Oncology of female organs signs. The main signs of oncology in women. What are the dangers of a neoplasm in the vagina?

Malignant tumors can occur in any organ of the female reproductive system - the vulva (external genitalia), vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries.

Uterine cancer

Although this malignant tumor is commonly called uterine cancer, its more accurate name is endometrial carcinoma because the tumor initially arises in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). In women, it is the fourth most common cancer and the most common malignant tumor of the female genital organs. Uterine cancer usually develops after menopause, usually in women between 50 and 60 years of age. Tumor cells can spread (metastasize) both to adjacent tissues and to many other organs - down to the cervix, from the uterus to the fallopian tubes and ovaries, to the tissues surrounding the uterus, to the lymphatic vessels that transport lymph to all organs, lymphatic nodes, into the blood, then through the bloodstream to distant organs.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Abnormal bleeding from the uterus is the most common early symptom of uterine cancer. Bleeding may occur after menopause and may be repeated, irregular, or heavy in women who continue to menstruate. One out of every three women with uterine bleeding after menopause is diagnosed with this form of cancer. If you experience abnormal uterine bleeding after menopause, you should immediately consult a doctor, as it may be caused by a malignant tumor.

To diagnose this malignant tumor, several methods are used. The Pap test can detect cervical cancer cells, but it does not detect tumor cells in about one third of cases. Therefore, the doctor also performs an endometrial biopsy or fractional curettage (separate curettage of the cervical canal and the uterine cavity), in which tissue from the lining of the uterus is removed for examination under a microscope.

If the results of a biopsy or fractional curettage confirm the presence of a cancer in the lining of the uterus, further tests must be done to determine whether the cancer has spread outside the uterus. Ultrasound (ultrasound), computed tomography (CT), cystoscopy (fiber optic examination of the bladder), barium sulfate x-ray of the intestine, chest x-ray, intravenous urography (examination of the kidneys and ureters), bone scan and liver, sigmoidoscopy (examination of the rectum using a flexible fiber-optic instrument) and lymphangiography (x-ray examination of the lymphatic system) provide the necessary information and help prescribe optimal treatment. In each case, only some of the studies listed above are carried out for specific indications.

Treatment

Extirpation, that is, surgical removal of the uterus, is the basis of treatment for this type of malignant tumor. If the cancer has not metastasized beyond the uterus, then hysterectomy almost always leads to a cure. During the operation, the surgeon usually also removes the fallopian tubes, ovaries (that is, performs a salpingo-oophorectomy) and nearby (regional) lymph nodes. They are examined by a morphologist to determine the stage of cancer development and determine the need for postoperative radiation therapy.

Even when the cancer has not metastasized, your doctor may prescribe postoperative drug therapy (chemotherapy) if some cancer cells remain undetected. Usually hormones are used that suppress the growth of a malignant tumor. Progestins (progesterone is a female hormone that blocks the effects of estrogen) and similar hormonal medications are often effective.

If the cancer has spread beyond the uterus, higher doses of progestins are usually prescribed. In 40% of women with metastases of a malignant tumor, it decreases in size and its growth is suppressed under the influence of progestins for 2-3 years. If treatment is effective, it may continue indefinitely. Side effects of progestins include weight gain due to water retention and, in some cases, depression.

If the cancer has spread widely or if hormone therapy does not have a beneficial effect, other chemotherapy agents such as cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and cisplatin may be added. These medications are much more toxic than progestins and cause many side effects. Before starting treatment, you must carefully weigh the risks and expected benefits of chemotherapy.

Overall, nearly two-thirds of women diagnosed with this type of cancer remain alive without relapse (recurrence) of the cancer within 5 years of diagnosis, less than a third die from the disease, and nearly 10% survive without cancer. cured If this malignancy is detected early, almost 90% of women live at least 5 years and usually recover. The chances are better for younger women, women whose cancer has not spread beyond the uterus, and women who have a slow-growing type of cancer.

Factors that increase the likelihood of uterine cancer

• Exposure to high doses of estrogens (the main female hormones) from hormone-producing tumors or from medications containing high doses of estrogens, including estrogen replacement therapy without progesterone after menopause
• Menopause after 52 years
• Menstrual irregularities (such as excessive bleeding, bleeding between periods, or long intervals between periods)
• Obesity
• Absence of childbirth
• High blood pressure
• Diabetes
• Tamoxifen therapy

Cervical cancer

The cervix is ​​the lower part of the uterus that extends into the vagina. Among malignant tumors of the female genital organs, cervical cancer (cervical carcinoma) is the second most common tumor among women of all ages and most common among younger women. Cervical cancer is usually found in women between 35 and 55 years of age. The development of this malignant tumor may be associated with a virus (human papillomavirus), which can be transmitted during sexual intercourse.

The younger a woman is at the time of first sexual intercourse, and the more sexual partners she has in the future, the greater the risk of cervical cancer.

About 85% of cervical cancers are squamous cell cancer, which means they develop from stratified squamous epithelial cells, similar to skin cells, that cover the outside of the cervix. Most other types of cervical cancer develop from columnar epithelial cells of the glands in the cervical canal (adenocarcinoma) or both types of cells.

Cervical cancer cells can penetrate deep into the lining of the uterus, enter the vast network of small blood and lymphatic vessels found in the deeper layers of the cervix, and then invade other organs. In this way, a malignant tumor metastasizes both to distant organs and to tissues located near the cervix.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Symptoms include bleeding between periods or after sexual intercourse. A woman may not experience pain or other symptoms until the later stages of the disease, but routine Papanicolaou tests (Pap smears) can detect cervical cancer early enough. This disease begins with slow changes in normal cells and often takes several years to develop. Changes are usually detected by examining the cells of the cervical mucosa under a microscope, which are taken for a Pap smear. Physicians have described these changes as stages ranging from normal (no pathology) to invasive cancer.

The Pap test is inexpensive and can accurately detect cervical cancer in 90% of cases, even before symptoms appear. As a result, with the introduction of this research method into practice, the number of deaths from cervical cancer decreased by more than 50%. Doctors generally recommend performing the first Pap test when a woman becomes sexually active or reaches the age of 18, and then annually thereafter. If normal results have been obtained for 3 consecutive years, such a woman can then have a Pap smear only every 2 or 3 years until her lifestyle changes. If this cytological examination were carried out regularly in all women, the mortality rate from cervical cancer could be reduced to zero. However, almost 40% of patients do not undergo regular screening.

If, during a gynecological examination, a tumor, ulcer or other suspicious area is detected on the cervix, as well as suspicious changes in relation to a malignant tumor are detected on the Pap smear, the doctor performs a biopsy (takes tissue from the cervix for examination under a microscope). The tissue sample for this test is usually obtained during a colposcopy, in which the doctor uses a fiber-optic system with a magnifying lens (colposcope) to carefully examine the cervix and select the most suspicious area for biopsy. Two types of biopsy are used - targeted biopsy, in which a small piece of cervical tissue is taken under the control of a colposcope, and endocervical curettage, in which the mucous membrane of the cervical canal is scraped without visual control. Both types of biopsies involve some pain and some bleeding. Both methods usually provide enough tissue for a pathologist to make a diagnosis. If the diagnosis is unclear, the doctor performs a cone biopsy, which removes more tissue. Typically this type of biopsy is performed using loop electrosurgical excision (excision) techniques on an outpatient basis.

If cervical cancer is detected, the next step is to determine the exact size and location of the tumor; this process is called determining the stage of development of a malignant tumor. Determining the stage begins with a general examination of the pelvic organs and several special types of studies (cystoscopy, chest x-ray, intravenous urography, sigmoidoscopy) to determine the extent of spread of the cervical tumor to adjacent tissues or more distant organs. If necessary, additional tests such as computed tomography, barium sulfate X-ray of the intestines, liver and bone scans may be carried out.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the stage of development of cervical cancer. If the malignant tumor is limited to its superficial layers (carcinoma in situ), the doctor can remove such a tumor completely - part of the cervix is ​​removed surgically or using loop electrosurgical excision (excision). After such treatment, the ability to have children is preserved. However, the doctor recommends that the woman come for examinations and Pap smears every 3 months during the first year and every 6 months thereafter, since the malignant tumor may recur. If a woman is diagnosed with carcinoma in situ and she does not plan to have children, then she is recommended to have her uterus removed (extirpation).

If the cancer has reached a more advanced stage of development, hysterectomy in combination with removal of surrounding tissue (radical hysterectomy) and lymph nodes is necessary. However, normally functioning ovaries in young women are not removed.

Radiation therapy is also highly effective for treating advanced cervical cancer if the tumor has not spread beyond the pelvic organs. Although radiation therapy does not usually cause early side effects, it sometimes causes inflammation of the rectum and vagina; later, damage to the bladder and rectum may develop, and ovarian function usually ceases.

If the cancer has spread beyond the pelvic area, chemotherapy is sometimes recommended. However, only 25-30% of patients receiving it can expect a positive effect, and this effect is usually temporary.

Pap test results: stages of cervical cancer

• No pathological changes
• Minimal cervical dysplasia (early changes that are not yet cancerous)
• Severe dysplasia (late changes that are not yet malignant)
• Carcinoma in situ(malignant tumor limited to the most superficial layer of the cervical mucosa)
• Invasive cancer

Like other malignant skin tumors, vulvar cancer begins on the surface and first spreads to nearby tissues without spreading to other organs. Although some tumors can be aggressive, most types of vulvar cancer grow relatively slowly. If treatment is not carried out, they gradually penetrate into the vagina, urethra or anus, and penetrate into the lymph nodes of this area.

Symptoms and diagnosis

The development of vulvar cancer can be easily detected - unusual nodes or ulcers appear near the entrance to the vagina. Sometimes there are areas of peeling or discoloration of the skin. The surrounding tissue may have a wrinkled appearance. The discomfort is usually not severe, but itching in the vagina is disturbing. Subsequently, bleeding or watery discharge often develops. The appearance of these symptoms requires immediate medical attention.

To make a diagnosis, the doctor performs a biopsy. After numbing the suspicious area with an anesthetic, a small area of ​​discolored skin is removed. A biopsy is needed to determine whether skin changes are cancerous or due to infectious inflammation or irritation. A biopsy also makes it possible to recognize the type of malignant tumor when it is detected and determine a treatment strategy.

Treatment

A vulvectomy is a surgery that removes a large area of ​​vulvar tissue near the vaginal opening. Vulvectomy is necessary for all types of vulvar cancer except preinvasive carcinoma to remove squamous cell malignant tumors of the vulva. This extensive removal is done because this type of vulvar cancer can quickly spread to nearby tissue and lymph nodes. Because a vulvectomy may also remove the clitoris, the doctor discusses treatment with the woman diagnosed with vulvar cancer to develop a treatment plan that is best suited for her based on comorbidities, age, and aspects of her sex life. Sexual intercourse after a vulvectomy is usually possible. To treat cancer in very advanced stages, in which complete cure is unlikely, radiation therapy may be given after surgery. If a malignant tumor is detected and removed early, then in 75% of cases there are no signs of its reappearance over the next 5 years; if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes, less than 50% of women survive.

Since basal cell carcinoma of the vulva does not tend to metastasize to distant organs, surgical removal is usually sufficient. If the malignant tumor is small, then removal of the entire vulva is not necessary.

Vaginal cancer

Only about 1% of all malignant tumors that arise in the female genital organs develop in the vagina. Vaginal cancer (carcinoma) usually appears in women between 45 and 65 years of age. In more than 95% of cases, vaginal cancer is squamous cell and is morphologically similar to cervical and vulvar cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vagina can be caused by human papillomavirus, the same virus that causes genital warts and cervical cancer. Diethylstilbesterol-dependent carcinoma is a rare type of vaginal cancer that occurs almost exclusively in women whose mothers took the drug diethylstilbesterol during pregnancy.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Vaginal cancer grows into the vaginal mucosa and is accompanied by the formation of ulcers that can bleed and become infected. Watery discharge or bleeding and pain during intercourse appear. If the cancer becomes large enough, it may also affect the functioning of the bladder and rectum, causing frequent urination and pain when urinating.

When vaginal cancer is suspected, the doctor will scrape the vaginal lining to examine under a microscope and perform a biopsy of lumps, ulcers, and other suspicious areas noticed during a pelvic exam. A biopsy is usually performed during a colposcopy.

Treatment

Treatment for vaginal cancer depends on the location and size of the tumor. However, all types of vaginal cancer can be treated with radiation therapy.

If the tumor is localized in the upper third of the vagina, the uterus and pelvic lymph nodes and upper part of the vagina are removed (extirpation), or radiation therapy is used. For cancer in the middle third of the vagina, radiation therapy is prescribed, and for cancer in the lower third, surgery or radiation therapy is prescribed.

After treatment for vaginal cancer, sexual intercourse may be difficult or impossible, although sometimes a new vagina is created using a skin graft or part of the intestine. Survival at 5 years is observed in approximately 30% of women.

Fallopian tube cancer

A malignant tumor can also develop in the fallopian tubes. This is the rarest location of a malignant tumor of the female genital organs. Symptoms include vague abdominal discomfort and sometimes watery or bloody vaginal discharge. Usually a nodular formation is detected in the pelvis, but the diagnosis is made only after removal and cytological examination of the tumor. Removal (extirpation) of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and omentum, followed by chemotherapy, is almost always necessary. The prognosis is approximately the same as for ovarian cancer.

Trophoblastic disease

Trophoblastic disease is a tumor-like growth of trophoblast tissue (a tissue element of the fetal egg); This definition refers to trophoblast pathology, which clinically manifests itself in the form of hydatidiform mole and choriocarcinoma.

Trophoblastic disease can develop from epithelial cells of chorionic villi remaining after spontaneous abortion or full-term pregnancy, but, as a rule, it arises from a fertilized egg as an independent pathological process of transformation of chorionic villi into grape-shaped formations (hydatidiform mole). In rare cases, the placenta is affected in a normal fetus. In more than 80% of cases, trophoblastic disease is non-malignant, that is, it is a hydatidiform mole; however, in 20% of cases, a malignant tumor is observed - choriocarcinoma. There are non-metastatic (invasive) forms of trophoblastic disease and metastatic ones, in which the tumor spreads beyond the uterus throughout the body (liver, lungs, brain).

The likelihood of developing trophoblastic disease is highest during pregnancy between 35 and 45 years of age. This tumor occurs in approximately 1 in every 2,000 pregnant women in the United States, and for unknown reasons it is nearly 10 times more common among women in Far Eastern countries. In Russia, the incidence of hydatidiform mole is 1 in 820-3000 births, and the incidence of choriocarcinoma is 1 in 5000 births.

Symptoms and diagnosis

Hydatidiform mole often appears soon after pregnancy. A woman feels pregnant, but her belly grows much faster than it does during a normal pregnancy, because the size of the uterus increases very quickly due to the growth of the tumor. This is accompanied by severe nausea and vomiting, and uterine bleeding may occur; such symptoms indicate the need to immediately seek medical help. With hydatidiform mole, dangerous complications develop such as infectious inflammation, bleeding and toxicosis of pregnancy (preeclampsia), usually occurring in the second trimester of pregnancy.

A woman with a hydatidiform mole does not feel fetal movements and its heartbeats cannot be heard. When bleeding occurs, the release of many bubbles with transparent contents resembling clusters is observed. Examination of this material under a microscope allows you to confirm the diagnosis.

Your doctor may order an ultrasound to check for a hydatidiform mole and the absence of a fetus or amniotic sac (the membranes that contain the fetus and the fluid surrounding it). Blood tests are performed to determine the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (a hormone normally produced as pregnancy progresses). With hydatidiform mole, the concentration of gonadotropin is sharply increased, since the tumor produces a significant amount of this hormone. This analysis is less convincing in early pregnancy, when gonadotropin levels are also high.

Treatment

The hydatidiform mole must be completely removed. Usually it is removed by dilatation (expansion) of the cervix and vacuum aspiration by curettage of the uterus. Only in rare cases is removal (extirpation) of the uterus required.

After surgery, regular monitoring of the level of human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood is carried out to exclude the occurrence of choriocarcinoma. With complete removal of the hydatidiform mole, the hormone content returns to normal, usually within 8 weeks and remains so in the future. If a woman becomes pregnant after removal of a hydatidiform mole, then explaining the increase in the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin becomes difficult, since it may be associated with both pregnancy and the unremoved part of the tumor. Therefore, after removal of a hydatidiform mole, women are advised to protect themselves from pregnancy for a year using oral (taken orally) contraceptives.

In the benign form of trophoblastic disease, chemotherapy is not required, but in its malignant form (that is, when choriocarcinoma occurs), chemotherapy is always prescribed. Medicines used for treatment include methotrexate, dactylonomycin, or a combination of these drugs.

The probability of cure reaches almost 100% in women with hydatidiform mole and non-metastatic form of trophoblastic disease and approximately 85% in women with late detection of the disease. As a rule, a woman can have children after removal of a hydatidiform mole. After a course of chemotherapy, pregnancy occurs in 50% of women interested in it.

Uterine cancer is the most common cancer of the female genital organs, accounting for 50% of all cancers. It is divided into two main types of malignant tumors: endometrial cancer and uterine cancer.

Symptoms

• In 90% of cases, the first sign is irregular bleeding during the childbearing period, perimenopause, and bleeding after menopause.
• Pain, heaviness and swelling in the uterine area. This condition may be associated with a muscle type of cancer.

Diagnostics

• Histological examination of a fragment of the endometrial mucosa.
• Pelvic ultrasound, as well as CT or MRI - to identify a tumor and possible metastases.

Treatment

Surgically - that is, removal of the uterus, appendages, lymph nodes. The most gentle methods allow you to preserve the ability to become pregnant and bear children. In such cases, progesterone therapy is used in high dosages. The disadvantage of this method is that even if cured, the woman remains at high risk of the disease returning. There is also the option of egg freezing for women who want to preserve the possibility of having children in the future. In later stages - pelvic irradiation. Sometimes additional chemotherapy is required.

Risk factors

Doctors distinguish two types of endometrial cancer: estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent. The first type is more common in young women and has a better prognosis than the second. Causes of elevated estrogen levels:

• obesity;
• diabetes;
• polycystic ovary syndrome;
• absence of pregnancy;
• early onset of menstruation or late menopause;
• irregular periods, lack of ovulation;
• Women who undergo hormonal therapy with estrogen without taking progesterone drugs to prevent the development of endometrial hyperplasia are also at risk;
• breast cancer patients receiving treatment with tamoxifen;
• patients with a family history of uterine and colon cancer.

Preventive measures

• Examinations by a gynecologist - every six months; In addition, examination must also be carried out in case of irregular bleeding.
• If you have a family history of uterine or rectal cancer, it is advisable to attend a genetic consultation to determine your predisposition to malignant pathology. It is also necessary to undergo regular rectal examinations and follow-up with a gynecologist.

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women after uterine and ovarian cancer. The most common cause of cancer is infection with papillomavirus, which is sexually transmitted. Most cervical cancers can be prevented through a cervical smear test program as well as through vaccination.

Symptoms

• Bleeding is the most common symptom of cervical cancer. Most often it occurs during or after sexual intercourse.
• In later stages - pain in the back, lower abdomen or pelvis.
• Sometimes the tumor blocks the ureter and can cause kidney failure.

Diagnostics

• Colposcopy is an examination of the cervix using a special microscope.
• Cervical biopsy. In case of precancerous changes, a more extensive biopsy using an electrical loop is indicated.
• With a positive biopsy - ultrasound, CT and MRI.

Treatment

Depends on the stage at which the disease is detected. In the early stages - radiation therapy or radical extirpation of the uterus or cervix. In the latter case, a suture is placed in the area where the cervix used to be. With this option, the opportunity to become pregnant and carry a child remains, but birth occurs only by caesarean section. In the later stages - chemotherapy and radiation. Before treatment, patients are usually advised about the possibility of preserving ovarian function through ovarian transplantation. For a woman who wishes to become pregnant later, eggs can be removed in advance for artificial insemination, or ovarian tissue can be frozen for subsequent transplantation.

Risk factors:

• papilloma virus infection;
• smoking;
• a large number of sexual contacts, as well as early onset of sexual activity;
• frequent pregnancies;
• reduced immunity;
• neglect of barrier contraception.

Preventive measures:

• vaccination against papillomavirus infections;
• to avoid the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections, avoid promiscuity and use condoms.

Ovarian cancer

This disease is considered one of the most insidious, since early diagnosis is very problematic. Typically, patients seek help in the later stages, and even if cured, the risk of the disease returning is very high.

Symptoms

The symptoms are not specific. In the early stages, irregular periods are possible. If the tumor fills the pelvis, frequent urination, pain, and constipation are possible. Abdominal bloating, weakness and sudden weight loss usually appear in later stages of the disease.

Diagnostics

• Palpation of the pelvis or abdominal cavity.
• Ultrasound of the pelvic area. It can be used to determine the size and characterize the type of tumor.
• Blood markers - CA 125 - a non-specific marker, can be elevated in other situations, but helps in diagnosis and monitoring treatment results.
• If a pathology is suspected, surgical intervention is necessary to clarify the stage of the disease.

Treatment

Depends on the stage. Sometimes only surgical removal of the uterus, appendages and omentum is sufficient. In most cases, additional chemotherapy is required.

Risk factors:

• infertility;
• low number of pregnancies and births;
• hereditary predisposition, in particular mutations of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, Lynch syndrome (uterine, ovarian and colon cancer);
• The peak of the disease occurs at the age of 60 years.

Preventive measures:

• the presence of at least one pregnancy and childbirth;
• It has been found that when taking birth control pills for five years or more, the risk of getting sick is reduced by 50%. This method is especially recommended if the woman has had cases of ovarian cancer in the family;
• preventive removal of appendages (if there is a genetic predisposition);
• Pelvic ultrasound twice a year.

What to do if fibroids are detected

Often in our country, when fibroids are detected, in order to avoid its degeneration into a malignant tumor, doctors insist on partial or complete removal of the uterus. However, this recommendation is not always justified. It has been established that the risk of cancer cells appearing in it is extremely low. In addition, the decision to undertake any surgical intervention should be made only after careful weighing of all factors. Indications for surgical removal of fibroids are pain, heavy bleeding that cannot be treated, as well as extremely rapid growth and large size of the tumor. Along with this, the location of the fibroid is taken into account, as well as the woman’s desire to become pregnant in the future. The operation is justified if the myomatous node is large and is found in a place where it can harm a potential fetus. In all other cases, it is better to resort to drug therapy. The mechanism of action of modern drugs is based on blocking progesterone receptors in the fibroid, due to which it quickly decreases in volume.

It is worth noting that modern medicine has achieved considerable success in curing cancer. If the tumor is detected in the early stages, recovery is almost guaranteed. So the best way to protect yourself is to lead a healthy lifestyle, and regularly, at least once or twice a year, be examined by a gynecologist.

Cosmo thanks Madanes expert Lyudmila Ostrovskaya, an Israeli gynecologist specializing in female oncology, for her assistance in preparing the material.

Popular

When studying the signs of oncology in women, it is necessary to keep in mind that this concept includes not only cancer, but also other neoplasms that are unable to spread throughout the body and form new tumors, however, also requiring timely diagnosis and treatment.

Benign tumors of the female genital organs

A tumor that is benign in nature grows slowly in breadth and does not have the ability to metastasize, that is, spread to other organs. Nevertheless, such neoplasms are also considered oncological and require treatment, without which complications may occur. Gynecology distinguishes the following types of benign neoplasms:

Myoma is a tumor of the muscular lining of the uterus (myometrium). The cause of fibroids is a hormonal imbalance, leading to increased estrogen levels, pathologically rapid growth of uterine tissue and the formation of nodes and lumps.

A myometrial tumor can be recognized by the following signs: heavy bleeding during menstruation, pain in the lower abdomen. If left untreated and complications occur, patients may experience severe pain in the uterus and suffer from chills or fever.

Fibroids are formed from smooth muscle and connective tissue in the external or internal genital organs, most often in the uterus. Fibroids occur as a result of hormonal imbalance and can reach very large sizes. As the tumor grows, unpleasant symptoms begin to appear: sensations of pressure in the pelvic area, an increase in the amount of menstrual flow.

Fibroids form inside the cervix or uterine wall from fibrous connective tissue. Sometimes fibroids appear on the labia, ovaries, or vagina. Signs of benign oncology in women in this case are pain in the pelvic area, difficulty urinating and defecating.

An ovarian cyst is a cavity in the glandular tissue, often formed from an existing cyst. Oncological studies of cystoma have shown that it is quite dangerous because it can develop into a cancerous tumor. The first signs of ovarian cystoma: bloating, menstrual irregularities, feeling of discomfort. In some cases, spasms and tugging pain are observed, and sexual intercourse becomes painful.

Polyps are soft, benign neoplasms of a red-pink color, located on the mucous membrane in clusters. Polyps on the cervix can be seen using a speculum or recognized by touch. With polyps, there may be an increase in discharge during menstruation and bleeding after sexual intercourse.

Cervical and uterine cancer

Among cancers of the female genital organs, the most common is cervical cancer.

Among the main causes of cancer in women are: viral diseases, promiscuity or early onset, cervical injuries, smoking. Often the cause is herpes and papillomavirus, so women of any age are recommended to undergo regular tests to exclude the presence of these viruses. There are several stages of cervical cancer:

• zero (initial);
• first - the tumor affects only the cervix;
• second - the tumor spreads throughout the vagina, uterus, parametrial tissue;
• the third - corresponds to the second stage, but with a larger area of ​​​​distribution of the neoplasm;
• fourth - the neoplasm grows into the bladder and rectum, metastases affect distant organs.

With stage 2 and 3 cervical cancer, patients often complain of spotting between menstruation, blood in the urine, and pain in the legs and back. The first stages of the development of the disease can be asymptomatic; diagnosis is possible only during a gynecological examination.

Cancer of the uterine body is characterized by diffuse lesions of the endometrium or isolated polypous growth. Growing into the uterine tissue, the tumor can spread to the abdominal cavity and appendages. With uterine cancer, patients may experience purulent-bloody vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor. During menopause, bleeding may be a sign of the disease.

Signs of ovarian cancer

The second most frequently diagnosed cancer in gynecology after cervical cancer is ovarian cancer. The risk group includes older women, especially those who have not given birth. Statistics show that mothers with many children suffer from this disease much less often. In some cases, the appearance of malignant neoplasms on the ovaries may be due to a genetic predisposition.

Signs of advanced ovarian cancer: bloating, nausea and vomiting, constipation. The appearance of unpleasant symptoms is due to the fact that the tumor disrupts the functioning of the intestines and causes the accumulation of excess fluid in the abdominal cavity (ascites). In the early stages, ovarian cancer may be asymptomatic.

Cancer of the vagina and labia

Malignant tumors of the female genital organs most often form in the area of ​​the uterus and ovaries, but in some cases cancer of the vagina and labia occurs as an independent disease.

Cancer of the labia in most cases is diagnosed in women during menopause and manifests itself in the form of dense nodules and ulcers with dense edges. As the tumor grows, it affects the superficial and deep layers of tissue and affects the lymph nodes. Cancer of the labia in the initial stages may be accompanied by itching, burning, and pain. As the tumor disintegrates, purulent-bloody discharge appears.

Vaginal cancer is characterized by the appearance of dense ulcers on the walls. Women during menopause and menopause are more susceptible to the disease; the first sign is the appearance of purulent, bloody leucorrhoea. In the second stage, pain appears, as the disease progresses, compression of the vagina occurs, the process of urination becomes difficult, and general intoxication of the body occurs. Benign oncology of the genital organs.

Having information about the types of tumors of the female genital organs, you can formulate the main 10 symptoms of oncology in a female way:

1. Discomfort in the lower abdomen.
2. Chills or fever.
3. Abnormal bleeding.
4. Vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor.
5. Feeling of discomfort in the pelvic area.
6. Difficulty urinating.
7. Bloating.
8. Itching and burning of the external genitalia.
9. The appearance of compactions.
10. Pain during intercourse.

If you observe one or more symptoms from the list above, you should immediately consult a doctor and undergo an examination. It should also be remembered that female oncology in many cases develops asymptomatically. To identify the disease at an early stage, you should be attentive to your health and regularly visit a gynecologist.

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Oncological female diseases

The clinic has accumulated extensive experience in treating such ailments. We first carry out primary detection of the disease, then use in-depth diagnostic methods if there are grounds to suspect cancer of the female genital area.

Types of cancers of the female genital organs

• Cervical cancer occurs most often in women over 45 years of age. The disease often occurs as a result of various illnesses (dysplasia, erosions, polyps), and the formation of scars due to childbirth and abortion also plays an important role. In the initial stages, the disease has virtually no symptoms; it can be first detected by contact bleeding (after douching, sexual intercourse, or constipation). Such bleeding is an immediate reason to contact a specialist.

• Cancer of the uterine body is more common in women. It is characterized by bloody vaginal discharge either between periods or after menopause. If the process has gone far, late signs of cancer appear: pain, leucorrhoea.

• Ovarian cancer is common at any age, but still occurs more often after 40 years of age. This is the most common cancer of the female genital organs after cervical cancer, which is the leader among such pathologies. Risk factors: previous gynecological diseases, ovarian dysfunction, chronic inflammation, lack of sexual activity or pregnancy. Symptoms can be different, the earliest being pain in the lower abdomen, general fatigue, malaise, and weakness.

• Fallopian tube cancer is a fairly rare disease typical of older women. The main symptoms: pain in the lower abdomen, liquid discharge mixed with blood and pus.

• Vaginal cancer is also quite rare. Its symptoms: leucorrhoea, pain, spotting. If you press on the tumor, bleeding occurs.

• Cancer of the external organs also occurs rarely and is often combined with other long-term skin diseases of the genital organs. Its symptoms are the formation of a dense node and growths.

Treatment of the disease

Diagnosis of cervical cancer, which occurs most often, is done using colposcopy, cytology, as well as gynecological examination and histological examination of the uterus. To minimize the possibility of getting advanced cervical cancer, you need to visit a gynecologist regularly, as well as take appropriate tests for oncology. This can be done in the clinic without any problems.

If, after research, a disease that precedes the onset of cancer is identified, special therapy or surgery is used.

Today the clinic uses the most advanced methods of treating the cervix:

• electrocoagulation,
• freezing the painful area of ​​the cervix (cryodestruction),
• laser radiation, excision of the cervix with a scalpel or a special electrode.

When these methods are not suitable, or cancer begins to develop not on the cervix, our doctors successfully use:

• surgical intervention,
• radiation therapy,
• chemotherapy,
• X-ray therapy,
• radiotherapy,
• hormone therapy.

Methods of fighting tumors

Operation. It gives especially good results when the tumor is localized in one place.

Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to specifically suppress pathology. Chemotherapy targets cancer cells that have spread to other organs. The clinic uses modern, effective medications that cause the least amount of side effects. Treatment is usually carried out in cycles with periods for recovery. Duration of treatment is 2-9 months.

Hormone therapy involves the use of both hormonal and antihormonal drugs. The essence of the method: the effect on the hormonal receptors of malignant neoplasms.

Immunotherapy. Today there is a lot of evidence that strong immunity prevents the occurrence of many forms of cancer. The use of methods for targeted activation of the immune system helps in many cases to stop the development of a tumor. For certain types of cancer, immunotherapy is used alone or in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Immunotherapy is also used to prevent side effects that may occur during cancer treatment.

Radiation therapy only affects tumor cells at the site of radiation. The method is usually used in the early stages of tumor formation, and is also often used before surgery to reduce the size of the tumor.

In our clinic you will undergo a surgical examination and an accurate diagnosis will be made. Our doctors will treat you in accordance with the most modern American and European standards, using the latest effective medications with a minimum of side effects. But it’s even better to come to us periodically for examination, because early detection of oncological pathologies is the main condition for the effectiveness of treatment. You will save yourself from many troubles if you regularly visit gynecologists and oncologists at our clinic.

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The first signs of cancer in a woman: how not to miss dangerous symptoms

Modern medicine has achieved unprecedented success in the treatment of cancer. Many patients get the opportunity to forget about the disease forever and return to normal life. However, cancer can only be cured if it is diagnosed early enough. That’s why it’s so important to know the first signs of cancer as a woman. This knowledge can save the life of you and your loved ones!

Benign tumors

Benign tumors in women

Tumors are divided into two categories: benign and malignant. In turn, malignant tumors are divided into cancer (tumors originating from epithelial tissue) and sarcomas (derived from connective tissue).

Benign tumors have the following properties:

• tumor cells do not differ from the tissue cells from which they arise;
• do not give metastases;
• They almost never relapse after therapy.

Benign tumors include:

1. fibroids. The leading symptom is abdominal pain and constipation;

fibroids lead to heavy bleeding and pain. Sometimes patients experience fever and chills;

You should not think that benign tumors can be left untreated or their treatment can be delayed indefinitely. The main danger of such neoplasms is that they can degenerate into malignant ones. Therefore, the sooner the diagnosis is made and therapy is started, the lower the risk of malignant degeneration.

Early signs and general symptoms

The first signs of cancer in women

Early diagnosis of oncology in women is complicated by the fact that the first symptoms are nonspecific. This means that the initial symptoms are often mild and resemble symptoms of other diseases or are even attributed to stress and overwork.

The initial signs of oncology include:

• increased fatigue, weakness and irritability;
• prolonged bloating;
• abdominal pain that is not associated with the menstrual cycle;
• pain in the lumbar region;
• low-grade fever. Many oncological diseases are accompanied by low-grade fever (37.2-37.5). The temperature usually rises in the evening;
• bleeding from the genitals. Both heavy menstruation and bleeding after sex or even physical activity may occur;
• bowel disorder (diarrhea, constipation);
• weight loss without diet and increased physical activity;
• lumps in the mammary glands, the appearance of discharge from the nipple, as well as swelling of the lymph nodes in the armpits may indicate breast cancer.

Cervical and uterine cancer

The main reasons leading to oncology in women include:

• viral diseases;
• genital injuries;
• frequent change of sexual partners;
• smoking.

It has been proven that the development of uterine cancer is provoked by infection with the human papilloma virus and the herpes virus. Therefore, it is important to undergo tests to detect these viruses at least once a year.

There are several stages of the disease, and in the first stages any noticeable symptoms are either absent altogether or are attributed to a deterioration in the general condition of the body or the consequences of overwork. Only at the third stage do more specific symptoms appear:

• blood in urine;
• bleeding in women who have experienced menopause;
• back pain radiating to the legs.

In later stages, leucorrhoea appears with inclusions of pus. The tumor grows into the abdominal organs, causing symptoms of digestive disorders.

Cancer of the ovaries, vagina, labia

Dangerous diseases of the female organs

Ovarian cancer can occur in any woman, but there are factors that increase the likelihood of developing cancer in women. These include:

1. heredity. If a woman's relatives had ovarian cancer, it is possible that she inherited a predisposition to this disease;
2. too early onset of menstruation;
3. absence of pregnancy;
4. excess weight;
5. uncontrolled use of hormonal drugs;
6. diseases of the appendages;
7. bad habits;
8. living in an area with unfavorable environmental conditions.

Initial symptoms of ovarian cancer include:

• pain in the lower abdomen;
• discomfort during sexual intercourse;
• bloating;
• swelling;
• bleeding between periods;
• low-grade fever;
• if the ovary is affected on only one side, the pain is localized on one side of the abdomen;
• tumors of the appendages can be manifested by cessation of the menstrual cycle, as well as breast reduction and deepening of the voice;
• digestive disorders.

The symptoms of cancer in women described above often resemble symptoms of indigestion. Therefore, women often self-medicate, wasting precious time that could be spent on treating ovarian cancer.

Vaginal cancer is manifested by the appearance of purulent-bloody discharge. In this case, you can feel dense ulcers on the walls of the vagina, which cause noticeable discomfort. At the same time, problems with urination are observed.

Labia cancer has the following symptoms:

• the appearance of ulcers with hard, easily palpable edges;
• burning and itching, as well as pain in the labia area;
• symptoms of general intoxication: low-grade fever, fatigue, drowsiness.

Treatment options

Treatment of pelvic cancer in women

Treatment of oncology in the female half of humanity is selected depending on the stage of the disease and the location of the tumor. The most commonly used methods are:

1. surgical intervention. During surgery, the surgeon can remove either just the tumor or the entire affected organ. At the initial stages, minimally invasive (gentle) operations are used;
2. radiation therapy (radiotherapy). Exposure to targeted radiation stops tumor growth. Radiation therapy is often given before surgery;
3. chemotherapy. During treatment, cytotoxic drugs are used that suppress the proliferation of malignant tumor cells. Unfortunately, the drugs do not have a targeted effect on malignant cells: the entire body suffers, so chemotherapy is usually quite difficult for patients to tolerate. However, you should not refuse it: modern treatment regimens allow you to achieve excellent results and long-term relapse or complete cure;
4. hormone therapy. Hormonal drugs are used only in case of development of hormone-dependent tumors.

At the last stage of the disease, symptomatic (palliative) treatment is used. In this case, we are not talking about healing, but about alleviating the symptoms of cancer, for example, relieving pain.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of oncology in women includes:

1. gynecological examination;
2. anamnesis collection. Often, in order to make a diagnosis or suspect the presence of a malignant process, the doctor needs to find out whether the patient’s relatives have had cancer;
3. histological analysis. Modern methods make it possible to identify even a small number of cells that have undergone malignant degeneration;
4. ultrasonography;
5. MRI and CT;
6. blood analysis.

Prevention

Prevention of stress and depression

There are no reliable measures to prevent cancer. However, there are ways to reduce its development to a minimum:

• regular gynecological examinations. It is necessary to visit a gynecologist at least once a year. If a woman has a history of cancer in her family, it is advisable to increase the frequency of visits to at least once every six months;
• consult a doctor at the first signs of cancer;
• to refuse from bad habits;
• do not have unprotected sex with an unverified partner;
• take hormonal medications and contraceptives only after consultation with a specialist;
• wash yourself regularly, use special intimate hygiene products;
• avoid hypothermia;
• try to avoid stress: a connection between chronic stress and the development of cancer has been proven.

Unfortunately, anyone can get cancer. In modern conditions, this diagnosis is not a death sentence. However, the sooner treatment is started, the better the result will be. The main guarantee of health and long life is regular medical examinations and unquestioning adherence to medical recommendations!

In the video, experts explain whether there is life after removal of the uterus and ovaries:

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How does cancer appear in women, its first signs

Cancers of the genital organs in women can be divided into two types: benign and malignant.

Considering the first signs of cancer, these include neoplasms that do not spread tumor cells throughout the body, but which need to be paid attention to prevent their degeneration.

Benign tumors

Benign tumors grow in width, but are unable to spread to other organs. But they are also oncological tumors, and if they are not treated in time, complications are likely. There are such types of these neoplasms:

Fibroids typically appear on parts such as the ovaries, labia, or inside the cervix. Formed from fibrous connective tissue. Cancer manifests itself in female signs of pain in the pelvis and difficulty during bowel movements.

Fibroids are characterized by heavy bleeding during menstruation and pain in the lower abdomen. With complications, the pain becomes stronger, chills and fever appear. It represents the formation of nodules and compactions.

Fibroids form in the uterus and can reach significant sizes. As the tumor develops, pressure occurs in the pelvis, and the amount of discharge during menstruation increases.

Cystoma. Formed from a cyst. The first signs are irregularities in the menstrual cycle, discomfort and bloating. Sometimes the appearance of pain, spasms and discomfort during intimacy is characteristic.

Polyps are soft, red-pink growths. Arranged in clusters. With them, bleeding appears after sexual intercourse and discharge increases during menstruation.

General symptoms

Often, cancer of the female genital organs does not have specific symptoms and is similar to other diseases or disorders and abnormalities in work. There are a number of general signs that you should pay attention to and if you find yourself experiencing symptoms, you should immediately consult a doctor in order to prevent the development and exacerbation of oncology in advance:

This symptom is very common in ovarian cancer, and most often it is neglected. This is one of the main symptoms, so if you cannot fasten your skirt or pants, pay attention to this.

Pressure and constant aching pain in the area below the navel, not associated with menstruation, often indicate the development of cancer in the female genital organs.

You can even get used to monotonous pain of a constant nature and not pay attention to it, but this is a symptom of oncology.

If you have a high temperature all day for a long period, you should visit a doctor. This is a dangerous sign not only of ovarian cancer, but also of disorders in the body or diseases.

• Heavy bleeding.

Unnatural bleeding from the genitals is a common sign of the development of cancer. Excessive bleeding during menstruation, unnatural bleeding in the stages between them and during sexual intercourse are symptoms of cancer development in women.

Diarrhea, constipation, flatulence and irregular stool, sometimes with the presence of blood, are reasons to consult a doctor. These are signs not only of genital cancer, but such manifestations indicate possible rectal cancer.

Changes uncharacteristic of the vulva or vagina (skin color, discharge, blisters, wounds) can serve as a signal of the development of cancer, so a visit to the doctor is required. Regular examination by a gynecologist is the basis for preventing cancer.

Losing more than five kilograms per month without stress and effort is unnatural. Weight fluctuations are possible, but rapid weight loss is not a positive fact.

Chronic lethargy is one of the main signs of cancer in any part of the body. Exhaustion and fatigue even from light loads are characteristic of the last stages, but sometimes appear at the initial stage.

Any lumps, wounds, swelling or redness found on the mammary glands during examination are not a good sign, so you should immediately consult a doctor.

Before talking about cancer, you should know that it has four stages of development, and in the first stage the symptoms are almost imperceptible.

Uterine cancer and its causes

The causes of cancer in women may include promiscuity, early onset of sexual activity, viral diseases and cervical injuries. Cancer often develops due to herpes (papillomas), so it is recommended to get tested in order to detect pathology in time.

At the second and third stages of uterine cancer, specific signs are bloody discharge, the presence of blood in the urine, pain in the back and legs. It should be added that the first stage often has no symptoms, and the pathology can be diagnosed during an examination by a gynecologist.

With cancer of the uterine body, polypous growths form. A malignant tumor, when germinating, affects the appendages and abdominal cavity, which is why an unpleasant-smelling discharge is formed, consisting of a mixture of pus and blood.

Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is slightly less common than uterine cancer, but it is common, especially in older women who have not known the joys of motherhood. Sometimes this is influenced by genetic inheritance.

Characteristic signs for this pathology are nausea, vomiting, bloating and constipation. The early stages are asymptomatic, which is why they are dangerous, and the tumor itself changes the functioning of the intestines, causing fluid accumulation.

Vaginal cancer

The first sign can be purulent-bloody leucorrhoea. In this case, dense ulcers form on the walls of the vagina, which subsequently cause pain and lead to compression of the internal cavity. In this case, intoxication of the body occurs, and difficulties arise when urinating. It is observed more often in women during menopause and menopause.

Labia cancer

This type develops during menopause and consists of ulcerative nodules with dense edges. As the tumor grows, it penetrates deeper, affecting the lymph nodes. Initial signs are burning, itching and pain. During exacerbation, purulent-bloody discharge occurs.

Treatment methods

Malignant tumors of the female genital organs are removed using combined treatment methods or individual types of procedures.

This is determined by the doctor and depends on the location of the tumor, its type and stage.

Treatment includes surgery, radiation therapy, and in case of complications, the use of systemic drugs (chemotherapy) and hormone therapy. A special method is symptomatic treatment used at the last stage.

Identifying signs and symptoms of uterine cancer

The uterus is a hollow female organ, the main function of the organ is to provide optimal conditions and environment for the attachment of an egg (fertilized) to its walls and the further development of the fetus. Oncology in the reproductive system of women is a common phenomenon, especially, according to statistics, in recent years.

Uterine cancer ranks second, after breast cancer, among all cancers. If the signs of uterine cancer are recognized in time and undergo effective therapy, then relapse can be avoided, and the prognosis is likely to be favorable.

This disease has many names: mucosal cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine cancer, and so on. All of the listed oncological processes in a woman’s body are of the same nature and manifest themselves in the same way.

The concept of uterine cancer and symptoms of the disease

Uterine cancer is a malignant neoplasm that is formed from the cells of the epithelial layer inside the organ - the endometrium. According to statistics, this pathology is diagnosed in approximately 3% of women on the planet. Endometrial cancer is a disease that every woman can get, but most often those at risk are those who are over 45 years old and those older than this milestone.

Important fact! According to statistics, uterine cancer has become younger and today a significant proportion of women of reproductive age suffer from this disease.

An increase in cases of the disease is also observed during menopause. The main cause of the disease, according to oncologists, is considered to be a hormonal imbalance in the body, which is the main provocateur of the proliferation of mucous membranes in the body of the uterus.

Every woman over 40 years of age is recommended to take a closer look at both her general health and possible manifestations of oncology. When signs of uterine cancer (or endometrial cancer) are detected at an early stage, and the patient promptly contacts doctors, her chances of recovery increase significantly.

Unfortunately, clear manifestations of signs of uterine cancer in the first stages of development are not observed. Their obvious symptoms are visible only in the later phases, when therapy is already difficult and ineffective.

Initially, the clinical picture of the disease is based on the patient’s complaints: the presence of bleeding or leucorrhoea and pain in the abdomen.

All three of these signs can occur already during the period of decay of the oncological neoplasm, and not during the onset of ulceration. That is why signs of uterine cancer do not clearly appear in the initial stages.

Cancer of the uterus during pregnancy is an extremely rare phenomenon, but if the disease is diagnosed, then in order to save the life and health of the patient, termination of pregnancy at any stage, surgical intervention and removal of the uterus, and chemotherapy are possible.

Important! If there are assumptions, albeit imaginary ones, that a neoplasm of an oncological nature is forming in the body of the uterus, then you should not go to the doctor, but run, and urgently.

Any delay is fraught with complications in therapy and disappointing prognosis. You need to understand that oncology develops rapidly, and once metastases appear, it is almost impossible to control the disease.

Which signs can you identify on your own, and which can only be identified by a doctor?

In the early stages, endometrial cancer may be accompanied by:

1. Purulent mucous discharge, causing irritation or itching. Most often this occurs after defecation, physical exertion, or normal shaking.
2. The discharge of bloody nature varies in intensity, it can be: abundant, scanty, periodic, incessant.
3. A symptom of the disease can also be a disruption of the menstrual cycle: an increase/decrease in blood discharge or the duration of menstruation.
4. The appearance of leucorrhoea: watery, blood-stained, mucous, with or without odor - this is also one of the symptoms of endometrial cancer.
5. The oncological disease in question is also characterized by the so-called bloody contact discharge: during sexual intercourse, douching, when lifting heavy objects, and even during a routine gynecological examination.
6. After menopause, women should stop bleeding. If this is not the case, then this is one of the main symptoms of the formation of uterine cancer and an irrefutable reason to seek medical help.
7. If pain occurs when urinating, this may indicate that the tumor has spread to the bladder.

Important tip! The listed symptoms may also be signs of other gynecological diseases, but they should definitely alert every woman.

Symptoms that a gynecologist can identify when examining a patient:

Vaginal examination with a gynecological speculum. You can evaluate the condition of the cervix and vaginal walls. Primary or progressive symptoms of oncology during such an examination are detected in at least 95 out of 100% of patients with this disease. If there is a bleeding lump on the cervix, the gynecologist will detect it during the initial examination.

It also shows ulcerative manifestations or plaque formed from dead epithelium; these changes spread over time to the vaults of the vaginal area. Less noticeable upon examination are tumors formed deep in the neck or those that grow not from the outside, but into the thickness of the walls of the organ.

Causes of the disease and changes in symptoms depending on the stage of the disease

Why uterine cancer develops has not yet been precisely established. However, there are a number of factors influencing the development of the disease:

The main reason that provokes the onset of oncology in a woman’s reproductive system is considered to be hormonal imbalance, which leads to the growth of the endometrium. It may occur due to:

• numerous abortions,
• promiscuity;
• chronic diseases of the genital organs;
• climacteric changes.

The formation of oncology of the uterine body is promoted (but does not cause): fibroids, fibroids, erosions, adenomas.

The next reason for the development of oncological processes may be sclerocystic ovaries, which have changed due to polycystic disease. This disease is characterized by a hormonal imbalance in the body, in which a woman does not ovulate. In other words, the egg does not have the opportunity to leave the ovary and enter the body of the uterus. This pathology leads to infertility.

Important fact! The risk of developing uterine cancer in nulliparous women is much higher than in those who successfully carried and gave birth to a child.

The third, important reason for the development of the disease is the presence of genital endometriosis. A disease in which neoplasms and growths form on the mucous membranes of the uterine body. They can develop:

• in the pelvic organs;
• on the walls of the fallopian tubes or ovaries;
• in the bladder;
• in the vagina.

Often this is the main obstacle during fertilization of the egg.

In gynecology, a list of factors has been identified that increase the likelihood of developing the disease:

• taking hormonal contraceptive medications;
• diabetes;
• hypertension;
• early sexual life;
• smoking;
• presence of HIV;
• infertility;
• early birth;
• late menopause;
• vigorous sex life;
• obesity;
• venereal diseases.

Advice! Detection of oncology in the early stages is possible only when a woman regularly visits a gynecologist.

There are several pathological conditions of the uterine body, which in gynecology are considered precancerous.

Helpful advice! If at least one of the listed diseases is present, regular colposcopy, other additional studies (usually prescribed by a local gynecologist) and personal observation of the patient’s general well-being and obvious changes in the pelvic organs are recommended.

Manifestations of the disease at different stages

The insidiousness of endometrial oncology lies in the asymptomatic course of the disease in the early stages. If symptoms do appear, they are very blurry and dim. For early detection of uterine cancer, it is necessary to listen, look closely and regularly examine the generally accepted triad of symptoms:

As for blood discharge, in early stages of uterine cancer, it is of a different nature. For example, with cervical cancer – spotting or bleeding between menstruation, and with uterine cancer – heavy bleeding during the menstrual cycle.

They can be different in color and smell. The pain symptom manifests itself at a later stage. During this period, oncological processes extend beyond the uterus with gradual penetration into other organs of the small pelvis and beyond.

Important warning! In the final stages of cancer development, therapy is virtually ineffective. Its main essence in this case is to prolong and improve the patient’s quality of life as much as possible, alleviating the symptoms of the disease.

If oncology of the reproductive system is not recognized in time and treatment is not started, then the development of secondary forms of cancer will not be long in coming. This is usually cancer of the kidneys, lungs, liver, and so on.

In oncology and gynecology, there are 4 stages of uterine cancer. Symptoms characteristic of each of them may be as follows:

• Mild degree. It is almost impossible to recognize oncology. A malignant neoplasm penetrates through the mucosa to the walls of the organ body. Symptoms are not clearly expressed, the discharge is similar to that which occurs during the menstrual cycle. Favorable prognosis for 80% of patients.

Moderate severity. Malignant cells affect the cervix, but do not affect nearby organs. A gynecologist will be able to determine changes in the structure during examination. The first symptoms at this stage of development:

• pain in the lower abdomen or back,
• heaviness in the perineum,
• increase in body temperature.

The prognosis for cure is 70%.

If you learn to correctly identify and recognize the first symptoms, and undergo timely diagnosis at a medical institution, then cancer can be successfully cured.

In gynecology, the five-year survival rate of patients is:

A woman who promptly applies for detailed diagnostics can be 100% protected from the development of endometrial cancer. This could be: the complete absence of malignant cells and formations (unconfirmed diagnosis) or a unique opportunity to recognize oncology in the first phases of development and begin treatment on time.

Ovarian and uterine cancer are considered one of the most common pathologies of the reproductive organs. The appearance of a tumor is caused by an imbalance of hormones in the body. Diseases that appear in a woman are not specific, and may have signs of other, less serious diseases. Therefore, it is not always possible to identify the symptoms of ovarian cancer at an early stage. Therefore, you need to contact a gynecologist at the first signs of menstruation irregularities, discomfort, etc.

Principle of tumor formation

A malignant ovarian tumor in women can appear in the deep layers or on the surface of the epithelium. The precursors to the symptoms of ovarian cancer in women can be benign formations, for example, cysts. The development of oncology is provoked by an excess of estrogen hormones, which appears due to improper functioning of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. As a rule, these disorders appear during menopause. However, cancer can also appear in young girls.

At the initial stages, the first signs of uterine and ovarian cancer are almost impossible to identify, since the symptoms are either completely absent or similar to the manifestation of other pathologies. Most often, a neoplasm is determined at the stage when tumor cells penetrate through the lymph and bloodstream into other internal organs.

Benign tumors differ from oncological tumors in that the former do not spread to other organs and are located only on the ovaries themselves.

The main reasons for the appearance

Genetics play a fairly important role in the development of cancer. The risk of occurrence increases if someone in your family has been diagnosed with cancer.

Another common reason why the appendages or ovaries may become swollen is a hormonal imbalance. The appearance of hyperestrogenism is also provoked by such factors:

• rapid puberty (the cause of the development of pathology in adolescents);
• disruption of hormone synthesis by the kidneys and pituitary gland, improper functioning of the ovaries and appendages;
• improper use of contraceptive drugs, which leads to hormonal imbalance;
• prolonged use of estrogen-containing products during menopause, amenorrhea, and during relief from menopausal symptoms in the elderly;
• the presence of cancer in other internal organs. Quite often, metastases occur in the uterus during cancer of the stomach, colon, thyroid, uterus, and breast;
• abortions and other negative physical effects on the body;
• acute infectious and inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system.

The appearance of cancer can be provoked by the penetration of carcinogens into the body, as well as radiation. Infertility can lead to an increased risk of pathology, especially when during the treatment of this condition, drugs that activate the synthesis of estrogen are used for more than one year. During pregnancy, cancerous tumors do not appear.

The more pregnancies there were, the lower the chance of developing this tumor. This is due to the fact that during pregnancy and lactation there are no periods, that is, the possibility of disruption of endometrial tissue in the body, as well as hormonal imbalance, is reduced.

Classification of cancer tumors

There are several types of cancerous tumors. There are four types in total:

Taking into account ovarian cancer in women, symptoms are also divided by location. Cancer is divided into the following main types::

1. Stromal cell. Localized in the area of ​​connective tissue.
2. Epithelial. Develops from epithelial tissue that envelops the ovary. This is the most common type of pathology.
3. Germinogenic. It infects the egg and does not go beyond its location. This neoplasm can be diagnosed both at a young age and in little girls. This type of pathology can be treated at any stage.
4. Damage to germ cells. The neoplasm develops from follicles that contain mature eggs. This type of disease is observed very rarely and mainly affects young girls.

Stages of pathology development

Depending on the level of growth and spread, several stages are distinguished. Exists 4 stages of the disease:

1. First stage. The tumor appears on one ovary and does not spread beyond.
2. Second phase. Cancer appears on one or both sides. Moreover, the tumor begins to spread into the peritoneum.
3. Third stage. Metastases begin to spread to the nearest internal organs, the abdominal cavity, and also to the lymph nodes.
4. Fourth stage. Through lymphatic and blood vessels, cancer cells begin to be transported throughout the body, infecting distant internal organs.

Spread of metastases in the body

Metastases penetrate into the lymph nodes above the collarbone, into the groin area, and into the pelvic area. The appearance of cancer leads to exudative pleurisy and ascites.

Metastases can also spread through the bloodstream. Moreover, the development of neoplasms begins in the bone skeleton, liver and kidneys, and brain. Possible metastasis to the bladder, vagina, and large intestine.

First symptoms and signs

As a rule, during an ovarian tumor, symptoms do not appear for a long time until the tumor grows to a large size. Symptoms will depend on the type of tumor and the stage of development.

The main signs of epithelial neoplasm are bleeding from the uterus. Symptoms of stromal cancer development may include behavioral changes. The woman becomes uncommunicative and withdraws. These neoplasms produce estrogens, which leads to the development of “rejuvenation” syndrome. Moreover, the woman changes in appearance, she develops a strong sexual desire, and there is soreness and swelling of the breasts.

Certain neoplasms produce androgens, which causes a decrease in the size of the mammary glands and increased hair growth throughout the body.

Already in the initial stages of the disease, aching pain appears in the lower abdomen as a result of tension in the ligaments. There is a slight feeling of heaviness in the stomach. Periodically, pain occurs in the intercostal part and epigastric region.

As a result of tumor enlargement the following clinical symptoms appear:

1. Intestinal bloating occurs, especially in the upper sections. The release of gases is hampered by metastases that compress the intestines.
2. Disorders of defecation and urination. They appear if the tumor is localized in front of the uterus and over time begins to compress the colon and bladder.
3. A feeling of fullness in the abdomen due to the accumulation of a significant amount of fluid in the peritoneum. Moreover, swelling occurs in the lower extremities.
4. Feeling of overeating after eating even a small amount of food, loss of appetite.
5. Rapid weight loss along with a significant increase in the abdomen.
6. Dyspnea. Occurs due to the appearance of exudative pleurisy.
7. Increased fatigue, decreased general well-being, symptoms of severe intoxication of the body by the decay products of a cancerous tumor (increased temperature, nausea, weakness, dizziness).
8. Anemia (a significant decrease in hemoglobin content in the blood), an increased ESR is a sign of inflammation in the body.
9. Disorders of the monthly cycle, discharge with blood clots from the vagina, pain during sexual intercourse.

The main part of the symptoms most often appears in the last stages of cancer development, when it is practically impossible to cure the woman.

Oncology at different ages

Women of different age groups experience specific disorders during the development of malignant neoplasms. The main features are as follows:

1. Signs in girls. If, during the appearance of a tumor in the body, there is a significant increase in the amount of estrogen, then puberty occurs quickly, which is not proportional to the age of development of the mammary glands. During the manifestation of these deviations (if this is not a hereditary feature), the girl should be examined as quickly as possible for oncology, the presence of gynecological and endocrine disorders.
2. Symptoms in mature women. During certain types of tumors, persistent menstrual irregularities occur. If a neoplasm appears with the release of androgens, then there is a sharp decrease in sexual desire. Angularity develops, facial contours change, the voice becomes rougher, and increased hair growth occurs.
3. Signs in elderly women. Symptoms are especially noticeable when a neoplasm develops with the release of estrogen. The patient, despite the emerging disease, begins to inexplicably look younger in appearance, and her sex drive increases. After a long absence of menstruation, they may reappear.

If unusual changes in behavior or appearance occur, which are accompanied by even minor discomfort, it is recommended to consult a doctor and conduct an examination. Moreover, this must be done as quickly as possible for those people who have already been diagnosed with cancer in their family.

Methods of treatment and diagnosis

To diagnose a malignant neoplasm, methods such as x-rays, ultrasound of the genital organs, laparoscopy, MRI, and tumor marker testing are used. The main treatment method is surgical excision of the uterus and chemotherapy.

The question arises whether it makes sense to remove the ovaries for the purpose of prevention. In some cases, women who have a hereditary predisposition to cancer are interested in this. Doctors do not advise doing this, since removing the ovaries further disrupts the hormonal balance in the body.

The consequences are even more noticeable in young girls, as disorders that are characteristic of senile menopause begin to appear. Among them are autonomic disorders (dizziness, hot flashes, abnormal blood pressure, heart rate). Sexual desire decreases or completely disappears. Neuropsychic disorders are noted. Metabolic processes deteriorate, which leads to rapid weight gain and accelerated aging.

Do not underestimate the danger of malignant neoplasms in the ovaries. A disease diagnosed in the early stages is much easier to cure and the prognosis for recovery is much higher. Therefore, the main task of any woman is the timely identification and treatment of any tumors, and, in particular, benign ones, since some of them can turn into malignant tumors over time.