Contraindications to yellow fever vaccination. To any country with children after yellow fever vaccination. Video: Yellow fever

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Instructions for medical use

Yellow fever vaccine live dry
Instructions for medical use - RU No. LS-000592

Last modified date: 10.01.2017

Compound

One dose of solution for subcutaneous administration is 0.5 ml of the reconstituted drug and contains: yellow fever virus - at least 1000 LD 50 or 1600 PFU - active component,

Excipients: lactose (monohydrate) - 20.0 mg - stabilizer, sorbitol - 10.0 mg - stabilizer, L-histidine - 1.2 mg - stabilizer, L-alanine - 0.7 mg - stabilizer. The drug does not contain preservatives or antibiotics.

Description of the dosage form

The yellow fever vaccine is a porous mass of light pink color, hygroscopic.

Characteristic

Yellow fever vaccine is finely ground tissue of chicken embryos, free of specific pathogen free-SPF, infected with attenuated yellow fever virus strain “17D”, purified by centrifugation and lyophilized.

Indications

Prevention of yellow fever in children from 9 months of age and adults traveling abroad to areas enzootic for yellow fever, as well as in persons working with live cultures of the yellow fever pathogen.

Contraindications

1. Acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases in the acute or decompensation stage - vaccinations are carried out no earlier than one month after recovery (remission).

2. History of an allergic reaction to chicken egg white.

3. Primary (congenital) immunodeficiencies.

4. Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies: treatment with immunosuppressants, antimetabolites, radiotherapy - vaccinations are carried out no earlier than 12 months after recovery (end of treatment).

5. Pregnancy.

In order to identify contraindications, the doctor conducts a survey and examination of those vaccinated with mandatory thermometry on the day of vaccination. The specific decision on the need to vaccinate certain groups of people (pregnant women, patients with chronic diseases, malignant blood diseases and neoplasms, etc.) living in enzootic areas for yellow fever depends on the degree of risk of the disease.

Directions for use and doses

Vaccination is carried out once subcutaneously, with a syringe under the outer corner of the shoulder blade or in the area of ​​the deltoid muscle of the shoulder in a dose of 0.5 ml for all age groups no later than 10 days before departure to the enzootic area. Revaccination, if necessary, is carried out 10 years after vaccination with the same dose.

The drug is not suitable for use in ampoules with damaged integrity and labeling, when the physical properties change (deformation of the “tablet” - a porous mass of light pink color changes shape and sharply decreases in volume, inhomogeneity of the dissolved drug, etc.), when the expiration date has expired, in case of violation of the temperature regime of storage and transportation.

The opening of ampoules and the vaccination procedure are carried out in strict compliance with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics.

The entire contents of the ampoule with solvent are used to dissolve the vaccine. The vaccine should completely dissolve within 5 minutes. Dissolved, the vaccine is an opalescent yellowish-pink liquid. The dissolved vaccine is kept for 10-15 minutes, then the ampoule is shaken and one vaccination dose of 0.5 ml is drawn into the syringe. It is allowed to store the dissolved vaccine, covered with a sterile napkin, for no more than 1 hour at a temperature of 2 to 8 ° C.

The vaccination performed is recorded in the established registration forms, indicating the name of the drug, date of vaccination, dose, batch number, reaction to the vaccination.

Side effects

After administration of the vaccine, local and general reactions may develop in some cases.

The local reaction manifests itself in the form of hyperemia and edema (with a diameter of no more than 2.5 cm), which can appear within 12-24 hours and disappears 2-3 days after the injection. In extremely rare cases, compaction of the subcutaneous tissue develops, accompanied by itching, pain, and enlargement of regional lymph nodes.

A general reaction can develop between 4 and 10 days after vaccination in the form of fever up to 38.5°C, malaise, dizziness, headache, chills. The duration of the general reaction does not exceed 3 days.

In rare cases, allergic complications are possible. In this regard, vaccination points must be equipped with anti-shock therapy, and the vaccinated person must be under medical supervision for 30 minutes after vaccination.

Persons predisposed to allergic reactions are prescribed antihistamines for 2-4 days before and after vaccination.

Interaction

For persons over 15 years of age, vaccination against yellow fever is allowed simultaneously (on the same day) with other vaccinations in the national calendar of preventive vaccinations, provided that the drugs are administered to different parts of the body. For children under 15 years of age, the interval between the previous vaccination against another infection and vaccination against yellow fever should be at least 2 months.

The use of the yellow fever vaccine simultaneously with vaccines intended to prevent cholera and paratyphoid A and B is contraindicated. In this case, an interval of 3 months should be observed between both vaccinations.

Release form

The vaccine is produced complete with a solvent and packaged in different packs.

Vaccine in ampoules of 2 doses, 5 doses or 10 doses, 10 ampoules per pack, instructions for use and an ampoule knife if necessary; solvent (water for injection) in ampoules of 1.25 ml, 3.0 ml or 6.0 ml, respectively, 10 ampoules per pack, ampoule knife if necessary.

Storage conditions

The vaccine is stored at a temperature of 2 to 8°C.

The solvent is stored at a temperature of 2 to 25°C. Freezing of the solvent is not allowed.

Keep out of the reach of children.

Transportation conditions

Transportation in accordance with SP 3.3.2.2329-08 at a temperature of 2 to 8 ° C in thermal containers.

Best before date

The shelf life of the vaccine is 2 years. A vaccine that has expired cannot be used.

Conditions for dispensing from pharmacies

For medical and preventive and sanitary institutions.

LS-000592 from 2015-07-09
Yellow fever vaccine live dry - instructions for medical use - RU No.

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease spread by infected mosquitoes. This type of fever is called yellow fever because patients develop jaundice.

Symptoms of the disease

Yellow fever has an incubation period that lasts about 3 to 6 days. Once an infection occurs, it occurs in 1–2 stages:

1. Spicy. Symptoms: fever, chills, muscle pain. The first stage ends with remission, which manifests itself by 3–4 days.
2. Toxic stage. After remission, a day later, the second period of disease development begins. It is characterized by high temperature and damage to various systems. The patient's jaundice progresses and all its symptoms appear:

• Unexpected bleeding from the nose, stomach, eyes, mouth;
• The appearance of blood in feces, vomit;
• There is impaired renal function.

Diagnostics

Yellow fever is very difficult to diagnose, so detecting the presence of this disease at an early stage is almost impossible. Its symptoms are similar to those of diseases: severe malaria, viral hepatitis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, poisoning, leptospirosis.

Yellow fever has symptoms similar to hemorrhagic fevers, such as Argentine, Bolivian, and Venezuelan. Experts can detect yellow fever antibodies produced by the body by performing blood tests.

To prevent yellow fever from showing rapid outbreaks in residential areas, vaccination rates must cover at least 60 to 80% of residents.

Prevention

Vaccination as a preventative measure is offered as part of regular immunization among children. Countries most at risk are conducting one-off mass vaccination campaigns.

The yellow fever vaccine is completely safe and affordable. It can provide effective immunity for 10 to 30 days. One dose against the disease provides protection for the body for 30 - 35 years.

Serious side effects from vaccination are isolated cases. They were recorded among vaccinated people who traveled to Togo, USA, Australia, Peru, Brazil.

Contraindications

Contraindications are divided into general and temporary.

Yellow fever is fatal in 50% of cases. The risk of death from fever is very high; prevention should not be neglected.

Vaccination has the following general contraindications:

1. Children whose age is less than 9 months, subject to regular immunization.
2. Children under 6 months of age during the progression of the epidemic.
3. Pregnant women. The exception is when yellow fever flares up rapidly. At these moments, the risk of infection increases greatly, so minor contraindications can be ignored (at the discretion of doctors).
4. People who have symptoms of a severe egg white allergy.
5. People with severe immunodeficiency caused by AIDS, a disorder of the thymus gland.

Temporary contraindications are those cases when vaccination is postponed for a certain time. The reason for postponing the vaccination is explained by the presence of an acute disease in the child, or a chronic disease in the acute stage. The vaccine is administered after complete recovery.

Risk group

The risk group includes:

• Children 3 – 7 years old;
• Adults (up to 30 years old).

These people should definitely get vaccinated if they do not have immunity. The hepatitis A vaccine is necessary for children and adults who have not previously suffered from jaundice; it is indicated for everyone with liver disease.

The risk group includes the following categories of people:

• Medical staff;
• Military personnel of closed facilities;
• Employees of preschool institutions, schools, boarding schools;
• People going on holiday to countries characterized by high incidence rates;
• Water supply workers.

The jaundice vaccine is indicated for everyone who lives in an area with a high incidence of disease.

Benefits of preventive vaccination

Vaccination has its advantages. According to studies, 98% of children who were vaccinated against yellow fever developed immunity. Other researchers claim that 100% of those vaccinated have developed immunity against the virus.

For example, in Minsk (2003 - 2007) routine vaccination was carried out. All children going to school were vaccinated against hepatitis A. Yellow fever struck one child, and he was not given a vaccine.

Types of vaccines

A vaccine is a killed virus. The body's response to its administration is the production of antibodies. In Russia, it is allowed to use the following types of jaundice vaccines:

• Havrix 1440, for adults;
• Havrix 720, for children (Belgium)
• Avaxim (France). Used from 2 years. Vaccination is carried out and revaccination is carried out six months later. Duration of immunity up to 10 years after revaccination;
• "Waqta" (USA);
• "GEP-A-in-VAK" (Russia). Used to vaccinate children from 3 years of age. A single dose for children under 17 years of age is 0.5 ml. The larger dosage for adults is 1 ml. To develop strong immunity, you need to be vaccinated initially, then revaccinated.

The yellow fever vaccine is given together with others. Only the BCG vaccine is an exception.

Where is vaccination against jaundice performed?

Yellow fever vaccination can be done at the following institutions:

is a dangerous viral disease that affects 200 thousand people annually. Sources of infection are monkeys, anteaters, some species of animals, and sick people. The infection is transmitted by mosquitoes, which become infected when they bite a sick animal or person. The ability to infect insects is retained for life. Infection is possible through contact when infected blood comes into contact with damaged skin or mucous membranes, for example, when cutting the carcass of a sick animal.

The disease is severe, the mortality rate is 5-10%, and during epidemics it reaches 50-60%. The disease develops rapidly and affects the liver, kidneys, bone marrow, and spleen. Even with timely treatment, death can occur after 4-7 days.

Yellow fever is difficult to diagnose at an early stage. The symptoms of the disease are similar to malaria, viral hepatitis, leptospirosis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, poisoning:

• fever, chills;
• pain in muscles, back;
• vomit;
• headache.

The disease is sometimes asymptomatic, which contributes to its spread.

The incubation period is usually 3–6 days. There are no drugs for treatment; help for the patient is limited to symptomatic treatment.

The only effective means of combating the disease is the yellow fever vaccine, which is valid for at least 10 years.

Indications for vaccination

There are no natural foci of yellow fever on the territory of Russia; vaccination against it is not mandatory and is not included in the National Vaccination Calendar. The disease is endemic in 13 Latin American and 31 African countries. You should be vaccinated before visiting these countries. This is a must when visiting South America and Africa.

The yellow fever vaccine is considered highly effective and safe, with minimal side effects. Lasting immunity develops in almost 100% of those vaccinated within 10 days and lasts for 10–35 years. Revaccination is carried out every 10 years.

Yellow fever vaccination is required for those traveling to, transiting through endemic areas, or working in live culture laboratories.

What vaccinations do you need to get before traveling?

Conditions for vaccination

The Russian-made yellow fever vaccine meets WHO requirements. It is a suspension of weakened viruses grown on chicken embryos. Intended for immunization of adults and children over 9 months. Most vaccinated people tolerate it well. If there is a high risk of infection, 4-month-old babies can be vaccinated.

Vaccination against yellow fever for children under 15 years of age is carried out separately from other vaccinations (the time interval between them should be 2 months). Persons over 15 years of age can be given the vaccine at the same time as other serums, but the injections are given in different parts of the body.

Where can I get vaccinated against yellow fever? Vaccination is carried out by vaccination points that have received special permission. Their list is regularly approved by Rospotrebnadzor and published on its official website. Before visiting the vaccination center, call them back to find out:

• do they vaccinate?
• how much does the procedure cost,
• does the center issue an international vaccination certificate?

Before vaccination, the patient undergoes a mandatory examination by a doctor. Vaccination is carried out 10 days before departure once, subcutaneously in the subscapular area. Strong immunity to the virus develops within 10 days.

After vaccination, a vaccination certificate is issued in English, Russian, French, which comes into force after 10 days. Its validity period is 10 years. After revaccination, it is extended for another decade.

Contraindications

Contraindications for yellow fever vaccination are:

• Allergy to drug components, chicken meat, eggs, gelatin, antibiotics.
• Fever.
• Taking antibiotics.
• Age up to 9 months (during an epidemic, immunization can be carried out starting from 4 months).
• Age over 59 years. Vaccines are more likely to cause life-threatening side effects in older people. Specialist consultation is required.
• Acute diseases. The vaccination is carried out a month after final recovery.
• Thymus diseases.
• Oncological diseases.
• Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency. The vaccine is given a year after complete recovery.

During pregnancy, vaccination is carried out at a high risk of infection. If the vaccine is administered to a woman who did not know she was pregnant, an abortion is not performed. In 81 cases, fetal infection occurred once. Women who are breastfeeding need specialist advice

If an allergic reaction is possible, antihistamines are prescribed 2-4 days before vaccination.

Side effects, complications

In people with reduced immunity, vaccination may cause side effects:

• Redness, increased sensitivity, swelling up to 2.5 cm in diameter at the injection site, which disappears after 2-3 days.
• The formation of compaction of the subcutaneous tissue, accompanied by pain, itching, and enlarged lymph nodes.
• Increased body temperature to 38-39°C, chills, headache, muscle pain, dizziness. Within three days the condition returns to normal.

The likelihood of severe complications due to yellow fever vaccinations is significantly lower than with similar drugs:

• severe allergic reaction (1 in 55,000);
• severe nervous system reaction (1 in 125,000);
• failure of internal organs (1 case in 125,000).

If you have a serious reaction to the vaccine, you should immediately consult a doctor.

After immunization, you should not drink alcohol for 10 days. During this period, the body produces antibodies against yellow fever, and alcohol destroys them.

To reduce your chance of contracting yellow fever, use repellent, wear long sleeves, and keep your indoor areas mosquito-free.

Video: Yellow fever

Yellow fever is an acute hemorrhagic viral disease. It originates in Africa and South America. Yellow fever disease is transmitted through mosquito bites. It has two epidemiological forms: rural (from infected monkeys - mosquitoes bite them and then transmit them to people) and urban (in populated areas, where it is transmitted by the same insects, but from a sick person to a healthy person). It is the latter that causes the maximum number of epidemics and outbreaks. Thirty thousand out of two hundred die from it every year. Almost 90% of epidemics occur in Africa.

Disease history

The yellow fever virus is very similar to malaria, similar in epidemiology and clinical features. The carriers of these diseases are also the same. Therefore, in the past, these two diseases were very often confused, which is not surprising, since there were no technical means for accurate diagnosis before. Now, with modern equipment, you can quickly make a correct diagnosis. Sometimes yellow fever and malaria even appear in combination. The first officially recorded epidemic of this fever occurred in 1648 in South America. From which we can conclude that the disease is quite old, unlike Ebola, for example.

At that time, the entire population of the Caribbean suffered from constant epidemics. The name "yellow fever" was first coined by English colonists in Barbados. Over time, it became firmly entrenched in the disease. Although the Spaniards called it in their own way for some time - “black vomit”, and the English sailors and pirates, who suffered from it the most, called it “Yellow Jack”. In the eighteenth century, there was even a legend going around the English colonies: one famous pirate in those days became infected with yellow fever. Allegedly, the name “Yellow Jack” appeared in his honor. Upon learning of his illness, he ordered his crew to take him to the shore of one of the Caribbean islands and leave him there along with the treasures he had looted. The next day, a Spanish military galleon arrived at that place, the sick pirate was hanged on the yardarm, and the treasure was stolen. But the Spanish ship was unable to reach populated areas; the crew died in agony, having contracted the infection.

How it proceeds l fever?

The disease spreads transmissibly; its carriers are blood-sucking insects. In 90% of cases it is mosquitoes. The virus enters the bloodstream from the digestive system of blood-sucking insects. Then for some time it accumulates and reproduces in the lymph nodes. In the first days, it spreads throughout the body. At this time, the virus has time to settle in many organs, affecting blood vessels and causing inflammation. As a result, destruction of the parenchyma occurs, the permeability of the vascular walls increases, which causes hemorrhage.

Yellow fever. Incubation period: its duration

Fever does not start immediately after being bitten by a carrier of the virus. Initially, insect cells need to get into the lymph and blood, and then active reproduction and penetration into the parenchyma of organs begins. The incubation period itself does not last long - only three to six days. Only if a person’s immune system is very developed, it can increase to 10 days. That is why, before leaving for countries where there is yellow fever, vaccination is done exactly 10 days before leaving the country. After this time, lasting immunity to this virus appears.

Symptoms

The incubation period usually lasts a week, although it can be up to ten days. The disease proceeds through several phases: hyperemia, short-term remission, venous stasis and convalescence.

Yellow fever symptoms are as follows: fever, intoxication. Headaches, aches throughout the body, vomiting and nausea appear. As the disease progresses, a breakdown of the nervous system begins. Hallucinations and delusions may occur. The mouth and tongue become bright red. Patients often begin to complain of lacrimation and photophobia.

During this period, cardiac activity is disrupted (tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension). The daily urine rate decreases, the liver and spleen increase noticeably. Next, the main hemorrhagic symptom appears - bleeding.

This first phase lasts about 4 days, then a short remission begins, which can last several hours or up to two days. The patient's general condition improves, the temperature normalizes. If yellow fever is abortive, then recovery begins, but usually the symptoms return again. If the disease is severe, then a period of venous stasis follows, the skin becomes pale, and jaundice develops. The patient's condition deteriorates greatly, profuse vomiting appears, and nosebleeds are often observed.

Death occurs in almost 50% of cases with progressive yellow fever. With a favorable course of the disease, clinical symptoms regress. You can only experience a fever once in your life. Subsequently, a person develops lifelong immunity to it.

What consequences can the disease cause?

In severe cases - infectious-toxic shock, renal and liver failure. Such complications require intensive care measures. Very often, death occurs already on the seventh day after the onset of the disease. After receiving the yellow fever vaccine, there is a risk of developing encephalitis.

Diagnosis of the disease

The diagnosis is made based on the clinical picture and epidemiological data. Among laboratory data, neutropenia, leukopenia, detection of casts or protein in urine and blood are important. Residual nitrogen, bilirubin and serum aminotransferases increase. The disease is also diagnosed based on changes in the liver.

Initially, a blood test is done, which shows leukopenia, in which white blood cells are impaired, platelets and neutrophils are increased. Next, leukocytosis develops. Thrombocytopenia progresses. The hematocrit rises, and the content of potassium and nitrogen in the blood rises sharply.

A urine test is done, which shows an increase in protein, red blood cells and epithelial cells (cylindrical) appear. A biochemical blood test is performed, which shows an increase in the amount of bilirubin and changes in the activity of liver enzymes.

The causative agent of fever is identified under special conditions in laboratories, taking into account the high risk of spreading the infection. Therefore, such premises have enhanced protection. Diagnostics are carried out on experimental animals.

Treatment of fever

Yellow fever is treated inpatiently. In special infectious diseases departments, which are designed for very dangerous viruses. Treatment is mainly aimed at supporting the body, its immune system, and relieving symptoms. Patients are provided with bed rest, easily digestible pureed food, which is rich in calories. Vitamin complexes are also required.

Treatment of yellow fever: in the very first days, a plasma transfusion is given, although the effect of this is very insignificant. During the course of the fever, blood is transfused every couple of days. In this case, the drugs "Antianemin" and "Campolon" are prescribed. To compensate for losses, intramuscular injections of iron are given. For complex therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs and various antibiotics are used: antihistamines, cardiovascular and hemostatics. If the need arises, resuscitation procedures are performed.

Etiotropic treatment for yellow fever is not used at all. Recommended:

• a diet based on consuming only dairy and plant products;
• mandatory bed rest;
• a complex of vitamins, which includes ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamine and vikasol;
• medications, which must include vasoconstrictors;
• resuscitation measures, during which it is necessary to restore blood circulation and combat acidosis, for this a solution of sodium and potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and pyrogen-free water is used; the solution is calculated depending on the degree of dehydration of the body; if there is acute renal failure and the threat of coma, then hemodialysis is performed; if the fever is accompanied by a secondary bacterial infection, then additional antibiotics are prescribed.

Preventing Fever

For preventive purposes, mandatory control is carried out over the migration of the entire population, as well as over the transportation of goods. This eliminates the possibility of importing the virus from countries where the epidemic is raging. In addition, disease carriers are eliminated in populated areas and people are vaccinated against yellow fever. For personal protection, it is necessary to use means that protect against bites. Vaccination (specific prevention) is the introduction of a live virus into the body, but in a very weakened form. Prevention of yellow fever, including vaccinations, is necessary for anyone planning a trip to countries where epidemics of this disease are raging. Moreover, it should be carried out no less than 10 days before departure.

Yellow fever vaccination, consequences of vaccination

The most reliable means of protection against the virus is immunoprophylaxis. The yellow fever vaccination is given to absolutely everyone who travels to countries where the virus is or may exist. In Russia, a vaccine is often used that is made from chicken embryos previously infected with a weakened virus. It is intended for both children and adults. Babies can be vaccinated as early as 9 months. The yellow fever vaccine is administered only once - under the shoulder blade, subcutaneously.

Why is vaccination necessary 10 days before departure? Because during this period a person develops a strong immunity that lasts from 10 to 15 years. Vaccination can be done again after ten years. If a person is over 15, then he can receive this vaccination at the same time as others, on the same day. Provided that the drugs are administered to different parts of the body. Children under 15 years of age receive only one yellow fever vaccine and should not receive another vaccine at the same time. At least two months should pass before the next injection.

Some people develop the following reaction at the site of vaccine administration: redness and slight swelling with a diameter of 2.5 centimeters are observed. Manifestations usually occur 12 hours or within 24 hours after vaccination. This reaction usually disappears after two to three days.

In rare cases, subcutaneous thickening is observed, which is often accompanied by mild itching. Sometimes the lymph nodes become enlarged and pain occurs. Approximately 10% of vaccinated people develop a post-vaccination reaction after the fourth day (up to ten days), in which the temperature rises to almost 40 degrees, chills and general physical malaise begin. Dizziness and headache appear. But you shouldn’t be afraid of this, since this reaction is completely safe and goes away within three days.

In the first 10 days after vaccination, you should not take any alcoholic beverages, since at this time the body directs all its forces to fight the fever, producing the necessary antibodies. And alcohol destroys them. There are also several cases of encephalitis that have been reported as complications after vaccination.

Complications also include myocarditis, pneumonia, gangrene of the extremities or soft tissues. Sepsis may occur as a result of repeated infection.

When should vaccinations not be used?

Yellow fever vaccination is contraindicated if there is a history of chicken protein allergy or congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies. In the latter case, vaccination can be done no earlier than a year after complete recovery. Vaccination is also contraindicated for exacerbations, acute infectious and other diseases. In this case, the vaccination can be done no earlier than a month after remission. Vaccination is not carried out during pregnancy. But if it happened that the vaccination was done at a time when the woman did not yet know about her situation, then this is not a reason for an abortion, because the fetus is reliably protected and will not suffer. Any decision to vaccinate people with the above contraindications depends on the risk level of possible yellow fever disease.

Where is vaccination done?

You can get vaccinated against yellow fever in specially equipped rooms of medical institutions, which must have permission to carry out this procedure. Before vaccination, the doctor interviews and examines the patient, using mandatory thermometry. After this, all data is entered into an international revaccination certificate filled out in Russian, French or English. It comes into force only after 10 days. Today, having such a vaccination is a prerequisite for entry into South America and Africa.

Fever vaccine

It is produced in ampoules, 2 and 5 doses - up to 10 pieces in one pack, which also contains mandatory instructions for use. Water for injection (solvent) is supplied complete with the drug. The dry vaccine must be stored at a temperature of no more than 20 degrees, and only in special refrigerators (low temperature). Solvent - from 4 to 25 degrees. Its complete or partial freezing is not allowed. Transportation of the vaccine and diluent is possible only at a temperature of 0 - 8 degrees. Transportation over long distances is permitted only by aircraft.

The development of some diseases is closely related to the climatic characteristics of the regions. There are a number of pathological conditions that are found only in the tropics. This prevalence is explained primarily by the characteristics of the causative agents of these diseases and how they penetrate the human body. Yellow fever is one of these diseases. Let's talk about it, consider how vaccination against this disease is carried out, what its causative agent is and what consequences can occur after such an illness. We will also discuss on this page www.site whether the yellow fever vaccine gives complications, does it have side effects and contraindications?

Yellow fever is an acute viral disease, which is characterized by natural focality, is transmitted by mosquitoes and leads to severe intoxication. The disease is accompanied by hemorrhagic manifestations and serious damage to the main life-supporting organs of a person, including the liver and kidneys. And the name “yellow” is explained by the frequent appearance of such a symptom as jaundice in the victim.

What causes yellow fever, who is the causative agent?

The disease develops due to infection of a person by an arbovirus, which is not resistant to the effects of the external environment and classical disinfectants. This virus can survive frozen and dried for a long time.

The yellow fever virus is considered very pathogenic and can only be worked with in an isolated laboratory. Arbovirus can be isolated from the blood of a patient with yellow fever while the disease is in its early stages (during the first three days of illness). Mosquitoes are considered carriers of the yellow fever virus.

Why is yellow fever dangerous, and what are its consequences?

If the disease is severe, it can cause serious health problems and even death.

It is believed that the death of the patient can occur in fifty percent of cases, most often due to the development of an acute degree, which is accompanied by the occurrence of uremic coma (loss of consciousness) and toxic encephalitis. Also, death can be caused by either cardiovascular failure ().

If the illness is mild, the patient recovers with virtually no consequences for his general health.

Possible complications of yellow fever include pneumonia, kidney abscess, or encephalitis. In addition, some patients develop soft tissue gangrene.

Yellow fever - vaccination

Vaccination is the main measure of specific prevention of yellow fever. Today, doctors use the attenuated (weakened) live vaccine 17D. The penetration of this substance into the body leads to the emergence of a vaccine process; in most healthy people it is not accompanied by any clinical manifestations. In other words, a person suffers the disease without visible symptoms. There are no health consequences of the yellow fever vaccine. Complex immune reactions to the introduction of viral antigens lead to the body's production of antibodies, which form a complex and can be inactivated by various methods.

If there is a re-entry of the virus into the body, the cells of the immunological practice very quickly recognize the threat. And in a short time, immunoglobulins begin to be actively produced.

The yellow fever vaccine is administered subcutaneously, diluted in a ratio of 1:10. In this case, only a special solvent, which is in the package, can be used for dissolution. To form a persistent immune response, half a milliliter of the drug is administered. And immunity in a vaccinated person occurs after about eight to ten days and lasts for thirty to thirty-five years.

Does the yellow fever vaccine have contraindications for use?

It is worth noting that the 17D vaccine is a fairly safe product, however, its administration is strictly contraindicated for some groups of the population. So, this method of prevention cannot be used in relation to pregnant women, children under nine months of age, patients with immunodeficiency (HIV/AIDS), diseases of the thymus gland. In addition, vaccination with the live 17D vaccine cannot be carried out in people who suffer from an allergy to egg white (it is part of this product).

Of course, administering the vaccine is impossible if the patient is diagnosed with acute infectious or non-infectious illnesses or exacerbations of chronic diseases.

Does the yellow fever vaccine have side effects?

The introduction of a vaccine in some cases can lead to the development of local and general reactions. So the patient may develop swelling and redness (no more than two and a half centimeters in diameter). This symptom usually appears twelve to twenty-four hours after injection and disappears approximately two to three days after injection.

It is extremely rare that the vaccine can cause thickening of the subcutaneous tissue, which is accompanied by itching, pain and some enlargement of the regional lymph nodes.

General reactions can make themselves felt by fever (up to 38.5C), malaise, dizziness, headaches and chills. Usually the duration of the general reaction is no more than three days. In some cases, the vaccine can provoke allergic reactions. Therefore, if you are predisposed to allergies, you should take antihistamines two to four days before the injection.