Exercise 388: Rewrite the passages. When writing off current

put serial numbers next to the sign and

after the text, briefly explain why you put this or that

goy sign.

the headman's wife, (4) Mavra, ^5) a healthy and non-

stupid, (6) I have never seen a city in my entire life, (7) nor

railway, (8), and for the last ten years she has been sitting at home,

(9) behind the stove, (10) going out at night.

1-2 - the introductory word is highlighted with commas, indicating

affecting the relationship between thoughts;

3 - a comma separates the main clause from the clause

dating;

4-5 - single application selected;

5-6 - a common application is highlighted;

7-8 - homogeneous members of the sentence are separated

(homogeneous objects, homogeneous predicates);

9-10 - separate clarifying circumstance

10 - isolated circumstance - participle -

ny turnover.

Day after day in flour dust in the worn dirt

with our feet from the yard in the thick odorous stuffiness we

rolled out the dough and made pretzels by moistening them on

later and we hated our work with acute un-

Guess we never ate anything that came out from under

of our hands, preferring brown bread to pretzels. Sitting

at a long table facing each other nine against nine

for long hours we mechanically move

walked with their hands and fingers and got so used to their work

that sometimes they no longer even watched their movements. AND

we looked at each other so closely that each of us

We knew all the wrinkles on the faces of our comrades. We don't care about

What could I say, we got used to it all the time

were silent if they didn’t swear because there is always something to scold for

a person and especially a comrade. But we rarely argued

What can a person be guilty of if he is half dead?

if he is like an idol if all his feelings are suppressed...

hard work? But silence is scary and painful only

for those who have already said everything and have nothing more to say

speak for people who have not started their re-

whose silence is simple and easy for them... Sometimes we sang

and our song began like this, in the middle of work, suddenly someone

someone sighed with the heavy sigh of a tired horse and began to sing

quietly sang one of those lingering songs of plaintive

the gentle motive of which always eases the burden on

singing soul. One of us sings and we are silent at first

we listen to his lonely song and it fades and stalls

under the heavy basement ceiling like a small fire

fire in the steppe on a damp autumn night when the sky is gray

hangs above the ground like a lead roof. Then to the singer

floating in the stuffiness of our cramped hole. And suddenly, right away

gets stronger louder and definitely pushes the raw ones apart

the heavy walls of our stone prison...

(M. Gorky)

Preface 5

SPELLING

Spelling vowels in root 7

§ 1. Tested unstressed vowels 7

§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 9

§ 3. Alternating vowels 9

§ 4. Vowels o-e after pinching at the root 18

§ 5. Vowels ы-и after ц at the root 20

§ 6. Letter 20

Spelling of consonants in the root 22

§ 7. Voiced and voiceless consonants 22

§ 8. Double consonants 23

§ 9. Unpronounceable consonants 26

Use of capital letters 27

§ 10. Capital letters in proper names 27

Letters ъ and ь 33

§ 11. Use of b and b as dividing marks 33

§ 12. The letter ь as a sign of softness 33

§ 13. The letter ь as an indicator of grammatical form 34

Spelling prefixes 37

§ 14. Vowels ыи “after prefixes 37

§ 15. Prefixes on zi prefix s- 37

§ 16. Prefixes pre- and pre- 40

Vowels after sibilants and ts in suffixes and endings 43

§ 17. Vowels oi e after sibilants 43

§ 18. Vowels after ts 46

Spelling nouns 49

§ 19. Endings of nouns 49

§ 20. Suffixes of nouns 53

Spelling adjectives 62

§ 21. Endings of adjectives 62

§ 22. Suffixes of adjectives 64

Spelling difficult words 74

§ 23. Connecting vowels o and e 74

§ 24. Compound words without connecting vowels 75

§ 25. Spelling of compound nouns 77

§ 26. Spelling of complex adjectives 80

Spelling of numerals 88

§ 27. Quantitative, ordinal, fractional numerals 88

Spelling Pronouns, 91

§ 28. Negative pronouns 91

§ 29. Indefinite pronouns 94

Spelling verbs 97

§ 30. Personal endings of verbs 97

§ 31. Use of the letter ь in verb forms 100

§ 32. Suffixes of verbs 103

Spelling participles 109

§ 33. Endings and suffixes of participles 109

§ 34. Spelling stumps in participles and verbal adjectives 114

Spelling adverbs 125

§ 35. Vowels at the end of adverbs 125

§ 36. Adverbs of hissing 127

§ 37. Negative and indefinite adverbs 127

§ 38. Continuous writing of adverbs 129

§ 39. Hyphenated writing of adverbs 137

§ 40. Separate writing of adverbs and adverbial expressions 139

Spelling of prepositions and conjunctions 150

§ 41. Prepositions 150

§ 42. Unions 152

Spelling particles 157

§ 43. Separate and hyphenated writing of particles, 157

§ 44. Particles not and mi 159

Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 184

§ 45. Hyphen in complex interjections 187

Repeated spelling exercises 185

PUNCTUATION

Simple sentence

Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and during a break in speech 193

§ 46. Period, question and exclamation marks, ellipsis 193

Dash between members of sentence 194

§ 47. Dash between subject and predicate 194

§ 48. Dash in an incomplete sentence 199

§ 49. Dash to indicate spatial, temporal, quantitative limits 198

Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 200

§ 50. Homogeneous members not united by unions 200

§ 51. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 200

§ 52. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 203

§ 53. Homogeneous members connected by repeating conjunctions Part 205

§ 54. Homogeneous members connected by double unions 207

§ 55. Generalizing words with homogeneous terms 208

§ 56. Comma between repeated words 215

Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 217

§ 57. Separate definitions 217

§ 58. Separate and non-separate applications 223

§ 59. Special circumstances 231

§ 60. Separate additions 238

§ 61. Separate clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of sentence 238

Punctuation marks for words that are grammatically unrelated to the members of the sentence 247

§ 62. Introductory words and sentences. Insertion sentences 247

§ 63. Appeal 258

§ 64. Interjection. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamation words 259

Revision exercises on punctuation in a simple sentence 262

Difficult sentence

§ 65. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 265

§ 66. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 272

§ 67. Punctuation marks for comparative phrases with conjunctions like, what, than, etc. 284

§ 68. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 294

Revision exercises on punctuation in complex sentences 304

Direct speech

§ 69. Punctuation marks for direct speech 312

§ 70. Punctuation marks for quotations, for expressions taken from something alien to the author

dictionary or used in an ironic sense 314

Repeat exercises on spelling and punctuation 318

VOCABULARY AND STYLISTICS

Lexico-phraseological exercises 327

§ 71. Polysemy of the word 327

§ 72. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms 331

§ 73. Meaning of words and expressions 341

§ 74. Use of foreign words 345

Grammar-stylistic exercises 346

§ 75, Use of forms of nouns 346

§ 76. Use of forms of adjectives 348

§ 77. Use of forms of numerals 348

§ 78. Use of pronouns 349

§ 79. Use of verb forms 349

§ 80. Construction of a simple sentence 350

§ 81. Agreement of the predicate with the subject 352

§ 82. Harmonization of definitions and applications 353

§ 83. Some cases of control A 355

§ 84. Sentences with homogeneous members 357

Lesson type: repeating and generalizing.

During the classes

1. Introductory conversation.

I want to start our lesson in an unusual way: I ask you to return to childhood for a few minutes and read a short poem by the famous children's poetess I. Tokmakova (text on the board without punctuation)

There's a hole under the tree
This is a fox hole
Fox cubs live here
There are a lot of them here
You can count them

Why is it difficult to read? (no punctuation)
- Write down the poem using punctuation marks. (write down)
- What punctuation marks did you use?
- How does the meaning of a poem change depending on different punctuation marks?
- What will we talk about in today's lesson?
- What is the name of the system of rules about punctuation marks?
- What is the topic of the lesson? Tasks?

2. Goal setting.

II. Students work in groups(students prepared messages and practical tasks)

Performance of the 1st group.

1. Message “Principles of Russian punctuation”.

The rules of Russian punctuation are based on three basic principles:

a) semantic (logical): punctuation marks help to divide speech into parts that are important for expressing thoughts in writing;
b) grammatical (structural-syntactic): punctuation marks make the semantic structure of speech clear, highlighting individual sentences and their parts;
c) intonation: punctuation marks serve to indicate intonation, indicate rhythm, and melody of a phrase. More often, punctuation rules reflect not one, but two or all three principles at the same time.

For example: the placement of punctuation marks for isolated members reflects the semantic and intonation principle. Placing a question mark at the end of an interrogative sentence is all three principles.

2. Practical task (printed for groups, signs not placed).

Place punctuation marks. Explain your choice. What principles of Russian punctuation are reflected in the text.

The path went around a hazel bush and the forest immediately spread out to the sides. In the middle of the clearing, in white sparkling clothes, a huge and majestic oak tree stood like a cathedral. It seemed that the trees respectfully parted to allow today's brother to unfold in full force. So this winter oak quickly flashed through my head.

(according to Yu. Kazakov)

Performance of the 2nd and 3rd groups.

1. Messages “Single punctuation marks”, “Paired punctuation marks”.

(Students present a general table with the most important cases of making signs)

2. Practical task: fill out the table in exercise. 485 in the textbook by A. Deikina, T. Pakhnova.

III. Working with text ex. 498(ibid.)

1. Conversation:

Retell the text.
- What does D. Andreev associate with A. Pushkin’s merits as a poet? How does he characterize the Russian literary language?

2. Test (preliminarily number the sentences in this text - exercise 498).

1) Indicate the correct explanation of punctuation in the 1st sentence, highlighted by commas:

a) comparative turnover;
b) comparative clause;
c) introductory sentence.

2) Specify the type of proposal No. 3:

a) complex with one subordinate clause;
b) complex with two subordinate clauses;
c) a complex sentence with coordinating and subordinating connections.

3) How many rows of homogeneous terms are there in sentence No. 3:

a) 4;
b) 5;
at 6.

4) What role does the semicolon play in sentence No. 3:

a) separates simple sentences;
b) identifies separate members;
c) separates highly abundant parts.

5) Give the correct explanation for the missing comma before How in sentence No. 3:

a) turnover from How– this is an application with the meaning “as...”;
b) turnover from How– stable phrase;
c) turnover from How– this is an application with the meaning of the reason;

6) Which of the following statements is false:

a) the 1st sentence of the text is non-union;
b) there is no participial phrase in the 3rd sentence;
c) in the 3rd sentence there is an adverbial phrase.

Self-test using the control sheet: 1c, 2a, 3c, 4c, 5a, 6b.

IV. Lesson summary. Reflection.

What part of the lesson did you find most important? Why?
- What was difficult? Why?
- What needs to be done to prevent these difficulties from arising?

Homework:

1) according to the textbook ex. 516 (prepare to write from memory)
2) optional: ex. No. 000 or ex. No. 000

Lesson 3. Topic: Combination of punctuation marks. Variable punctuation marks.

Goals:

Know the peculiarities of punctuation when combining characters; Have an idea of ​​the variability of punctuation marks; Improve punctuation analysis skills.

Epigraph on the board:

Punctuation marks are like musical notations.
They hold the text firmly and do not allow it to crumble.

Lesson type: repeating and generalizing.

During the classes

I. Updating of basic knowledge.

1. Individual work using cards (two students at the blackboard).

Card No. 1. Place punctuation marks and explain your choice. Perform the specified types of analysis.

A sandy slope, unmown6 meadow above Sorotya, a path leading to the park - all this was so close and familiar to me.

Card No. 2. Place punctuation marks. Perform the specified types of analysis.

A) There were three of them2 soldiers eating without paying2 attention to Pierre.
b) I enter everything quietly.

2. Self-dictation on homework - ex. No. 000 from the textbook, (text of I. Bunin’s poem “Childhood”). Peer review.

3. Conversation:

What principles of Russian punctuation are reflected in the completed tasks?
- Why were there a comma and a dash next to each other in the 1st sentence (card No. 1)?
- Pay attention to the epigraph to the lesson. talks about the role of punctuation marks in the text. Write this statement in the form of direct speech, broken up by the words of the author.
- What punctuation marks are combined here?
- What else combinations of punctuation marks did you meet in the texts?
- What punctuation marks are possible in the sentences of card No. 2?

Justify your opinion.

This will be discussed in today's lesson. (the topic of the lesson is announced, goals are formulated).

1. Independent work with the educational article § 104, § 105 (textbook by N. Goltsova, I. Shamshin. Russian language. 10 – 11 grades).

Task: Make a chain of questions. For example:

1) What combinations of punctuation marks are possible?
2) Which punctuation mark comes first:

When combining a question mark and an exclamation mark?
- comma and dash?
- comma, semicolon, colon and closing parenthesis?
- period, question mark, exclamation mark and closing bracket?

3) What is the peculiarity of punctuation when combining ellipses and other punctuation marks?
4) What punctuation marks are called variable?
5) What determines the choice of option?
6) What signs are most often found as synonymous?

2. Work in pairs: mutual survey using a compiled chain of questions.

III. Workshop.

1. Working with the text of exercise No. 000 (II) from the textbook by N. Goltsova (“Song about the Earth” by V. Vysotsky).

Determine the theme, the main idea of ​​the poetic text. Write down the keywords.
- Make a diagram of the 1st sentence and analyze its punctuation.
- Find sentences with comparative phrases. What is their role?
- What types of complex sentences are found in the text? Parse them for punctuation.
- What combinations of punctuation marks are found in the text? Comment on punctuation. What role do interrogative and exclamatory sentences play in the text? Dots? How can you explain such a variety of punctuation marks used by the poet?

2. Independent written work based on options.

I option.

And a snake casually threw it to me
Everyone has their own destiny
But I knew that this was impossible -
Live twisting and sliding.

2) What is the allegorical meaning of this poem? How would you title it?

Find words with the same root in the text, were they used by chance by the author? Write an essay - an argument on the topic “Is it possible for a person to live, “twisting and sliding.”

Option II.

Here is the text of a poem by L. Martynov (not all punctuation marks are included).

And you?
Entering any house -
And in gray
And in blue
Climbing steep stairs
The apartments are flooded with light
Listening to the sound of keys
And giving an answer to the question
Tell
What mark will you leave?
Track
To wipe the parquet
And they looked askance after
Or
Invisible lasting trace
In someone else's soul for many years

1) Place the missing punctuation marks and explain your choice graphically.
2) What is the philosophical meaning of this poem? How would you title it? What is the role of interrogative sentences in the text?

Write a short essay - a reflection on the topic “What does it mean to leave an “invisible lasting trace”?

IV. Lesson summary. Reflection.

Our lessons on punctuation are repetitive and general. What was new for you? Interesting? Useful?
- How do you evaluate your work in class?

Homework: optional

1) Exercise 519 (textbook by A. Deikina, T. Pakhnova): write down the text, fill in the missing punctuation marks. Prove that the text is a narrative with descriptive elements. Classify complex sentences in the text according to the types of connections between their parts;

2) Conduct research: what role do punctuation marks play in a literary text (using the example of one small work:

poems by M. Tsvetaeva “Yesterday I looked into your eyes...”; prose poems “Simplicity” by I. Turgenev.

or self-selected).

Literature:

, . Russian language. 10-11 grades. M., Russian Word, 2006. , Russian language. A practical textbook for high school. M., Verboom-M, 2007. , . Modern Russian language. M., Higher School, 1991.

Ancient people perceived the hearth as the habitat of a bright deity (...) and later many wonderful properties were attributed to the fire.

1. Complex sentence, before the conjunction And no comma is needed.

2. A complex sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

3. A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

4. A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction and no comma is needed.

10. Provide the correct explanation for the punctuation in the sentence:

The first poplar leaves smelled strong and tart () and their aroma overwhelmed all other smells.

1. A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction. And a comma is not needed.

2. A simple sentence with homogeneous members; a comma is needed before the conjunction Y.

3. Complex sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

4. Complex sentence, before the conjunction And there is no need for a comma.

11. Which answer option correctly identifies and explains commas?

The evening sun (...) having bathed in the clouds (...) will throw several purple strokes onto the sky.

1. the participial phrase stands out

2. the participial phrase stands out

3. the participial phrase is not highlighted

4. the participial phrase is not highlighted

Indicate the sentence with a punctuation error.

1. He holds so many world records that only avid sports fans remember them.

2. The weather was beautiful: sunny, clear, completely without rain and without wind.

3. In the 12th century, the general culture of Russians was at a high stage of development.

4. The ability to use language in accordance with the situation, conditions and goals of communication is necessary for every educated person.

Which sentence contains a dash? (no punctuation marks)

1. Earthly glory is like smoke.

2. There were a lot of small things in my purse: a mirror, pins, a comb, a calendar.

3. Grandfather turned out to be right; a thunderstorm came in the evening

4. Meshchera is the remnant of the forest ocean.

14. Provide the correct explanation for the punctuation in the sentence:

Three times he wintered in Mirny (...) and each time returning home seemed to him the limit of human happiness.

1. Complex sentence, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

2. A simple sentence with homogeneous members, before the conjunction And a comma is needed.

3. Complex sentence, before the conjunction And there is no need for a comma.

4. A simple sentence, before the conjunction And no comma is needed.

How to explain the placement of the colon in this sentence?

After much debate, a firm decision was made: next summer we will devote ourselves entirely to traveling around the Vladimir land.

1. The generalizing word comes before homogeneous members of the sentence.

2. The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the consequence of what is said in the first part.

3. The second part of a non-union complex sentence explains and reveals the content of what is said in the first part.

4. The second part of a non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.

CONTROL TEST No. 3

Orthoepic norms

1. Indicate the word in which the stress falls on the first syllable
1. booty 2. jealous 3. ports 4. calling 5. spoiled

2. Indicate the word in which the stress falls on the second syllable
1. scarves 2. products 3. shoes 4. catalog 5. phenomenon

3. In which word does the stress fall on the second syllable?
1. intercede 2. apostrophe 3. supper 4. call 5. alphabet

4. In which word does the stress fall on the third syllable?
1. will call 2. phenomenon 3. lace 4. beautiful 5. fortune teller 6. long ago

5. In which word does the stress fall on the third syllable?
1. bungalow 2. more beautiful 3. named 4. invoice

6. In which word is the stressed syllable correctly highlighted?
1. Pampered 2. Hyphen 3. will get through 4. Amulet

7. In which word is the letter denoting the stressed sound correctly highlighted?
1. concentration 2. kilometer 3. publication 4. agreement

8. In which word is the stressed syllable incorrectly highlighted?
1. porcelain 2. orphans 3. sheet 4. jealous 5. seal 6. hosts

The road is bad, rocky, the sleigh is unshod.

a) It is written nn, since there is a dependent word.
b) It is written n, as it is formed from an unprefixed perfective verb.
c) It is written n, as it is formed from an imperfective verb.

Indicate the correct explanation for the spelling of the highlighted word in the sentence:

All the wars (there were ninety of them) were silent and concentrated

a) It is written n because it is a short participle.
b) It is written nn, since it is a short adjective formed from the full adjective with nn.
c) It is written nn, since it is an adjective with the suffix -enn-.

straightening their nest after heavy rain.

within half an hour

the conductor watched

nest after rain

watched the storks

A2Indicate the phrase that corresponds to this scheme: gerund + noun.

loading completely

load the truck

loaded the wagons

loading the trunk

A3Indicate a sentence in which the subject is expressed by a phrase.

Two soldiers sit on patrol over cold water.

The painting “Golden Autumn” was painted by I.I. Levitan.

Architectural ensembles of St. Petersburg are studied by architects from all over the world.

A4Indicate a sentence in which the verb has a zero ending– □.

The highway was shining... from the rain.

Youth Theater opened the season with a premiere.

Coffee was served by the owners in the morning.

A5Indicate a sentence with a compound nominal predicate.

The brave strives for victory.

There is such a law in chess.

Warm rain began to fall.

This law applies to tennis.

A6 Indicate a sentence in which you need to put a dash between the subjectsverb and predicate (the signs are not placed).

Simplicity is a necessary condition for beauty.

Twenty years is an absolutely insignificant period in the life of a people.

The word is not a sparrow...

The snow on the porch is like quicksand.

A7 Indicate the sentence in which the highlighted word is a definition.

This dish is prepared worse.

Hiding the truth sometimes worse lies.

Worst dropped out after the first round.

Suddenly they were on the list worst universities

A8Indicate the inconsistent definition correctly isolated from the sentence.

A city man cherishes the dream of relaxing in nature.

relax

urban

Outdoors

A9 Indicate sentences with homogeneous definitions (the signs are not placed).

Streams of sunlight streamed across the wide wet meadow.

And the vault of heaven is clean and quiet and clear.

The sun sparkles on the yellow thatched roofs.

The rain poured down in a heavy, continuous stream.

A10Indicate a vaguely personal sentence.

In every hut along the way I use firewood.

They gave him a small booth with a field telephone.

The yard smells of damp wood.

Murder will out.

A11 Indicate the sentence in which you need to put a dash.

There is complete silence in the ice.

Lomonosov was our first poet and first physicist.

The mountains were on the right and the river on the left.

There are many similarities between Slavic languages.

A12 Indicate the sentence in which the punctuation error was made.

There will be no mighty mountains, no cypress trees, no lush southern flowers, no azure sky.

In the evenings, grandfather watched TV, or read, or went to the theater.

The earth is somehow quiet and bare without wheat, rye, or oats.

A13 Indicate the sentence in which the application must be highlighted with commas (the signs are not placed).

On the high bank of the Moscow River, the fortification was built in the middle of the 12th century.

The rooks, the first messengers of spring, descended on the branches of the birch tree.

We met an 8th grade student Anton.

I'm taking you with me as a witness.

A14 Indicate a sentence in which a separate circumstance is expressed by a noun with a derived preposition.

Due to rainy weather, the pace of the harvest slowed down.

Grandfather and Andreika worked tirelessly.

Flying over the roof, young rooks scream.

Without looking at the playbill, he spoke about the theater's repertoire.

A15 Indicate the sentence in which the comparative turnoveris separated by a comma (the signs are not placed).

The problem had to be solved somehow.

The work went like clockwork.

The rain outside the window crackled like logs in a fire.

Magellan is known as the explorer who circumnavigated the world.

A16 Specify a sentence with a clarifying member of the sentence ( signs are not placed).

At the beginning of summer, Pushkin's birthday is celebrated in Russia.

Suddenly at dawn a strong wind blew.

Yesterday something strange happened on the farm.

Here, among the swamps overgrown with vegetation, a thin stream makes its way.

A17 Specify the construction with an introductory sentence ( signs are not placed).

The rain not only does not subside, but intensifies even more.

Nothing, neither rain nor snow nor wind, will stop them on their way.

A fire in the forest, as eyewitnesses say, is a terrible sight.

We got lost and he was completely confused.

A18 Indicate the correct explanation for the placement of punctuation marks in the sentence:

And the wind, the breaker of the silence, makes noise, gliding in the darkness along the wall.

homogeneous subjects and clarifying member of the sentence

a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase, and a separate circumstance expressed by a participial phrase

homogeneous subjects and adverbial adverbial phrases

a separate application and a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase

A19 Indicate the correct option for placing commas in the sentence:

Small fish jump up(1) crushes sleepy water(2)leaving behind(3)slowly running away(4)rings(5)like splashing raindrops.

Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation. Complete academic reference book Lopatin Vladimir Vladimirovich

Punctuation marks for clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of a sentence

§ 79. Clarifying terms proposals stand out commas. Referring to a particular word in a sentence, they narrow the concept they denote or limit it in some way. Most often, the significance of clarification is acquired by the circumstances of place, time, manner of action, degree, measure: There, in the mountains, it started snowing(T. Tolstoy); At the bottom, in the hall, they began to put out the lights(Ch.); Vikhrov lived the pre-war winter in St. Petersburg, at home in Lesnoy, Outdoors(Leon.); Eighth of July on Friday, Elizarov, nicknamed Kostyl, and Lesha were returning from the village of Kazanskoye(Ch.); Now, after the flood, it was a river six fathoms(Ch.); In three or four hours, closer to dusk, to the side of the road in a field, two figures appeared out of the ground(B. Past.); Rahim lies with his chest on the sand, head to the sea, and thoughtfully looks into the muddy distance(M.G.); So, in disorder and among constant mysteries, Yura’s life passed, often in the arms of strangers(B. Past.); It got dark quickly autumn-like (Paust.); It’s sad on the crooked haystack, orphan-like, the crow perched(Fad.); The answer came soon in two and a half hours (Akun.).

Note. A clarifying meaning of a member of a sentence can arise in context, although the direct meanings of adverbial words do not indicate such a relationship: And suddenly, at the very turn to Sukhodol, we saw a tall and terrifying figure in the tall wet rusty(Bun.) - under the influence of the meaning of the circumstance all of a sudden the following circumstance - at the very turn to Sukhodol- the temporary meaning comes to the fore (at the moment when they were driving up); This time, next to a sick mother, Sultanmurat especially acutely felt the desolation of life without a father(Aitm.) - temporary value of the combination this time removes the spatial connotation in the meaning of the circumstance next to a sick mother. Such members of a sentence, while maintaining their own meaning, do not require marking, cf.: This time, next to his sick mother, Sultanmurat felt especially acutely…

Definitions can be clarifying (usually clarifications relate to size, color, age) and applications: A minute later they passed the sleepy office, went out into the deep, on the hub, sand and silently sat down in a dusty cab(Boon.); The boat was moving, constantly moving in black, almost inky color, shadows cast by high coastal cliffs(Sim.); Stepanida lived in a large for two families, at home alone with my niece Galka(Spread); Young man, about thirty years old sitting on a bench and reading a newspaper(gas.); Both, mother and daughter, were wearing straw hats(Ch.). (See also § 59, 61.)

§ 80. Clarifying members, when emphasizing the meaning, are highlighted or separated dash: They[statues] were placed directly on the ground and on lawns - without pedestals- in some kind of deliberate disorder(Cat.) - the circumstance is specified; The mines are all in the snow, which is very shallow here - ankle length (V. Bull.) - the predicate is specified; There were, however, few monuments - only five or six (Paust.) - clarification in an undivided one-part sentence.

§ 81. The clarifying nature of the members of a sentence can be enhanced by special words, more accurately, more precisely, otherwise (they have the meaning of introductory words - see § 91 - or in combination with A used in the meaning of a conjunction introducing clarification). A comma is placed only before these words, which are not separated from the clarifying member of the sentence. Wed: I'll come in the evening exactly at nine o'clock - introductory word for clarification; I'll come in the fall or rather in October - union combination; He's overtired or rather sick; Report on what heights, or rather depths succeeded in understanding nature...(gas.).

§ 82. Explanatory terms proposals stand out commas. Unlike the clarifying members of a sentence, which in their meaning are unequal to the specified members (they narrow the concept being specified), the explanatory members of the sentence are equivalent to the explained ones, but they are called differently. They are second names in relation to the first ones, explained, which express this or that concept not clearly enough or for some reason not clear enough. These members of the sentence usually have an indication of their explanatory nature, that is, they are accompanied by special conjunctions: that is, exactly, namely, or meaning "that is": But at this time, that is, at dawn on Saturday, did not sleep an entire floor in one of the Moscow institutions(Bulg.); From Nevsky Prospect it leads to the former Mikhailovsky Palace, that is, to the Russian Museum, short and wide street(Sol.); For Konstantin Levin, the village was a place of life, that is, joys, sufferings, labor (L. T.); Not far from you namely in the village of Pestrovo, sad facts are happening(H); Our house in Pechatnikovo was resettled ten years ago, namely in sixty-eight (Street); In this regard, even one very important event happened for both of them, namely Kitty’s meeting with Vronsky (L. T.); Someone came out of the house and stopped on the porch; this is Alexander Timofeich, or simply Sasha, a guest who came from Moscow(Ch.).

Note. Word exactly can also act as a particle: Exactly I'm waiting for him today(identification expression); He is an eternal friend - exactly So!(an expression of confident confirmation).

If there are words that necessarily require disclosure (explanation) of the meaning, a dash is placed: He always wanted with all the strength of his soul one- to be quite good(L. T.); The goal set for the detachment was one- reach the forest before dawn; Baikal is glorious and holy others- with its wonderful, life-giving power(Spread). In such sentences, a dash replaces the missing explanatory conjunction (you can insert namely). The omission of a conjunction can also be indicated by a dash in sentences with words that are quite definite in meaning, but need clarification from the point of view of the writer: The task assigned to the detachment was difficult- reach the forest before dawn; The weather is the best suitable- blizzard(P. Neil.).

Note. In such cases, with a more emphasized explanation, it can also be used colon: All of them[letters] about the main thing: perestroika in our lives(gas.); One mood: get home quickly(gas.).

§ 83. Explanatory agreed upon definitions are not highlighted, but only are separated from the explained definition comma. An explanation arises with definitions that are special in meaning - they have a general, unspecified, indefinite meaning. The second, clarifying definition removes uncertainty: There were snowdrops special, irresistible passion of Glory(Bar.); At all others, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the block(Cat.) (see § 41).

However, in the absence of direct contact between such definitions, the explanatory definition is isolated: Another bed empty, was on the other side of the table(Bulg.).

The explanatory nature of the second definition can also be detected by combining contextual synonyms: One day I was fishing on a small lake with tall, steep shores(Paust.) - a high bank cannot be flat (high, i.e. steep).

An explanation may also arise in the case when the first definition is quite specific (for example, expressed as a numeral), and the second definition explains it in other words: Terrible path! On the thirtieth and last a mile away doesn't bode well(A. Inter.) - i.e. the thirtieth, which turned out to be the last.

§ 84. Affiliating members sentences have the nature of additional information, reported incidentally, in addition to the content of the main statement. Such sentence members are highlighted commas and are usually introduced by words and combinations of words (particles, conjunctions or a combination thereof) even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore, yes and, yes and only, and in general, and, too, and also, and and etc.: It was very warm even hot (Chuck.); At night especially in a thunderstorm When the garden was raging in the rain, the faces of images lit up in the hall every minute...(Boon.); I believe that it is precisely this - the mystery or the premonition of it - that is missing not only from your story, but also from all the works of your peers, especially modern lyrics (Ast.); Big, also square, the window looked out onto the garden(Hall.); Dictionaries, in particular intelligent, should be widely used in the educational process; On weekends you can relax for example, go out of town; All, including a funny bouncing guy, reached for the window(Ch.); University students, and many schoolchildren, took part in the Olympics(about words in particular, for example see also § 93).

It is possible to select connecting members using dash, especially in the final position: Suddenly, interrupting her memories of the guys, a distant, distant day appeared before her - and also with the river (Spread).

Note. Before combination yes and a comma is not placed: a) if it has a connecting meaning: I went to town and didn't come back; Thought, thought yeah I thought of it ; b) in the expression no no yes and when indicating irregularity of action: No no yes and the voice of the cuckoo will be heard; c) if included in a combination of verbs like I took it and came with the meaning of surprise.

§ 85. Affiliating members sentences that do not have special introductory words and act as explanatory additional messages, are separated sign dash. They come at the end of the sentence: The old woman accepted the death of the ball as fate - no more and no less (Spread); The stairs will also disappear - until next time (Spread); Knyazev crossed the street with everyone else and walked slowly along the other side of the street - just like that, with nothing to do (Shuksh.); He didn’t even wash himself, but went straight into the yard - chop wood (Shuksh.); All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city - to the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the cloudberry shop (Gaych.).

Note. If there is no additional message value, such members of the sentence do not require selection. Wed: He didn’t even wash himself, but went straight into the yard chop wood; Stairs will disappear too until next time .

§ 86. When dividing a sentence (with parcellation), to enhance their meaning, the connecting members of the sentence can be separated by a dot (see § 9, 32, 66). Wed: All night and all day and again all night Nikita ran around the city. To the doctors, to the pharmacist, to the cloudberry shop; Although Kuzma told Aunt Natalya that Maria was crying, she did not cry anymore. She was silent (Spread); The girl spoke incessantly. About Siberia, about happiness, about Jack London (Shuksh.); These books are the key to everything. To all life (N. Il.); The three who came to her that evening had a long conversation about politics. About science. About departmental subsidies (Poppy.).