generalized Cough.). Causes of the disease: colds, keeping in a damp, poorly ventilated room, on a cold, damp floor without bedding, lack of walks, lack of vitamin A in feed. Pneumonia in calves can only be treated by a veterinarian. Preventive measures. 2 Calf paratyphoid. In this condition, if left untreated, the calf will die. How to treat a runny nose in a cow. » Cough treatment. Etiology. It is important to identify the cause of cough in time in order to be able to quickly and effectively help your pet become healthy and save it from possible complications. If your calf is coughing, it is likely a sign of pneumonia. Symptoms of the disease in a calf. A cough in a calf does not necessarily indicate pneumonia! Aerosols of accumulation in the calf. The causes of the disease are a cold, being kept in a damp, poorly ventilated room, on a cold, damp floor without bedding, lack of walking, lack of vitamin A. Pneumonia in calves can only be treated by a veterinarian. Rhinitis. Due to acute pseudomonosis, the calf may be emaciated and cough. How to treat a runny nose in a cow. snot in calves. Chronic pneumonia develops gradually, the calf does not feel so bad, but at the same time suffers from a cough and runny nose. Treatment of pneumonia in calves. When a cow has pneumonia, a cough occurs, difficulty breathing, an increase in temperature (1-2 degrees is enough), and discharge from the nose. The cow has boogers in her eyes! I apply the ointment again after a while! Why? And how to treat? Hello, please tell me what to do. The calf’s umbilical hernia has come out, and today he is also 2 months old with snot. Your calf is coughing: how to treat it, causes, possible diseases. d. smoke bomb for the treatment of chicken cattle and pigs Sanvetpreparat-Plus. In this case, treatment should be started immediately so that the disease does not become chronic (bronchitis, tracheitis, etc. Resettlement from the city. Treatment of bronchitis in a few lecheniearixazup.signum-kzt.run and flunixin fulminant effect. Smallpox in a cow and its symptoms. Treat Young animals are a must, since without additional help, death is almost inevitable. Veterinary specialists must treat calves with these diseases. Regular drinking of hay infusion brings very good results as a preventive measure for indigestion in a calf. How to treat snot in calves. Therapy. Acute catarrhal rhinitis in a calf. And so, non-contagious diseases of cows, their symptoms, prevention and treatment. Therapy. Published: 11/29/2016. A cow has a cough, what should I do? Both calves and adult cows are susceptible to this problem. One of the causes of cough is a cold in a cow. If you notice that your calf is coughing, you need to identify the cause. Video Sinusitis Oil drops for a runny nose How to treat acute runny nose in children School of Dr. Komarovsky Runny nose and medications Acute ethmoiditis in a child Ethmoiditis. How to treat nail fungus How to treat sinusitis without a puncture reviews Pip on the tongue how to treat How to treat PCR ureaplasma Colic intestines how to treat Snot in calves how to treat Ribbed nails how to treat Hepatosplenomegaly what it is how to treat How Rhinitis - causes, symptoms and treatment. Well, here we go again, purulent snot! Last time we visited Luntik, when we first bought him, they treated him like Dorin. To relieve cough in calves, herbs are prescribed that thin out mucus and facilitate its elimination: plantain, thyme, fennel, licorice. In this case, treatment should be started immediately so that the disease does not become chronic (bronchitis, tracheitis, etc. Pneumonia in cows. Treatment of cough in calves. Primary rhinitis in animals. Traditional methods of treating domestic animals. In cattle, as well as people, there are various causes of cough from a mild cold to more severe and 4 month old child cough and runny nose than to treat (147). The presence of a dry cough is characteristic of an advanced pathological process without proper treatment, in calves it often accompanies lobar pneumonia. How to treat the chronic form Treatment of catarrh in cows and calves. Cough in cows should be treated with antibiotics. Causes of the disease are colds, keeping in a damp, poorly ventilated area, on a cold, damp floor without bedding, lack of exercise, lack of vitamin A. It seems that the calves that were brought from the farm infected my cows and The heifer is still coughing and snot is flowing. Please tell me what the heifer may be sick with and what medications to treat it with. CONTENT. Chronic bronchopneumonia in calves often develops against the background of atelectatic pneumonia. If calves at this stage of the disease are not treated and they continue to be in the same conditions, the pathological process may intensify. Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is primary and secondary in origin, acute and chronic in course, and catarrhal (mucous), croupous (fibrinous), follicular (vesicular) in nature of the inflammatory process. A cold with all its unpleasant attributes: sneezing, coughing, runny nose - can threaten not only us, but also the four-legged inhabitants of the barn and sheepfold. Sheep were treated for pneumonia with this remedy. How to treat a runny nose in a cow. Therapy. (Rus). Diseases of rabbit rhinitis or how to treat snot. It’s terrible. You can see how it’s already been rated here. How to cure a runny nose? Coughing generally appears in calves between the ages of two weeks and four months. With good nutrition and care, animals have a good chance of recovery. It is worth remembering that if a calf’s lichen is not treated, it may die from exhaustion. we bought a 2-month-old calf, it turned out to be sick) they started treating it with bicilin 3 then they injected it with vitamins on the advice of a veterinarian) the calf began to eat, but be sure to worm it. Often, calves may cough due to infection with worms. Dyspepsia in calves, comprehensive treatment is the key to success. 1.2 Prevention.

treatment for runny nose in calves

In order to understand that poor calves are affected by worms, you need to know well how worms manifest themselves in calves. It is generally best to learn the symptoms of worm infestation by heart.

ACUTE PNEUMONIA IS A SERIOUS DISEASE THAT OFTEN AFFECTS SEVERAL CALVES AT THE SAME TIME. CHRONIC PNEUMONIA DEVELOPES GRADUALLY, THE CALF DOESN'T FEEL SO BAD, BUT IT SUFFERS FROM COUGH AND Runny nose.

ACUTE PNEUMONIA The first symptoms

2 CHRONIC PNEUMONIA TO CONFIRM ITS PRESENCE, THE Veterinarian MUST MEASURE THE CALF'S TEMPERATURE.

2 BLOCKED AIRWAYS

The veterinarian should examine the nose and eyes and listen to the calf for wheezing or wheezing sounds when breathing, caused by fluid accumulated in the lungs.

THE SYMPTOMS OF CHRONIC PNEUMONIA ARE NOT SO OBVIOUS, SO THE VETERINARIAN WILL NEED A STETHOSCOPE. The doctor may also take a blood test for laboratory testing.

5 TREATMENT Sick calves should be separated from the herd for treatment. For chronic pneumonia, treatment is usually NOT necessary, but in acute cases the calf is given a THREE-five day course of ANTIBIOTNA.

Cough in cows and calves: causes, treatment

Why does a cough appear?

The most common ailment that is accompanied by coughing, and mainly occurs in calves, is pneumonia. Adult cows are exposed to this disease much less frequently, however, and tolerate it more difficult and with possible complications. Various forms of this disease cause a frequent dry cough with possible discharge of purulent deposits. When the first symptoms of pneumonia appear, it is recommended to immediately isolate the cow or calf from possible drafts and move it to a warm, dry room, and then contact a veterinarian. Cough is observed in cows and calves with bronchitis, however, it is short-lived, and with proper care the animal quickly recovers.

08:07:50 — Stella: Bronchopneumonia in calves was acute and was characterized by increased body temperature, decreased appetite, cough, shortness of breath, serous-catarrhal discharge from the nasal cavity. Recommendations for the prevention and treatment of bronchopneumonia in calves.

14:07:02 — Vera: I don’t have much agricultural experience, so I’m very worried about his life. The calf has a good appetite. Is it possible to talk about the great effectiveness of Clamoxil, Baytril or Farmazin 2000 for the treatment of calf cough.

07:12:01 — Vitalina: Good afternoon! Please, I need advice. The calves were tormented by a cough. They recommended an antibiotic, they injected streptomycin, it doesn’t help. We take it with herbs. At first there seems to be an improvement, but most likely, yes. But the treatment regimen does not change, do I understand correctly?

11:50:48 — David: The purpose of our work was to study the therapeutic effectiveness of Pulmosan-2 in the treatment of sick calves with bronchopneumonia. The coat is tousled. The calves develop shortness of breath and a wet cough.

Treatment of cows

Cows get sick quite rarely. Diseases usually occur as a result of improper feeding and non-compliance with animal welfare standards.

The main problems that increase the risk of disease include:

Cold room;

Poor quality litter;

Lack of ventilation;

Deprivation of walks;

Lack of vitamin A in feed.

For a cow, the normal temperature range is 37.5-39.5˚C. Depending on the illness, the temperature may rise or fall. Thus, colds and infectious diseases lead to an increase, and poisoning usually leads to a decrease. The respiratory rate can be considered an indicator of the condition of animals.

Main signs of the disease

Disturbances in the habitual behavior of animals;

Dullness of the eyes;

Dry and hot nose;

Decreased appetite or refusal to feed;

Reducing chewing gum;

Reduction in milk yield.

Let's look at the main diseases and methods of treating cows.

Tympany

Summer disease, the causes of which may be:

1. The animal eats a lot of juicy young grass (clover and other legumes);

2. The cow eats a large amount of rotten beet tops or raw grass;

3. Often occurs in calves that greedily drink their mother's milk.

Symptoms of tympany: severe gas formation, the animal has a hungry pit, lack of chewing cud and restlessness.

Treatment of cows should begin with the following:

Rubbing the right and left halves of the abdomen with a brush (straw rope);

Kneading the area of the hungry pit with a fist;

Reining the animal with a rope previously soaked in salt water (1 tablespoon of rock salt per 1 tablespoon of water) or kerosene.

These procedures cause the animal to belch. The same effect can be achieved by making the cow move. While performing these activities, observe her behavior. If they lead to a deterioration in the animal’s condition or do not help, you should immediately contact a veterinarian.

Prevention of tympany:

Animals should not be driven out to pasture in the morning where the grass is fresh and wet;

Do not allow the calf to greedily swallow the milk when feeding.

Before walking, feed the cows dry hay.

Traumatic reticulitis

When preparing hay, make sure that no foreign objects (broken glass, wire, nails) get into it. Traumatic reticulitis is an inflammation of the mesh damaged by too sharp objects.

Clinical signs of reticulitis are different and depend on the intensity and duration of the inflammatory process. The acute course of the disease is accompanied by anxiety, a short-term increase in temperature, increased heart rate, lack of appetite, hypotension and atony of the proventriculus (decreased strength and frequency, or complete cessation of motor activity), and a sharp decrease in milk yield.

The animal gets up with a groan and lies down with caution. Reticulitis, which has passed into the chronic stage, is manifested by mild, but repeatedly recurring pain symptoms.

Radical treatment for cows involves removing the foreign object from the net. If a foreign body lies loosely in the mesh, it will need to be removed using a magnetic probe. Before the procedure, the animal is kept on a diet for 12–24 hours.

To prevent traumatic reticulitis, it is advisable to introduce a magnetic ring into the animal’s mesh.

Esophageal blockage

A common pathology in cattle. The reason is greedy eating of small, uncut root vegetables. It can be partial or complete, primary or secondary (paresis, paralysis, spasms).

Signs of the disease are:

Sudden refusal to eat, urge to vomit;

Lack of chewing gum, belching;

Anxiety;

Excessive drooling;

Increased heart rate and breathing;

Rapid development of rumen gas tympany;

Pain in the esophagus in the area of blockage.

Probing, esophagoscopy, and fluoroscopy are used to make a diagnosis. The course of the disease directly depends on the timely provision of assistance.

Treatment of cows must be urgent. Objects stuck in the neck area can be removed by hand, having first secured the head of the cattle. Also, root vegetables are removed with a Khokhlov probe, having previously prepared the animal:

Give inside 0.1–0.2 liters of mucous decoction, Vaseline or vegetable oil;

Inject subcutaneously an antispasmodic agent (2% atropine solution - 0.02-0.06 g);

Inject the blockage with novocaine (0.25-0.5%).

Ringworm

Or trichophytosis - a fungal disease that appears on the skin as rounded bald areas with broken hair, covered with scales and asbestos-gray crusts. As a rule, the skin around the eyes, ears and nose is affected, spreading throughout the scalp and limbs.

Rodents are carriers of pathogenic fungi. The source of infection can be recovered and sick cows that contaminate equipment and premises. The incubation period lasts 7-30 days.

The diagnosis and subsequent treatment of cows is prescribed based on the clinical picture and UV irradiation of the affected areas, microscopic examination of skin scrapings.

As a treatment for ringworm, the affected areas are treated with fungicidal agents. Highly effective, low-toxic inactivated and live vaccines are used for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

Disinfectants: sulfuric acid solution (10%), formalin-kerosene emulsion 10%.

Tissue necrosis (necrobacillosis, felon)

An infectious disease that causes necrosis and purulent decay of the skin of the corolla and inter-hoof cleft, in some cases observed on the udder, genitals, oral cavity, lungs and liver. Calves are most susceptible to the disease.

Symptoms:

Lameness of diseased individuals;

Redness, swelling of the skin of the corolla and interhoof cleft;

Ulcerative formations covered with a whitish-brown film.

Treatment of cows involves thorough cleaning and treatment of wounds. The affected areas are washed with potassium permanganate (3%, 2 g of substance per 100 g of boiled, chilled water) or hydrogen peroxide. Subsequent treatment is prescribed by a veterinarian. To prevent the spread of infection, a sick animal must be isolated from healthy ones during the illness. The incubation period is 3 days. The pathogen has relative resistance to disinfectants (for example, in a solution of creolin (2.5%) or formaldehyde solution (1:100) it dies after 20 minutes, in a solution of caustic soda (5%) - after 10 minutes, and when heated to a temperature of 100°C - after 1 minute).

Due to the fact that infection is favored by the lack of regular hoof care and poor grazing in lowland pastures, measures are taken to eliminate these factors: stalls are provided with dry bedding, timely trimming, and hoof trimming are carried out. It is better to choose mineral and vitamin foods as the main feed.

Mastitis

Inflammation of the mammary gland. Most often observed in the first time after childbirth. Possible causes of mastitis include:

Gross violation of the rules of manual and machine milking;

Morphological and functional defects of the udder;

Retention of placenta;

Subinvolution and uterine atony;

Metritis;

Injuries and infections of the udder;

Endocrine and other changes in the body.

There is an increase in body temperature, redness and swelling of the breast tissue. In the case of catarrhal mastitis, the milk is watery, mixed with flakes. With purulent mastitis, a thick white-gray mass or drops of yellowish liquid are released.

The disease may be accompanied by general malaise, decreased/loss of appetite, anxiety, thirst, and atony of the forestomach.

Diagnosis and further treatment of cows is carried out based on the examination of milk samples. Sick individuals are limited to feeding succulent food and drinking water. First, cold and then hot alcohol or water compresses, molten paraffin, warm wraps, massaging and rubbing in ointments and liniments with a slight irritating effect are used. A more detailed treatment course is prescribed by a veterinarian.

Milk is not given to young animals during antibiotic treatment and 3–5 days after it.

To prevent mastitis, it is necessary to timely treat postpartum complications, properly care for females, create appropriate feeding and maintenance conditions for them, and avoid injury, contamination and hypothermia of the mammary glands.

How to treat cowpox

I encountered the incredible: I became infected with false cowpox from a cow. The cow and I were treated for a long time - with varying success. How does a cow become infected? How to avoid getting sick yourself? Do cows and I develop immunity?

L.G. Danilovka

The information about the cow's illness in the letter is very scanty, so I can only assume that smallpox manifested itself in your farmstead. In cows, it usually occurs as a rash on the udder. After 5-6 days, red spots turn into blisters filled with gray-yellow liquid.

Infection with smallpox occurs through mucous membranes, skin when healthy animals come into contact with sick ones, through food, water, bedding, and through grass on pasture.

To protect yourself from illness, you need to follow sanitary and hygienic rules. Before milking, wash the cow's udder with warm water and wipe with a clean towel. After milking, wipe the udder and teats and apply disinfectant cream. The clothes you wear when milking a cow must be clean and cannot be taken home.

How to treat cowpox

Sick animals should be isolated in a dry, warm room and given easily digestible food. Potassium iodide is added to the water. Ulcers are cauterized with tincture of iodine, pockmarks are softened with neutral fats or ointments (boric, zinc, etc.). Milk is milked carefully.

There are also folk remedies for treating cowpox. Animals are put on a “green” diet (fed mainly with green food). Garlic, elderberry, linden, and blackberry leaves are added to the food. Sores on the udder are washed with a warm infusion of elderberry and sorrel leaves. Finely chop two handfuls of each of the leaves, pour in a liter of boiling water, and then wash the wounds or (even better) make a poultice.

Milk from sick cows is used after half an hour of pasteurization at 85 degrees or five minutes of boiling.

Cows and humans who have had smallpox develop immunity to the disease. Still, it’s good if your cow is examined by a veterinarian, and go to the doctor yourself.

Nikolay Kubrin (veterinarian)

There is really little information. Did your cow go to the herd?

Typically, cows become infected with this virus from other sick cows. The onset of the disease is immediately visible: a frequent rash forms on the udder, which then forms whole purulent “islands” covered with a dense dirty brown crust. This is a viral infection of the cow's udder. If you also have sheep and goats on your farm, then this infection may also appear in them.

You didn't write anything about yourself. How did you feel? Have you ever had nodular rashes on the skin of your hands? Did you feel that you were “slightly” poisoned by stale food? Have you ever had a fever?

The fact is that this infection is transmitted to humans, and this happens during milking. If you had red-bluish nodes on your hands with a characteristic notch in the middle, like a tiny crater, then it really was cowpox, but not natural, but false (cowpox). It has another name - milker's knots.

No data on vaccinations

Have you vaccinated your nurse against smallpox? The fact is that these two diseases are caused by similar viruses, which means that a cow vaccinated against smallpox tolerates falsepox much easier. True, unlike the smallpox vaccine, which produces lasting immunity, this “milkmaid disease” (paravaccine) awards immunity for only a few months.

Watch your health! Smallpox "attacks" if a person's body is weakened by other diseases, and not only on those who lack immunity to smallpox. There is no risk of becoming infected by airborne droplets; fortunately (?) smallpox is transmitted only through direct, mechanical contact with a sick animal - milking.

But if a dairy animal is already sick, and, of course, you cannot do without milking, then at least wash your hands thoroughly after contact with the udder.

Only a veterinarian can make a correct, final diagnosis! Do not take on unnecessary responsibility by self-medicating both yourself and your cow.

Yulia Dvornikova (veterinary assistant)

Cow breathing: why does a cow breathe heavily?

The respiratory system in any body is one of the most important. Without breathing, life is impossible in any of its manifestations. If a malfunction occurs and the flow of oxygen into the blood becomes difficult, the consequences can be very dire.

Diseases that cause panting or other abnormal breathing in a cow can almost always be successfully treated. The decisive factor here is a timely visit to a veterinarian, who, in most cases, makes an accurate diagnosis after examining the animal and prescribes quality treatment.

It is important to promptly notice if an animal has breathing problems. Any disease is much easier to cure in the earliest stages; in addition, a good doctor will definitely ask how long this symptom has been observed in the cow.

Difficulty breathing in a cow can be caused by various reasons. First of all, it is necessary to exclude the possibility of mechanical damage to the animal’s larynx and the presence of foreign objects, pebbles or twigs in it that could get in with food or water. The mucous membrane of the mouth of these ruminants is not particularly sensitive, so the animal could easily swallow some small object and not even notice.

If there is nothing in the throat, then another possible cause of breathing problems may well be inflammation of the scar. A rumen is an organ of an animal where all swallowed foreign objects move from the pharynx. They can stay there for quite a long time without causing absolutely any harm to the cow. But since ruminant animals chew the incoming food several times, swallowing it, and then periodically regurgitating it into the oral cavity for repeated chewing, the animal may well spit out foreign things on its own. However, if nails, wire or other sharp and dangerous objects are caught, they can pierce and damage the animal’s internal organs, including the rumen. This will cause an inflammatory process in the body, which is often accompanied by heavy and rapid breathing.

The type of breathing in cows also matters. Based on whether it is thoracic, abdominal or mixed, many diseases that are accompanied by altered breathing can be excluded.

In a healthy animal, the respiratory rate depends on age, sex and body weight. For example, newborn calves take 50-75 breaths per minute, a heifer of childbearing age makes 27-30, and adult bulls weighing more than a hundredweight make 10 to 30.

A cow breathes heavily most often due to diseases of the pulmonary system. However, the cause may also be other diseases that cause severe swelling of the animal’s internal organs. Allergies in cattle are also quite often accompanied by rapid and difficult breathing, sometimes even whistling or wheezing.

If the cow’s condition is alarming, then it is better not to tempt fate and immediately consult a doctor. Difficulty breathing can be a symptom of quite terrible diseases, which, without appropriate treatment, can lead to the death of the animal.

How to treat a runny nose in a calf

If a calf is coughing, most likely these are signs of pneumonia. Therefore, a completely legitimate question arises: “Why do these symptoms occur and how to treat young animals?” Runny nose. Discharge from the eyes. Treatment of bronchitis in a few lechenieixoqadyg.millionmaek.run and flunixin fulminant effect. How to treat a runny nose in a cow. Keratitis in the calf. Differential diagnosis of rhinitis in a calf. 1.1 Symptoms. How to treat a runny nose in a cow. 1 Salmonellosis. Pneumonia and bronchopneumonia in calves. Date of publication: 03/02/2017. Treatment of diarrhea in calves. The vet then scared me of pneumonia! But that’s all. thank God it worked out now How to treat a persistent runny nose. How to treat a runny nose in a calf 5 10 30. Video embedded Instruction (runny nose). Cough in cows should be treated Cough in cows and calves: causes, treatment In cattle, like people, there are various causes. How can you treat a runny nose in the 1st trimester of pregnancy A runny nose during pregnancy is a fairly common problem. With atony of the proventriculus in cattle, contractions of the rumen, mesh, and book sections weaken or stop. Added May 30, 2016, 02:54. Pneumonia in calves can only be treated by a veterinarian! What to do in such a situation and how to treat it, because a cough does not always mean a cold. Treatment of cough in calves. Published: 03/06/2017. Runny nose. The disease can occur acutely, subacutely and chronically. Bronchopneumonia in calves is treatable. Snot in calves. Make sure that fresh air enters the room where the cattle are kept. The calf has a loud intracellular belly. Etiology. Keratitis in a calf. Preventive measures. The yeast is promptly closed, amazingly irradiated throughout or under the ivory Cause of bronchopneumonia in calves - a cold against the background of a general weakening of the immune system. Treatment of pneumonia. Bug-eyed. Registered: November 15, 2014, 08:26 Messages: 1675 From: Tambov region. Skin and brain damage. Prevention and treatment of cough in calves. Treatment should begin as quickly as possible, which is why it is advised to immediately contact a veterinarian.

Worms in calves: symptoms, treatment

Worms in calves are a signal to begin immediate appropriate treatment. It may be hard to believe, but worms are quite capable of causing the death of a calf by poisoning it with the substances they secrete, or by tightly occupying and clogging the lungs and bronchi of the poor animal, suffocating it.

So, what are the signs of worm infestation in calves?

First, there is a dramatic change in the calf's digestive activity. It could be constipation (or, with equal probability, severe diarrhea). The calf usually has a distended belly. In addition, the smell of calf urine changes, it becomes sharp and unpleasant. A perverted appetite may also be observed (this phrase refers to any attempts by an animal to eat something inedible, starting, for example, with small pebbles, and ending with its own excrement. But a perverted appetite is not necessarily an attempt to eat something inappropriate; it often manifests itself and as usual licking something that is clearly inedible). and for normal food - lack of appetite or its sharp decrease).

Animals of our planet. Part 43, page 18

Pneumonia in calves

X POSSIBILITIES OF ACUTE PNEUMONIA ARE SEVERE COUGH AND LOSS OF APPETITE. In this case, the CALF'S BREATHING IS DIFFICULT and INTENSIVE.

4 LESS OBVIOUS DISEASE

THERE IS ANOTHER HEALTH DISEASE THAT GIVES SYMPTOMS SIMILAR TO PNEUMONIA, AND IS FOUND IN OLDER CALVES GRAZING IN THE NATURE. THIS DAMAGE BY THE SO-CALLED LUNWWORM OCCURS WHEN LUNWWORM LARVA, LIVING IN COW DURING, ENTER AN ANIMAL WITH GRASS. INSIDE THE CALF, THE LARVAES DEVELOP INTO A WORM, WHICH LOCATES IN THE LUNGS, CAUSING THE SYMPTOMS LISTED. Fortunately, cows CAN BE VACCINED against lungworm.

In addition, the cause of cough in cows and calves can be an even more serious disease - tuberculosis. With such a diagnosis, it is quite difficult to treat the disease, and in most cases this disease leads to death.

A rare wet cough in cows and calves may be the first sign of a very common pulmonary helminthiasis among cattle - dictyocaulosis. Animals tolerate this invasion very hard, and getting rid of it can take quite a long time.

Treatment of cough in calves

21:38:00 — Mikhail: We have three calves about 4 months old, two of them are coughing. I have absolutely no experience in treatment, please tell me how to treat it. The cough could be from worms or bronchitis.

00:04:36 — Victor: Only this file hosting service contains the treatment of cough in calves and, in addition, in addition, there is a ton of diverse programs, well, at least methods of treating tobacco smoking and 9385 other programs.

09:11:46 — Vadim. antimicrobial drug Farmazin in the treatment of bronchopneumonia in calves. Bronchopneumonia in calves was acute and was characterized by increased body temperature, decreased appetite, cough, shortness of breath, and serous swelling.

12:19:54 — Joseph: It’s worth doing this, if only because for the treatment of most diseases, serums have been created that can be used to help the cattle. When calves become ill, the temperature rises, a runny nose appears, and sometimes a cough.

Viral respiratory diseases are very similar to each other in their manifestations. And also because all of them cannot be treated. True, you can use antibiotic injections to prevent the development of a secondary infection and thereby help the animal recover faster.

Strictly speaking, if your animal is sneezing and coughing, it would be a good idea to conduct an analysis to find out what kind of infection has taken root in it. It’s worth doing this, if only because serums have been created to treat most diseases, with which you can help the cattle. And for those who work on livestock farms, it is not harmful to know what kind of infection he can carry both to work and home.

Lambs and foals with parainfluenza have conjunctivitis, discharge of mucopurulent secretion from the nostrils. In lambs, the appetite remains, but in foals it sharply decreases.

Cough in cows and calves: causes, treatment

In cattle, like people, there are various causes of coughing - from mild colds to more severe and serious illnesses. To identify them, it is better to contact a veterinarian, but the use of some remedies that help treat the disease will help the animal.

Why does a cough appear?

Methods and means of treatment

It should be noted that for effective and successful treatment it is necessary to reliably verify a particular diagnosis. At the first signs of cough in cows or calves, the only thing the owner can do is to promptly isolate the cattle from the rest of the herd and minimize contact with other animals or people. As noted above, cough can cause both minor illnesses and diseases that are dangerous to humans. By contacting a veterinarian, you must ensure all the requirements and fulfill the conditions for further treatment.

For bronchitis and pneumonia, novocaine blockade of the stellate ganglion is mainly used. Also, drugs such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and farmazin are used to treat. In addition, you must use:

Warming procedures.
Various warm compresses.
Rubbing with turpentine.
Inhalation.
Magnetotherapy.

It is widely used as a treatment for cows and calves to make a decoction of coltsfoot or thyme. Their beneficial effect on the body will normalize the production of mucus in the bronchi and strengthen the general condition of the body. These decoctions have antiseptic and antibacterial properties, which also has a positive effect on the condition of a sick cow or calf. Ammonium chloride and baking soda should be added to the food and given 2-3 times a day.

Particular attention is paid to the treatment of helminthiasis. In this case, treatment must be based on the recommendations of a veterinarian, and a special course requires the use of special medications, the choice of which is carried out individually depending on the stage of development of the disease.

Catarrhal rhinitis(Rhinitis catarrhalis)

Catarrhal rhinitis- inflammation of the nasal mucosa, accompanied by effusion of serous, serous-mucous and serous-purulent exudate, increased sensitivity of receptors, narrowing of the nasal passages, sometimes desquamation of the epithelium and often respiratory failure.

Etiology. Primary rhinitis occurs under unfavorable temperature and humidity conditions in livestock buildings, high air saturation with ammonia (above 0.0026%) and other irritating gases.

A major role in the development of rhinitis is played by hypothermia of the body due to the accelerated movement of air, especially humid air, lying of animals on metal grates, bitumen, damp wooden floors and ladders without bedding, as well as damp soil, inhalation of dust during long movements of animals; prolonged use of antibiotics and other drugs (allergic rhinitis), one-time use of incompatible substances; accumulation in the external environment of a “critical” amount of saprophytic microflora, a peculiar combination of various microorganisms and fungi. Some researchers have noted massive rhinitis in animals when they inhale flower dust while eating fresh hay, which resembles an allergic reaction.

Pathogenesis. Under the influence of various irritants, inflammation of the nasal mucosa develops. Swelling and desquamation of epithelial cells occur, the excitability of receptors increases, the secretion of mucous glands intensifies and becomes distorted, and a significant amount of waste products of microorganisms and tissue breakdown penetrates the lymphatic and circulatory systems. Absorbed products lead to an increase in anatomically connected lymph nodes, contribute to disruption of thermoregulation and heat production, sometimes blood and lymph circulation in the brain, negatively affect the respiratory and cardiovascular centers, and the digestibility of feed.

Inflammation can continue to the frontal and maxillary sinuses, conjunctiva, pharynx and larynx, cause oxygen deficiency, be complicated by aspiration pneumonia, and then gangrene of the lungs.

With secondary and symptomatic rhinitis, complications associated with the underlying disease occur.

Symptoms Animals often lick their lips and nasal openings. In patients, serous nasal discharge appears on the first and second days, and on the 3-4th day it becomes serous-purulent and purulent. The discharge often dries out and sticks to the skin of the nasal openings. The submandibular and sometimes retropharyngeal lymph nodes are enlarged in volume, have a higher temperature than the surrounding tissues, and are painful on palpation. The nasal mucosa is hyperemic and swollen, making breathing difficult. When the nasal passages are severely narrowed, animals breathe through their mouths, and sometimes as a result of impaired gas exchange, suffocation occurs. Conjunctivitis often develops with severe photophobia and profuse secretion of tears, caused by narrowing of the nasolacrimal canal and toxoreflex vasodilation. When rhinitis is complicated by frontal sinusitis, sinusitis or pharyngitis, the clinical picture is supplemented by signs characteristic of damage to these organs.

Flow. Acute rhinitis, with rare exceptions, ends with recovery after 8-12 days, chronic rhinitis lasts for months.

Pathological and anatomical changes. In the nasal cavity, mucous or mucopurulent exudate, redness and ulceration are found. The submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes are often enlarged. As the process spreads, changes are expressed in adjacent tissues and organs.

Treatment. Eliminate the cause of the disease, create a diet of easily digestible, carbohydrate-rich feed, which is moistened before feeding. The sick animal is transferred to a special room, where (in case of inflammation with reduced secretion of the mucous glands) the relative air humidity is increased to 95% by spraying water, spraying water with the addition of bactericidal and anesthetic active substances (antibiotics, norsulfazole, menthol, cameton, etc. ).

If secretion is abundant, reduce air humidity to 40-50%.

In livestock complexes, the entire section or pen, covered with plastic film, is filled with aerosols using SAG-1, SAG-2 or DAG. Patients are kept in such rooms for up to 30 minutes, after which the concentration of aerosols is reduced or the animals are removed. Seriously ill patients are provided with additional therapeutic assistance; in case of difficulty breathing, the mucous membrane is lubricated with iodine glycerin, accumulated exudate and crusts are removed from the nasal passages, then a 3-5% solution of menthol in petroleum jelly, a 2% solution of anesthesin, and antibiotics are administered through an irrigator or powder blower. ,25-2% solution of novocaine, 2% solution of tannin. They use steam inhalation with soda, give analgin, and administer antibiotics intramuscularly. For infectious rhinitis, patients are isolated, disinfected and given specific treatment.

Prevention. Avoid hypothermia and inhalation of irritating substances, and remove manure regularly. Particular attention is paid to nutritious feeding, and do not use incompatible substances that cause allergies. In order to prevent complications, medical care is provided in a timely and correct manner.

Rhinitis(Rhinitis) - inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. Rhinitis is classified according to the nature of the inflammatory process into catarrhal, lobar and follicular, according to its course - into acute and chronic, and according to its origin - into primary and secondary. Animals of all types are affected, but more often young animals. Catarrhal rhinitis is usually recorded; croupous (fibrous) and follicular rhinitis are observed relatively less frequently, mainly among horses.

Etiology. The occurrence of rhinitis is caused by violations of the technology of keeping and feeding animals. In pigs and cattle, rhinitis occurs in most cases due to exposure to mechanical, thermal or chemical irritants on the nasal mucosa (inhalation of dust during dry feeding, air saturated with ammonia or hot steam, eating uncooled feed, feeding silage immediately after treatment with ammonia water and etc.). In sheep and horses, rhinitis is often observed when driving along dusty roads in dry, hot weather.

Rhinitis can be caused by colds (drafts, dampness, etc.).

In the occurrence of croupous and follicular rhinitis, paramount importance is given to pathogenic microflora (streptococci, staphylococci, viruses) and the allergic state of the body.

Inadequate feeding, in particular a lack of carotene or retinol in the diet, unsanitary condition of the premises (increased bacterial air pollution, etc.) predispose to the development of rhinitis.

Pathogenesis. Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose is accompanied by swelling and accumulation of exudate in the nasal passages, which makes it difficult for air to pass into the lungs and contributes to the development of respiratory failure. Inflammatory products and microbial toxins are absorbed from the inflamed mucous membrane into the blood and lymph, causing intoxication, which may be accompanied by general depression and an increase in body temperature. If the causes of the disease are not eliminated and treatment is not carried out, the inflammatory process can spread to the mucous membranes of the accessory cavities, pharynx, and larynx.

Symptoms. With typical acute catarrhal rhinitis in animals, slight general depression is observed, body temperature is normal or increased by 0.5-1 ° C, appetite is preserved or slightly decreased. Animals sneeze, snort, and sometimes rub their noses against the feeder and walls. Breathing is wheezing, sometimes whistling, inhalation and exhalation are prolonged. When examining the nose, a serous discharge is noticeable at first, and then a muco-catarrhal discharge; sometimes the nasal openings are clogged with dried crusts of exudate, the mucous membrane is reddened and swollen. If the course is favorable, the animals recover in 5-10 days.

Chronic catarrhal rhinitis is characterized by a long course, periodic exacerbations, emaciation and decreased performance of animals. The nasal mucosa is pale, atrophied, and has erosions, areas of ulceration, and connective tissue scars.

With croupous and follicular rhinitis, severe general depression is observed, appetite is lost, body temperature rises, mixed shortness of breath appears, swelling and tenderness of the submandibular lymph nodes are often observed; Often, in addition to the mucous membrane of the nasal passages, the skin around the nostrils is also affected. In addition, croupous rhinitis is characterized by pronounced hyperemia and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages with the appearance of gray-yellow or yellow-red fibrinous deposits, after peeling of which bleeding erosions are clearly visible. With follicular rhinitis of horses, on the heavily hyperemic and edematous nasal mucosa, after 2-3 days, multiple, closely spaced, round-shaped nodules, bright red or pale yellow in color, 2-3 mm in size, appear after 2-3 days. Subsequently, the nodules acquire a yellow color and can merge into a continuous plaque. After removing the plaque, surface erosions are discovered.

If the course of the disease is favorable, if medical care is provided and the causes that caused the disease are eliminated, patients with lobar and follicular rhinitis recover within 2-3 weeks.

Treatment. When animals with rhinitis appear on the farm, the causes that caused the disease or contributed to its occurrence are eliminated. Particular attention is paid to maintaining temperature and humidity conditions in the premises, eliminating drafts, providing animals with bedding, and eliminating excess ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the air. Avoid dusty and strong-smelling foods from the diet. They ensure strict compliance with the rules for processing feed with ammonia water.

For catarrhal rhinitis, the mucous membranes of the nasal passages are irrigated with a 0.25% solution of novocaine, a 3% solution of boric acid, a 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate, a 2% solution of zinc sulfate or a 2% solution of menthol in vegetable oil. . Dried crusts of exudate are removed with a damp cotton swab moistened with the indicated solutions.

For chronic rhinitis, the mucous membranes of the nasal passages are irrigated once a day for a week with a 1% solution of silver nitrate or zinc chloride.

For lobar and follicular rhinitis, in parallel with local treatment, a course of antibiotics or sulfonamide drugs is carried out (see treatment of bronchopneumonia).

Prevention consists of following the rules of technology for raising, keeping and feeding animals. Particular attention is paid to eliminating factors that irritate the mucous membranes (dusty, hot, strong-smelling food, ammonia-saturated air, etc.).

Catarrhal rhinitis (Rhinitis catarrhalis) is an inflammation of the nasal mucosa, characterized by effusion of serous, serous-mucosal and serous-purulent exudate, increased sensitivity of receptors, narrowing of the nasal passages, sometimes desquamation of the epithelium and often respiratory failure.

Animals of all types are affected, most often young ones. In case of violation of technological standards at specialized complexes for raising and fattening calves, fattening and reproductive pig farms, sheep and rabbit farms.

Etiology. Primary rhinitis in animals occurs as a result of unfavorable factors: high temperature, humidity in the livestock building, high saturation of the air with ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and other gases that irritate the mucous membrane. Keeping animals in unheated rooms without bedding. The appearance of rhinitis in animals is facilitated by a sharp change in weather, the presence of drafts in the room, keeping in summer camps in early spring and late autumn, transportation in unprepared and not insulated cars and railway cars, etc.

In cattle and pigs, catarrhal rhinitis can occur as a result of exposure of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages to mechanical, thermal or chemical irritants. (When inhaling dusty dry food, feeding hot food that has not cooled down, inhaling air saturated with ammonia or hydrogen sulfide, feeding silage or straw immediately after treating the feed with ammonia water and other violations of the technology of keeping and feeding animals). In horses and sheep, catarrhal rhinitis can occur as a result of driving animals long distances in dry, hot weather along a dusty road. Catarrhal rhinitis in animals can be caused by prolonged use of antibiotics and other drugs (allergic rhinitis); accumulation in premises for keeping animals of a “critical” amount of saprophytic microflora, a combination of various microorganisms and fungi.

Secondary rhinitis occurs in animals with many infectious diseases (, , and other diseases) and invasive (estrosis, rhinestrosis) diseases. Rhinitis can develop when an animal has lesions of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, the air sac in horses, neoplasms in the nasal cavity, lesions of the pharynx, etc.

Pathogenesis. Under the influence of certain irritants, animals develop inflammation of the nasal mucosa. Swelling and desquamation of epithelial cells occurs in the mucous membrane, the excitability of the receptors increases, and the secretion of the mucous glands increases and becomes distorted. A significant amount of waste products of microorganisms and tissue breakdown penetrate into the lymphatic and circulatory systems. Absorbed products lead to an increase in anatomically connected lymph nodes, causing disruption of thermoregulation and heat production, sometimes blood and lymph circulation in the brain, and negatively affect the respiratory and cardiovascular centers and the digestibility of feed.

Inflammation from the mucous membrane can spread to the frontal and maxillary sinuses, conjunctiva, pharynx and larynx, causing oxygen deficiency in the sick animal, and can be complicated by aspiration pneumonia.

With secondary and symptomatic rhinitis, complications arise in a sick animal that are associated with the presence of an underlying disease in the animal.

Clinical signs. Due to irritation of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, sick animals often snort and sneeze; sheep, goats and dogs shake their heads, rub their noses against surrounding objects, dogs scratch their noses with their paws. Upon visual examination of the nasal mucosa, it is hyperemic, swollen, moist, and has increased sensitivity. As a result of swelling of the nasal mucosa, the nasal passages narrow, and we have the wheezing breath of an animal suffering from rhinitis. With severe narrowing of the nasal passages, the sick animal is forced to breathe through the mouth; in some animals, suffocation may occur due to impaired gas exchange.

On the second day of illness, the sick animal develops a discharge from the nose, which is initially clear and serous; later, as the epithelial cells slough off and the number of leukocytes increases, the discharge becomes thicker, mucous and turbid. In sick animals with reduced body resistance, when rhinitis is complicated by pathogenic microflora, conjunctivitis with hyperemia and swelling of the eyelids, lacrimation, laryngopharyngitis with signs of difficulty swallowing, as well as increased sensitivity of the pharynx and larynx to pressure during palpation may appear. When creating normal conditions for the patient, acute rhinitis goes away in the animal within a few days. If the owners of the animal do not eliminate the causes of the disease, and continue to keep the sick animal in a room with an unfavorable microclimate, on an unbalanced feeding ration and continue to exploit it in the conditions that led to rhinitis, the disease drags on and becomes chronic or can even lead to complications, involving in the inflammatory process - the pharynx, larynx and paranasal sinuses.

Flow. Acute rhinitis, with rare exceptions, ends with recovery within 8-12 days.

Pathological changes. Upon opening, we find mucous or mucopurulent exudate, redness and ulceration in the nasal cavity. The animal's submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes are often enlarged. When the inflammatory process spreads to other organs and tissues, we find corresponding changes in these organs.

Diagnosis diagnosed on the basis of anamnesis and characteristic clinical signs (snorting, sneezing, rubbing the nose on various objects or paws, hyperemia and swelling of the nasal mucosa and the discharge of catarrhal exudate from it).

Differential diagnosis. During differential diagnosis, a veterinarian must exclude inflammation of the accessory sinuses of the head (sinusitis, frontal sinusitis). Comprehensive diagnostic studies are carried out to exclude infectious and invasive diseases occurring with symptoms of rhinitis (, , etc.) and invasive diseases (estrosis, rhinestrosis) occurring with signs of rhinitis.

Treatment. Treatment begins with eliminating the cause of rhinitis. Animal owners should pay special attention to compliance with temperature and humidity standards in the room, eliminate existing drafts, provide sick animals with bedding, and take measures to eliminate excess concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the air. Owners must release working animals from work and keep them in moderately warm, clean, draft-free rooms. Dusty and strongly odorous foods are excluded from the feeding diet. It is necessary to constantly monitor the cleanliness of feeders and drinkers.

With a favorable course of acute catarrhal rhinitis, if the owners of the animal promptly eliminated the causes of the disease, the sick animal usually recovers in a few days and without drug treatment.

In order to alleviate hyperemia, swelling, exudation of the nasal mucosa and prevent further spread of the inflammatory process in the nasal mucosa, sick animals are given inhalations of menthol, water vapor with the addition of sodium bicarbonate or douching of the nasal cavity (2-3 times a day) with disinfectants, astringents or anesthetics : 0.25% solution of novocaine, 0.2% solution of ethacridine, 0.5% solution of tannin, 3% solution of boric acid, 5% solution of sodium bicarbonate, 2% solution of zinc sulfate or menthol in vegetable oil. Dogs can be pipetted into the nostrils with a 1% solution of menthol in fish oil.

In the initial stages of acute catarrhal rhinitis, finely sprayed powders of streptocide, sulfadimezine, norsulfazole, etazol or bismuth nitrate are injected alternately, first into one and then after a few minutes into the other nasal passage. To treat rhinitis, various proprietary products are used strictly in accordance with the attached instructions (ointments, solutions, aerosols).

Prevention rhinitis should be aimed at observing the technology of growing, keeping and feeding animals. Animal owners must constantly pay attention to preventing and eliminating cold-related factors, take measures to comply with existing standards for air exchange in premises, and normal operation of ventilation.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

EE "Grodno State Agrarian University"

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Department of Obstetrics and Therapy

Course work

On the topic: “Acute catarrhal rhinitis in a calf”

Completed by: 6th year group 1A student

Rybak N. N.

Checked by: Senko A.V.

Grodno 2015

rhinitis calf diagnosis prevention

Introduction

Literature review

Definition of disease

Anatomical and physiological data of the organ where the pathological process develops

Etiology

Pathogenesis

Clinical picture

Differential diagnosis

Preventive actions

Conclusion

Introduction

Literature review

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer of the nose, and in severe cases, damage to the sebaceous glands and lymphatic follicles around the nose. [Internal non-communicable diseases of animals/A. M. Kolesov, A. A. Kabysh, P. S. Ionov and others; Ed. A. M. Kolesova. - L.] (3)

Acute catarrhal rhinitis is a disease of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer of the nose, characterized by serous and serous-purulent discharge from the nasal cavities. [Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals/B. M. Anokhin, V. M. Danilevsky, L. G. Zamarin and others; Ed. V. M. Danilevsky. -M.](4)

Nasal cartilage - ensures constant gaping of the nasal openings, creating the necessary conditions for the free passage of air, both during inhalation and exhalation. [Internal non-contagious diseases of farm animals/I. G. Sharabrin, V. A. Alikaev, L. G. Zamarin and others; Ed. I. G. Sharabrina. -M.](5)

The nasal septum is based on hyaline cartilage, which is a rostral continuation of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone. Rostrally, the nasal septum projects beyond the anterior ends of the nasal bones. With its dorsal edge it is attached to the nasal bones (partly also to the frontal bones), and with its ventral, thickened edge, it is immersed in the vomer groove. [Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. -Ed. prof. A. M. Kolesova. - M](7)

Infectious rhinotracheitis - elevated temperature up to 42 ° C, hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the nose, pharynx, larynx, the disease is also accompanied by damage to the gastrointestinal tract, and with acute catarrhal rhinitis - body temperature remains normal. [Internal non-communicable diseases of cattle - Ed. P. S. Ionova. - M.](2)

Definition of disease

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer of the nose, and in severe cases, damage to the sebaceous glands and lymphatic follicles around the nose.

Rhinitis is classified:

according to the nature of the inflammatory process:

Catarrhal,

Purulent,

Croupous,

Follicular;

downstream - to:

Subacute,

Chronic;

by origin to:

Primary,

Secondary.

Animals of all ages are affected, but more often young animals. Usually registered:

Catarrhal rhinitis,

Purulent rhinitis,

Croupous (fibrous) rhinitis.

In this case, during the study of the supervised animal, a heifer, a diagnosis was made: acute catarrhal rhinitis - a disease of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer of the nose, characterized by serous and serous-purulent discharge from the nasal cavities.

Anatomical and physiological data of the organ where the pathological process developed

The nasal cavity (cavum nasi) is divided into the vestibule and the proper nasal cavity, divided by the nasal septum into two symmetrical halves. The vestibule of the nose is covered with skin that passes into the mucous membrane. In the fold of the bottom of the nasal vestibule, at the border with the skin, there is a slit-like nasolacrimal opening, which opens the nasolacrimal duct, which drains lacrimal fluid from the conjunctival sac. Tears and secretions from the nasal glands, evaporating, saturate the inhaled air with moisture.

Nasal cartilage - ensures constant gaping of the nasal openings, creating the necessary conditions for the free passage of air, both during inhalation and exhalation.

In front of the nasal bones, from the dorsal and ventral edges of the cartilaginous nasal septum, the dorsal and ventral lateral cartilages of the nose extend on both sides. Together with the rostral end of the nasal septum, they form the cartilaginous framework of the nasal vestibule. The wings of the nose are based on the pterygoid cartilages. In the ventral part of the wing, additional lateral and medial nasal cartilages are expressed.

The nasal cavity itself is lined with a smooth mucous membrane on the nasal septum and with numerous folds in the form of turbinates and cells of the olfactory labyrinth on the lateral wall and in the region of the root of the nose. The basis of the shells and the olfactory labyrinth are thin, simple, rolled into tubes bone plates and their cartilaginous additions - the bone shells and the labyrinth of the ethmoid bone. By the turbinates, each half of the nasal cavity is divided into four nasal passages - dorsal, median, ventral and common.

The dorsal nasal passage is olfactory, located between the vault of the nasal cavity and the dorsal turbinate; caudally it leads into the ethmoid labyrinth.

The middle meatus is mixed, passing between the dorsal and ventral conchae. It leads into the choanae, into the fissures of the olfactory labyrinth and into the paranasal sinuses. The largest of the cells of the olfactory labyrinth divides the posterior section of the nasal passage into dorsal and ventral knees.

The ventral nasal passage is the respiratory passage and the widest. It is located between the ventral concha and the floor of the nasal cavity. Opens caudally into the choanae.

The common nasal passage is mixed, passes between the nasal septum and the medial surfaces of the nasal concha and the olfactory labyrinth. It connects all three nasal passages and passes caudally into the nasopharyngeal passage and continues through the choana into the nasopharynx.

The dorsal nasal passage is olfactory, the ventral one is respiratory, the middle and general ones are mixed. These differences are reflected in the features of the histological structure of the mucous membrane, in which there is an olfactory region containing olfactory cells and olfactory glands, and a respiratory region lined with ciliated epithelium. In front of the dorsal concha, the mucous membrane forms a straight fold), which is directed to the vestibule of the nose, and in front of the ventral concha there are two diverging folds, of which the ventral fold is the main one, disappears in the vestibule of the nose, and the alar fold running more dorsally disappears in the wall of the nasal wing.

The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity contains numerous nasal glands, and under the mucous membrane there is a dense venous plexus, with the help of which the inhaled air is moistened and warmed.

From the anterior part of the ventral nasal meatus, the incisive canal leads into the oral cavity, where it opens to the side of the incisive papilla. The vomeronasal organ, in turn, opens into the incisive canal, which is a thin tube of mucous membrane located in the cartilaginous frame along the ventral edge of the nasal septum from the canine to the 3rd - 4th molar.

Etiology

The occurrence of rhinitis is caused by violations of the technology of keeping and feeding animals. In cattle, rhinitis occurs due to exposure to mechanical, thermal and chemical irritants on the nasal mucosa (inhalation of dust during dry feeding, air saturated with ammonia or hot steam, eating uncooled feed, feeding silage immediately after treatment with ammonia water, etc.).

The cause of rhinitis can be cold-related factors (drafts, cement floors without bedding, being in the rain for a long time, dampness in the room, etc.).

Predispose to the appearance of rhinitis is a lack of carotene or vitamin A in the diet, the unsanitary condition of the premises (increased bacterial air pollution), etc.

In this case, the cause of the disease was a discrepancy between the microclimate parameters of the room and the regulatory data (increased ammonia content, low room temperature and high humidity, drafts). It should be noted that there is a possible deficiency of carotene and nutrients in the diet.

Pathogenesis

In the development of inflammation, etiological factors, the state of the microflora of the respiratory tract and its virulence are of decisive importance. Typically, inflammation is manifested by the following symptoms: swelling and accumulation of exudate in the nasal passages, which makes it difficult for air to pass into the lungs and contributes to the development of respiratory failure.

Inflammation occurs in 3 stages, which do not follow one another, but overlap each other. The trigger mechanism is tissue damage and contamination with microorganisms. Direct tissue damage (primary alteration) causes the breakdown of cellular elements, as a result of which the concentration of molecules and oncotic pressure in the inflammatory focus increases, and biologically active substances are formed that have a vasodilator effect (acetylcholine), chemotaxis (leukotatsin) and the properties of biostimulants (triphons).

The combination of these factors causes inflammatory hyperemia, blood stasis, vascular thrombosis, exudative changes, emigration of blood cells, which enhance and qualitatively change degenerative-necrotic processes, creating a picture of secondary alteration. Rejection and desquamation of epithelial cells or their entire layers are observed. Dystrophic changes are expressed in metabolic disorders in cells, pathological infiltration, transformation, decomposition.

Under the influence of biologically active substances formed during the alteration period, the second stage of inflammation develops - exudation, which in the broad sense of the word means the entire complex of vascular changes observed during inflammation. These changes boil down to inflammatory hyperemia, actual exudation and emigration.

Inflammatory hyperemia, that is, overflow of the blood vessels of the inflammatory focus, is the initial moment in the chain of exudative changes. The mechanism of development of inflammatory hyperemia is neuro-reflex. Under the influence of a pathogenic factor, a short-term spasm of blood vessels first occurs due to stimulation of the most sensitive vasoconstrictor nerves (vasoconstrictors). Their subsequent paralysis and stimulation of the vasodilator nerves (vasodilators) determine the expansion of arterial vessels, increased arterial blood flow, and an increase in local temperature in the inflammatory focus. The ensuing paralysis of vasodilators leads to a slowdown in blood flow in dilated vessels and the occurrence of thrombosis and stasis, as well as a change in the colloidal state of the vascular wall. Similar changes occur in the lymphatic vessels, where the phenomena of accelerating lymph flow and slowing it down to complete lymphostasis alternate successively.

Impaired blood and lymph circulation in the vessels leads to blocking of outflow pathways, accumulation of various metabolic products in them, which have a toxic effect on the tissue and changes in the distribution of blood cells inside the vessels (marginal position of leukocytes), and the subsequent development of inflammatory edema.

Exudation itself is a consequence of inflammatory hyperemia, since the dilation of blood vessels determines the thinning of their wall, which, together with a change in its colloidal state, the influence of toxic metabolic products and ionic shifts in the focus of inflammation, contributes to an increase in vascular permeability. At the beginning, the permeability of the vascular wall is insignificant and water, salts, and small protein molecules, that is, substances that form blood serum, penetrate through it. This creates the picture of inflammatory edema. With a further increase in vascular permeability and provided that the body's protective reactions are well expressed, leukocytes migrate from the vessels, which form a barrier around the pathological focus and thereby prevent the penetration of microbes into the depths of the tissues of the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi. The release of leukocytes is also facilitated by an even greater slowdown in blood flow due to increased blood viscosity and chemotaxis, as well as potential differences. Granular leukocytes, which have the property of independent amoeba-like movement, are most capable of emigration.

It should be borne in mind that the cellular elements of the exudate can not only be of hematogenous origin, but also be formed from local reticuloendothelial elements (macrophages), that is, they can be of histogenic origin. In addition, irritation of the nerve receptors of the mucous membranes is accompanied by hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells.

A component of the exudate are also melting products and rejected elements of the mucous membrane.

The reproduction of local tissue elements is called proliferation; this is the 3rd stage of inflammation. The source of proliferation is predominantly connective tissue - reticular cells, endothelium and vascular perithelium, histiocytes, fibroblasts, fibrocytes. The reason for the proliferation of cells in the inflammatory focus is the abundance of nutrients and biological stimulants formed during alteration and exudation. In the initial phase of inflammation, proliferation can be suppressed by alternative phenomena, but then the protective function of newly formed cells becomes more and more apparent (phagocytosis, adsorption of foreign particles and decay products, neutralization of toxic substances). Proliferate acts as a barrier between the site of inflammation and undamaged tissue, which is expressed in the formation of a demarcation zone.

The initial phase of proliferation is characterized by the massive formation of the youngest forms of connective tissue cells - round cell elements, the rate of reproduction of which is so intense that they do not have time to differentiate. Subsequently, with a slower rate of reproduction, they are transformed into more mature forms - epithelioid cells. At the final stage of inflammation, multiplying cells are a source of regeneration, form blood vessels, restore nerve connections, and replace atrophied and dead cells.

Clinical picture

In the acute course of catarrhal rhinitis, the most characteristic symptoms are: slight general depression, body temperature is normal or increased by 0.5 - 1 degree, appetite is preserved or slightly decreased.

The animal sneezes, snorts, and sometimes rubs its nose on the feeder and walls. Breathing is wheezing, sometimes whistling, inhalation and exhalation are prolonged. When examining the nose, there is noticeable serous discharge from the nasal cavity, the mucous membrane is red and swollen.

On percussion of the chest, the sound is clear pulmonary. In uncomplicated rhinitis, cardiac activity is not impaired.

When examining the heifer, the following clinical signs were noted: the general condition of the animal was depressed, decreased appetite, mixed shortness of breath, rapid breathing, cough. When percussing the lungs, there is a clear pulmonary sound. Serous discharge was observed from the nasal openings. Body temperature is within normal limits. No local increase in temperature was observed. Superficial lymph nodes are not enlarged and have an elastic consistency.

When making a diagnosis, anamnestic data, the results of clinical, radiological and laboratory tests are taken into account. Take into account the parameters of the microclimate in the premises for animals, conditions of keeping and feeding.

In the heifer, the diagnosis of rhinitis was established on the basis of medical history (fell ill 4 days ago, there was slight mucus discharge from the nasal cavity, shortness of breath); based on clinical studies (sneezing, snorting, wheezing, inhalation and exhalation are prolonged). When percussing the lungs, a clear pulmonary sound is noted. As well as data from hematological studies.

Differential diagnosis

Rhinitis must be differentiated from:

1. Sinusitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus.

2. Frontitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus.

The differential diagnosis also excludes diseases of infectious etiology that are similar in clinical picture: (infectious rhinotracheitis, infectious bronchitis, influenza, parainfluenza and adenoviral infections) - in the clinical picture of infectious diseases, as a rule, there is an increase in body temperature, enlarged lymph nodes, and symptoms specific to these diseases .

Adenoviral infections - elevated temperature up to 41.5 ° C, lacrimation, serous discharge from the nose, cough, difficulty breathing and diarrhea; with rhinitis - normal body temperature and no gastrointestinal disorders are observed.

Influenza - depression of the animal, refusal to feed, conjunctivitis, serous discharge from the nose, rapid and difficult breathing, there may be edema and inflammation of the lungs, and with rhinitis, conjunctivitis, edema and inflammation of the lungs will not be observed.

In this particular case, taking into account the correctness of the treatment, the improvement (in the clinic) of the conditions of keeping and feeding the animal, the disappearance of the characteristic symptoms of the disease during treatment, and the absence of complications, the prognosis can be defined as favorable.

However, it should be taken into account that if an animal is untimely or improperly treated, the acute course may become chronic or be complicated by other diseases.

Treatment of animals must be carried out in a timely and comprehensive manner using etiotropic, pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy, as well as physiotherapy. It is also necessary to remember that it is not the disease that needs to be treated, but the sick animal, taking into account its characteristics.

Treatment must always begin with the elimination of the causes that caused it, that is, with the elimination of the external and internal etiological factor. For this purpose, the microclimate parameters of the livestock premises are improved (brought into compliance with zoohygienic standards). Animals are placed in a warm, moderately humid, well-ventilated, but draft-free room. It is necessary to prescribe a diet that excludes dry bulk and irritating feed (compound feed, non-granulated grass meal, chaff, cut straw, etc.). It is recommended to feed animals with easily digestible feed, rich in vitamin and mineral complexes, if possible of a liquid or semi-liquid consistency and always warm.

Considering that inflammation is maintained due to opportunistic microflora populating the respiratory tract, general antibiotic therapy should be prescribed. Antibiotics should be prescribed after determining the sensitivity of the microflora to them. Benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, kanamycin, lincomycin, gentamicin, oxacillin, polymyxin are used. The first injection is carried out in a loading dose (double) to quickly create a high concentration of the drug in the body. It is advisable to combine antibiotics with sulfonamide drugs. This combination enhances the antibacterial activity of both drugs.

In case of violations of other organs and systems, or the appearance of any new nonspecific symptoms, various means of symptomatic therapy are prescribed.

The heifer was treated using the following drugs: enrotim, oligovit, sidimin, calcium borogluconate.

Calcium borgluconate (Calcii borgluconas) is a homogeneous, transparent, odorless liquid with a sour taste. This is a complex preparation containing in 1 liter of water: 210.5 g of calcium gluconate, 18.5 g of boric acid, 13.1 g of sodium tetraborate and 2 g of phenol.

It has a desensitizing, anti-inflammatory, antitoxic effect. Stimulates metabolic processes, increases the reactivity of adrenergic innervation.

Used for allergic reactions to prevent the development of edema; for the treatment of inflammatory and exudative processes, eczematous dermatitis, pneumonia, endometritis, etc.

It is administered intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intravenously in doses: cattle - 250-500 ml. Repeated administration is prescribed after 12 hours.

Oligovit is one of the complex multivitamin-mineral preparations. The composition of active ingredients is similar to Complivit.

Contains: retinol, cholecalciferol, thiamine chloride, riboflavin, nicotinamide, ascorbic acid, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, tocopherol acetate, calcium phosphate, sodium fluoride, iron sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, cobalt sulfate, zinc sulfate, molybdenum, potassium sulfate.

Sedimin is a complex preparation containing macro- and microelements. They participate in the development of skin and hair, in the formation of the musculoskeletal system; they correct the osmotic pressure and the buffering capacity of the systems indirectly through other biologically active substances associated with the exchange of hydrogen ions; regulate water balance and urine formation processes; influence the processes of digestion and absorption of nutrients and are necessary for the vital activity of rumen microorganisms; participate in the formation and conduction of nerve impulses, in the processes of excitability and contractility of smooth and striated muscles; provide conditions for the manifestation of the highest activity of vitamins, enzymes and hormones; participate in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, in the neutralization of most toxic substances of exogenous and endogenous origin; maintain the structure and stability of nucleic acids, RNA and DNA; have a decisive influence on productivity, reproduction and natural resistance.

Enrotimi is an antimicrobial drug with high antimicrobial activity.

Rp.: Sol. Calcii Borglucanatis - 200ml

Yes. Signa. Subcutaneously. 10 ml per injection.

Rp.: Oligoviti - 100ml

Yes. Signa. Intramuscularly. 3 ml per injection once every 5 days.

Rp.: Sedimini - 200ml

Yes. Signa. Intramuscularly. 5 ml per injection 1 time every 5 days.

Rp.: Sol. Enrotimi - 5% - 100ml

Yes. Signa. Intramuscularly. 5ml 1 time per day.

As a result of the treatment, the outcome of acute catarrhal rhinitis in the heifer was an improvement in the general clinical condition. On auscultation there is no wheezing or cough. He accepts food and water willingly, his appetite is not impaired. No complications were observed.

Preventive actions

Preventive measures to reduce the incidence of bronchitis in young animals come down to carrying out organizational, economic and special veterinary measures aimed at complying with zoohygienic standards for keeping and feeding animals.

1. Conduct a sanitary assessment of the premises and, based on the results of the data obtained, adjust the main parameters of the microclimate in accordance with zoohygienic requirements for the given type and age of animals.

2. Carry out sanitary repairs of the premises.

3. Promptly remove contaminated litter and replace it with new one.

4. Conduct a medical examination of the calf population and identify animals with clinical manifestations of respiratory tract diseases. If possible, sick calves should be isolated or combined into a separate group and treated using the therapeutic agents available on the farm.

5. Adjust the calf diet according to basic indicators.

6. Feed at least 3 times a day.

7. Do not use large amounts of bulk feed.

8. Conduct a feed analysis and make appropriate mineral and vitamin supplements to the diet.

9. Healthy calves should be exercised daily to provide them with sufficient fresh air and ultraviolet radiation.

10. In winter, use local heat sources and ultraviolet irradiation (IKUF-1 lamps) to heat calves.

11. Carry out planned, technological and pre-launch disinfection of the premises.

12. Use drinking water that meets sanitary requirements for watering calves. Avoid drinking cold or contaminated water.

13. Among the means of drug prevention, we can recommend drugs that increase the general nonspecific resistance of the body (iso- or heterogeneous blood, hydrolysine, tissue preparations, vitamins).

Conclusion

Rhinitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer of the nose, and in severe cases, damage to the sebaceous glands and lymphatic follicles around the nose.

Acute catarrhal rhinitis is a disease of the mucous membrane and submucosal layer of the nose, characterized by serous and serous-purulent discharge from the nasal cavities.

The cause of rhinitis can be cold-related factors (drafts, cement floors without bedding, being in the rain for a long time, dampness in the room, etc.).

Rhinitis must be differentiated from:

1. Sinusitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus.

2. Frontitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the frontal sinus.

List of used literature

1. Anatomy of domestic animals/A. I. Akaevsky, Yu. F. Yudachev, N. V. Mikhailov, I. V. Khrustaleva; Under. Ed. A. I. Akaevsky. M: Kolos, 2009. 543 p.

2. Internal non-contagious diseases of cattle - Ed. P. S. Ionova. M. Kolos, 2010. 416 p.

3. Internal non-contagious animal diseases/A. M. Kolesov, A. A. Kabysh, P. S. Ionov and others; Ed. A. M. Kolesova. L.: Kolos, 2011. 544 p.

4. Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals/B. M. Anokhin, V. M. Danilevsky, L. G. Zamarin and others; Ed. V. M. Danilevsky. M.: Agropromizdat, 2009. 575 p.

5. Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals/I. G. Sharabrin, V. A. Alikaev, L. G. Zamarin and others; Ed. I. G. Sharabrina. M.: Agropromizdat, 2008. 527 p.

6. Internal non-communicable diseases of farm animals. Ed. prof. A. M. Kolesova. M.: Kolos, 2010. 520 p.

8. Karput I.M. Hematological atlas of agricultural animals. Mn.: Urajai, 2008. 183 p.

9. Mozgov I. E. Pharmacology. 8th ed., revised. and additional M.: Agropromizdat, 2009. 416 p.

10. Non-communicable diseases of young animals /I. M. Karput, F. F. Porokhov, S. S. Abramov and others; Ed. I. M. Karputya. Mn.: Urajai, 2010. 240 p.

11. Workshop on internal non-communicable diseases of animals /V. M. Danilevsky, I. P. Kondrakhin, A. V. Korobov and others; Ed. V. M. Danilevsky, I. PP. Kondrakhina.M.: Kolos, 2009. 271 p.

12. Prevention of non-communicable diseases of young animals / S. S. Abramov, I. G. Arestov, I. M. Karput, etc. M.: Agropromizdat, 2010. 175 p.

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