Vascular embolism. Fat, air, pulmonary and gas embolism. In addition, they apply

From this article you will learn about such a serious and dangerous condition as embolism, what types of it exist, why it occurs, and what to do in this case.

Article publication date: 04/20/2017

Article updated date: 05/29/2019

An embolism is a blockage of a blood vessel by a foreign body. A foreign body - an embolus - clogs the lumen of a vessel, like a cork in a bottle, depriving one or another part of the body tissue of oxygen and nutrients. If such a “plug” is not removed in time, then the tissues deprived of nutrition may die and become necrotic.

There are 5 types of embolism:

1. Solids. The role of foreign bodies, or emboli, here are solid particles: fragments of bone tissue, fragments of other body tissues, medical instruments (needles, fragments of prostheses, pins, and so on).
2. Separately from the previous type, the so-called thromboembolism is distinguished, or blockage of a vessel by a detached clot or blood clot - a thrombus. This type is the most common variant of this disease.
3. Gas – blockage of the lumen of a blood vessel with a gas bubble.
4. Blockage with fluids: amniotic fluid, medications due to improper injection. How is the variety identified?
5. Bacterial - closing the lumen of a vessel with a clot of microorganisms (bacteria, protozoa and even helminth worms).

Thromboembolism is the most common, followed by gas and liquid embolism.

Most often, vascular surgeons have to deal with these problems, but depending on the origin of the emboli, general surgeons, cardiologists, traumatologists and even obstetricians-gynecologists take part in the treatment and provision of emergency care.

Sometimes it is possible to dissolve or surgically remove a foreign body from a vessel, completely or partially restoring blood circulation to an organ or tissue. In a number of complex cases, the tissues have time to die - so-called necrosis or infarction of the organ (liver, heart, brain, lungs, spleen, and so on) occurs. The saddest outcome with a massive infarction in vital organs will be the death of the patient.

Below we will talk in more detail about each type of embolism.

Thromboembolism

This is the most common type of solid body embolism. In this case, the foreign body that has closed the lumen of the vessel is a thrombus - a blood clot that has broken away from the place of its formation (on the wall of the heart, vessel) and entered the blood stream.

The primary link in the development of thromboembolism will be the formation of a blood clot. Blood clots form in three main ways:

1. Wall thrombi. Such blood clots form on the internal walls of large and medium-sized vessels due to some damage to the internal lining of the vessel - the endothelium. The most common causes of such wall thrombi are varicose veins, atherosclerosis, venous thrombophlebitis, autoimmune causes - vasculitis, vascular aneurysms. At first, such blood clots are attached to the walls of blood vessels, but gradually they can break off and go “free floating.”
2. Blood clots due to cardiac dysfunction. During normal rhythmic work of the heart, blood moves through the vessels in equal impulses. With abnormalities of the heart - atrial fibrillation, severe tachycardia, myocardial infarction, heart contractions become erratic and the blood “churns” in large vessels and chambers of the heart, like butter in a churn. This is how circulating clots are formed, which can travel with the bloodstream to any organ of the human body.
3. Blood clots due to blood coagulation disorders. Normally, the fluid state of the blood is maintained by two control systems: coagulation and anticoagulation. If for some reason the first takes precedence over the second, blood clots spontaneously appear in the bloodstream. This situation occurs against the background of high temperature, severe dehydration, hereditary and acquired blood diseases (antiphospholipid syndrome, hereditary thrombophilia), taking hormonal contraceptives and other conditions.

The most common - about 60-80% of cases - is pulmonary embolism, or PE.

Gas blockage

What is a gas embolism? Emboli in this type of disease are gas bubbles.

How bubbles can get into the bloodstream:

• For injuries or surgical interventions on the chest organs (lungs, bronchi), jugular veins.
• In case of unsuccessful intravenous manipulations - injections and catheterization of large veins.
• In case of violations of the technique of abortion by vacuum aspiration of the fetal egg or hysteroscopy - examination of the uterine cavity with a special instrument with a camera.
• Some scientists separately distinguish the so-called. This situation arises not due to the artificial introduction of gas bubbles, but due to dissonance in the dissolution of its own gases - oxygen and carbon dioxide - in the blood. The most common type of air embolism is decompression sickness, or divers' sickness. The lower the sea level a person is, the higher the atmospheric pressure. The higher the pressure, the more gases dissolve in the blood. When the external pressure decreases, the reverse process occurs and the gas begins to form bubbles. The more abruptly the transition from high to low pressure occurs, the more such bubbles are formed.

Most often, air and gas emboli affect the lungs, brain and spinal cord, and heart vessels.

Blockage by fluids

This is the third most common pathology variant. In this case, the following liquids act as droplet emboli:

Most often, liquid emboli affect the heart and lungs, while fat emboli affect the lungs, retina, and brain.

Bacterial pathology

Bacterial embolism can be classified as solid body embolism, but traditionally this type is distinguished as a separate pathology. What are the features of bacterial embolism, what is it?

The “plugs” in the vessels in this case are clots of microbes - bacteria, fungi or protozoa. Of course, one or even several microorganisms cannot close the lumen of the vessel. In this case, we are talking about the accumulation of millions of such microbes on the surface of some substrate. A striking example of such a bacterial embolus can be a fragment of tissue destroyed by bacteria, torn off into the lumen of the vessel along with pathogenic microflora - an area of ​​liver or spleen abscess, a fragment of bone destroyed by osteomyelitis, fibers of necrotic or necrotic muscle.

Bacterial screenings can enter any part of the body through the bloodstream. The most dangerous are emboli in the lungs, heart and brain.

Characteristic symptoms

The leading symptoms of embolism will depend on which vessel and what diameter the “plug” is in. We list the most common and dangerous localizations of emboli:

• Pulmonary embolism. Blockage of small branches of the pulmonary arteries can be practically asymptomatic - with a slight increase in body temperature, cough, and slight shortness of breath. When large branches are affected, a picture of acute respiratory failure and pulmonary infarction occurs - a pronounced drop in blood pressure, increased heart rate, bluish skin, shortness of breath, a feeling of fear and lack of air, chest pain, cough, hemoptysis.
• Blockage of blood vessels in the brain. The so-called neurological symptoms will come to the fore - loss or clouding of consciousness, delirium, convulsions, one-sided muscle weakness or paralysis, weakening of normal and the appearance of pathological reflexes. Further, the condition worsens, the patient may fall into a coma with respiratory and cardiac depression.
• Pathology in the coronary vessels of the heart. The leading symptom will be severe chest pain, loss of consciousness, abnormal heart rhythms, drop in blood pressure.
• Blockage of the mesenteric vessels - intestinal vessels - is accompanied by diffuse abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, the appearance of loose stools mixed with blood, an increase in body temperature with further retention of stool and gases, bloating and increased pain.

Diagnostics

You need to know that vascular embolism should be suspected in any acute situation, especially in the presence of the above risk factors (bone fractures, atrial fibrillation, difficult childbirth or unsuccessful uterine manipulation, blood coagulation disorders, etc.).

The diagnosis of embolism is extremely difficult, and it is sometimes especially difficult to determine the type of embolus. The following types of diagnostics come to the aid of doctors:

• general blood and urine tests;
• blood clotting test or coagulogram;
• electrocardiogram;
• radiography of the lungs and abdominal cavity;
• ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, heart and blood vessels;
• computed and magnetic resonance imaging;
• Angiography is the gold standard for diagnosing embolism, especially thromboembolism of the pulmonary and cardiac vessels. This research method involves injecting a contrast agent into the vessels of interest, filling them with contrast, and then taking an x-ray. The image will clearly show the vessels and foreign bodies blocking their lumen.

Treatment methods

As with the clinical presentation, treatment will depend on the type of emboli and the cause of the embolism. We list the main methods of therapy:

Prognosis for pathology

The danger and prognosis of this disease directly depend on the size of the blocked vessel and its location. The larger the vessel, the larger the area of ​​tissue that dies and ceases to perform its function. The most dangerous emboli to life and health are in vessels of any caliber in the brain, lungs and any large arteries.

Also very important for the prognosis is the speed of initiation of therapy and the speed of restoration of blood circulation. The earlier therapy is started, the greater the chance of a favorable prognosis. The rehabilitation period and restoration of blood circulation in the affected organ can take several months after the acute period has been eliminated.

The worst prognosis and high mortality are observed if embolism with amniotic fluid occurs (up to 80%) and massive thromboembolism of large branches of the pulmonary artery (about 60%). Relatively favorable prognoses are noted for decompression sickness and fat embolism, as well as for various blockages of small vessels.

27391 0

Embolism(from the Greek - invasion, insertion) is the pathological process of movement in the blood stream of substrates (emboli), which are absent under normal conditions and are capable of obstructing blood vessels, causing acute regional circulatory disorders.

To classify emboli, a number of characteristics are used: the nature and origin of emboli, their volumes, migration paths in the vascular system, as well as the frequency of recurrence of embolism in a given patient.

Depending on the location of origin, emboli move:

1. From the cavity of the left atrium, LV or great vessels to the peripheral parts of the systemic circulation. These are the same routes of migration of emboli from the pulmonary veins entering the left side of the heart (orthograde embolism).

2. From vessels of various calibers of the venous system of the systemic circle to the right atrium, RV and further along the blood flow into the arteries of the pulmonary circulation.

3. From the branches of the portal system to the portal vein of the liver.

4. Against the flow of blood in venous vessels of significant caliber (retrograde embolism). This is noted in cases where the specific gravity of the thrombus allows it to overcome the driving force of the blood flow in which it is located. Through the inferior vena cava, such an embolus can descend into the renal, iliac and even femoral veins, obstructing them.

5. From the veins of the systemic circle into its arteries, bypassing the lungs, which becomes possible in the presence of congenital or acquired defects in the interatrial or interventricular septum, as well as in the case of small emboli that can pass through arteriovenous anastomoses (paradoxical embolism).

Sources of embolism there may be blood clots and products of their destruction; contents of the opened tumor or bone marrow; fats released when fatty tissue or bones are damaged; tissue particles, colonies of microorganisms, contents of amniotic fluid, foreign bodies, gas bubbles, etc.

In accordance with the nature of emboli, thromboembolism, fat, tissue, bacterial, air, gas embolism and foreign body embolism are distinguished.

Thromboembolism is the most common type of embolism.

A loosely fixed thrombus or part of it can separate from the attachment site and turn into an embolus. This is facilitated by a sudden increase in blood pressure, a change in heart rate, sharply increased physical activity, and fluctuations in intra-abdominal or intrathoracic pressure (during coughing, defecation).

Sometimes the cause of thrombus mobilization is its disintegration during autolysis.

A freely moving embolus is carried by the blood flow into a vessel whose lumen is smaller than the size of the embolus, and is fixed in it due to vasospasm. Most often, thromboembolism is noted in the capacitance vessels of the systemic circulation, primarily in the veins of the lower extremities and pelvis (venous thromboembolism).

The thromboemboli formed here are usually carried by the bloodstream into the pulmonary artery system.

Arterial embolism in the systemic circulation they are detected 8 times less often.

Its main sources are blood clots localized in the left atrial appendage, between the trabeculae of the left ventricle, on the valve leaflets, formed in the area of ​​infarction, aneurysm of the heart, aorta or its large branches, formed on an atherosclerotic plaque. A condition in which there is an increased tendency to intravascular thrombus formation and repeated thromboembolism is defined as thromboembolic syndrome.

This syndrome develops with a combined disruption of the mechanisms that control the processes of hemostasis and maintain blood fluidity, with other general and local factors that contribute to thrombus formation. This is noted in cases of severe surgical interventions, oncological pathology, and diseases of the cardiovascular system.

Fat embolism occurs due to droplets of own or foreign neutral fat entering the blood.

The reasons for this are skeletal trauma (closed fractures or gunshot wounds of long tubular bones, multiple fractures of the ribs, pelvic bones), extensive soft tissue damage with crushing of subcutaneous fatty tissue, severe burns, intoxication or electrical trauma, fatty liver, closed cardiac massage, some types of anesthesia

Fat embolism can also occur when oil-based therapeutic or diagnostic drugs are administered to a patient.

Fat droplets usually enter the lungs and are retained in small vessels and capillaries. Some of the fat droplets penetrate through arteriovenous anastomoses into the systemic circulation and are carried by blood to the brain, kidneys and other organs, blocking their capillaries. In this case, there are no macroscopic changes in the organs. However, targeted examination of histological specimens using fat-detecting dyes makes it possible to diagnose fat embolism in most such situations.

Tissue (cellular) embolism noted when tissue particles, their breakdown products, or individual cells enter the bloodstream and become emboli.

Tissue embolism occurs due to injuries, germination of malignant tumors into the lumens of blood vessels, and ulcerative endocarditis.

Emboli can be complexes of bone marrow cells and megokaryocytes, fragments of dermis, muscle tissue, particles of liver, brain, products of destruction of heart valve leaflets, or complexes of tumor cells.

Embolism with amniotic fluid containing horny scales and entering the capillaries of the lungs is also possible; with incomplete detachment of the placenta, when chorionic villi in the veins of the uterus become emboli. The threat of tissue embolism also exists in cases where the technique of performing puncture biopsies of internal organs is violated or catheterization of large veins is performed incorrectly.

Colonies of microorganisms, fungal drusen, and pathogenic amoebas that enter the bloodstream linger in the lungs or obstruct the peripheral vessels of the systemic circulation that nourish the tissue of the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and other organs. In a new location, a pathological process similar to the one that was the source of the embolism may develop.

Air embolism occurs when air bubbles enter the blood, which migrate in the vascular bed, linger in the areas of branching of small vessels and capillaries and obstruct the lumen of the vessel.

In severe cases, blockade of larger vascular branches and even accumulation of foam formed by air and blood in the cavity of the right heart are possible. In this regard, if an air embolism is suspected, the opening of the cavities of the heart is performed without removing it from the chest, under water, filling the open pericardial cavity with it.

The cause of air embolism is damage to the veins into which air is sucked in due to negative blood pressure. This is most often noted with injury to the jugular or subclavian veins, open injury to the sinuses of the dura mater, and pulmonary barotrauma. Air can enter the veins of the inner surface of the uterus that gape after childbirth.

The threat of air embolism exists during cardiac surgery using a cardiopulmonary bypass, during opening of the chest or the imposition of diagnostic or therapeutic pneumoperitoneum, as well as during careless intravenous administration of drugs.

Gas embolism with a certain similarity to the air one, it has slightly different development mechanisms.

It is based on changes in the solubility of gases in liquids proportional to the pressure in the medium.

Thus, during a rapid ascent of divers who were at a considerable depth, during a high-speed ascent in a depressurized high-altitude aircraft, gases of air or a special respiratory mixture dissolved in the blood are released (the “carbonated water” effect) and, freely circulating in it, become a source of embolism.

Due to the larger volume of blood located in the large circle than in the small circle, changes in its pool are more pronounced. Embolism by foreign bodies is possible due to their penetration into the vascular bed during gunshot wounds (fragments, shot, bullets), sometimes when catheter fragments enter the vessels.

Much more often, the source of this type of embolism is lime and cholesterol crystals contained in the atheromatous mass that enters the bloodstream during the destruction and exposure of atherosclerotic plaques. Embolism with foreign bodies having a large specific gravity can be retrograde.

Such emboli are capable of moving when the body position changes.

The significance for the body and the outcomes of embolism are determined by the size and number of emboli, migration routes in the vascular system and the nature of the material forming them.

Depending on the size of the emboli, embolism of large vessels and microvasculature (DIC syndrome) are distinguished.

All embolisms, with the exception of air and gas embolisms, are complications of other diseases, the course of which they aggravate, even leading to death.

Most often identified venous thromboembolism, in which emboli, depending on their size, are retained in the peripheral branches of the pulmonary artery, causing hemorrhagic pulmonary infarctions, or close their lumen already in the initial sections, which leads to sudden death.

However, there are frequent cases when thromboemboluses, with a relatively small diameter but significant length, under the influence of blood flow, obstruct vessels of a much larger caliber than their own, or are retained at the site of the branching of the common pulmonary trunk. The main pathogenetic factor that determines the clinical picture of pulmonary embolism and its major branches is a sharp increase in resistance to blood flow in the pulmonary circulation. A sudden shutdown of blood vessels is accompanied by local reflex vasoconstriction, sometimes spreading to the entire arterial system of the lung.

This reaction is exacerbated by the massive release of catecholamines and increased blood viscosity due to stress.

An increase in pressure in the PA can cause a sharp overload of the right heart with dilatation of its cavities and the development of acute cor pulmonale. Spasm of the arteries during their sudden mechanical obstruction is noted not only in the lungs. Thus, the cause of cardiac arrest due to blockage of the pulmonary artery is both acute cor pulmonale and reflex spasm of the coronary arteries of the heart.

When emboli are introduced into small branches of the pulmonary artery and are not directly associated with death, changes characteristic of acute coronary insufficiency are noted on the ECG.

Severe vasospasm damages the vascular endothelium, enhances platelet adhesion and aggregation, includes a cascade process of hemostasis and causes the transformation of an embolus into a growing thrombus (embolothrombosis). The consequence of thromboembolism of the arteries of the systemic circulation is ischemia of the corresponding organs and tissues with the subsequent development of infarctions.

Infection of blood clots significantly complicates the consequences of thromboembolism, the source of which they become, since in the places where such emboli are fixed, purulent inflammation (thrombobacterial embolism) is added to the changes associated with circulatory disorders.

The consequences of fat embolism are determined by the volume of fat entering the blood and depend on the initial physicochemical properties of the blood, the state of lipid metabolism and the hemostatic system.

In case of injury, a significant part of the fat droplets is formed from blood lipids, which is accompanied by a sharp increase in its coagulation activity. In this regard, fat embolism is often considered as a variant of traumatic coagulopathy. Fatal outcome from fat embolism can also be a consequence of capillary blockage and circulatory hypoxia of the brain.

With a small volume of obstructed microvessels, fat embolism occurs without significant clinical symptoms.

Fat that enters the lungs is partially broken down or saponified by macrophages and excreted through the respiratory tract. In more severe cases, pneumonia may occur, and when ⅔ of the pulmonary capillaries are switched off, acute pulmonary failure develops with the threat of cardiac arrest.

Tissue (cellular) embolism is noted in the vessels of the systemic circulation more often than in the small circulation. Of greatest practical importance is embolism by malignant tumor cells, which underlies the hematogenous dissemination of the tumor process. As a result, tumor cells can be carried by the bloodstream to almost any region and give rise to a new focus of tumor growth. This phenomenon is called metastasis, and the foci of tumor growth that arise as a result are called metastatic. When such cells spread with the lymph flow, they speak of lymphogenous metastasis.

A similar mechanism underlies the hematogenous spread of pathogenic microflora with the appearance of foci of infection at any point in the systemic or pulmonary circulation where bacterial emboli are introduced - in the lungs, kidneys, spleen, brain, heart muscle.

Bacterial emboli are often accompanied by clinical and biochemical signs of DIC.

The consequences of gas embolism can vary from mild forms of decompression sickness to severe and even fatal disorders in the circulatory system and internal organs, mainly in the brain. Caisson disease develops with the passive release of gas dissolved in the blood as a result of a sharp decrease in environmental pressure. The resulting gas bubbles - emboli - enter the microvessels of the central nervous system and internal organs, skeletal muscles, skin, mucous membranes, disrupting their blood supply and causing decompression sickness.

In the future, multiple small hemorrhages and minor necrosis may appear in various organs, in particular in the brain and heart, resulting in paralysis and cardiac dysfunction. The accumulation of a significant volume of gas released from the blood in the chambers of the heart can cause blockage of blood flow and death, since the contracting and expanding air bubble makes it impossible for the heart to pump blood.

Gas embolism can complicate gas gangrene, which occurs when a wound becomes infected with an anaerobic infection when gases accumulating in the affected tissue break into the bloodstream.

A.S. Gavrish "Blood circulation disorders"

There are many processes that are dangerous to the human body. One of them is embolism. This condition can not only harm normal life, but also lead to blockage of blood vessels in the heart and brain. All these conditions lead to severe disorders and cause death of patients. Embolism is a condition that is very difficult to diagnose, which is why doctors often do not notice this process. The consequences to which it leads, in most cases, occur instantly, which is why first aid cannot always be provided. The causes of embolism can be different, most often these are diseases of the cardiovascular and circulatory system, obesity. Sometimes this process occurs due to injury.

Embolism - what does it mean?

This pathological condition involves the closure of the lumen of the vessel by some substance that is transported throughout the body through the bloodstream. Translated from Greek, “embolism” means “invasion” or “insertion.” Vessel occlusion occurs regardless of what kind of substance is in its lumen. Parts of a blood clot, air, drops of fat, and even amniotic fluid can serve as an embolus. All this interferes with normal blood flow, resulting in a lack of oxygen entering the body tissues - hypoxia. This process can lead to ischemia of any organ. The greatest danger is embolism of an artery supplying blood to the lungs, brain or heart. In addition, foreign substances can enter the system, disrupting the outflow and leading to diseases. The consequences of this pathological condition depend on the caliber of the artery or vein, as well as on the size of the embolus itself. Treatment is required in cases where the damaging particles are small or do not completely cover the lumen of the vessel.

Causes of embolism

Depending on which substance is carried in the bloodstream, there are several types of embolism. Each of them, in turn, has a specific development mechanism and etiology. The most common is thromboembolism, which develops in people suffering from chronic heart failure, who have had a myocardial infarction or a cerebral hemorrhage (stroke). Patients who have varicose veins of the lower extremities, hemorrhoids, and atherosclerosis are most susceptible to this variety.

This pathology is rare in obstetric practice. Amniotic fluid embolism is a dangerous condition and often leads to death. The causes of its occurrence may be: placenta previa or placental abruption, improper development of fetal membranes. Risk factors include polyhydramnios and prolonged labor. Embolism can also occur during cesarean section. The mechanism of its development is the penetration of amniotic fluid into the maternal bloodstream. After this, particles of amniotic fluid (meconium, cheese-like lubricant) enter the right atrium, and then into the pulmonary artery. As a result, amniotic fluid embolism develops according to the same mechanism as PE. The difference is that the blockage of the vessel does not occur with elements of meconium or drops of fat.

Mechanism of development of gas embolism

Gas embolism is another cause of impaired blood flow through the vascular bed. This condition is an integral part of which affects people who spend time at high altitudes or under water. An increase in pressure leads to a change in the gas composition of the blood, in particular to the accumulation of large amounts of nitrogen. Vascular embolism is observed if a person abruptly returns to the original level. As a result, the accumulated nitrogen penetrates the general bloodstream and spreads throughout the body. Normally, gas should be released by the lungs, but this process occurs gradually; this must be kept in mind when rising to a height and lowering deep into water.

Vascular thromboembolism: causes

The most common cause of embolism is vascular thrombosis. They appear due to disruption of the endothelium and blood coagulation system. Patients with varicose veins are most susceptible to thrombosis. The development of this type of embolism is often associated with previous heart attacks and strokes, since in such patients blood thickening occurs due to rheological disorders. The mechanism of damage is the separation of thrombotic masses from the vessel wall. They act as an embolus. The detached part of the thrombus enters the bloodstream, closing the lumen and causing hypoxia.

Clinical picture during the development of embolism

The patient’s condition during embolism depends on the vessel in which the occlusion occurred. If these are main arteries or veins, then the prognosis is most often unfavorable. The most dangerous are considered to be damage to the blood vessels of the heart, lungs, brain, and neck. An embolism can cause disruption of the blood supply to any organ, and the symptoms will depend on this. When the vessels of the extremities are damaged, they become numb and cold, and gangrene may develop. When embolism of the arteries of the heart or brain occurs, a heart attack or stroke occurs, which is characterized by severe pain and with the development of pulmonary embolism, coughing, sharp pain and suffocation develop, which often lead to death.

Principles of embolism treatment

Any embolism is a condition that requires immediate treatment. However, the approach to each type of this pathological process is the same. Treatment should be aimed at preventing the embolus from entering large vessels. For this purpose, arteries and veins are ligated, as a result of which blood flow in the affected area is temporarily stopped. In addition, surgical removal of the damaging substance is performed. Thrombosis and embolism that develop against their background require drug treatment. For this purpose, drugs that thin the blood (Heparin) and fibrinolytics (Urokinase) are used. To prevent embolism, patients with cardiovascular pathologies must use antiplatelet drugs (Aspirin), as they prevent the formation of blood clots.

Also known paradoxical embolism, described by G. Tsaan ( Zahn G.) in 1889. With paradoxical embolism, the particle freely penetrates from the venous system of the systemic circle into the arterial system, bypassing the small circle, due to an existing heart defect. This happens with a defect of the interventricular or interatrial septum or with another defect with a right-to-left shunt.

With embolism of small vessels, rapid restoration of blood circulation is possible due to collateral circulation.

Notes

Literature

• N. N. Zaiko, Yu. V. Byts Pathological physiology: Textbook. 3rd ed. - M.: MEDpress-inform, 2002-644 p. ISBN 5-901712-24-2
• Zahn G. Uberparadoxale Embolie. Virch.Arch. 115 and 117, 1889
• Reklinghausen F. Allgein Patog. das Kreislauf und der Ernahrung Capit. Btut. Herinnung. Zeitschr.f.Biologie.-1882.-Bd.18

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what "Embolism" is in other dictionaries:

- (from the Greek embolion piston). A blockage of an artery caused by a blood clot emerging from another, larger artery. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. EMBOLISM, blockage of blood vessels by accident... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

EMBOLISM, blocking of a blood vessel by an obstacle called an embolus; it can be a blood clot, an air bubble or a particle of fat. The results of an embolism depend on where it occurs. For example, cerebral embolism (in the brain) ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

- (from the Greek embole throw-in), blockage of blood vessels with an embolus, i.e. a particle brought with the bloodstream (a detached blood clot, fat from damaged tissue or air trapped in a vessel, etc.). Embolism of the pulmonary artery, cerebral vessels, heart can... ... Modern encyclopedia

- (from the Greek embole throw-in) blockage of blood vessels by an embolus, i.e. a particle brought with the bloodstream (a detached blood clot, fat from damaged tissues or air trapped in a vessel, etc.). Embolism of the pulmonary artery, blood vessels, brain, heart can be... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Blockage Dictionary of Russian synonyms. embolism noun, number of synonyms: 3 aeroembolism (3) ... Synonym dictionary

embolism- and, f. embolie f., German Embolie gr. emballo I throw in, I push in. honey. Blockage of blood (less often lymphatic) vessels by gas bubbles, foreign particles brought with blood or lymph. Krysin 1998. In my opinion, Koltsov died of an embolism.... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

EMBOLISM- (from the Greek etbaPo I throw in, push in), blockage of blood or lymph vessels with particles and bodies brought with the blood or lymph flow. The clogging particles themselves are called embols. Emboli are not characteristic of normal blood, they are observed... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

EMBOLISM, emboli, many. no, female (from Greek embolos wedge) (med.). Blockage of a blood vessel by some dense particle carried by the blood flow from one part of the body to another. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 … Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

It means blockage of blood vessels by plugs brought into them by the blood flow. These foreign plugs (emboli) may consist of crumbled particles of blood clots, pieces of tissue separated from the wall of a vessel or heart valves during ulcerative... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

EMBOLISM- - acute blockage of a vessel with impaired blood supply to a tissue or organ as a result of the transfer by the blood stream of various substrates (emboli) that are not found normally. Thromboembolism is more common, which usually occurs with venous thrombosis.... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

Books

• Forecasting and prevention of obstetric pathology. The monograph presents the results of clinical and mathematical modeling and forecasting of the main types of obstetric pathology, obtained using electronic computers.… Category: Obstetrics. Pregnancy and childbirth. Literature for doctors Publisher: