Main indicators of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise. Characteristics of the main indicators of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

Profitability (from the German rentabel - profitable, profitable, profitable) is an indicator of the efficiency of an enterprise, characterizing the level of return on costs and the degree of use of funds. Profitability comprehensively reflects the degree of use of material, labor and monetary resources, as well as natural resources. There are three types of profitability:

Investments (capital);

Production;

Products.

Return on investment (capital) is an indicator of the effectiveness of investments, capital expended: net profit divided by the volume of investment, capital expended, including long-term loans.

Production profitability is an economic indicator of production efficiency, measured by the ratio of balance sheet profit to the average annual cost of fixed production assets and standardized working capital. Profitability of production characterizes the efficiency of the enterprise's use of its own and attracted production resources.

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Profitability of products/services - the ratio of profit from the sale of products to the costs incurred for its production and distribution.

The determination of profitability is based on profitability ratios, i.e. the ratio of profit (most often, net profit is included in the calculation of profitability indicators) either to the funds spent, or to the assets of the enterprise, or to sales revenue. To determine profitability as such, profitability ratios are multiplied by 100%.

Profitability indicators can be divided into the following main groups:

1. Return on investment (capital) ratios:

1.1. Return on Total Assets (ROA), which is calculated using the formula:

ROA= (PE + PR)/OA,
where PE is net profit,

PR expenses for paying interest on loans,

OA - total assets on the balance sheet.

The addition of net income with interest payments in the numerator reflects the fact that the efficiency of resource use should not depend on the method of financing the acquisition of assets. In other words, interest payments are considered as a return to the lenders of the profit on the part of the assets they provided. The higher the value of the indicator, the better the financial position of the company. For the Russian Federation, the value of this indicator should be at least 25 - 30%.

1.2. Return on invested capital (ROI) coefficient,

RVK=(VK*UDVK)/(SED*ORNAT), where RVK is the return on invested capital; VC - capital invested in this production;

UDvk - level of return on invested capital provided for by the investment project;

CED - unit cost of production;

ORNAT - sales volume in physical terms.

Example. To produce products, it is necessary to invest 800 thousand rubles in accordance with the investment project. with the level of return on these investments

thirty%. The expected cost per unit of output is 100 rubles, sales volume is 6,000 units.

Therefore, the return on invested capital will be: P = (800 thousand rubles * 0.3)/(0.1 thousand rubles * 6000 units) * 100 = 40%; profit per unit of production: 100 rub. * 0.4 = 40 rub.; minimum price: 100 rub. + 40 rub. = 140 rub.

Under these conditions, the proceeds from the sale of the entire volume will be equal to 840 thousand rubles. (140 rubles * 6000 pcs.), cost - 600 thousand rubles. (100 rubles * 6000), profit from sales - 240 thousand rubles. (840 thousand rubles - 600 thousand rubles), the level of return on invested capital is 30% (240 thousand rubles / 800 thousand rubles * 100%), which is provided for by the project.

1.3. Return on equity capital. The ROA ratio does not measure the return on the assets contributed to the company as authorized (share) capital. The return on equity (ROE) can be higher or lower than ROA. Obtaining a bank loan makes sense only if the income from them (ROE) is higher than the interest paid on the debt. If a company is able to earn a return on borrowed funds greater than the interest paid to lenders and preferred stockholders, then the ROE ratio will be higher than the ROA. Otherwise, if ROE ROE = (PE - PD) / AK,

where PE is net profit,

PD dividends paid on preferred shares, AK - the amount of the authorized (share) capital on the balance sheet.

If ROE decreases as shareholders' equity increases, this indicates that further issuance of shares is not advisable.

1.4. The earnings per share ratio (EPS) is one of the most commonly used and is calculated based on the income statement and balance sheet data using the formula:

EPS = (PE - PD) / NA,

where PE is net profit,

PD - dividends paid on preferred shares, NAV - the number of shares outstanding during the balance period.

1.5. The share price to earnings ratio (EP) is calculated using the formula:

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CD = RC/ERE,

where РЦ is the market price of the share.

It shows how much an investor must pay for each dollar of profit received. This allows you to compare the market value of shares and the income generated from them with the same indicators of other companies in order to decide where to invest.

The CP ratio varies significantly across industries as it represents investors' expectations associated with a given company. High CVs usually have fast growing companies, lower values ​​- stable mature companies. Financially sound companies that have the potential to maintain high earnings in the future tend to have higher PV values ​​than their competitors and the industry average PV.

2. Production profitability ratios:

2.1. The total assets turnover ratio (TAR) shows the number of total assets turnover to achieve the sales volume:

OOA = BP / OA,

where BP is sales revenue, OA is total assets on the balance sheet.

In the conditions of the Russian Federation, the value of this indicator should not be lower than 3. Its decrease over time means an increase in the probability (only the probability) of business bankruptcy.

2.2. Accounts payable to total assets ratio (TAA). It is calculated by the formula:

ZOA = 03/OA,

where 03 is the total accounts payable for liabilities; OA - total assets.

Accounts payable reflects the valuation of the enterprise's financial obligations to various subjects of economic relations. The current well-being of an enterprise largely depends on how timely it meets its financial obligations. Accounts payable, as a rule, constitute a significant share of current assets, and a reduction in the turnover period of accounts payable has a positive effect on the dynamics of the solvency and liquidity indicators of the enterprise.

Since this coefficient reflects the degree of protection of the corporation's creditors in the event of its liquidation, the lower the ZLA, the higher the security of creditors.

2.3. Loan interest payment ratio (IP). Current interest payments on loans are usually made from operating funds. The PV coefficient reflects the relationship between income and interest payments and is calculated using the formula:

PV = (CP + PR + NR)/PR,

where PE is net profit,

PR - expenses for paying interest on a loan,

HP - tax expenses.

The PV ratio reflects the company's ability to make interest payments from current income. The normal value for PV is considered to be between 3 and 4.

The results of the analysis of profitability indicators and the use of working capital in combination with the analysis of the other factors listed above will allow us to identify reserves and ways to strengthen the financial condition of the IG&T enterprise.

3. Product/service profitability ratios

3.1. Return on Sales (ROS), also called profit margin, is calculated during the analysis of the income statement.

ROS = HR/VR,

where PE is net profit, BP is sales revenue.

An increase in this indicator may reflect an increase in product prices at fixed costs or an increase in demand and, accordingly, a decrease in costs per unit of production. A decrease in this indicator reflects the opposite trend. In addition, this indicator shows the share of profit in sales revenue, therefore, the ratio of profit and the total cost of products sold. It is with the help of this indicator that an enterprise can decide on the choice of ways to increase profits: either reduce costs or increase production volume. This indicator, calculated on the basis of net profit, is called the net profit ratio.

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It shows the share of net profit in sales revenue. The higher this ratio, the better the company's financial position. Usually the dynamics of this indicator and its comparison with the industry average are monitored.

3.2. The profitability ratio of individual types of products/services (ROP) is calculated using the following formula:

ROP = PE/SP,

where PE is net profit,

SP - unit cost of products/services.

The role of this indicator is that it is used to estimate the enterprise's costs per unit of output. So, if the profit is 20 rubles, and the cost is 100 rubles, then the profitability will be 20%. This means that the price of these products under these conditions should not be less than 120 rubles. (20 + 100).

Questions for self-preparation:

1. What is the analysis of economic activity - basic concepts, types and methods of analysis.

2. List the main directions for using the results of the analysis of financial and economic activities and the purposes of its implementation.

3. Explain the structure of the aggregate balance sheet.

4. Explain the concepts of vertical and horizontal analysis.

5. Describe return on capital ratios.

6. Describe the profitability ratios of products/services.

7. Describe labor efficiency coefficients.

8. Describe the coefficients of analysis of accounts receivable.

9. Describe the coefficients of analysis of accounts payable.

10. Describe the coefficient of analysis of inventory turnover.

11. Describe the coefficient of analysis of the turnover of total assets.

12. Describe the coefficient for analyzing interest payments on loans.

Each production is opened to perform specific tasks, usually generating income, providing new jobs, or improving a particular branch of activity. During the work process, various events, activities, and actions occur that are directly related to production. The sum of these events is called the economic activity of the enterprise.

Economic activity of the enterprise- this is the activity of creating goods, providing services, performing all kinds of work, which is aimed at generating income in order to satisfy the needs of the management and working personnel of the enterprise.

The economic activity of the enterprise consists of several stages:

• scientifically based research and developments of designers;
• production of products;
• additional production;
• plant maintenance;
• marketing, product sales and subsequent maintenance.

Economic processes that make up the economic activity of an enterprise:

1. The use of means of production - the main assets of the enterprise, technical equipment, depreciation, that is, those elements that are involved in the process of generating income.
2. The use of objects of labor activity of an enterprise is raw materials, materials, the consumption of which should be minimal and standardized, then this can have a beneficial effect on the financial results of the enterprise.
3. Exploitation of labor resources – the presence of highly qualified specialists, an acceptable ratio of exploitation of personnel working time and wages.
4. Production and sale of goods - indicators of the level of product quality, timing of its sale, volumes of product supplies to the market, .
5. Indicators of the cost of goods - when calculating it, it is necessary to take into account all expenses incurred in the manufacture and sale of products.
6. Profit and profitability indicators are indicators of the results of the enterprise’s labor activity.
7. Financial position of the enterprise.
8. Other business activities.

All of these processes relate to the concept of economic activity of an enterprise and constantly interact with each other, and therefore require systematic analysis.

All economic activities of the enterprise are divided into two groups: processes associated with the production of products (production), and other processes (non-production).

Production processes aimed at the production of goods. As a result, the material type of raw materials changes and the price of the original raw materials increases by changing its type, combination or transformation. This value is called "shape value." A variety of manufacturing processes can be called extractive, analytical, production and assembly processes.

Non-production processes– provision of various services. These processes can perform actions that are different from transforming the material form of raw materials. Important processes include warehousing of products, various types of trade and many other services.

Material on the topic from the electronic magazine

Why do you need an analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise?

Analysis of the economic activities of an enterprise (AEA) is a natural scientific method of studying economic processes and phenomena, which is based on dividing them into parts and studying their interaction with each other. This is the main function of managing the economic activities of an enterprise. Analysis helps to approve decisions and implement actions, contributes to their justification and is the foundation of the scientific management of an enterprise, ensuring its effectiveness.

What functions does the analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise pursue:

• research of directions and patterns of economic processes and phenomena, taking into account the laws of economics in specific situations, carrying out economic activities at the level of one enterprise;
• analysis of the results of the enterprise’s economic activities in relation to resource capabilities, assessment of the effectiveness of the activities of different departments of the enterprise, taking into account planned indicators;
• analysis of ways to increase the efficiency of an enterprise’s economic activities based on modern international experience in the field of scientific and technological progress;
• identifying reserves for increasing the volume of output, taking measures for the rational use of production potential;
• a scientific approach to all plans available at the enterprise (prospective, current, operational, etc.);
• tracking the implementation of the tasks approved in the plans for the effective use of resources in order to realistically assess and the possibility of influencing the work process of the enterprise;
• development of decisions for managing the economic activities of an enterprise on the basis of scientific research, selection and analysis of economic reserves for increasing the efficiency and profitability of production.

Analysis and diagnostics of the economic activity of an enterprise is divided into several areas.

Analysis of financial and economic activities:

• analysis of the level of profitability of the enterprise;
• analysis of the return on investment of the enterprise;
• analysis of the use of own financial resources;
• analysis of solvency, liquidity and financial stability;
• analysis of the use of financial loans;
• assessment of economic added value;
• business activity analysis;
• financial flow analysis;
• calculation of the effect of financial leverage.

Management analysis of economic activities:

• finding out the place of the enterprise in its sales market;
• analysis of the exploitation of the main factors of production: means of labor, objects of labor and labor resources;
• assessment of the results of production activities and sales of goods;
• approval of decisions to increase the range and improve the quality of goods;
• formulation of a methodology for managing financial expenses in production;
• approval of pricing policy;
• analysis of production profitability.

Comprehensive analysis of economic activities enterprises - study of primary accounting documentation and reports for several past reporting periods. Such an analysis is necessary for a full study of the financial position of the enterprise; the results of the analysis are used to improve business processes. It should be noted that a comprehensive analysis is an important event during transformation, changing the form of ownership, to attract serious investments for the implementation of new business projects.

Based on the results of the reporting period, an assessment is made of the effectiveness of the enterprise’s economic activities; it is necessary to select and change the main development strategy and to improve production processes. Such an event should be held when you plan to implement serious investment projects.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise: main stages

Stage 1. Analysis of enterprise profitability.

At this stage, all sources that generate income are analyzed and allow us to trace the picture of profit generation - the main result of the company’s activities.

Stage 2. Analysis of enterprise payback.

This stage consists of studying the payback by comparing various indicators; data is also collected in order to assess the payback of the enterprise.

Stage 3. Analysis of the use of enterprise financial resources.

This stage consists of analyzing where the company’s own financial resources are spent, by examining documentation and generating reports for the further development of production.

Stage 4. Analysis of the financial capabilities of the enterprise.

This stage consists of finding opportunities to use invested funds to analyze various obligations. This stage provides the company with the opportunity to decide on a development strategy for the future and draw up a scheme for the use of investments.

Stage 5. Liquidity analysis.

At this stage, a study of the company's assets and their structuring takes place in order to find out the level of liquidity of the enterprise's economic activities.

Stage 6. Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise.

At this stage, the strategy of the enterprise is determined, with the help of which the financial stability of the enterprise is achieved, and the degree of dependence of the company on borrowed capital and the need to attract financial resources is revealed.

Stage 7. Analysis of the use of borrowed capital.

At this stage, it is necessary to find out how borrowed capital is used in the enterprise’s activities.

Stage 8. Economic value added analysis.

Based on the results of the analysis of economic added value, the volume of company expenses on production, the real cost of goods, as well as the degree to which this cost is justified are determined, and ways to reduce it are found.

Stage 9. Analysis of business activity.

At this stage, the activity of the enterprise is monitored through research of implemented projects, increasing the volume of product sales to the market and entering the level of international trade.

Also, the diagnosis of the economic activity of an enterprise includes an analysis of the movement of finances (various transactions with financial resources, preparation of documentation for various transactions, etc.) and calculation of the effect of financial leverage (impact on the level of financial resources through the approval of economic decisions).

What is planning of economic activity of an enterprise?

The stable financial position of the company, modernization and promotion of production can be guaranteed if you plan the economic activities of the enterprise.

Planning is the development and adjustment of a plan, including anticipation, justification, specification and description of the fundamentals of the economic activity of an enterprise for the short and long term, taking into account the situation in the product sales market with the maximum exploitation of the enterprise's resources.

The main tasks of planning economic activities:

1. Research of demand for products manufactured by the enterprise.
2. Increased sales level.
3. Maintaining balanced production growth.
4. Increasing income, payback of the production process.
5. Minimizing the volume of enterprise costs by applying a strategy of rational development and increasing production resources.
6. Strengthening the competitiveness of goods by improving their quality and reducing costs.

There are two key types of planning: operational production planning and technical and economic planning.

Technical and economic planning aimed at creating a system of standards for improving technical equipment and financial affairs of the enterprise. In the process of this type of planning, the acceptable volume of products produced by the enterprise is determined, the necessary resources for the production of goods are selected, the optimal indicators for their use are calculated, and the final financial and economic standards for the functioning of the enterprise are established.

Operational and production planning aimed at specifying the technical and economic plans of the company. With its help, production goals are formed for all departments of the enterprise and production targets are adjusted.

Main types of planning:

1. Strategic planning – a production strategy is formed, its main objectives are developed for a period of 10 to 15 years.
2. Tactical planning – confirmation of the main goals and resources of the enterprise necessary to solve strategic problems for short or medium term periods is carried out.
3. Operational planning - methods are selected to achieve strategic goals that are approved by the management of the enterprise and are typical for the economic activities of the enterprise (work plans for the month, quarter, year).
4. Normative planning - the chosen methods for solving strategic problems and enterprise goals for any period are justified.

Every enterprise experiences difficulties in attracting private investment, since its own financial resources are often insufficient, the enterprise needs loans, therefore, in order to combine the capabilities of private investors, loans are provided, which are formed by the enterprise’s business plan.

Business plan– a program for carrying out business operations, the actions of a company, containing information about the company, product, its production, sales markets, marketing, organization of operations and their effectiveness.

Business plan functions:

1. Forms ways of developing the enterprise and ways of selling goods.
2. Carries out planning of enterprise activities.
3. Helps to get extra. loans, which gives a chance to buy new developments.
4. Explains the main directions and changes in the structure of production.

The program and scope of the business plan depend on the volume of production, the scope of the enterprise, and its purpose.

• Performance indicators are the main sensors of the company

Organization of economic activities of an enterprise: 3 stages

Stage 1: Opportunity Assessment

At the initial stage, it is necessary to assess the resources for the implementation of the product production process; for this it will be necessary to involve scientific developments and the work of designers. This stage will help assess the potential for producing goods in the volume and under the conditions that the company owner wants to explore in order to approve the final decision to launch production. After exploring potential opportunities and implementing a series of actions, the production line is launched within the boundaries of the formulated plan. Each stage of production is monitored using various tools.

Stage 2. Launch of auxiliary production

If the need arises, the next stage is the development of additional (auxiliary) production. This may be the production of another product, for example from leftover raw materials from the main production. Additional production is a necessary measure that helps to develop new market segments and increase the chances of effective development of the company’s financial activities.

Maintenance of an enterprise can be carried out either in-house or with the involvement of specialists and resources from outside. This includes the maintenance of production lines and the implementation of repair work that is necessary to organize uninterrupted work activities.

At this stage, it is possible to use the services of delivery companies (for transporting products to warehouses), the services of insurance companies to insure the property of the enterprise, and other services with the help of which production activities are optimized and potential financial costs are assessed. At the next stage, marketing work is carried out, aimed at researching the market, opportunities for selling products, which will help organize uninterrupted sales of the product. A marketing scheme is used that helps to establish the process of sales and delivery of products. This process is also needed when assessing the potential for producing goods in quantities that will be sold on the market with a minimum level of financial costs for an advertising campaign, delivery of products and at the same time can attract the maximum number of buyers.

Stage 3. Sales of products

The next stage is the sale of the finished product within the framework of the developed plan. Each stage of product sales is monitored, records of goods sold are carried out, forecasts are drawn up and research is carried out to approve competent decisions to guide the further activities of the enterprise. In some situations, it is necessary to formulate a methodology for after-sales service (if the manufacturer has established a warranty period for the product).

The economic activity of the enterprise within the framework of the approved development plan makes it possible to assess the economic situation of the company, reserves of resources for production, and study the impact of factors on product sales indicators and the level of quality of goods. When analyzing the economic activity of an enterprise, indicators of profitability, payback, and the potential for increasing production volume are examined.

Managing the economic activities of an enterprise: features and mechanisms

The main condition for the effective operation of a company is the organization of its business activities in such a way that its preferred factors are taken into account as accurately as possible and the consequences of negative factors are minimized.

Solving the difficulties of effective management of an organization requires the development of the latest methods for carrying out the financial and economic activities of an enterprise. Using such methods, it is necessary to formulate an organization’s development strategy, justify decision-making on the management of the enterprise, monitor their timely implementation, and evaluate the results of the enterprise’s economic activities.

The principles of managing the economic activities of an enterprise are a set of principles, methods, indicators and actions taken to organize the labor activities of the enterprise. The main task of such management is to fulfill the assigned tasks, namely, to produce a product that can satisfy the needs of customers.

The main success factor in managing the economic activities of an enterprise is consistency at all levels and stages of management at which decisions are approved and implemented - from the moment of acquiring resources, raw materials, their preparation for use in the work process of the enterprise until the moment of selling the finished product to customers .

The experience of managing the economic activities of an enterprise of many companies, as a rule, is chaotic, which is caused by the ineffective work of state and commercial companies, the fragmentation of their actions, the poor education of enterprise managers, and the poor level of development of their business ethics.

The main condition for raising the level of management efficiency in the process of economic activity of an enterprise can be called the use of various management methods aimed at maximizing the use of the hidden capabilities of the enterprise. They are a multi-level system of resource, financial and production capabilities, each of which is applied at some stage of the enterprise’s economic activity, guaranteeing the achievement of a positive result.

Assessment of the economic activity of an enterprise: main points

• Report development

The results of the enterprise’s economic activities based on the results of the reporting time period are recorded in the format of a detailed report. Highly qualified employees of the enterprise are allowed to prepare reporting documentation; if the need arises, access to secret data is opened. The results of the report are published if required by law. In some situations, information remains classified and is used to develop a new direction for the development of the enterprise, to improve efficiency. You need to know that assessing the results of an enterprise’s economic activities consists of preparing, researching and analyzing information.

• Forecast development

If necessary, you can make a forecast for the development of the enterprise in the future. To do this, you need to provide free access to all information related to the financial activities of the enterprise for a certain number of reporting periods so that the compiled forecast is as accurate as possible. It is also necessary to take into account that the information recorded in the reporting documentation must be truthful. In this case, the data provided will help to detect problems of financing and distribution of financial resources among various departments of the enterprise. As a rule, the results of an enterprise's economic activities are assessed based on the results of the reporting period, which is one year.

• Record keeping

All economic activities of the enterprise must be taken into account. For this purpose, automated programs for accounting and processing primary accounting documents are used. Regardless of how the economic activity of an enterprise is recorded, a report is generated based on the results of its study. Accounting is carried out strictly according to accepted standards; if the company also operates in international markets, then its documentation must comply with international standards.

The maintenance and generation of reporting documentation is carried out either by your own specialists working at your enterprise, or by specialized employees of another organization on a contractual basis. The report results are used to calculate the amount of tax deductions that must be paid during the reporting period. The reporting documentation must take into account the specifics of the company's activities.

• Document flow in an organization: when everything is in its place

How are the main indicators of an enterprise’s economic activity determined?

The main indicators of an enterprise’s economic activity, which are used in business projects, are divided into two groups:

1. estimated indicators - income, company turnover, cost of goods, etc.;
2. indicators of production costs - wages to personnel, depreciation of equipment, energy and material resources, etc.

The most important estimated indicators of economic activity:

• turnover (sales volume) of the enterprise;
• gross income;
• conditionally net profit, products;
• income after deductions of interest on credit loans;
• income after payment of taxes;
• profit after payment of other payments;
• liquidity after making financial investments in production improvement;
• liquidity after payment of dividends.

All these criteria are necessary to manage processes within the company for effective control over product output, the financial stability of the enterprise, as well as for the formulation of new management decisions.

Using these criteria, the company manager obtains data. This information is the foundation for developing solutions that can improve the situation in production. Some indicators also perform an important function in the development of methods for motivating personnel.

• Company turnover

Using the first evaluation criterion of an enterprise's economic activity, the organization's turnover is identified.

It is calculated as total sales, that is, the value of products and services that were provided to customers. When calculating a company’s turnover, an important role is played by the period for which it is determined (month, decade, year, etc.), since this criterion is under the enormous influence of processes associated with inflation.

It is more convenient to calculate this indicator using constant prices, but if accounting calculations and further planning are necessary, trade turnover can be determined at current prices.

This estimated turnover indicator is a priority for budget companies and firms that are not yet making a profit.

In the field of trade and in the sales departments of enterprises, the volume of trade turnover is the foundation for establishing product sales standards, and also plays an important role in motivating staff.

With a stable level of sales, staff salaries, as a rule, depend on the goods sold. The seller receives a percentage of the cost of each product he sells, approved by management. The greater the speed of financial turnover and the number of completed transactions over a set period, the greater the salary the employee will receive.

Determining turnover is sometimes quite difficult, especially in enterprise associations or in branches of huge companies. In the last example, difficulties arise with intra-company turnover - turnover between departments of the company based on transfer funds. If we remove the price of purchased resources, raw materials, and other expenses from the enterprise’s turnover, then the output is another indicator of the enterprise’s economic activity - gross income (profit). This criterion can also be calculated in the branches of large corporations.

• Gross profit

In business management, gross profit is the most used evaluation criterion. The gross profit indicator is common in those areas of business and industry where the volume of fixed costs is at a low level. For example, in the field of trade.

In the process of short-term planning, using the gross profit indicator is more rational than using the company's turnover indicator. The gross profit indicator is used in those areas of production where the percentage of variable expenses, material and energy costs in the cost of goods is high. But this indicator cannot be used in capital-intensive areas of production, where the amount of income is calculated by the volume of operation of technical production equipment and the level of organization of the labor process. In addition, the gross profit indicator can also be used in companies with a changing production cost structure and cost. The main challenge in calculating gross profit is determining inventory and work in progress. Taking into account inflation, these factors significantly distort the value of this criterion in organizations.

• Conditionally net profit

If you subtract overhead expenses and depreciation costs from the gross profit indicator, you get the company’s “conditionally net” income, or income before interest on loans and taxes. This criterion for the economic activity of an enterprise is used when conducting almost all business projects. But in small projects this criterion is often mixed with the entrepreneurial profit of the owner of the company.

The net profit indicator is the basis for calculating the staff bonus fund. In international practice, the level of bonuses for chief executives of enterprises is also set depending on the level of profit received.

• Conditionally pure products

By adding the cost of paying salaries to personnel to the value of conditional net income, we obtain the indicator of conditional net production. The value of this indicator can be formulated as the difference between the product sold and the cost of its production (raw materials, costs of repair and maintenance of equipment, contractor services, etc.). The growth of conditional net profit is a criterion for the company’s performance, regardless of the scale of the inflation process.

In practice, it is used in a similar way to gross profit. But the most convenient industry for its implementation is the implementation and consulting business.

The conditional net profit indicator is an effective tool for management control in areas and organizations that have a stable system of production expenses. But this criterion is not suitable for assessing the results of the work of conglomerates and organizations producing various types of products. The indicator is the basis for calculating the wage fund, especially in those areas where the number of personnel, labor costs and labor costs are difficult to control.

• Profit before tax

If you subtract wages and interest on loans from the conditionally net product indicator, you get income before tax. This indicator cannot act as an estimate for newly opened enterprises that have not yet gained momentum in production and sales of products, as well as for enterprises where serious financial investments are made with a long payback period. It cannot be used in the field of consumer services.

The scope of use of other estimated indicators is limited solely to the needs of financial reporting.

• Strategic indicators

Together with the indicators that are necessary for the ongoing planning and management of the enterprise, there are criteria for strategic management.

Key strategic indicators:

• volume of the sales market controlled by the enterprise;
• product quality standards;
• customer service quality indicators;
• indicators that relate to training and professional development of company personnel.

All these indicators are associated with an increase in the amount of profit received by the enterprise. For example, an increase in the volume of supplies to the sales market leads to an increase in the income that the company will gain. This dependence is especially clear in the sphere of capital-intensive production. It should also be noted that increases in income are achieved only on a prospective basis and cannot be determined using criteria that are used for the needs of ongoing planning and management only for specific time periods.

While it is not difficult to calculate the market share, the criterion for the quality of a product is a very difficult concept to define. As a rule, for needs within production, a failure rate is used as a percentage of a batch of goods using statistical control of the quality level, that is, through selection, the failure rate in a specific batch per thousand pieces of products is determined. This indicator is not so much aimed at reducing the costs of the production process, but rather aimed at maintaining the level of your company in the sales market. Outside the company or production, indicators of product quality are: the percentage of products returned by customers for service under warranty, the percentage of goods returned by customers to its manufacturer in the volume of products sold.

• Managing organizational expenses, or How to create a system of minimum costs

Expert opinion

Performance indicators in online trading

Alexander Sizintsev,

CEO of online travel agency Biletix.ru, Moscow

In business projects that operate online, performance is analyzed using different methods compared to offline companies. I will talk about the main criteria that are used to evaluate the effectiveness of a project. By the way, the Internet project Biletix.ru only began to pay for itself after two years.

1. Sales volume levels are increasing at a faster rate than the market. We analyze the effectiveness of our project in the context of the market situation. If the statistics say that passenger traffic has increased by 25% over the year, then our sales volume should also increase by 25%. If the situation has not turned out so well for us, then we must understand that our level of effectiveness has decreased. In this situation, we urgently need to take a number of measures to promote the site and increase the volume of traffic. At the same time, we must improve the quality of customer service.
2. Increasing the volume of goods with a high level of profitability in the volume of total sales of the company. The percentage of such products in different fields of activity may have striking differences. For example, one of the most profitable activities is a service for providing hotel room reservation services. And the lowest margin is the sale of air tickets. The difference between them can reach up to 12%. Naturally, you need to rely on the room booking service. Over the past year, our team was able to increase this level to 20%, but the percentage of total sales still remains low. Based on this, we set ourselves the goal of achieving a 30% level of all company sales - this is a standard indicator of the organization’s performance in foreign business projects that are identical to our company.
3. Increase sales through the most profitable channels. The main indicator of the effectiveness of our business project is increasing sales through certain promotion channels. Our project’s website is the most profitable channel; we directly address our potential clients. This figure is approximately 10%. The percentage from our partners’ sites is several times lower. It follows from this that the website of our business project is the most important indicator of the effectiveness of the project.
4. Increasing the number of customers who are interested in your products or services and make purchases. To study the level of efficiency, you need to correlate the share of your regular customers with the entire customer base of the company. We can also increase profit levels through repeat orders. That is, the customer who will purchase products from us many times is the most profitable client of the project. It is necessary to take a number of measures to increase the profitability of buyers, and not extend to reducing the cost of goods. For example, to increase one-time profits, many projects launch all kinds of promotions and discounts. If your customer once purchased a product at a discount, then next time he will not want to buy it at full price and will look for other online stores that are currently running promotions. From this we understand that this method will not be able to increase the project’s income constantly, which means it is ineffective. If we talk about numbers, the percentage of regular customers should be approximately 30% of the total number of customers. Our business project has already achieved this performance indicator.

What indicators are used to evaluate the results of an enterprise’s economic activities?

Income– profit from the sale of goods or from the provision of services minus financial costs. It is the monetary equivalent of the company’s net product, that is, it consists of the amount of money spent on its production and the benefits after its sale. Income characterizes the entire volume of the company's financial resources, which enters the organization over a certain period of time and, minus tax deductions, can be used for consumption or investment. In some cases, the income of an enterprise is subject to taxes. In such a situation, after the process of deduction of tax payments, income is divided into all sources of its consumption (investment fund and insurance fund). The consumption fund is responsible for the timely payment of wages to the personnel of the enterprise and for deductions based on the results of work activities, as well as for interest in the authorized property, for material support, etc.

Profit- this is the percentage of the total income that remains with the enterprise after incurring financial costs for the production process and its sale. In a market economy, profit is the main source of saving and increasing the revenue side of the state and local budgets; the main source of development of the company’s activities, as well as the source through which the financial needs of the enterprise’s personnel and its owner are met.

The volume of profit can be influenced by both the volume of goods produced by the enterprise and its variety, the level of product quality, the cost of production, etc. And income can influence such indicators as payback on products, the financial capabilities of the company, etc. Total profit a business is called gross profit, and it is divided into three parts:

1. Income from the sale of goods is the difference between earnings from the sale of goods, excluding value added tax, and the cost of goods sold.
2. Income from the sale of the material assets of an enterprise, from the sale of the property of an enterprise - the difference between the funds received from the sale and the funds spent on the purchase and sale. Income from the sale of fixed assets of an enterprise is the difference between the profit from the sale, the residual price and financial expenses for dismantling and sale.
3. Income from additional activities of the enterprise - profit from the sale of securities, from investing in business projects, from leasing premises, etc.

Profitability– a relative indicator of the effectiveness of the organization’s labor activity. It is calculated as follows: the ratio of profits to expenses is reflected as a percentage.

Profitability indicators are used to evaluate the performance of various enterprises and entire areas of activity that produce different volumes of products and different assortments. These indicators characterize the amount of profit received in relation to the resources expended by the enterprise. The most commonly used indicators are the profitability of a product and the profitability of its production.

Types of profitability (payback):

• payback from product sales;
• return on investment and expended resources;
• financial return;
• volume of net payback;
• payback of production labor activity;
• return on personal capital of the enterprise;
• time frame for return on investment;
• return on permanent investments;
• total return on sales;
• return on assets;
• return on net assets;
• return on borrowed investments;
• return on working capital;
• gross profitability.

How is the efficiency of an enterprise’s economic activity determined?

The efficiency of an enterprise's economic activities directly depends on its results. The absolute criterion, which characterizes the result of the company’s work process in financial (monetary) assessment, is called “economic effect.”

For example, an organization acquired new technical equipment for its production and, thanks to this, increased the level of income of the enterprise. In such a situation, an increase in the level of enterprise income means the economic effect of the introduction of new technologies. At the same time, increasing profits can be achieved in different ways: improving the technology of the work process, purchasing modern equipment, advertising campaign, etc. In such a situation, the efficiency of the enterprise’s economic activities will be determined by economic efficiency.

The efficiency of an enterprise’s economic activity is a changing indicator that compares the achieved result with the financial resources or other resources spent on it.

• Efficiency= result (effect) / costs.

The formula indicates that the best efficiency is achieved if the result is aimed at the maximum level and costs at the minimum.

• Reducing costs in an enterprise: the most effective methods

Expert opinion

How to identify signs of low business efficiency

Alexey Beltyukov,

Senior Vice President for Development and Commercialization of the Skolkovo Foundation, Moscow

Analysis of the efficiency of an enterprise's economic activities consists of a study of the financial level, as well as existing risks.

1. The main indicator is established.

In each field of activity, you can find some basic financial criterion that can reflect the effectiveness of a business project. As an example, we will look at organizations that provide mobile communication services. Their main criterion is the organization’s average monthly profit per user. It is called ARPU. For services involved in car repairs, this is an indicator setting for 1 hour on one operating lift. For the real estate industry, this is the level of profitability per square meter. meter. You need to choose an indicator that clearly characterizes your business project. In parallel with establishing the indicator, it is necessary to study information about your competitors. From my own experience I can say that it is not at all difficult to obtain this information. Based on the results of the work done, you will be able to assess the state of your business project in comparison with other companies in the industry in which you operate. If a study of the efficiency of your enterprise’s economic activities has revealed a level of performance higher than that of competing organizations, then it makes sense to think about developing the capabilities of your enterprise; if the level is lower, then your main goal is to identify the reasons for the low level of performance. I am sure that in such a situation it is necessary to conduct a detailed study of the process of formation of product costs.

2. Research into the process of value formation.

I solved this problem this way: I identified all financial indicators and controlled the formation of the value chain. Tracked financial expenses in documentation: from the purchase of materials to create products to their sale to customers. My experience in this area indicates that by applying this method, many ways can be found to improve the level of efficiency of an enterprise's economic activities.

In the economic activities of an enterprise, two poor performance indicators can be found. The first is the presence of a large warehouse area with semi-finished products; the second is a high percentage of defective goods. In financial documentation, indicators of the presence of losses include a high level of working capital and large expenses for one item of goods. If your organization is engaged in the provision of services, then the low level of efficiency can be tracked in the work process of employees - as a rule, they talk too much with each other, do unnecessary things, thereby reducing the efficiency of service.

How is the economic activity of an enterprise regulated at the state level?

Legal regulation- this is the activity of the state aimed at public relations and carrying out its actions with the help of legal instruments and methods. Its main goal is to stabilize and put in order relationships in society.

Legal regulation of various types of activities is of two types: directive (also called direct) or economic (also called indirect). Legal documentation sets out rules for various types of activities. Direct regulation, which is carried out by state bodies, can be divided into several lines:

• formulating the conditions that will be imposed on the economic activities of the enterprise;
• approval of restrictions on various manifestations in the conduct of economic activities of the enterprise;
• application by the state of penalties for non-compliance with established standards;
• entering amendments into the enterprise documentation;
• formation of economic entities, their restructuring.

Legal regulation of the economic activity of an enterprise occurs using the norms of labor, administrative, criminal, tax, and corporate law. It is necessary to know that the norms prescribed in legislative documents are constantly subject to changes taking into account the current situation in society. If you carry out the economic activities of an enterprise without taking into account the established standards, an unpleasant situation may arise for the owner of the enterprise - he will be brought to administrative or criminal liability or receive penalties.

In practice, very often company managers sign contracts without properly studying and analyzing all the information. Such actions may have a negative impact on the bottom line. The client has the right to use such omissions for his own personal purposes - he can terminate the contract. In this case, your company will suffer huge financial losses and all kinds of costs. This is why there is a definition of “legal regulation of the economic activities of an enterprise.” The head of the organization needs to keep a large number of issues under personal control. Inspections by state control bodies also bring a lot of worry to the management personnel of the enterprise.

Most of the entrepreneurs in our country are accustomed to impunity, especially in those matters relating to labor relations. As a rule, violations are discovered during the process of dismissal of personnel. In modern society, employees have learned to defend their rights. The head of the enterprise must keep in mind that an employee who was fired illegally may return to his workplace by court decision. But for the company owner, such a return will result in financial costs, including deductions from the employee’s salary for the entire time he did not work.

Legal regulation of the economic activities of an enterprise includes legislative, regulatory and internal documentation, which is approved by the organization independently.

• Compensation upon dismissal: how to pay an employee

Information about the experts

Alexander Sizintsev, General Director of the online travel agency Biletix.ru, Moscow. JSC "Vipservice" Field of activity: sale of air and railway tickets, as well as provision of tourism and related services (Biletix.ru agency - b2c project of the Vipservice holding). Number of personnel: 1400. Territory: central office - in Moscow; more than 100 points of sale - in Moscow and the Moscow region; representative offices in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don and Tyumen. Annual sales volume: 8 million air tickets, more than 3.5 million railway tickets.

Alexey Beltyukov, Senior Vice President for Development and Commercialization of the Skolkovo Foundation, Moscow. The Skolkovo Innovation Center is a modern scientific and technological complex for the development and commercialization of new technologies. The complex provides special economic conditions for companies operating in priority sectors of modernization of the Russian economy: telecommunications and space, medical equipment, energy efficiency, information technology, and nuclear technology.

1. if revenue exceeds cost, then the financial result indicates a profit;
2. if revenue is equal to cost, then it was only possible to reimburse the costs of production and sales of products. There are no losses, but there is also no profit as a source of production, scientific, technical and social development;
3. if costs exceed revenue, then the company receives a negative financial result, i.e. losses. This puts him in a very difficult financial situation, which may result in bankruptcy.

1. profit characterizes the economic effect that is obtained as a result of the enterprise’s activities. But it is impossible to evaluate all aspects of an enterprise’s activities using profit. In this regard, when analyzing the production, economic and financial activities of enterprises, they use a system of indicators;
2. profit has a stimulating function, the essence of which is that it is a financial result and the main element of the financial resources of an enterprise. Ensuring the principle of self-financing depends on the profit received by the enterprise. The share of net profit that remains at the disposal of the enterprise after paying taxes and other obligatory payments must be sufficient to finance the expansion of production activities, material incentives for employees, scientific, technical and social development of the enterprise;
3. profit is the source of the formation of budgets at different levels, as it goes to budgets in the form of taxes. Profit, together with other revenues, is used to finance the satisfaction of public needs, to ensure that the state fulfills its functions, and state investment, production, scientific, technical and social programs.

1. the first source is formed due to the monopoly position of the enterprise in the market for the production of a particular product or the uniqueness of the product. This source requires constant product updates;
2. the second source is based on production and business activities. It requires knowledge of market conditions and the ability to adapt production development to this constantly changing environment. In this case, the amount of profit depends on:

• the correct choice of the production direction of the enterprise for the production of products (choice of products that are in stable and high demand);
• creating competitive conditions for the sale of their goods and provision of services (price, delivery time, customer service, after-sales service, etc.);
• volumes of production (the greater the volume of production, the greater the amount of profit);
• structures for reducing production costs;

1. the third source comes from the innovative activity of the enterprise; it involves the constant updating of manufactured products, ensuring their competitiveness, increasing sales volumes and increasing the amount of profit.

1. gross profit is the financial result that is obtained from the main activities of the enterprise, carried out in any form recorded in its charter and not prohibited by law. It is calculated as the difference between revenue from sales of products (works, services) without value added tax and excise taxes and production and sales costs included in the cost of products (works, services). The financial result is calculated separately for each type of activity of the enterprise, which relates to the sale of products, performance of work, and provision of services.

1. profit (loss) from the sale of products (works, services) is the difference between gross profit and commercial and administrative expenses;
2. profit (loss) from the sale of fixed assets, their other disposal, sale of other property of the enterprise is a financial result that is not related to the main activities of the enterprise. This indicator reflects profits (losses) on other sales (sale to the party of various types of property listed on the balance sheet of the enterprise: buildings, structures, equipment, vehicles and other fixed assets, material assets obtained in the process of demolition and dismantling of buildings, structures, sale individual objects, inventory and other types of property (raw materials, materials, fuel, spare parts, intangible assets, currency values, securities));
3. financial results from non-sales operations are profit (loss) from operations of various natures that are not related to the main activities of the enterprise and are not related to the sale of products, fixed assets, other property of the enterprise, performance of work, provision of services.

• income from long-term and short-term financial investments. Long-term financial investments are the costs of an enterprise for investing funds in the authorized capital of other enterprises, purchasing shares and other securities, and lending funds for a period of more than a year. Short-term financial investments are the acquisition of short-term treasury bills, bonds and other securities, the provision of loans for a period of less than a year;
• income from the rental of property (they are included in non-operating profits if the rental of property is not the main activity of the enterprise);
• profit of previous years identified in the reporting year;
• income from revaluation of goods;
• receipt of amounts to repay accounts receivable written off at a loss in previous years;
• positive exchange rate differences on foreign currency accounts and transactions in foreign currency;
• interest received on funds in the accounts of the enterprise.

• losses on operations of previous years, identified in the reporting year, from markdowns of goods, write-off of bad receivables;
• shortages of material assets identified during inventory;
• costs for canceled production orders and for production that did not produce products, excluding losses reimbursed by customers (in this case, the cost of the material assets used is deducted);
• negative exchange rate differences on foreign currency accounts and transactions in foreign currency;
• uncompensated losses from natural disasters, taking into account the costs of preventing or eliminating the consequences of natural disasters (this excludes the cost of scrap metal, fuel, and other materials received);
• uncompensated losses as a result of fires, accidents, and other emergency events caused by extreme situations;
• costs of maintaining mothballed production facilities and facilities, with the exception of costs reimbursed from other sources;
• legal costs and arbitration fees, etc.

• an accumulation fund is a production development fund or a production and scientific-technical development fund, a social development fund;
• The consumption fund is a material incentive fund.

• expenses for research, design, engineering and technological work;
• financing the development and mastery of new types of products and technological processes;
• costs of improving technology and organizing production, modernizing equipment;
• costs for technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing production, expansion of enterprises;
• expenses for repaying long-term bank loans and interest on them, etc.

1. return on assets is the percentage ratio of the balance sheet profit (or net profit) of an enterprise to the value of its assets (fixed working capital). This indicator shows how many rubles of profit one ruble invested in the assets of the enterprise brings;
2. return on current assets is the efficiency of using current assets, that is, the ratio of the balance sheet profit (or net profit) of an enterprise to the value of its current assets;
3. return on equity is the ratio of profit to equity capital. This indicator allows you to determine the efficiency of using your own capital, compare it with the possible receipt of income from investing these funds in other securities, and also show how many monetary units of net profit were earned by each monetary unit invested by the owners of the enterprise;
4. profitability of fixed assets - the ratio of the balance sheet profit (or net profit) of an enterprise to the cost of fixed assets and other non-current assets. This indicator shows the efficiency of using fixed assets and other non-current assets;
5. profitability of sales (sales) - the ratio of gross profit (or net profit) to sales revenue. This indicator shows how much profit accrues per unit of products sold;
6. Product profitability is an indicator that is calculated:

• for all products sold - the ratio of profit from product sales to the costs of its production and sale. This indicator can also be calculated as the ratio of profit from sales of marketable products to revenue from sales of products. The indicators give an idea of ​​the efficiency of the enterprise’s current costs and the profitability of products sold;
• for certain types of products - this indicator depends on the price at which the products are sold to the consumer and the cost of this type of product;

1. profitability of long-term financial investments - the ratio of the amount of income from securities and equity participation in other enterprises to the total volume of long-term financial investments. This indicator shows the effectiveness of the enterprise's investments in the activities of other organizations.

1. The autonomy coefficient shows what part of the total capital consists of own funds, i.e. independence of the enterprise from borrowed sources of funds. The higher this indicator, the more financially sound, stable and independent of external creditors the organization is;
2. the financial stability ratio shows what part of the total capital is borrowed funds. If this indicator grows, then this means an increase in the share of borrowed funds in the financing of the enterprise. Conversely, if its value decreases to one, this means that the owners are fully financing their enterprise;
3. the working capital ratio shows the extent to which the financing of working capital depends on borrowed sources;
4. the agility coefficient shows what part of the enterprise’s own funds is in mobile form (in the form of current assets) and allows them to freely maneuver;
5. The debt-to-equity ratio allows you to see how much debt covers equity. If this indicator grows, it indicates increasing dependence on external investors. The acceptable level of dependence is determined by the operating conditions of each enterprise, but primarily by the speed of turnover of working capital;
6. The ratio of the provision of material reserves with own working capital shows the extent to which material reserves are covered by own working capital. If the amount of material reserves is significantly higher than the justified need, then own working capital can cover only part of the material reserves (the indicator will be less than one). If the enterprise does not have enough material reserves for the uninterrupted implementation of production activities (the indicator may be higher than one), then this will not be a sign of the good financial condition of the enterprise.

• availability of sufficient funds in the current account;
• absence of overdue accounts payable.

• the most liquid funds are cash and short-term financial investments;
• easily realizable assets are accounts receivable, finished products and goods;
• slow-selling assets are inventories, interbank supplies, work in progress, distribution costs;
• hard-to-sell or illiquid assets are intangible assets, fixed assets and equipment for installation, capital long-term financial investments.

• the most urgent obligations are accounts payable, loans not repaid on time;
• short-term liabilities - short-term bank loans;
• long-term and medium-term liabilities - long-term and medium-term bank loans;
• permanent liabilities are sources of own funds.

• the most liquid funds are greater than or equal to the most urgent liabilities;
• easily realizable assets are greater than or equal to short-term liabilities;
• slow-moving assets are greater than or equal to long-term and medium-term liabilities;
• hard to sell or illiquid assets are greater than or equal to permanent liabilities.

1. the amount of own working capital is part of the enterprise's own capital, which is a source of covering current assets. All other things being equal, the growth of this indicator in dynamics is a positive trend. Profit is the main and constant source of increasing own working capital;
2. the maneuverability of operating capital is part of its own working capital, in the form of cash that has absolute liquidity. This indicator, ranging from zero to one, is considered normal for a functioning enterprise. The growth of the indicator in dynamics is considered as a positive trend;
3. coverage ratio (total) - this indicator gives a general assessment of the liquidity of assets, showing how many rubles of the enterprise’s current assets per ruble of current liabilities. The enterprise repays short-term liabilities mainly at the expense of current assets, therefore, if current assets exceed current liabilities, the enterprise is considered to be successfully operating;
4. quick liquidity ratio - this indicator is similar to the coverage ratio, but is calculated for a narrower range of current assets (the least liquid part of them, industrial inventories, is excluded from the calculation). This exception is made because the funds that can be gained in the event of a forced sale of inventories may be significantly lower than the costs of their acquisition. According to international standards, the level of the indicator should be higher than 1. In Russia, its optimal value is defined as 0.7 - 0.8;
5. absolute liquidity (solvency) ratio - this indicator shows what part of short-term borrowed obligations can be repaid immediately if necessary. According to international standards, its value should be greater than or equal to 0.2 - 0.25;
6. the share of own working capital in covering inventories is an indicator characterizing that part of the cost of inventories that is covered by own working capital. The lower limit of the indicator is 50%;
7. inventory coverage ratio - this indicator is calculated by correlating the value of “normal” sources of inventory coverage (own working capital, short-term loans and borrowings, accounts payable for trade transactions) and the amount of inventory. If the value of this indicator is less than one, then the current financial condition of the enterprise is unstable.

In market conditions, an enterprise can prosper and survive in competition only by increasing the efficiency of its activities. Ensuring the effective functioning of an organization requires economically competent management. The most important element of company management is economic analysis.

Economic analysis is a scientific way of understanding the essence of economic phenomena and processes, based on dividing them into their component parts and studying them in all their diversity of connections and dependencies.

A distinction is made between macroeconomic analysis, which studies the global, national and sectoral economy, and microeconomic analysis (economic activity analysis - AHD), which studies the activities of individual business entities (enterprises, institutions and other organizations and their divisions).

With the help of analysis, trends in the development of the enterprise are studied, factors for changing the results of operations are examined, plans and management decisions are substantiated, their implementation is monitored, reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified, the results of the company’s activities are assessed, and an economic strategy for its development is developed. ACD is the scientific basis for making management decisions in business. To justify them, it is necessary to identify and predict existing and potential problems, production and financial risks, and determine the impact of decisions made on the level of risks and income of a business entity.

The main tasks of the AHD enterprise are as follows:

1. Establishing patterns and trends of economic phenomena and processes in the specific conditions of the enterprise;

2. Scientific justification of management decisions, current and long-term plans;

3. Monitoring the implementation of plans and management decisions, the economical use of production resources;

4. Study of the influence of internal and external factors on the results of economic activity;

5. Search for reserves for increasing the efficiency of the enterprise;

6. Evaluation of the results of the enterprise’s activities;

Economic analysis should be carried out on the basis of a number of principles:

· State approach to assessing economic phenomena, processes, and business results;

· Scientific character involves the use of economic theory, achievements of advanced experience;

· Comprehensive study of all aspects and links of activity;

· Systematic approach, which involves the study of objects as interconnected elements;

· Objectivity, i.e. reliable, real reflection of reality, specificity, accuracy;

· The effectiveness of the analysis is expressed in the fact that its results are used practically;

· Systematicity means carrying out analytical work regularly according to plan;

· Efficiency is expressed in conducting analysis quickly so as not to delay decision-making;

· Democracy involves participation in the analysis of a wide range of employees of the enterprise;

· Efficiency, i.e. the cost of analysis must be recouped many times over.

The ACD method is a systematic, comprehensive study, measurement and generalization of the influence of factors on the results of an enterprise's activities by processing with special techniques a system of plan indicators, accounting, reporting and other sources of information in order to increase the efficiency of the enterprise. When implementing this method, a number of methods and techniques are used: comparison, graphical, balance methods, average and relative values, groupings, expert assessments, chain substitutions, absolute and relative differences, integral, correlation, component methods, methods of linear and convex programming and others .

Economic analysis is carried out in the following stages:

1. The objects, purpose and objectives of the analysis are clarified;

2. A system of analytical and synthetic indicators is developed, with the help of which the object of analysis is characterized;

3. The information necessary for analysis is collected, its accuracy and reliability is checked, and it is brought into a comparable form;

4. A comparative analysis is carried out, i.e. actual results are compared with the baseline;

5. Factor analysis is performed;

6. Reserves for increasing the efficiency of economic activity are identified;

7. Management results are assessed and measures are developed to use the identified reserves.

The purpose of this work is to perform an analysis of the enterprise’s activities to consolidate, systematize and deepen theoretical knowledge and acquire practical skills in conducting analysis. The work was completed according to the indicators of the conditional enterprise set for two years. The indicators of the previous year were taken as the basis for comparing the indicators of the reporting year.

1. General analysis of the enterprise’s economic activity for the analyzed period

Table 1. Analysis of the main indicators of production and economic activity of the enterprise compared to the previous year

In Table 1:

Gr. 1, 2, 3 – according to instructions.

Page 4 “Profit from sales of products” is calculated using the formula:

P = V real. – TS (1)

Where is Vreal. – revenue from sales of all types of products (given);

TS –

Page 8 “Balance sheet profit” is determined by the formula:

BP = P + P ex. real. + RVD (2)

P pr. real. – profit from other sales (given);

RVD is the result of non-operating activities (non-operating income minus non-operating expenses).

Page 13 “Product profitability” is calculated using the formula:

P = P * 100 / TC, % (3)

Where P is profit from sales of products (according to form 1);

TS – total cost of goods sold (given).

Page 14 “Total profitability of the enterprise” is calculated by the formula:

R p.k = BP * 100 /( S os + S vol), % (4)

Where BP is the balance sheet profit of the enterprise (according to formula 2);

S ос – average size of fixed assets (given);

S ob – average balance of working capital (given).

Page 15 “Profitability of turnover” is calculated using the formula:

R ob = P * 100 / V real.,% (5)

Where P is profit from sales of products (according to form 1);

Vreal. – revenue from sales of all types of products (given).

Page 16 “Capital return on fixed assets” is calculated using the formula:

ko = V prod./ S basic (6)

S basic – average size of fixed assets (given).

Page 17 “Capital return on the active part of fixed assets” is calculated using the formula:

K o Act. = V prod. / S Act. parts (6)

Where V prod. – volume of products produced (given);

Sact. parts – the average size of the active part of fixed assets (given).

Page 19 “Average annual productivity of 1 piece of equipment” is calculated by the formula:

W = V prod. / Q mouth (7)

Where V prod. – volume of products produced (given);

Q mouth – number of units of installed equipment (given) .

Page 18 “Working capital turnover ratio” is determined by the formula:

ko b = V prod. / S about. Wed (8)

where V prod. – volume of products produced (given);

Sob. av – average balance of working capital (given).

Column 4 “Absolute deviation” is calculated using the formula:

 y = y 2 – y 1 (9)

where y 2, y 1 – the size of the indicator, respectively, in the reporting and base (previous year or according to plan) periods.

Column 5 “Growth rate” is calculated using the formula:

Tr = y 2 *100 / y 1 (10)

Based on the data in Table 1, we construct a diagram (Fig. 1).