The constitution of a dog is its general physique, determined by the anatomical and physiological features of the structure, hereditary factors and expressed in the nature of the manifestation of the natural properties and service qualities of the animal.

The natural properties of a dog are the biological and physiological characteristics of the animal, which have developed evolutionarily under the influence of living conditions and environmental influences. These include: strength, dexterity, courage, speed of reaction, acuity of hearing, vision, smell, the ability to fight, quickly adapt to various living conditions, etc.

Under the influence of man, many of the dog’s natural properties were improved and formed into such service qualities as sensitivity, attentiveness, pliability to training, obedience, devotion to the owner, alertness, vigilance, distrust and malice towards strangers, the ability to protect oneself and the owner, protect his things, lead long search based on scent trails.

The totality of natural properties and necessary qualities determines the dog’s suitability for performing a particular job and constitutes the service value of the animal. The value of a service dog is determined by its ability to train and working qualities, which largely depend on the functional state of the animal’s nervous system, determined by the typological characteristics of higher nervous activity. The type of higher nervous activity of a dog is hereditary in nature and has a close relationship with its constitutional characteristics.

The concept of “constitution” combines all the properties of a dog’s body, including its service and breeding qualities. Health, vitality, resistance, precocity, fertility, life expectancy, working capacity, etc. are associated with the constitution. The presence of such general biological properties in a dog constitutes the breeding value of the animal.

Natural properties and service qualities in different dogs, even of the same breed, manifest themselves differently and depend on many factors, but mainly on the constitutional characteristics of the body, called constitutional types. The type of constitution of a dog is a special type of its physique and behavior, formed on a hereditary basis under the influence of various reasons and factors.
In practice, the type of constitution is determined by the exterior characteristics, interior indicators and behavioral characteristics of the dog, taking into account its performance.

Gentle type of constitution
The type of higher nervous activity is weak (the processes of excitation and inhibition are weak, unbalanced in strength and mobility).
Behavior is very diverse: some dogs are overly active (fussy), others are cautious and passive.
The main behavioral reactions are weak, unstable, and indicative and passive-defensive reactions predominate.
The initial formation of conditioned reflexes occurs quickly, but they are easily inhibited, form complex skills with great difficulty and therefore do not reach perfection.
The nervous system is highly sensitive to all stimuli. With high analytical ability, the synthetic processes of nervous activity are weakened.
Conditioned reflexes to strong stimuli are not formed due to extreme inhibition and neuroses during repeated and prolonged exposure. The physique is gentle. The skeleton is poorly developed, thin.
The muscles are flat, thin, and weak. The tendon-ligament apparatus is underdeveloped. The joints are not prominent and weak. The skin is thin, delicate, stretched, and does not form folds.
Subcutaneous tissue is poorly developed. The metabolism is unbalanced, the dog is often in poor condition. Sexual dimorphism is weakly expressed. Exterior features are expressed according to the gentle type of build.
The head is narrow, long, with a flat forehead, a sharp muzzle and an almost straight profile. The eyes are set askew, the eyelids are dry, the cheekbones and brow ridges are poorly developed. The neck is dry, long, set high. The chest is narrow, flat, the stomach is sharply tucked. The limbs are long, the dog seems tall.
Growth occurs quickly, development is uneven, formation ends early, and underdevelopment or overdevelopment of individual organs and systems is common. Vitality is weak, resistance is low.
Dogs endure unfavorable conditions painfully and require careful care, a special regime of maintenance, feeding and service use. Training is difficult due to the instability of conditioned reflexes and the difficulty of developing skills.
Performance is poor; there are frequent failures to work when used in difficult or unusual situations. The type of delicate constitution is observed mainly in dogs of decorative breeds. It is rare in service breed dogs.

Dry type of constitution
The type of higher nervous activity is strong, mobile, unbalanced (excitation prevails over inhibition). Behavior is excitable, unrestrained, temperamental. Movements are fast, sharp, energetic, strong.
The basic reactions of behavior manifest themselves strongly, the active-defensive one predominates, often in an angry form. Initial conditioned reflexes are formed easily and quickly.
Skills are formed with great difficulty, are unstable, and require constant consolidation and training. Exposure and differentiation are weak.
The synthetic functions of the nervous system are somewhat weakened. There may be overexcitation to strong stimuli, but extreme inhibition rarely occurs. The physique is dry. The bone structure is refined but strong (compact).
The muscles are thin, long, but strong and resilient. The tendon-ligament apparatus and joints are well developed. The skin is thin, dense, elastic, tightly fitting to the body. Subcutaneous tissue is poorly developed. Metabolism occurs intensively.
Sexual dimorphism is pronounced. Exterior features are expressed according to the general type of build. The head is relatively narrow, elongated, with a flat forehead and a weakly defined transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is pointed, close in length to the skull, parallel to the line of the forehead or lowered. Lips are thin, dry, tightly fitting.
Eyes slanted. The chest is deep, relatively narrow, oval in shape. The neck is dry, long, set high. The stomach is tucked above the chest line.
The limbs are long, the dog seems tall. The hock joints are sharply defined and well defined. Growth, development and formation of the body occurs quickly and ends early. Dogs are resilient if certain conditions of keeping, feeding, care and use are met.
Due to the strong excitability, initial training is difficult. With systematic training, performance is good.
Dogs work actively, energetically and almost tirelessly. The dry type of constitution is predominantly found in Scottish Sheepdogs (Collies) and Airedale Terriers.

Strong type of constitution
The type of higher nervous activity is, for the most part, strong, balanced, and mobile. Behavior is calm, courageous, somewhat restrained, and easily controlled.
The movements are strong, energetic, confident, flexible. All basic behavioral reactions manifest themselves actively, are strongly expressed, and change easily and quickly.
Conditioned reflexes associated with both excitation and inhibition processes are easily formed. Complex skills formed from conditioned reflexes are dynamic, easily reinforced and retained for a long time.
The analytical and synthetic functions of the nervous system proceed in a balanced manner. The differentiation is good.
Extreme inhibition does not occur in response to strong stimuli. The physique is strong. The bones are well developed, massive, but not coarse (compact). The muscles are massive, dense, strong, prominently expressed.
The tendon-ligamentous apparatus is well developed, strong, the joints are pronounced. The skin is moderately thick, elastic, tightly stretched, and does not form folds.
Subcutaneous tissue is moderately developed. Metabolism occurs intensively. The hormonal system is functionally balanced.
Sexual dimorphism is well expressed. Exterior features are expressed proportionally. The head in the skull is moderately wide, elongated, with a flat or slightly convex forehead and a moderately pronounced transition to the muzzle.
The length of the muzzle is approximately half the length of the head, forming a parallel line with the line of the forehead. The lips are not thick, tightly fitting. The eyes are usually slanted.
The neck is dry, proportional to the length of the head, with a wide throat and a well-developed crest. The chest is wide, deep, oval in shape.
The abdomen is moderately tucked above the chest line. The limbs are moderately long, with well-developed shins and well-formed hock angles.
Growth, development and formation of the body occurs gradually, evenly and ends relatively quickly.
Dogs are distinguished by their resilience and good adaptability to various, including difficult, conditions of existence and use.
They are easy and quick to train in a variety of ways and have high performance. Shows good results when used for work. The strong type of constitution is predominantly found in German Shepherds.

Rough type of constitution
The type of higher nervous activity is strong, balanced, sedentary. Behavior is calm and courageous.
The movements are slow, somewhat clumsy, but strong and confident. The main behavioral reactions are expressed actively, but proceed somewhat stagnantly.
The formation of conditioned reflexes and the formation of complex skills is difficult in many cases.
The acquired skills are stereotypical, do not reach perfection, but are firmly established and retained for a long time.
Extreme inhibition does not occur in response to strong stimuli. The physique is strong, but expressed in rough forms.
The skeleton is massive, dense, rough. The muscles are massive, strong, strong. The tendon-ligament apparatus is well developed, the joints are not prominent.
The skin is thick, dense, stretched, but often forms folds in the head and neck area. The coat is thick, well developed, and coarse. Metabolism occurs intensively and in a balanced manner. Sexual dimorphism is pronounced.
Exterior features are expressed in accordance with the general physique. The head is coarse, wide, massive, high cheekbones, with a somewhat convex forehead and a pronounced transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is blunt, massive, forming a parallel line with the line of the forehead. The lips are thick, tense or somewhat drooping.
The eyes are set relatively straight, with dry eyelids. The neck is short, massive, low set. The chest is wide, deep, long, somewhat rounded.
The abdomen is moderately tucked. The limbs are short, with shortened shins, with slightly straightened angles of the knee and hock joints.
The growth and development of the body occurs somewhat slowly, formation ends late. Dogs are distinguished by their great resilience, resistance to diseases, unpretentiousness to living and feeding conditions, and adaptability to local conditions.
Complex training is difficult. After long training, performance is good. The rough type of constitution is predominantly found in Caucasian and Central Asian shepherd dogs.

Raw type of constitution
The type of higher nervous activity is strong, balanced, inert.
Behavior is calm, phlegmatic, seeming lazy and indifferent. Movements are sluggish, slow, clumsy.
The main behavioral reactions are weakly expressed, proceed slowly and stagnantly.
The formation of conditioned reflexes and complex skills occurs slowly. The acquired skills are stereotypical and are firmly retained. Analytical processes and synthetic activity of the nervous system proceed slowly.
Strong or frequently used stimuli cause animal passivity and inhibition of the nervous system. The physique is raw (loose), expressed in rough forms.
The skeleton is massive, loose, rough. The muscles are loose, flabby, weak. The coat is coarse and well developed.
The skin is rough, loose, and forms folds. Subcutaneous tissue is well developed. Metabolic processes proceed slowly.
There is a tendency to obesity. Sexual dimorphism is not sufficiently pronounced. Exterior features are expressed in accordance with the general physique.
The head is massive, wide, high cheekbones, short, with a convex forehead and a sharp transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is short, blunt, sometimes upturned, with highly developed raw, thick, often drooping lips.
The eyes are set wide and straight, deep-set. The eyelids are damp and drooping. The neck is short, set low, the throat is narrow, and the crest is massive.
The chest is wide, massive, round in shape. The stomach is lowered. The limbs are relatively short, with short shins and straightened angles of the stifles and hocks.
Growth is relatively fast, development is slow, formation and maturation are late. Early old age and rapid decrepitude are observed. Vitality is weak, changing living conditions causes a painful state.
Training is achieved with great difficulty. Performance is low due to slowness and fatigue. The raw type of constitution is found mainly in St. Bernards and Newfoundlands.

Transitional types of constitution
In addition to the five main types of dog constitution, both among existing breeds and within each breed, transitional types can be distinguished: intermediate and combined.
Some breeds and intrabreed groups occupy an intermediate position between the main types in two series of variability.
The first row of variability - from gentle types to rough ones with all transitions. These types are distinguished mainly by the development of the skeleton, muscle tissue, skin and internal organs.
The second row is from dry types to raw (again with all transitions), determined by the development of connective tissue, the nature of fat deposits and metabolism, and the compactness of the structure of muscle and bone tissue. In the center of each row there are dogs of the most desirable type - a strong type of constitution.
Intermediate types are considered to be those standing between tender and strong, rough and strong, dry and strong, raw and strong.
Combined types that combine the characteristics of two series of variations: coarse dry, coarse raw, delicate dry, delicate raw, are called mixed. Tender dry and tender raw are extremely pronounced types of constitution and are rare.
With the constitutional series of variability there is a genetic connection between the variability of the functional properties of the nervous system: with the first series (from gentle to rough) - the strength of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition and the sensitivity thresholds of the senses, and with the second series (from dry to raw) - the mobility of nervous processes and the speed of change of basic behavioral reactions.
The features of these connections are to a certain extent reflected in the characteristics of the main types of dog constitution. In the names of intermediate and mixed types, a more pronounced type of constitution is indicated at the beginning, and a less pronounced one at the end.
For example, if a dog of an intermediate type of constitution has predominant signs of strength and less pronounced signs of dryness, then they write strong dry. For dogs in which the signs of the main type of constitution predominate and individual signs of another type are weakly expressed, the name of the main one is written down with the addition of elements of the other type.
For example, a strong type with elements of roughness. The constitution of a dog cannot be determined, much less assessed, by single, even pronounced, characteristics.
The type of constitution is determined and assessed by a set of basic characteristics in two series of variability, expressed in the features of the dog’s exterior, interior and behavior.

The totality of natural properties and necessary qualities determines the dog’s suitability for performing a particular job and constitutes the service value of the animal.

However, the natural properties and service qualities of different dogs manifest themselves differently and depend on many factors, but mainly on the constitutional characteristics of the body.

Constitution is a set of anatomical and physiological properties and characteristics of a dog, expressed in the exterior, interior and behavior.

The constitution is formed on a hereditary basis in the process of individual development and is expressed in certain forms of physique, in the consistency of structure and functions, in general metabolism and is a measure of the body’s adaptability to certain living conditions.

The concept of “dog constitution” combines all the properties of the body, including its service and breeding qualities. The constitution is associated with the health, vitality, resistance, precocity, fertility, life expectancy and performance of the animal.

The classification of animal constitution types by Russian scientists P.N. Kuleshov, E.A. Bogdanov, M.F. Ivanov and others was based on the anatomical principle, according to which they identified five types of constitution: tender, dry, strong, rough, loose (raw). The strong type of constitution proposed by M. F. Ivanov was accepted as the most perfect.

The value of a service dog is determined by its ability to train and working qualities, which largely depend on the functional state of the animal’s nervous system, determined by the type of higher nervous activity. The type of higher nervous activity of a dog is hereditary in nature and has a close connection with the constitutional characteristics and performance of the animal. Therefore, the constitution of dogs should be considered as a genetically determined connection between the beneficial properties and qualities of the animal and the characteristics of its physique and behavior.

Delicate type of constitution. The type of higher nervous activity is weak (the processes of excitation and inhibition are weak). Behavior is very diverse: some dogs are overly active (fussy), others are cautious and passive. The main behavioral reactions are weak, unstable, and indicative and passive-defensive reactions predominate. The initial formation of conditioned reflexes occurs quickly, but they are easily inhibited and form complex skills with great difficulty. The nervous system is highly sensitive to all stimuli. With high analytical activity, the synthetic processes of the nervous system are weakened. Conditioned reflexes to strong stimuli are not formed due to extreme inhibition and neuroses with repeated and prolonged exposure.

The physique is gentle. The skeleton is poorly developed, refined. The muscles are flat, thin, and weak. The tendon-ligament apparatus is underdeveloped. The joints are not prominent and weak. The skin is thin, delicate, stretched, and does not form folds. Subcutaneous tissue is poorly developed. The metabolism is unbalanced, the dog is often in poor condition. Sexual dimorphism is weakly expressed.

Exterior features are expressed according to the type of build. The head is narrow, long in relation to its width, with a flat forehead, a sharp muzzle and an almost straight profile. The eyes are set askew, the eyelids are dry, the cheekbones and brow ridges are poorly developed. The neck is dry, long, set high. The chest is narrow, flat, and the stomach is sharply tucked. The limbs are long, the dog seems tall.

Growth occurs quickly, development is uneven, formation ends early, and underdevelopment or overdevelopment of individual organs and systems is common.

Vitality is weak, resistance is low. Dogs endure unfavorable conditions painfully and require careful care, a special regime of maintenance, feeding and service use.

Training is difficult due to the instability of conditioned reflexes and the difficulty of developing skills. Performance is low.

The gentle type of constitution is observed mainly in dogs of decorative breeds. It is rare among service breed dogs.

Dry type of constitution. The type of higher nervous activity is strong, mobile, unbalanced (excitation prevails over inhibition). Behavior is excitable, unrestrained, temperamental. Movements are fast, sharp, energetic. The basic reactions of behavior are strongly manifested: active-defensive, often in an angry form, predominates. Initial conditioned reflexes are formed easily and quickly. Skills are formed with great difficulty, are unstable, and require constant consolidation and training. Exposure and differentiation are weak. The synthetic functions of the nervous system are somewhat weakened. An overexcitation reaction to strong stimuli is possible, but extreme inhibition rarely occurs.

The physique is dry. The bones are refined but strong (compact). The muscles are thin, long, but strong and resilient. The tendon-ligament apparatus and joints are well developed. The skin is thin, dense, elastic, tightly fitting to the body. Subcutaneous tissue is poorly developed. Metabolism is intense. Sexual dimorphism is quite pronounced.

Exterior features are expressed according to the general type of build. The head is relatively narrow, elongated, with a flat forehead and a weakly defined transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is pointed, close in length to the skull, parallel to the line of the forehead or lowered. Lips are thin, dry, tightly fitting. Eyes slanted. The neck is dry, long, set high. The chest is deep, relatively narrow, oval in shape. The stomach is tucked above the chest line. The limbs are long, the dog seems tall. The hock joints are sharply defined and well defined.

Growth, development and formation of the body occur quickly and end early. Dogs are resilient if certain conditions of keeping, feeding, care and use are met. Due to strong excitability, initial training is difficult. With systematic training, performance is good. Dogs work actively, energetically and almost tirelessly. The dry type of constitution is predominantly found among collies and Airedales.

Strong type of constitution. The type of higher nervous activity is, as a rule, strong, balanced, and mobile. Behavior is calm, courageous, somewhat restrained, and easily controlled. The movements are strong, energetic, confident, flexible. All basic behavioral reactions manifest themselves actively, are strongly expressed, and change easily and quickly. Conditioned reflexes associated with both excitation and inhibition processes are easily formed. Complex skills formed from conditioned reflexes are dynamic, easily reinforced and retained for a long time. The analytical and synthetic functions of the nervous system proceed in a balanced manner. The differentiation is good. Extreme inhibition does not occur in response to strong stimuli.

The physique is strong. The bones are well developed, massive, but not coarse (compact). The muscles are massive, dense, strong, prominently expressed. The tendon-ligamentous apparatus is well developed, strong, the joints are pronounced. The skin is moderately thick, elastic, tightly stretched, and does not form folds. Subcutaneous tissue is moderately developed. Metabolism occurs intensively. The hormonal system is functionally balanced. Sexual dimorphism is well expressed.

Exterior features are expressed proportionally. The head in the skull is moderately wide, elongated, with a flat or slightly convex forehead and a moderately pronounced transition to the muzzle. The length of the muzzle is approximately equal to half the length of the head, forming a parallel line with the line of the forehead. The lips are not thick, tightly fitting. The eyes, as a rule, are set obliquely. The neck is dry, proportional to the length of the head, with a wide throat and a well-developed crest. The chest is wide, deep, oval in shape. The abdomen is moderately tucked above the chest line. The limbs are moderately long, with well-developed shins and well-formed hock angles.

Growth, development and formation of the body occur gradually, evenly and end relatively quickly.

Dogs are distinguished by their resilience and good adaptability to various, including difficult, conditions of detention and use. They are easy and quick to train in a variety of ways and have high performance.

The strong type of constitution is predominantly found among German Shepherds.

Rough type of constitution. The type of higher nervous activity is strong, balanced, sedentary. Behavior is calm and courageous. The movements are slow, somewhat clumsy, but strong and confident. The main behavioral reactions are expressed actively, but proceed somewhat stagnantly. The formation of conditioned reflexes and the formation of complex skills is difficult in many cases. The resulting skills are stereotypical, do not reach perfection, but are firmly established and retained for a long time. The analytical and synthetic functions of the nervous system are slowed down, differentiation does not reach perfection. Extreme inhibition does not occur in response to strong stimuli.

The physique is strong, but expressed in rough forms. The skeleton is massive, dense, rough. The muscles are massive, strong, strong. The tendon-ligament apparatus is well developed, the joints are not prominent. The skin is thick, dense, stretched, but often forms folds in the head and neck area. The coat is thick, well developed, and coarse. Metabolism occurs intensively and in a balanced manner. Sexual dimorphism is quite pronounced.

Exterior features are expressed in accordance with the general physique. The head is coarse, wide, massive, high cheekbones, with a somewhat convex forehead and a pronounced transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is blunt, massive, forming a parallel line with the line of the forehead. The lips are thick, tense or somewhat drooping. The eyes are set relatively straight, the eyelids are dry, the neck is short, massive, low set. The chest is wide, deep, long, somewhat rounded. The abdomen is moderately tucked. The limbs are short, with shortened shins, with slightly straightened angles of the knee and hock joints.

The growth and development of the body occurs somewhat slowly, formation ends late. Dogs are distinguished by their great resilience, resistance to diseases, unpretentiousness to living and feeding conditions, and adaptability to local conditions. Complex training is difficult. After long training, performance is good.

The rough type of constitution is predominantly found among Caucasian and Central Asian shepherd dogs.

Raw type of constitution. The type of higher nervous activity is strong, balanced, inert.

Behavior is calm, phlegmatic, seeming lazy and indifferent. Movements are sluggish, slow, clumsy. The main behavioral reactions are weakly expressed, proceed slowly and stagnantly. The formation of conditioned reflexes and complex skills occurs slowly. The acquired skills are stereotypical and are firmly retained. Analytical processes and synthetic activity of the nervous system proceed slowly. Strong or frequently used stimuli cause animal passivity and inhibition of the nervous system.

The physique is raw (loose), expressed in rough forms. The skeleton is massive, loose, rough. The muscles are loose, flabby, weak. The coat is coarse, well developed. The skin is rough, loose, and forms folds. Subcutaneous tissue is well developed. Metabolic processes proceed slowly. There is a tendency to obesity. Sexual dimorphism is not sufficiently pronounced.

Exterior features are expressed in accordance with the general physique. The head is massive, wide, high cheekbones, short, with a convex forehead and a sharp transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is short, blunt, sometimes upturned, with highly developed raw, thick, often drooping lips. The eyes are set wide and straight, deep-set. The eyelids are damp and drooping. The neck is short, set low, the throat is narrow, and the crest is massive. The chest is wide, massive, round in shape. The stomach is lowered. The limbs are relatively short, with short shins and straightened angles of the stifles and hocks.

Growth is relatively fast, development is slow, formation and maturation are late. Early old age and rapid decrepitude are observed. Vitality is weak, changing living conditions causes a painful state. They are difficult to train. Performance is low due to slowness and fatigue.

Representatives of this type of constitution are predominantly found among St. Bernards and Newfoundlands.

The existing variety of dog breeds does not fit into the five main types. Many breeds and breed groups of dogs, in terms of physique and behavior, occupy intermediate positions between the main types in two series of variability.

The first row is from gentle types to rough ones with all transitions. These types are distinguished mainly by the development of the skeleton, muscle tissue, skin and internal organs.

The second row is from dry types to raw ones with all transitions, determined by the development of connective tissue, the nature of fat deposits and metabolism, the compactness of the structure of muscle and bone tissue. In the center of each row there are dogs of the most desirable type - strong type (see picture)

Types standing between tender and strong, rough and strong, raw and strong, dry and strong are considered intermediate. Combined types, combining the characteristics of two series of variability: coarse dry, coarse raw, delicate dry, delicate raw, are mixed. Tender dry and tender raw are extremely pronounced types of constitution, are rare and are considered undesirable in service dog breeding.

In the names of intermediate and mixed types, a more pronounced type of constitution is indicated at the beginning, and a less pronounced type of constitution at the end. For example, if a dog of an intermediate type of constitution has predominant signs of strength and less pronounced signs of dryness, then they write strong dry, etc.

There is a genetic connection with the constitutional series of variability of the variability of the functional properties of the nervous system: with the first series - the strength of nervous processes and sensitivity thresholds, and with the second - the mobility of nervous processes and the speed of change of basic behavioral reactions. Features of connections are reflected in the characteristics of the main types of dog constitution.

Exterior - the appearance of a dog, expressed in articles, proportions, features of body shapes inherent in the sex, breed, age and type of constitution of the animal.

Stati are individual parts of a dog’s body, which are used to judge its health, endurance, strength of physique, gender and breed expression and, to a certain extent, the service and breeding value of the animal. When studying articles, selection and genetic connections between the external shape of the body and the beneficial natural properties and service qualities of the dog are noted. Features of the physique are determined by the harmony and proportionality of the build, the degree of development of the skeleton and muscles, the rationality of the angles of connection of individual parts of the body and articular joints, providing springing, better mobility and stability of the animal with minimal energy expenditure.

The exterior is determined by the most common eye method in dog breeding, in the stance and movement of the animal. Visual assessment is supplemented by measurements, weighing, and, if necessary, photography, filming, and video recordings. The dog is examined from a distance of 4 m from the side, front and back. The dog should stand on a horizontal platform and rest evenly on all four limbs. After a general examination, individual body parts are assessed by area in a certain sequence (Fig. 9).

Stati heads

Based on the head features, you can get an idea of ​​many of the dog’s characteristics. The shape of the skull bones is one of the most stable signs for establishing the breed and typicality of a dog. The size of the head and bony protrusions make it possible to judge the development of the skeleton, the roughness or tenderness of the constitution, and the severity of sexual dimorphism. The head can be rough (heavy) or dry (light), narrow or wide, long or short (Fig. 10).

Determining whether the length of the head is proportional to the height of the dog and whether it corresponds to its type of build forms the basis for a descriptive assessment of all parts of the head.

Occiput - the upper part of the head is based on the occipital tubercle of the skull, where the tendons of the cervical, dorsal, pectoral and brachiocephalic muscles are attached, which determine the strength of the dog’s jerks during a fight. In dogs of different breeds and different types of build, the back of the head can be strongly or weakly pronounced (noticeable).

The forehead of dogs can have different shapes, expressing the genotypic characteristics of the breed and body type. A flat forehead with an inconspicuous gradual nasal transition to the muzzle is characteristic of dogs with a dry build. With a convex forehead, the nasal passage is deep and sharply noticeable, which is typical for dogs with a raw build.

The muzzle is the front part of the head, characterized by a wide variety of shapes, in combination with other parts of the head and is a breed characteristic of a dog. It can be blunt or sharp, long or short (relative to the length of the forehead), lowered (if directed downward) or upturned (if raised upward).

The nose of most working breed dogs is black. Dark brown and dark gray are allowed in dogs of light and white colors. A pink nose indicates a lack of pigment in the dog and is considered a defect. A healthy, awake dog's nose is always wet and cold.

The dog's eyes express the functional state of the nervous system, disposition, temperament, mood and health of the animal. Depending on the breed, they can be round, oval, straight-set (the corners of the eyes are on the same line), obliquely set (the outer corners are higher than the inner ones), dark and light in accordance with the general color of the dog.

Ears. The shape, size and position of the ears depend on the development of the cartilage of the auricle and determine whether the dog belongs to a particular breed.

Ears are distinguished: erect - having well-developed, strong and elastic cartilages that hold the auricles in an upward and forward position; semi-erect - due to the softness of the cartilage of the upper half, the ends are lowered down, forward or to the sides; hanging ones of two types: hanging on the cartilage and completely hanging due to the softness of the cartilage of the entire auricle. The set of the ears can be high and low (in relation to the level of the upper line of the forehead), narrow and wide (in relation to the middle line of the forehead). Erect ears, the ends of which are directed towards the midline, and the inner edges towards each other, are called close. Ears whose ends are directed to the sides are called floppy, which indicates the weakness of the cartilage and the phlegmatic nature of the dog.

In dogs belonging to breeds with erect ears, semi-erect ears may be a hereditary defect or a consequence of rickets and wasting during the puppy period of growth and development. Typically, puppies' ears begin to rise from the age of two months and this process ends by six to seven months (coinciding with the change of baby teeth). In certain breeds of dogs, the ears are cropped (cropped) in a certain standard shape during puppyhood. The dog's temperament, alertness and attentiveness are determined by the mobility of the ears to sound stimuli. Excessive and unnatural ear movement occurs in dogs with a weak sense of smell and poor vision.

Lips are folds of skin that form the edges of the mouth. They can be thin, dry, stretched, tight-fitting or raw, forming sags and folds called jowls. For some dogs, shavings are a breed characteristic (boxer). Thick lips usually indicate that the dog belongs to the raw type of constitution or that its physique deviates towards dampness and coarseness.

Teeth. A dog must have 42 teeth. Performing different functions, they have different structures and names: 12 incisors, 4 canines, 26 molars. The teeth must be white, healthy, and have proper closure of the incisors and canines. The form of closure of the teeth is called occlusion (Fig. 11).

A normal bite is considered to be a scissor bite, when, with the jaws closed, the incisors of the lower jaw with their front sides adjoin the back side of the incisors of the upper jaw and when biting, resemble the work of scissors. The incisors at the base should be located in one line. The canines of the lower jaw fit into the spaces between the outer incisors and the canines of the upper jaw, forming a “lock” that provides the dog with a strong grip. Any deviation from a scissor bite is considered a defect for working dogs and excludes them from breeding. A direct bite - the incisors of the upper and lower jaws with their cutting surfaces rest against each other like pincers - is called pincer-shaped. With such a bite, the cutting surfaces of the incisors are worn down prematurely. With an underbite, the incisors of the lower jaw do not reach the line of the upper incisors, and the canines of the upper jaw, pressing tightly against the lower ones, grind down their back surface. When overbiting, the incisors of the lower jaw move forward beyond the line of the upper incisors, and the canines of the lower jaw fit tightly to the edges of the upper jaw, quickly erasing them. The age of an adult dog is determined by the nature of tooth wear and changes in the shape of the bite. Excessive wear and discoloration of teeth indicate a metabolic disorder in the body or a disease of individual blackened teeth.

Stati neck

The neck should be strong, mobile and proportionate to the length of the head. Depending on the type of constitution and breed, the neck can be short or long, raw or dry. A short neck (shorter than the length of the head) is found in raw (loose) dogs. Long neck (longer than the head) - in dry, high-legged dogs. The position of the neck, that is, its direction in relation to the body, can be low, high and normal (Fig. 12).

For each dog breed, the neck position is determined by the standard. There are two features on the neck: the crest and the throat. The degree of development of the muscles of the crest expresses the strength and dexterity of the dog when fighting. A wide or narrow throat indicates the degree of development of the respiratory tube (trachea) and the entire pulmonary system of the animal.

Body articles.

The basis of the body is the chest, abdominal and pelvic cavities, where vital organs are located that determine the animal’s endurance, performance and strength of physique.

The withers are the attachment point for the powerful muscles of the dog's front, which determine the supporting and motor strength of the animal. It should be well developed and protrude above the line of the back.

The back is a continuation of the withers and, together with the lower back, serves as a connecting “bridge” between the dog’s front and rear, ensuring the transmission of motor impulses from the hind limbs. The back should be of medium length, straight and wide, with well-developed muscles (Fig. 13).

A sagging back is a sign of muscle weakness, leading to rapid fatigue of the dog. A hunched back indicates a general illness or weakness of the muscles of the back and hind limbs.

The loin forms a movable transition from the back to the croup and, together with the back, bears a large load when the dog moves. In most working breeds it should be relatively short, wide, muscular and slightly convex. A dog with a straight and sagging lower back gets tired quickly when moving, which affects its performance. A long and hunchbacked lower back is a deviation from the norm.

The croup is the rear upper part of the body, combining the powerful muscles of the hind limbs on the sacrum and pelvic bones. The croup should be long, wide, and moderately sloping towards the tail. A short and narrow croup is a sign of muscle weakness in the hind limbs. A horizontal or sloping croup indicates deviations in the position of the hind limbs.

Chest - the front part of the body, corresponds to the shape of the dog's chest. It should be voluminous and have an oval cross-section (Fig. 14).

A large chest indicates well-developed lungs, and the oval shape of the chest ensures the most complete inhalation and exhalation. The volume of the chest is determined by its depth, width and length.

The chest is considered deep if its lower part is located in line with the elbows or below them. The shallow chest has a line above the elbows. A rounded (barrel-shaped) chest is observed in raw, heavy and sedentary dogs. Weak, underdeveloped dogs have a narrow, low-volume chest. A barrel-shaped and narrow (flat) chest causes incorrect placement of the forelimbs.

The abdomen is the lower back part of the body. The shape of the abdomen depends on the type of constitution and the shape of the dog’s chest. During normal development, the abdomen should be tucked slightly above the chest line. A drooping belly is common in dogs with a raw build. An excessively tucked (lean) belly occurs in dogs with a dry build and with chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Groin - the upper lateral part of the dog's abdomen between the last rib and the rib. The width of the groin corresponds to the length of the loin. The groin can be wide, narrow, loose, full and sunken. It reflects the body type, general development and physical condition of the dog.

Maklok is a tubercle of the iliac bone of the pelvis where the tendons of the muscles of the hind limb are attached. Well-developed makloki indicate the powerful muscles of the dog’s hind limbs.

The tail, together with other features, is a sign of the dog’s breed. With the help of the tail, the dog ensures balance of movements and expresses its emotional attitude towards various objects and situations. The shape of the tail can be lowered (saber-shaped, hooked, log), raised (rod, sickle, ring) and docked (cut off) in accordance with the requirements of the standards (Fig. 15).

The length of the tail can be short if it does not reach the hocks, and long below the hocks.

Forelimb articles

The forelimbs, as levers of support and push-off when the dog moves, are assessed by the degree of development of the musculoskeletal system of individual parts and their functional interaction through the angles of the articular joints.

The scapula - the upper part of the forelimb - provides suspension, stability and free movement of the forehand. It should be long, wide, covered with well-developed muscles and set at an angle of 45° to the horizontal. A short shoulder blade straightens the shoulder and shortens the stride when the dog trots.

The shoulder is formed by the scapula-humeral joint, the shoulder blade bone and muscle.

Form the shoulder depends on the position of the scapula and the angle of articulation with the humerus (Fig. 16).

The shoulder should be filled with dense, textured muscles and have an articulation angle close to straight (90-100°). A straight shoulder (angle greater than 100°) limits the extension of the limb and shortens the stride. A sharp shoulder (angle less than 90°) allows the dog to take a longer stride, but it uses more energy than a straight shoulder.

The elbow is a process of the ulna on which the extensor muscles of the forelimb are attached. With the correct positioning of the limbs, the elbows should fit loosely to the chest and be directed strictly back. The elbows turn outward in wide-bodied dogs with club feet inward. Turning the elbows inward is observed in narrow-chested dogs with limbs spread to the sides.

The forearm is assessed by the degree of development of the radius and musculature in this area. The forearms should be straight, vertically set and proportional in length to the shoulder blade, humerus and overall build of the dog.

The wrist should have a well-developed tendon-ligament apparatus, be in the same plane as the forearm and be wider than its lower end.

The metacarpus functionally provides softening of the impacts of the limbs (springiness) when jumping, expresses the strength and degree of development of the skeleton. The pasterns should be voluminous and inclined at a certain angle, depending on the physique inherent in dogs of a given breed (Fig. 17).

More straight-set and short pasterns are called butt pasterns and are characteristic of square (short) format dogs. Sloping (soft) pasterns are characteristic of dogs of an elongated (stretched) format.

The paw of the forelimb should be round, gathered into a ball, with tightly clenched, half-bent (arched) toes. The front paws have five toes with strong claws that lightly touch the ground. The fifth finger on the inside does not reach the ground. Faults include soft or flat paws (with straightened toes), large or small paws (not consistent with overall build), splayed paws (with toes widely spaced and spaces between them).

The positioning of the forelimbs is considered correct if they stand vertically and parallel to each other, ensuring rectilinear movements of the legs in the same plane (Fig. 18).

Narrow placement of the limbs occurs with a narrow and flat chest, wide - with a barrel-shaped chest and too inclined position of the shoulder blades. A wide stance of the legs is often accompanied by an inward clubfoot (the metacarpus and paws are directed inward), a narrow position is often accompanied by an outward clubfoot (the metacarpus and paws are turned outward).

Hind limb statistics

The hind limbs produce powerful motor impulses, the strength of which depends on the length of the thigh, lower leg, on the rational combination of the angles of all joints and on the degree of development of the rear muscles.

The thigh is formed by powerful flexor and extensor muscles of the hip and knee joints. The length of the thigh depends on the length of the femur, which should be proportional to the length of the croup. The angle of direction of the femur to the croup line approaches a straight line, and in relation to the horizon is about 80-85 °.

The knee basically has a kneecap with tendons and ligaments attached to it. It should be round, unnoticeable and at the same level as the elbow. The angle formed by the femur and tibia is 125--135 °.

The lower leg should be long, muscular, directed towards the horizon at an angle of 45°.

The hock joint takes on heavy loads and ensures the transmission of motor impulses when pushing off the ground. It should be dry, with a well-defined calcaneal tubercle and a clearly defined articular angle of 125-135°.

The metatarsus provides the dog with stable support during movement and jumping. It should be strong, long, wide and almost vertical.

The paw of the hind limb is oval, with tightly compressed, arched toes. The dog's hind legs have four toes.

The fifth toe is not always found and is called dewclaw. Some dogs have two or three dewclaws. Typically these toes are cut off shortly after the puppy is born.

The position of the hind legs is considered correct if, when examining the dog from behind, the legs are straight and parallel to each other. This position ensures straight, springy movements of the dog (Fig. 19).

Narrow stance is found in dogs with weak rear muscles and a narrow croup. In a close stance, the hocks and metatarsals come together, almost touching each other (closed). Wide stance is most often found in wide-bodied, massive dog breeds that are not adapted to fast movements. A barrel-shaped stance occurs in dogs with hocks turned to the side and metatarsals brought inward. These dogs tend to have an inward clubfoot.

When examining the dog from the side, deviations in the position of the hip, tibia and metatarsus can be observed (Fig. 20).

A straight stance of the hind limbs occurs when the thigh and lower leg are in a vertical position, as a result of which the angles of the knee and hock joints are straightened. Sabering of the hind legs occurs when the thighs and legs are too oblique and when the metatarsals are set at an angle. Saber carriage is associated with weakness of the hock joints, which form sharp angles.

The dog's movement is carried out by soft successive pushes of alternating limbs with the participation of the back, lower back and neck. When moving at a walk, balance is maintained by sequential rearrangement of the fore and hind limbs, and when moving at a trot, by diagonal work and alternate support of the limbs - the front and the opposite hind (Fig. 21).

During fast gaits (gallop and gallop), the dog moves with throws, leaning alternately on the front and hind legs. Smoothness, ease and duration of movements is achieved by the springing of all joints and the correct positioning of the legs, moving and resting parallel and in the same plane in the direction of the axis of movement. If the limbs are positioned incorrectly, the dog makes incomplete, inaccurate and unnecessary movements, which consumes additional energy, disrupts the smoothness of movement, and the animal quickly gets tired. The mechanics of the dog's movement are checked and described during the conformation assessment by examining it while standing in place and in motion, during which the strengths and weaknesses of the limbs are better visible. Disadvantages include: deviations from straight-line movements of the limbs, insufficient extension of the joints of the front or hind limbs, movement of the hindquarters in an oblique direction, ambling, swaying of the croup or its sudden movements in the vertical direction.

Hairline. Color

The hairline consists of wool and undercoat. The coat consists of two types of hair: guard hair, tightly covering the undercoat throughout the body, and outer coat, longer and coarser, located in the neck, back, hips, forming a mane on the withers of long-haired dogs, fringes on the neck, trousers on the limbs, with the underside of the tail is dewlap. When dogs are kept for a long time in warm (apartment) conditions for many generations, the outer hair becomes thin, does not tightly cover the guard hair and does not retain heat. In short-haired dogs, the outer hair runs in a weakly defined narrow strip along the crest of the neck and along the back or is completely absent.

The undercoat is the shortest and thinnest wavy hair that retains internal heat and protects the dog from hypothermia. Twice a year, dogs experience a seasonal change in hair called shedding. In dogs living in an apartment, shedding is less intense, and seasonality is less pronounced. There are tactile hairs on the dog's head that stand out for their length and thickness. They are located in bunches above the eyes, on the upper lip and on the chin.

The color of hair in dogs is called coat. It comes in a wide variety of varieties and is designated in accordance with the breed standard.

Wool can be one-color, two-color or multi-color.

Single-color dog colors include: black, white, red, brown. Black color in dogs is found in its pure form, as well as with brown, brown, gray markings, etc. white spots on the head, legs, chest and tail. With a white color, the hairline is devoid of pigment, and the nose, edges of the lips and eyelids are pigmented black or brown. The red color has many shades and is often heterogeneous in different parts of the body (bright red, light red, golden red, fawn). The brown color comes in different shades, from light brown to dark brown (brown).

The saddle (two-color) color consists of a base color - light, and a dark saddle covering the dog on top. The saddle cloth can be black, brown, gray, sharply demarcated from a light tone or gradually turning into it.

Zonal gray color has zonal pigmentation of the hair, that is, colored and uncolored zones. The hair of a zone-gray dog ​​has a light base that turns into a black tip. Zonary red dogs have hair with a light base and a red color at the end. Brown color is characteristic of zone-gray dogs with brown and black shades of hair.

The brindle color is characterized by dark or black transverse stripes on a red, brown, fawn or gray background. Most brindle dogs have a dark mask on their face.

The spotted color has a white background with dark spots of varying sizes along it.

The piebald color has a dark background, over which white spots of varying sizes are scattered.

The merle color is found in dogs with a light background, on which small shapeless, “smeared” dark spots are scattered.

Signs and marks.

Signs include various innate characteristics that distinguish one dog from another. For example, white or light spots on the head, chest, legs, tail and black spots on the tongue, lips, ears and other light parts of the body. A torn ear, missing tooth, torn lip or eyelid are also signs. Markings serve to distinguish dogs of the same color and those that are very similar to each other, especially puppies. They are made in various ways, such as tattooing. In some countries, dog number tattoos are mandatory.

Determination of age.

The age of dogs is determined by their teeth and other external signs. When examining your teeth, pay attention to the replacement of baby teeth and the degree of wear of the incisors and canines. Milk teeth (incisors) in puppies begin to erupt on the 18-25th day after birth. By the age of one month, the puppy already has all its front milk teeth. The replacement of primary incisors with permanent ones on both jaws occurs between the fourth and fifth months. The canines change at the age of five to six months.

By seven months, the dog has grown all its permanent teeth. By one year, teeth reach normal levels. The incisors are sharp and their cutting surface has a “trefoil” shape (Fig. 22).

At two years of age, the hooks of the lower jaw are worn out and the middle ones begin to wear out. At three years of age, the middle incisors of the lower jaw are worn out and the hooks of the upper jaw begin to wear out. At four years of age, the hooks are worn out and the middle incisors of the upper jaw begin to wear out. At the age of five, the edges of the lower jaw are erased and the fangs begin to wear out. At the age of six, the edges of the upper jaw are erased, the fangs are blunt. At seven years of age, the hooks of the lower jaw take on a reverse-oval shape. At eight years of age, the middle incisors of the lower jaw take on a reverse-oval shape. At nine years of age, the hooks of the upper jaw take on a reverse-oval shape. From the age of 10-12 years, teeth begin to fall out: first the hooks of the lower jaw, then the upper.

Other signs of determining age include the appearance of gray hair in the area of ​​the lips and chin by the age of six - seven years; at eight - nine years, the eyes become sunken, the lenses become cloudy, the pupils dilate, the back becomes soft, and the stomach drops.

Dog measurements should be carried out on a specially prepared area with firm and level ground. You can use a portable, non-sagging wooden shield measuring at least 2x1.5 m. The dimensions of the area should provide a convenient approach to the dog from any side and free use of measuring instruments. To measure dogs, use a measuring tape, a universal measuring stick, or a metal zootechnical compass. To prevent measuring instruments and other accessories from causing anxiety, fearfulness and other undesirable reactions in dogs, the animals must be familiarized with them in advance. It is best to measure dogs with three people together. The owner of the dog holds it, a second person measures it, and a third person writes down the measurements. The dog owner should take an active part in the measurement process and, if necessary, calm the animal. He is introduced to the procedure and explained how to properly position and keep the dog in a calm state, how to distract and cover its head in time so that it is not afraid of the measuring stick and cannot bite the person measuring it. Particularly vicious dogs should be muzzled.

It is more convenient to start measuring by using a tape and compass that is less frightening to the dog, and when the dog gets used to it and begins to calmly relate to the manipulations being performed, they move on to measuring with a stick. Measuring instruments should be applied precisely to a certain place, tightly to the body, but not pressing into it. In very long-haired dogs with abundant undercoat, for a more accurate measurement, you need to part the hair at the point where the tool is applied.

1. 1-2 Height at the withers (height) is determined by a measuring stick from the highest point at the withers vertically down to the ground.

2. 3-4 The oblique length of the body is determined by a measuring stick from the anterior protrusion of the humerus to the middle of the ischial tuberosity.

3. 13 Metacarpal girth is measured with a tape at the upper third of the metacarpus, just below the wrist joint, above the base of the fifth finger.

If necessary, to more accurately determine and compare other indicators of the dog’s development and constitution, additional measurements are taken:

1. 5-6 The length of the front leg is measured with a tape from the elbow vertically down to the ground.

2. 14 Chest circumference is measured with a tape around the circumference behind the shoulder blades near the elbows.

3. 11-12 The width of the chest in front is determined by a measuring stick at the extreme points of the scapulohumeral joints.

4. 9-10 The depth of the chest is determined by measuring a stick behind the shoulder blades from the bottom of the chest to the top of the withers.

5. 7-8 The height at the rump is determined by a measuring stick from the highest point of the croup (between the croup) vertically down to the ground.

6. 15-17 The length of the head is measured with a tape or compass from the occipital protuberance to the end of the nose in a straight line.

7. 15-16 The length of the forehead is measured with a tape or compass from the occipital protuberance to the interorbital cavity.

8. 16-17 The length of the muzzle is measured with a tape or compass from the interorbital cavity to the end of the nose.

9. 18-19 The width of the head at the cheekbones is measured with a compass at its widest part in the middle of the forehead and the zygomatic arches in front of the ears.

10. 20-21 The length of the neck is measured with a tape or compass from the occipital protuberance to the highest point at the withers.

To compare the body proportions of dogs and compare exterior body features, indices are used. An index is the ratio of one measurement to another, expressed as a percentage. For different breeds of dogs, their own indices have been developed and defined by standards.

1. The format (extension) index shows the relationship between the length and height of the dog at the withers.

2. The bone index shows the relative development of the bone structure based on the ratio of the girth of the pastern to the height at the withers.

4. The massiveness index shows the relative development of the body through the ratio of chest circumference to height at the withers.

5. The long-headed index shows the relative length of the head through the ratio of the length of the head to the height at the withers.

6. The broad-brow index shows the relative width of the dog's head compared to the length of the head.

7. The pectoral index shows the relative development of the chest by relating the width to the depth of the chest.

In breeding dog breeding, other indices can be developed and used. In the practice of service dog breeding, the first two indices are most often used. Indices serve as additional comparative data on the animal’s physique and cannot replace an individual examination and comprehensive exterior assessment of the animal.

Methods for assessing dogs by constitution and exterior

Evaluating dogs based on constitution and conformation is called examination. It is carried out at litters of young animals and exhibitions of adult dogs, as well as when selecting dogs for breeding and service purposes. For examination, all dogs are divided into groups by breed, sex and age. The examination includes inspection, evaluation, description and placement of dogs in the ring depending on quality. The order and sequence of examining dogs in the ring is determined by the expert. The examination is carried out in several stages and is carried out using various methods and techniques (eye, comparative, descriptive, graphic, contour, etc.).

Eye assessment is the main method of examination and is carried out by examining each dog in a calm state in place and in motion (walking and trotting). A careful examination allows you to objectively evaluate all the details of the dog’s structure, note the slightest deviations from the norm, highlight the developmental features of individual articles, determine the typicality, harmony and proportionality of the structure of the entire body and, on this basis, make a preliminary ranking of dogs by quality.

Further examination is carried out using a comparative method in the stance and movement of the dog in the ring by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of each dog, identifying and moving the best dogs forward. As a result of this sequential rearrangement, the group of the best dogs is gathered at the beginning of the ring, and the worst dogs remain at the end. Within each group, the final placement of dogs is carried out using the same method and the serial number of each dog in the group and in the ring as a whole is determined. If it is necessary to further arrange the dogs in the ring, the movements in a circle are repeated.

The final stage of the examination consists of dividing all dogs in the ring into groups, depending on the awarded scores. At the show, dogs can be awarded the following grades: “Excellent”, “Very Good”, “Good” and “Satisfactory”. The highest rating for dogs under one and a half years old is “Very Good.”

Grades are awarded to dogs based on an analysis of positive indicators in constitution and conformation, taking into account deviations from the breed standard. All deviations from the standard are divided into “shortcomings” and “defects”.

Disadvantages include minor deviations in the constitution and appearance that do not interfere with the breeding and service use of the dog. For example, light bone structure, slightly elongated or shortened format, short or long ears, dewclaws, round or soft paws, etc.

Defects include pronounced deviations in the constitution and appearance that prevent the dog from being used for breeding or service purposes. For example, coarseness and looseness of build, a rough or light head, disproportionate to the general type of build, small and sparse teeth, a sagging or humped back and lower back, splayed or clubfoot, incorrect placement of the limbs, tied, heavy movements, swaying of the croup, ambling, etc.

A special group consists of deviations in the constitution and exterior that reduce the breed and breeding value of the dog, the so-called disqualifying defects. These include: cryptorchidism, underdevelopment of the testis, light or brown nose, all deviations from a scissor bite, the absence of any tooth. In addition, dogs that have non-standard height, coat, color, severely damaged tooth enamel, incisor teeth not aligned, pronounced cowardice or excessive excitability, as well as those that cannot be examined, are removed from the ring and remain without evaluation.

The natural properties and service qualities of a dog are manifested through its behavior. The behavior of a dog is a complex reflex activity, the result of the manifestation of numerous conditioned and unconditioned reflexes to various stimuli of the external and internal environment. The character and behavioral characteristics of a dog depend on the type of higher nervous activity, growing conditions, education and training.

Checking and assessing the behavioral characteristics of dogs includes the following indicators.

Activity and degree of manifestation of the main and predominant behavioral reactions.

Reaction to gunshots and other strong sound, light and mechanical stimuli.

The form and nature of the manifestation of a defensive reaction.

Dog controllability under various circumstances and environments.

Undesirable relationships, shortcomings and behavioral vices.

The activity and degree of manifestation of the main and predominant behavioral reactions is determined using a special technique using various stimuli and environmental conditions. Reactions can manifest themselves actively or passively, strongly or weakly, quickly or slowly (stagnantly) and replace each other when the dog’s attention switches from one stimulus to another. A reaction that manifests itself in a dog to a strong degree and dominates others is called predominant. Such reactions can be: food, active-defensive, indicative, olfactory-searching, attachment to the owner, sexual, etc. The predominant behavioral reactions in dogs sometimes appear in a mixed form: active-defensive with food or indicative with passive-defensive, etc. d. Knowledge of the behavioral characteristics of dogs allows you to successfully train and use them in work.

The reaction to shots and other strong irritants in different dogs manifests itself differently and is assessed in points according to the following options.

The dog is afraid, runs away, hides, trembles, stops working, falls into prolonged extreme inhibition - 1 point.

The dog reacts strongly to gunshots and other strong stimuli, does not show cowardice, but stops working and is in a lethargic state for some time - 2 points.

The dog reacts briefly to shots and other strong stimuli, does not show fear or cowardice, does not stop working - 3 points.

The dog reacts poorly to shots and other strong stimuli, does not show fear or caution, does not stop working - 4 points.

The dog reacts calmly to shots and other strong stimuli, expresses indifference, does not stop working, and conditioned reflex activity is not inhibited - 5 points.

The protective-defensive reaction is assessed by the nature of the manifestation of courage, dexterity, speed of movement, by the strength of the grip on the sleeve and the ability to fight the attacker. The following options are possible.

The dog is afraid of the helper, shows cowardice, is missing the sleeve and rag, avoids blows inflicted by the helper, runs away - 1 point.

The dog reacts weakly to an imitation of an attack by a helper, is cautious, does not show anger, the grip is weak or absent altogether - 2 points.

The dog displays an angry-cowardly reaction, attacks the helper, evades blows or stops fighting - 3 points.

The dog boldly attacks the helper, but does not fight actively enough and does not shy away from blows - 4 points.

The dog boldly attacks the helper, puts up a strong fight, has a strong grip, is not afraid of blows, shows anger and aggressiveness - 5 points.

The dog's controllability is determined during the entire test by observing its actions when performing skills based on the trainer's signals: whether the dog carefully follows the actions of its owner, how it reacts to encouraging and prohibiting commands, maintains restraint and approaches the trainer. The following options are possible.

The dog is uncontrollable, weakly reacts to the trainer's commands and gestures, runs away from him, attacks strangers - 1 point.

The dog slowly and reluctantly fulfills the trainer’s demands after using repeated gestures or commands in a threatening intonation - 2 points.

The dog fulfills all the trainer's requirements regarding commands and gestures, but is distracted and does not follow the trainer's signals - 3 points.

The dog carefully follows the trainer's signals and fulfills all his requirements after using repeated commands and gestures - 4 points.

The dog carefully follows the trainer's signals, clearly and reliably fulfills all his demands, quickly stops unwanted actions and approaches the trainer at the first command or gesture - 5 points.

Undesirable connections are deviations in a dog’s behavior that interfere with its training and service use. They are formed from improper training in the form of bad habits based on the environment, time of day, terrain and local objects, the type of training suit and permanent assistant, birds, animals, shots and other environmental irritants. Strongly expressed unwanted connections reduce the assessment of a service dog's behavior.

The assessment of a dog's behavior is influenced by the deficiencies and defects specified in the standards for service breed dogs.

When determining assessments of a dog's behavior, the breed, gender, age, type of higher nervous activity, duration and quality of training are taken into account.

The overall assessment of the dog’s behavior is derived on the basis of scores based on the test results, taking into account the activity and degree of manifestation of the main and predominant reactions, the presence of unwanted connections, shortcomings and behavioral defects.

“Excellent” is awarded to dogs with behavior typical of the breed, who have scored 5 points on the main test indicators and have active, courageous, balanced, and easily controlled behavior. The presence of isolated, mild behavioral deficiencies is allowed.

“Very good” is awarded to dogs that meet the same basic requirements, but receive one four-point rating and have several behavioral deficiencies that do not turn into vices.

“Good” is awarded to dogs with behavior typical of the breed, who have scored 4 points on the main test indicators and have several behavioral deficiencies that do not turn into vices.

“Satisfactory” is awarded to dogs with behavior typical of the breed, who have scored 3 points on the main test indicators and have several shortcomings or defects in behavior that do not interfere with official use.

The type of higher nervous activity is established on the basis of analysis, behavioral characteristics and reflex activity of the dog during testing and during the training process.

The interior is the totality of the internal physiological, anatomical-histological and biochemical properties of the body in connection with its constitution and direction of productivity. The interior is an integral part of the constitution and serves as its internal expression. It includes such concepts as structural features and functions of individual tissues, organs, organ systems, the degree of development of the skeleton, muscles, tendon-ligament apparatus, skin, subcutaneous tissue, nervous system, balance of hormonal and nervous regulation of metabolic processes. The study of the interior makes it possible to understand the formative processes in animals at various stages of individual development, to identify the factors influencing them, and to direct selection work in dog breeding to improve the breeding and service qualities of animals. The current level of development of biological and zootechnical science makes it possible to use various methods to study the interior: histological, cytological, biochemical, hematological, fluoroscopic, genetic and immunobiological.

When assessing dogs based on their interior, it is necessary to highlight elements that would help judge health, adaptability to certain living conditions, and constitutional forms of build.

Backbone. The degree of development of the skeleton is of great importance in the life of the animal. Bones perform not only a supporting function, providing a movement system, but also serve as a hematopoietic organ, act as a depot of mineral substances, maintain reserve alkalinity of the blood and electrolyte balance in the body. Bone marrow not only forms the formed elements of blood (erythrocytes and leukocytes), but also produces protective immune cells that ensure the vitality of the body. Under the influence of motor functions, the skeleton is rebuilt and its chemical composition is constantly updated. Physical inactivity (inactivity) disrupts bone metabolism, slows down hematopoietic processes, leads to loosening of the bones and reduces its strength.

The nature of mineral metabolic processes is judged by the condition of the teeth, the degree of development of the bones in the area of ​​the metacarpus, metatarsus, and the severity of the carpal and hock joints. To determine the strength (compactness) and salt composition of the skeleton, the radiographic method proposed by I. G. Sharabrin is used. Based on the condition of the bones, one can judge the health of the dog and the conditions of its feeding at different periods of life. The skeleton should be strong (dense), quite massive, but not rough. Raising dogs with strong bones is one of the tasks of service dog breeding.

Musculature. In addition to the motor activity of the animal, the muscular system plays the role of an assistant to normal blood and lymph circulation, helps to accelerate metabolic processes, and through the humoral and nervous system ensures regulation of the functions of all organs and tissues. When assessing muscles, attention is paid to the thickness, length, density and working tone of the muscles. Strong muscles are characterized by prominent muscle expression, their density and tonic state. Thin (flat) muscles, decreased tone, or massive but loose muscles are a sign of muscle weakness. The severity of the tendon-ligamentous apparatus has a direct connection with the degree of development of the skeletal and muscular systems.

Underdeveloped bones, thin and weak muscles are signs of a weakened constitution and decreased vitality of dogs. Disproportions in the development of the skeleton and other organs indicate dysfunction in the hormonal system. Nodularity of the wrist joints and curvature of the forearm are signs of rickets. The underdevelopment of the facial bones of the skull and the weak expression of tubercles on the bones indicate deeper processes of disturbance of mineral and general metabolism in the animal’s body. This is also evidenced by the absence of individual teeth, destruction of enamel, small incisors or not located on the same line, and all deviations from the normal bite. The listed deficiencies and defects may be hereditary.

Leather. The structural features of the skin, the ratio of its individual layers, the degree of development of hair and blood vessels characterize the type of constitution of the animal and the degree of adaptation to certain environmental conditions. Dogs with a dry and delicate constitution have very thin skin, a poorly developed subcutaneous layer, thin or short hair without undercoat. Dogs with a coarse constitution have thick, rough skin, with well-developed coarse hair and a thick undercoat. In raw-built dogs, subcutaneous tissue is highly developed, the skin is loose and forms folds.

Blood. The importance of blood in the body is well known. Blood tests make it possible to judge its total quantity, the composition of formed elements, the presence and activity of enzymes, blood groups and its biochemical polymorphism. Dogs with a high content of dry substances, formed elements, hemoglobin, sugar, glutathione, and serum globulins in the blood are distinguished by greater performance, activity and endurance in work than dogs with the opposite indicators. Hematological studies can be supplemented by studies of the chromosomal apparatus of somatic cells (body cells).

Nervous-humoral system. Hormones, in interaction with enzymes, influence basic life processes and metabolism. They regulate growth, development, reproduction processes, and influence the nervous activity and behavior of animals. The pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus and gonads have a huge influence on the formation of a certain constitutional type. The vital activity of animals and their performance depend on the activity of these glands.

The main regulating and providing complex adaptive functions, uniting the integrity and unity of the body, closely related to the type of constitution is the nervous system. When assessing constitutional types, I. P. Pavlov proceeded from such properties of the nervous system as the strength of excitatory and inhibitory processes, their balance and mobility. He established four main types of dog nervous systems, differing in behavioral temperament, adaptability to the environment and resistance to disease.

Any deviations in the dog’s interior are determined by signs of changes in the form and functions of individual organs and systems. To do this, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the dog, which makes it possible to understand the characteristics of its physique and behavior, notice deviations in the exterior and constitution, and draw tentative conclusions about the service and breeding value of the animal.

Constitution - a set of anatomical and physiological properties and characteristics of a dog, expressed in the exterior, interior and behavior.

The constitution is formed on a hereditary basis in the process of individual development and is expressed in certain forms of physique, in the consistency of structure and functions, in general metabolism and is a measure of the body’s adaptability to certain living conditions.

The concept of “dog constitution” combines all the properties of the body, including its service and breeding qualities. The constitution is associated with the health, vitality, resistance, precocity, fertility, life expectancy and performance of the animal.

The classification of animal constitution types by Russian scientists P.N. Kuleshov, E.A. Bogdanov, M.F. Ivanov and others was based on the anatomical principle, according to which they identified five types of constitution: tender, dry, strong, rough, loose (raw). The strong type of constitution proposed by M. F. Ivanov was accepted as the most perfect.

The value of a service dog is determined by its ability to train and working qualities, which largely depend on the functional state of the animal’s nervous system, determined by the type of higher nervous activity. The type of higher nervous activity of a dog is hereditary in nature and has a close connection with the constitutional characteristics and performance of the animal. Therefore, the constitution of dogs should be considered as a genetically determined connection between the beneficial properties and qualities of the animal and the characteristics of its physique and behavior.

Gentle type of constitution

The type of higher nervous activity is weak (the processes of excitation and inhibition are weak). Behavior is very diverse: some dogs are overly active (fussy), others are cautious and passive. The main behavioral reactions are weak, unstable, and indicative and passive-defensive reactions predominate. The initial formation of conditioned reflexes occurs quickly, but they are easily inhibited and form complex skills with great difficulty. The nervous system is highly sensitive to all stimuli. With high analytical activity, the synthetic processes of the nervous system are weakened. Conditioned reflexes to strong stimuli are not formed due to extreme inhibition and neuroses with repeated and prolonged exposure.

The physique is gentle. The skeleton is poorly developed, refined. The muscles are flat, thin, and weak. The tendon-ligament apparatus is underdeveloped. The joints are not prominent and weak. The skin is thin, delicate, stretched, and does not form folds. Subcutaneous tissue is poorly developed. The metabolism is unbalanced, the dog is often in poor condition. Sexual dimorphism is weakly expressed.

Exterior features are expressed according to the type of build. The head is narrow, long in relation to its width, with a flat forehead, a sharp muzzle and an almost straight profile. The eyes are set askew, the eyelids are dry, the cheekbones and brow ridges are poorly developed. The neck is dry, long, set high. The chest is narrow, flat, and the stomach is sharply tucked. The limbs are long, the dog seems tall.

Growth occurs quickly, development is uneven, formation ends early, and underdevelopment or overdevelopment of individual organs and systems is common.

Vitality is weak, resistance is low. Dogs endure unfavorable conditions painfully and require careful care, a special regime of maintenance, feeding and service use.

Training is difficult due to the instability of conditioned reflexes and the difficulty of developing skills. Performance is low.

The gentle type of constitution is observed mainly in dogs of decorative breeds. It is rare among service breed dogs.

Dry type of constitution

The type of higher nervous activity is strong, mobile, unbalanced (excitation prevails over inhibition). Behavior is excitable, unrestrained, temperamental. Movements are fast, sharp, energetic. The basic reactions of behavior are strongly manifested: active-defensive, often in an angry form, predominates. Initial conditioned reflexes are formed easily and quickly. Skills are formed with great difficulty, are unstable, and require constant consolidation and training. Exposure and differentiation are weak. The synthetic functions of the nervous system are somewhat weakened. An overexcitation reaction to strong stimuli is possible, but extreme inhibition rarely occurs.

The physique is dry. The bone structure is refined but strong (compact). The muscles are thin, long, but strong and resilient. The tendon-ligament apparatus and joints are well developed. The skin is thin, dense, elastic, tightly fitting to the body. Subcutaneous tissue is poorly developed. Metabolism is intense. Sexual dimorphism is quite pronounced.

Exterior features are expressed according to the general type of build. The head is relatively narrow, elongated, with a flat forehead and a weakly defined transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is pointed, close in length to the skull, parallel to the line of the forehead or lowered. Lips are thin, dry, tightly fitting. Eyes slanted. The neck is dry, long, set high. The chest is deep, relatively narrow, oval in shape. The stomach is tucked above the chest line. The limbs are long, the dog seems tall. The hock joints are sharply defined and well defined.

Growth, development and formation of the body occur quickly and end early. Dogs are resilient if certain conditions of keeping, feeding, care and use are met. Due to strong excitability, initial training is difficult. With systematic training, performance is good. Dogs work actively, energetically and almost tirelessly. The dry type of constitution is predominantly found among collies and Airedales.

Strong type of constitution

The type of higher nervous activity is, as a rule, strong, balanced, and mobile. Behavior is calm, courageous, somewhat restrained, and easily controlled. The movements are strong, energetic, confident, flexible. All basic behavioral reactions manifest themselves actively, are strongly expressed, and change easily and quickly. Conditioned reflexes associated with both excitation and inhibition processes are easily formed. Complex skills formed from conditioned reflexes are dynamic, easily reinforced and retained for a long time. The analytical and synthetic functions of the nervous system proceed in a balanced manner. The differentiation is good. Extreme inhibition does not occur in response to strong stimuli.

The physique is strong. The bones are well developed, massive, but not coarse (compact). The muscles are massive, dense, strong, prominently expressed. The tendon-ligamentous apparatus is well developed, strong, the joints are pronounced. The skin is moderately thick, elastic, tightly stretched, and does not form folds. Subcutaneous tissue is moderately developed. Metabolism occurs intensively. The hormonal system is functionally balanced. Sexual dimorphism is well expressed.

Exterior features are expressed proportionally. The head in the skull is moderately wide, elongated, with a flat or slightly convex forehead and a moderately pronounced transition to the muzzle. The length of the muzzle is approximately equal to half the length of the head, forming a parallel line with the line of the forehead. The lips are not thick, tightly fitting. The eyes are usually slanted. The neck is dry, proportional to the length of the head, with a wide throat and a well-developed crest. The chest is wide, deep, oval in shape. The abdomen is moderately tucked above the chest line. The limbs are moderately long, with well-developed shins and well-formed hock angles.

Growth, development and formation of the body occur gradually, evenly and end relatively quickly.

Dogs are distinguished by their resilience and good adaptability to various, including difficult, conditions of detention and use. They are easy and quick to train in a variety of ways and have high performance.

The strong type of constitution is predominantly found among German Shepherds.

The type of higher nervous activity is strong, balanced, sedentary. Behavior is calm and courageous. The movements are slow, somewhat clumsy, but strong and confident. The main behavioral reactions are expressed actively, but proceed somewhat stagnantly. The formation of conditioned reflexes and the formation of complex skills is difficult in many cases. The resulting skills are stereotypical, do not reach perfection, but are firmly established and retained for a long time. The analytical and synthetic functions of the nervous system are slowed down, differentiation does not reach perfection. Extreme inhibition does not occur in response to strong stimuli.

The physique is strong, but expressed in rough forms. The skeleton is massive, dense, rough. The muscles are massive, strong, strong. The tendon-ligament apparatus is well developed, the joints are not prominent. The skin is thick, dense, stretched, but often forms folds in the head and neck area. The coat is thick, well developed, and coarse. Metabolism occurs intensively and balanced. Sexual dimorphism is quite pronounced.

Exterior features are expressed in accordance with the general physique. The head is coarse, wide, massive, high cheekbones, with a somewhat convex forehead and a pronounced transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is blunt, massive, forming a parallel line with the line of the forehead. The lips are thick, tense or somewhat drooping. The eyes are set relatively straight, the eyelids are dry. The neck is short, massive, low set. The chest is wide, deep, long, somewhat rounded. The abdomen is moderately tucked. The limbs are short, with shortened shins, with slightly straightened angles of the knee and hock joints.

The growth and development of the body occurs somewhat slowly, formation ends late. Dogs are distinguished by their great resilience, resistance to diseases, unpretentiousness to living and feeding conditions, and adaptability to local conditions. Complex training is difficult. After long training, performance is good.

The rough type of constitution is predominantly found among Caucasian and Central Asian shepherd dogs.

Raw type of constitution

The type of higher nervous activity is strong, balanced, inert. Behavior is calm, phlegmatic, seeming lazy and indifferent. Movements are sluggish, slow, clumsy. The main behavioral reactions are weakly expressed, proceed slowly and stagnantly. The formation of conditioned reflexes and complex skills occurs slowly. The acquired skills are stereotypical and are firmly retained. Analytical processes and synthetic activity of the nervous system proceed slowly. Strong or frequently used stimuli cause animal passivity and inhibition of the nervous system.

The physique is raw (loose), expressed in rough forms. The skeleton is massive, loose, rough. The muscles are loose, flabby, weak. The coat is coarse and well developed. The skin is rough, loose, and forms folds. Subcutaneous tissue is well developed. Metabolic processes proceed slowly. There is a tendency to obesity. Sexual dimorphism is not sufficiently pronounced.

Exterior features are expressed in accordance with the general physique. The head is massive, wide, high cheekbones, short, with a convex forehead and a sharp transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is short, blunt, sometimes upturned, with highly developed raw, thick, often drooping lips. The eyes are set wide and straight, deep-set. The eyelids are damp and drooping. The neck is short, set low, the throat is narrow, and the crest is massive. The chest is wide, massive, round in shape. The stomach is lowered. The limbs are relatively short, with short shins and straightened angles of the stifles and hocks.

Growth is relatively fast, development is slow, formation and maturation are late. Early old age and rapid decrepitude are observed. Vitality is weak, changing living conditions causes a painful state. They are difficult to train. Performance is low due to slowness and fatigue.

Representatives of this type of constitution are predominantly found among St. Bernards and Newfoundlands.

The existing variety of dog breeds does not fit into the five main types. Many breeds and breed groups of dogs, in terms of physique and behavior, occupy intermediate positions between the main types in two series of variability.

First row- from gentle types to rough ones with all transitions. These types are distinguished mainly by the development of the skeleton, muscle tissue, skin and internal organs.

Second row- from dry types to raw ones with all transitions, determined by the development of connective tissue, the nature of fat deposits and metabolism, the compactness of the structure of muscle and bone tissue. In the center of each row there are dogs of the most desirable type - strong type. Intermediate types are considered to be those standing between tender and strong, rough and strong, raw and strong, dry and strong. Combined types, combining the characteristics of two series of variability: coarse dry, coarse raw, delicate dry, delicate raw, are mixed. Tender dry and tender raw are extremely pronounced types of constitution, are rare and are considered undesirable in service dog breeding.

In the names of intermediate and mixed types, a more pronounced type of constitution is indicated at the beginning, and a less pronounced type of constitution at the end. For example, if a dog of an intermediate type of constitution has predominant signs of strength and less pronounced signs of dryness, then they write strong dry, etc.

There is a genetic connection with the constitutional series of variability of the variability of the functional properties of the nervous system: with the first series - the strength of nervous processes and sensitivity thresholds, and with the second - the mobility of nervous processes and the speed of change of basic behavioral reactions. Features of connections are reflected in the characteristics of the main types of dog constitution.

Dogs of this type usually have a choleric temperament. The bones are strong, but slightly refined, the muscles are elongated and thin, but strong. They ripen quickly. The head is narrow, elongated, with a weakly defined transition from the forehead to the muzzle. The skin is thin, dry and elastic. The muzzle is approximately equal in length to the skull, but may exceed it, being pointed. The eyes are set askew, the lips are thin, dry, and tight-fitting. There is an underbite. The neck is dry and long, the chest is deep, oval in shape. The dog seems very high-legged and light. The limbs are long, the hock joints are well defined. The coat is fine, with good or slightly defined undercoat. Typical representatives are greyhounds, huskies, collies, Doberman pinschers (now, however, they have already been led away from this type towards the strong one), etc.

10. A line is a group of dogs of the same breed, similar in appearance and features behavior and productivity, descending from one common ancestor, after which the line is usually named. The line is very similar to the breed, but it is impossible to draw an analogy between the breed and the line, since there are deep and fundamental differences between them. A line is only part of a breed, being a purely zootechnical category. There are not such clear differences between lines as there are between breeds. Usually the lines are closely intertwined, absorbed by each other, sometimes merge and imperceptibly transform into one another, split into separate branches and families, etc. The independent existence of individual lines is often controversial and difficult to prove. There are formal (blood) and factory lilies.

The formal line is called all the offspring of the ancestor, going through his sons, grandsons, and great-grandchildren, regardless of their quality. Therefore, the formal line of outstanding and widely used sires numbers up to a thousand dogs. Due to the different combination of hereditary inclinations of the leading ancestor with the maternal ones, different growing and maintenance conditions, the similarity of dogs of the formal line with the ancestor is often very insignificant. Essentially this entire group is as diverse as the entire breed as a whole. A significant part of the line will not be of value for further breeding. Only certain groups or animals that have an outstanding ancestor no further than the second or third generation of ancestors can be valuable. They usually do not work with formal lines. Of these, only those animals are allocated to the breeding group that correspond to the type of line that constitutes its main advantage, according to which selection is carried out. Work with the line is similar to the general system of breeding work with the entire breed and includes the same elements (selection, selection, culling of dogs not included in the line). The quality of a line does not depend on its number. However, the better the line, the more numerous it is, since it contains more outstanding and similar descendants. Sometimes less common lines are very valuable for breeding work. There is no quantitative standard for animals to establish a line. The existence of a line is legitimized depending on the quality of the dogs included in it, their family relationships, uniformity, breeding prospects and other factors.

The ancestor of the line must be an outstanding animal. It is impossible to create a line without an outstanding founder. Attempts to restore a lost line through individual, not outstanding descendants of the ancestor do not give positive results. Usually the male is used as the ancestor, producing a large number of offspring. Whether a female can be the ancestor is a question that has not yet been resolved in animal husbandry. Dog breeding is a specific type of animal husbandry. Bitches are prolific and precocious, therefore, over the course of several years, they are capable of producing a significant number of puppies from one or different males, including, in addition to the “family” of the highly productive group, descendants of females similar to the mother - and a number of outstanding males, successors of her line.

Lines and families are closely interrelated. In its development, a line is always based on one or more families. The line, like all breeds in general, is dynamic and never remains unchanged. The task of the line is not the conservation of the past, but progress and enrichment of the virtues of the ancestor with new, even more perfect qualities. The duration of its existence also depends on the changes that will occur in the line. Typically, progressive lines “live” for 4-5 generations, but this is determined not by a formal count of a number of ancestors, but by its compliance or non-compliance with the type. If any of the branches of the line turns out to be better than the main one, a new independent line may arise.

Gentle type of constitution

The type of higher nervous activity is weak (the processes of excitation and inhibition are weak). Behavior is very diverse: some dogs are overly active (fussy), others are cautious and passive. The main behavioral reactions are weak, unstable, and indicative and passive-defensive reactions predominate. The initial formation of conditioned reflexes occurs quickly, but they are easily inhibited and form complex skills with great difficulty. The nervous system is highly sensitive to all stimuli. With high analytical activity, the synthetic processes of the nervous system are weakened. Conditioned reflexes to strong stimuli are not formed due to extreme inhibition and neuroses with repeated and prolonged exposure.

The physique is gentle. The skeleton is poorly developed, refined. The muscles are flat, thin, and weak. The tendon-ligamentous apparatus is not sufficiently developed. The joints are not expressed in relief, they are weak. The skin is thin, delicate, stretched, and does not form folds. Subcutaneous tissue is poorly developed. The metabolism is unbalanced, the dog is often in poor condition. The coat varies from short to long. Sexual dimorphism is weakly expressed.

Exterior features are expressed according to the type of build. The head is narrow, long in relation to its width, with a flat forehead, a sharp muzzle and an almost straight profile. The eyes are large, often bulging, set obliquely, the eyelids are dry, the cheekbones and brow ridges are poorly developed. The facial parts of the skull are sometimes so short and poorly developed that there is a reduced number of teeth. Individual teeth often grow across the jaw and are underdeveloped. The neck is dry, long, set high. The chest is narrow, flat, and the stomach is sharply tucked. The limbs are long, the dog seems tall.

Growth occurs quickly, development is uneven, formation ends early, and underdevelopment or overdevelopment of individual organs and systems is common. Dwarf stature is common.

Vitality is weak, resistance is low. Dogs endure unfavorable conditions painfully and require careful care, a special regime of maintenance, feeding and service use.

Training is difficult due to the instability of conditioned reflexes and the difficulty of developing skills. Performance is low.

The gentle type of constitution is observed mainly in dogs of decorative breeds.

Representatives of this type are the toy terrier, miniature pinscher, sheltie, lapdogs, Pekingese, Italian Greyhound, miniature poodle and toy poodle, miniature Spitz, Chihuahua, Papillon, Phalene, Maltese, Brabant Griffon, English toy terrier, miniature pinscher, bichon -Frise, Australian Silky Terrier, Chinese Crested Dog, Japanese Chin, Norwich Terrier, Norfolk Terrier, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso.

Rarely found among service breed dogs

Rough type of constitution

The type of higher nervous activity is strong, balanced, sedentary. Behavior is calm and courageous. The movements are not fast, somewhat clumsy, but strong and confident. The main behavioral reactions are expressed actively, but proceed somewhat stagnantly. The formation of conditioned reflexes and the formation of complex skills is difficult in many cases. The resulting skills are stereotypical, do not reach perfection, but are firmly established and retained for a long time. The analytical and synthetic functions of the nervous system are slowed down, differentiation does not reach perfection. Extreme inhibition does not occur in response to strong stimuli.

The physique is strong, but expressed in rough forms. The skeleton is massive, dense, rough. The muscles are massive, strong, strong. The tendon-ligament apparatus is well developed, the joints are not prominently expressed. The skin is thick, dense, stretched, but often forms folds in the head and neck area. The coat is thick, well developed, and coarse. Metabolism occurs intensively and balanced. Sexual dimorphism is quite pronounced.

Exterior features are expressed in accordance with the general physique. The head is coarse, wide, massive, high cheekbones, with a somewhat convex forehead and a pronounced transition to the muzzle. The muzzle is blunt, massive, forming a parallel line with the line of the forehead. The lips are thick, tense or somewhat drooping. The eyes are set relatively straight, the eyelids are dry. The neck is short, massive, set low with a slight fold in the form of a dewlap. The chest is wide, deep, long, somewhat rounded. The abdomen is moderately tucked. The limbs are short, with shortened shins, with slightly straightened angles of the knee and hock joints.

The growth and development of the body occurs somewhat slowly, formation ends late. They reach their development by three years. Dogs are distinguished by their great resilience, resistance to diseases, unpretentiousness to living and feeding conditions, and adaptability to local conditions. Complex training is difficult. After long training, performance is good.

Representatives of this type are the Caucasian Shepherd Dog, the Central Asian Shepherd Dog, South Russian Shepherd Dogs, the Bernese Shepherd Dog, the Moscow Watchdog, the Black Terrier, and the Rottweiler.

Natural properties of a dog- these are the biological and physiological characteristics of an animal that have developed evolutionarily under the influence of living conditions and environmental influences. These include: strength, dexterity, courage, speed of reaction, acuity of hearing, vision, smell, the ability to fight, quickly adapt to various living conditions, etc.

Under the influence of man, many of the dog’s natural properties were improved and formed into such service skills as sensitivity, attentiveness, pliability to training, obedience, devotion to the owner, alertness, vigilance, distrust and malice towards strangers, the ability to protect oneself and the owner, protect his things, lead long search based on scent trails.

The totality of natural properties and necessary qualities determines the dog’s suitability for performing a particular job and constitutes the service value of the animal. The value of a service dog is determined by its ability to train and working qualities, which largely depend on the functional state of the animal’s nervous system, determined by the typological characteristics of higher nervous activity. The type of higher nervous activity of a dog is hereditary in nature and has a close relationship with its constitutional characteristics.

The concept of “constitution” combines all the properties of a dog’s body, including its service and breeding qualities. Health, vitality, resistance, precocity, fertility, life expectancy, working capacity, etc. are associated with the constitution. The presence of such general biological properties in a dog constitutes the breeding value of the animal.

Natural properties and service qualities in different dogs, even of the same breed, manifest themselves differently and depend on many factors, but mainly on the constitutional characteristics of the body, called constitutional types.

Dog constitution type- this is a special type of her physique and behavior, formed on a hereditary basis under the influence of various causes and factors. In practice, the type of constitution is determined by the exterior characteristics, interior indicators and behavioral characteristics of the dog, taking into account its performance.

The constitution of dogs is divided into five main types:

• strong,
• dry,
• rude,
• raw,
• gentle.

In addition to the five main types of dog constitution, both among existing breeds and within each breed we can distinguish transitional types: intermediate and combined. Some breeds and intrabreed groups occupy an intermediate position between the main types in two series of variability.

First row of variability- from gentle types to rough ones with all transitions. These types are distinguished mainly by the development of the skeleton, muscle tissue, skin and internal organs.

Second row- from dry types to raw (again with all the transitions), determined by the development of connective tissue, the nature of fat deposits and metabolism, the compactness of the structure of muscle and bone tissue. In the center of each row there are dogs of the most desirable type - a strong type of constitution.

Intermediate types are considered to be between tender and strong, rough and strong, dry and strong, raw and strong.

Combined types, combining the characteristics of two series of variability: coarse dry, coarse raw, delicate dry, delicate raw, are called mixed. Tender dry and tender raw are extremely pronounced types of constitution and are rare.

With the constitutional series of variability there is a genetic connection between the variability of the functional properties of the nervous system: with the first series (from gentle to rough) - the strength of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition, the sensitivity thresholds of the sensory organs, and with the second series (from dry to raw) - the mobility of nervous processes and the speed of change of basic behavioral reactions. The features of these connections are to a certain extent reflected in the characteristics of the main types of dog constitution.

The names of intermediate and mixed types indicate the more pronounced type of constitution first, and the less pronounced one at the end. For example If a dog of an intermediate type of constitution has predominant signs of strength and less pronounced signs of dryness, then they write strong dry.

Dogs in which the characteristics of the main type of constitution predominate and individual characteristics of another type are weakly expressed. For example, a strong type with elements of roughness.

The constitution of a dog cannot be determined, much less assessed, by single, even pronounced, characteristics. The type of constitution is determined and assessed by a set of basic characteristics in two series of variability, expressed in the features of the dog’s exterior, interior and behavior.

Literature

• Encyclopedia of Dog Breeding, Composition. V. Zubko, A. Alekseev. – M.: TERRA – Book Club, 1998. – 544 pp.: ill. + 16 pp. incl.
• Absolutely everything about your dog, composition. V.N. Zubko. M.: Arnadia, 1996
• Basics of service dog breeding. Compiled by V.V. Moskovkin. Cheboksary, Russika, 1993