The causes and beginning of the troubles are brief. Main milestones of the Time of Troubles in Rus'

The Time of Troubles brought enormous economic and territorial decline for Rus'. The Swedes captured most of Karelia and Smolensk. Unable to endure the religious and national oppression of the invaders, residents left their cities. Novgorod was also completely destroyed by Sweden.

Consequences of troubled times

Before the start of the Troubles, the city was one of the largest and most prosperous cities in Russia; after the Swedes left it in 1617, several hundred inhabitants remained in Novgorod.

Foreign intervention and continuous natural disasters that raged in the state led to a deep state, economic and social crisis.

During the period of troubles, the country experienced severe agricultural decline. The amount of sown area has decreased by 15 times. The land that was cultivated accounted for 4% of its total area. The shadow of famine hung over Russia.

Restoring power

After the victory of the people's militia, a new king should be chosen who could raise the country from destruction. In January 1613, a Zemsky Council was held, by which Mikhail Romanov became Tsar of Russia.

The newly elected king faced the most difficult tasks. He needed to eliminate not only the consequences of foreign intervention, but also to lead the state out of the economic crisis.

The Romanov state was able, in a relatively short period of time, to return all lost territories to the Russian crown, including the coast of the Gulf of Finland, which provided Russia with access to the sea. In 1618, a truce was signed with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which contributed to the return of the Chernigov-Seversk lands and Smolensk to the country.

Revival of the economy

Territorially, the country's unity was restored, but economic decline continued to exist. But, despite his youth and inexperience, Tsar Mikhail managed not only to eliminate the consequences of economic ruin, but also to bring the country to a new stage of market relations.

The king established a connection between agriculture and the market; each region of the country had its own specialization in production. Handicraft industry begins to develop in the countryside, and the first manufactories appear in the cities.

The first all-Russian fairs began to be organized, which provided the opportunity for direct income not only for merchants, but also for ordinary village residents who were directly food producers. Capitalist relations are beginning to emerge in Russia for the first time.

Despite attempts to create the first industrial centers, the basis of the economy was still corvée farming, which indicates its feudal nature. The growth of the economy required the introduction of improved technology.

The Romanov government wanted to turn to the West with a request for an exchange of economic and technological experience. However, the people, who retained Western intervention in their memory, categorically rejected it. As a result, Russia was never able to catch up with the level of European industry.

Time of Troubles or Troubles- period in history Russia from 1598 to 1613, marked by natural disasters, Polish-Swedish intervention, severe state-political and socio-economic crisis

The time of troubles was caused by a number of reasons and factors. Historians highlight the following:

P first reason turmoil - dynastic crisis. The last member of the Rurik dynasty has died.

The second reason- class contradictions. The boyars sought power, the peasants were dissatisfied with their position (they were forbidden to move to other estates, they were tied to the land).

Third reason- economic devastation. The country's economy was not doing well. In addition, every now and then there were crop failures in Russia. The peasants blamed the ruler for everything and periodically staged uprisings and supported the False Dmitrievs.

All this prevented the reign of any one new dynasty and worsened the already terrible situation.

The essence of the Troubles:

Stage 1 of the Time of Troubles began with a dynastic crisis caused by the murder of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible of his eldest son Ivan. The 2nd stage of the Time of Troubles is associated with the split of the country in 1609: in Muscovy there were formed two kings, two Boyar Dumas, two patriarchs (Hermogenes in Moscow and Filaret in Tushino), territories recognizing the power of False Dmitry II, and territories remaining loyal to Shuisky. Stage 3 of the Troubles is associated with the desire to overcome the conciliatory position of the Seven Boyars, who had no real power and were unable to force Vladislav (son of Sigismund) to fulfill the terms of the agreement and accept Orthodoxy. The combination of these events led to the appearance of adventurers and impostors on the Russian throne, claims to the throne from Cossacks, runaway peasants and slaves (which manifested itself in Bolotnikov’s peasant war). The consequence of the Time of Troubles was changes in the system of government of the country. The weakening of the boyars, the rise of the nobility who received estates and the possibility of legislatively assigning peasants to them resulted in the gradual evolution of Russia towards absolutism.

Results of the turmoil:

The Zemsky Sobor in February 1613 elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov (1613–1645) as tsar. In 1617, the Stolbovo Peace Treaty was concluded with Sweden. Russia returned the Novgorod lands, the Swedes retained the shores of the Gulf of Finland, the Neva lands, Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye, Oreshek, and Karela. In 1618, the Deulin truce with Poland was concluded, according to which the Smolensk, Chernigov, Novgorod Seversky lands, Sebezh went to Poland.

22. Muscovite Rus' of the 17th century: economics, politics, urban and rural uprisings

Economy. The basis of the economy of Muscovite Rus' was still agriculture. Agricultural technology remained virtually unchanged for centuries, and labor remained unproductive. The increase in yields was achieved using extensive methods - mainly through the development of new lands. The economy remained predominantly natural: the bulk of the products were produced “for oneself.” Not only food, but also clothing, shoes, and household items were mostly produced on the peasant farm itself.

However, during this period the geography of agriculture changed noticeably. The cessation of the Crimean raids made it possible to fearlessly develop the territories of the modern Central Black Earth region, where the yield was twice as high as in the old arable areas.

The growth of territory and differences in natural conditions gave rise to economic specialization in different regions of the country. Thus, the Black Earth Center and the Middle Volga region produced commercial grain, while the North, Siberia and the Don consumed imported grain.

Much more widely than in agriculture, new phenomena spread in industry. Its main form remained craft. However, the nature of craft production in the 17th century. changed. Craftsmen increasingly worked not to order, but for the market. This type of craft is called small-scale production. Its spread was caused by the growth of economic specialization in various regions of the country. For example, Pomorie specialized in wood products, the Volga region - in leather processing, Pskov, Novgorod and Smolensk - in linen. Salt making (North) and iron production (Tula-Kashira region) were the first to acquire a small-scale commercial character, since these crafts depended on the availability of raw materials and could not develop everywhere.

In the 17th century Along with craft workshops, large enterprises began to appear. Some of them were built on the basis of division of labor and can be classified as manufactories.

The first Russian manufactories appeared in metallurgy. In 1636, A. Vinius, a native of Holland, founded an ironworks that produced cannons and cannonballs on government orders, and also produced household items for the market.

Manufacturing production, based on wage labor, is no longer a phenomenon of the feudal, but of the bourgeois order. The emergence of manufactories testified to the emergence of capitalist elements in the Russian economy.

The number of manufactories operating in Russia by the end of the 17th century was very small and did not exceed two dozen. Along with hired workers, forced laborers also worked in manufactories - convicts, palace artisans, and assigned peasants. Most of the manufactories were poorly connected to the market.

Based on the growing specialization of small-scale crafts (and partly agriculture), the formation of an all-Russian market began. If in the 16th century and earlier trade was carried out mainly within one district, now trade relations began to be established throughout the country. The most important trading center was Moscow. Extensive trade transactions were carried out at fairs. The largest of them were Makaryevskaya near Nizhny Novgorod and Irbitskaya in the Urals.

Urban and rural uprisings

The 17th century (especially the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich) went down in Russian history as a “rebellious time.” Indeed, the middle - second half of the century is the era of large and small uprisings of the peasantry, the urban lower classes, and service people, thus reacting to the policy of absolutization of power and enslavement.

History of urban uprisings opens the "salt riot" of 1648. in Moscow. Various segments of the capital’s population took part in it: townspeople, archers, nobles, dissatisfied with the pro-boyar policy of the government of B.I. Morozova. The reason for the speech was the dispersal by the archers of a delegation of Muscovites who were trying to submit a petition to the tsar at the arbitrariness of the administrative officials, who, in their opinion, were guilty of introducing a tax on salt. Pogroms of influential dignitaries began. The Duma clerk Nazariy Chistoy was killed, the head of the Zemsky Prikaz, Leonty Pleshcheev, was given over to the crowd, and the okolnichy P.T. was executed in front of the people. Trachaniotov. The Tsar managed to save only his “uncle” Morozov, urgently sending him into exile to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. The uprising was suppressed by the archers, to whom the government was forced to give increased salaries.

The uprising in Moscow received a wide response - a wave of movements in the summer of 1648 covered many cities: Kozlov, Sol Vychegodskaya, Kursk, Ustyug Velikiy, etc. In total, in 1648-1650. There were 21 uprisings. The most significant of them were in Pskov and Novgorod. They were caused by a sharp increase in bread prices as a result of the government's commitment to supply grain to Sweden. In both cities, power passed into the hands of zemstvo elders. The Novgorod uprising was suppressed by an army led by Prince Khovansky. Pskov put up successful armed resistance to government troops during a three-month siege of the city (June-August 1650). The zemstvo hut, headed by Gavriil Demidov, became the absolute owner of the city, distributing bread and property confiscated from the rich among the townspeople. At an emergency Zemsky Sobor, the composition of the delegation was approved to persuade the Pskovites. Resistance ended after all participants in the uprising were forgiven.

In 1662, the so-called copper riot, caused by the protracted Russian-Polish war and the financial crisis. Monetary reform (minting depreciated copper money) led to a sharp drop in the exchange rate of the ruble, which primarily affected the soldiers and archers who received cash salaries, as well as artisans and small traders. On July 25, “thieves’ letters” were scattered around the city with an appeal to the action. The excited crowd moved to seek justice in Kolomenskoye, where the tsar was. In Moscow itself, the rebels destroyed the courtyards of boyars and rich merchants. While the tsar was persuading the crowd, rifle regiments loyal to the government approached Kolomensky. As a result of the brutal massacre, several hundred people died, and 18 were publicly hanged. The "Copper Riot" forced the government to abandon the issue of copper coins. But back in the fall of 1662, the Streltsy tax on bread was doubled. This put the townsfolk population in a particularly difficult situation, since they practically did not engage in agriculture. Mass flights to the Don began - people fled from the suburbs, peasants fled.

The uprising of Stepan Razin:

In 1667, Stepan Razin stood at the head of the people, who recruited a detachment from poor Cossacks, runaway peasants, and offended archers. He came up with the idea because he wanted to distribute the spoils to the poor, give bread to the hungry, and clothes to the naked. People came to Razin from everywhere: both from the Volga and from the Don. The detachment grew to 2000 people.

On the Volga, the rebels captured a caravan, the Cossacks replenished their supply of weapons and food. With new strength, the leader moved on. There were clashes with government troops. In all battles he showed courage. Many people were added to the Cossacks. Battles took place in various cities of Persia, where they went to free Russian prisoners. The Razins defeated the Persian Shah, but they had significant losses.

The southern governors reported Razin’s independence and his plans for trouble, which alarmed the government. In 1670, a messenger from Tsar Evdokimov came to the leader, whom the Cossacks drowned. The rebel army grows to 7,000 and advances to Tsaritsyn, capturing it, as well as Astrakhan, Samara and Saratov. Near Simbirsk, the seriously wounded Razin is defeated and then executed in Moscow.

During the 17th century, there were many popular uprisings, the cause of which lay in government policies. The authorities saw the residents only as a source of income, which caused discontent among the lower masses

The period in the history of Russia from 1598 to 1612 is usually called the Time of Troubles. These were hard years, years of natural disasters: famine, crisis of the state and economic system, interventions of foreigners.

The year of the beginning of the “Troubles” is 1598, when the Rurik dynasty ended and there was no legitimate king in Rus'. During the struggle and intrigue, power was taken into his own hands, and he sat on the throne until 1605.

The most turbulent years during the reign of Boris Godunov were 1601-1603. People in need of food began to hunt for robbery and robbery. This course of events led the country into an increasingly systemic crisis.

People in need began to flock together. The number of such detachments ranged from several people to several hundred. It became the apogee of famine. Adding fuel to the fire were rumors that Tsarevich Dmitry, most likely killed by Boris Godunov, was alive.

He declared his royal origin, achieved the support of the Poles, promising the gentry mountains of gold, Russian lands and other benefits. At the height of the war with the impostor, Boris Godunov dies from illness. His son Fyodor and his family are killed by conspirators who believed False Dmitry I.

The impostor did not sit on the Russian throne for long. The people were dissatisfied with his rule, and opposition-minded boyars took advantage of the current situation and killed him. He was anointed to the kingdom.

Vasily Shuisky had to ascend the throne at a difficult time for the country. Before Shuisky had time to get comfortable, a fire broke out and a new impostor appeared. Shuisky concludes a military treaty with Sweden. The treaty turned into another problem for Rus'. The Poles went into open intervention, and the Swedes betrayed Shuisky.

In 1610, Shuisky was removed from the throne as part of a conspiracy. The conspirators will still rule in Moscow for a long time, the time of their reign will be called. Moscow swore allegiance to the Polish prince Vladislav. Soon Polish troops entered the capital. Every day the situation became worse. The Poles traded in robbery and violence, and also propagated the Catholic faith.

It gathered under the leadership of Lyapunov. Due to internal squabbles, Lyapunov was killed, and the campaign of the first militia failed miserably. At that time, Russia had every opportunity to cease to exist on the map of Europe. But, as they say, Time of Troubles gives birth to heroes. There were people on Russian soil who were able to unite the people around themselves, who were able to motivate them to self-sacrifice for the good of the Russian land and the Orthodox faith.

Novgorod residents Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, once and for all, inscribed their names in golden letters in the history of Russia. It was thanks to the activities of these two people and the heroism of the Russian people that our ancestors managed to save the country. On November 1, 1612, they took the city of Kitay in battle, and a little later the Poles signed a capitulation. After the expulsion of the Poles from Moscow, a Zemsky Council was held, as a result of which he was anointed as king.

The consequences of the troubled times are very sad. Rus' lost many primordially Russian territories, the economy was in terrible decline, and the country's population decreased. The Time of Troubles was a severe test for Russia and the Russian people. More than one such test will befall the Russian people, but they will survive, thanks to their fortitude and behests to their ancestors. Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword; the Russian Land has stood and will stand on that. Words spoken many centuries ago remain relevant today!

He was overthrown from the Russian throne in 1610. He was sent to a monastery, and they did it by force. After this, the period of Boyar rule begins - the so-called Seven Boyars. The end includes, in addition to boyar rule, an invitation to the throne of the Polish prince Vladislav, foreign intervention in the territory of Rus', the creation of a people's militia and the accession of a new dynasty.

In some historiography, the end of the Troubles is not associated with 1613, when he was elected to the throne. Many historians extend the Time of Troubles until 1617-1618, when truces were concluded with Poland and Sweden. Namely Deulinskoe with Poland and the Stolbovsky peace with the Swedes.

Period of Troubles

After the overthrow of Shuisky's rule, the boyars took power into their own hands. Several noble boyar families, led by Mstislavsky, took part in the administration. If we evaluate the activities of the Seven Boyars, then its policy looked treacherous in relation to its country. The boyars openly decided to surrender the state to the Poles. In surrendering the country, the Seven Boyars proceeded from class preferences. At the same time, the army of False Dmitry II was heading towards Moscow, and these were the “lower classes” of society. And the Poles, although they were Catholics and did not belong to the Russian nation, were still closer in class terms.

On August 17, 1610, an agreement was signed between the two states on the territory of the Polish army. The agreement implied - to call the son of the Polish king Vladislav to the Russian throne. But in this agreement there were several points that significantly limited the power of the prince, namely:

1. The prince converts to Orthodoxy;
2. No contact with the Pope about Vladislav's faith is prohibited;
3. Execute Russians who deviate from the Orthodox faith;
4. The prince marries a Russian Orthodox girl;
5. Russian prisoners must be released.

The terms of the agreement were accepted. Already on August 27, the capital of the Russian state swears allegiance to the prince. The Poles entered Moscow. Those close to False Dmitry II learned about this. A conspiracy was organized against him, he was killed.

During the oath of Moscow to the prince, the Polish king SigismundIII and his army stood at Smolensk. After the oath of office, the Russian embassy was sent there, its head was Filaret Romanov. The purpose of the embassy is to bring Vladislav to the capital. But then it turned out that SigismundIII himself wanted to take the Russian throne. He did not inform the ambassadors about his plans, he simply began to stall for time. And at this time, the boyars opened the doors of Moscow for the Poles who were near the city.

Events at the end of the Time of Troubles

The events of the end began to develop rapidly. A new government arose in Moscow. He was assigned the role of managing the state until Vladislav arrived in the city. It was headed by the following people:

• Boyarin M. Saltykov;
• Merchant F. Andronov.

Particular attention should be paid to Andronov. For the first time, a city person, in this case a merchant, appeared in the state apparatus. From this we can conclude that the wealthy part of Moscow’s citizens were in favor of Vladislav’s rule and actively promoted his candidacy. At the same time, realizing that Sigismund was in no hurry to send Vladislav to the throne, the ambassadors began to put pressure on Sigismund. This led to their arrest and they were then sent to Poland.

In 1610, the Time of Troubles entered the phase of the liberation struggle. Everything has become easier. Now it was not Russian forces that were confronting each other, but an open confrontation between Poles and Russians. This also included the religious segment - the struggle between Catholics and Orthodox. The main force in this struggle among the Russians was the zemstvo militias. They arose in counties, volosts and cities, gradually the militias grew stronger and were subsequently able to provide fierce resistance to the interventionists.

Patriarch Hermogenes took a very tough position towards the Poles. He was categorically against their stay in the capital, and was also against the Polish prince on the Russian throne. He was an ardent fighter against intervention. Hermogenes would play an important role in the liberation struggle, which would begin in 1611. The presence of the Poles in Moscow gave impetus to the beginning of the national liberation movement.

The first militia of the Time of Troubles

It is worth noting that those territories where militias arose were long accustomed to independently governing their territories. In addition, in these territories there was not such a large social stratification, there was no clear division between rich and poor. We can say that this movement was patriotic. But not everything is so perfect. The merchants who lived there did not want the Poles to rule the state at all. This state of affairs had a negative impact on trade.

In 1610-1611 The first zemstvo militia arose during the Time of Troubles. This militia had several leaders:

• Lyapunov brothers - Prokipiy and Zakhar;
• Ivan Zarutsky - formerly in the camp of False Dmitry II, favorite of Marina Mnishek (wife);
• Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy.

The leaders had an adventurous character. It is worth noting that the time was adventurous in itself. In March 1611, the militia decided to take Moscow by storm. It was not possible to do this, but the city was placed under blockade.

Within the militia, a conflict arose between representatives of the Cossacks and the nobility. The Poles took advantage of this conflict. They sent a letter stating that Prokopiy Lyapunov was supposed to enter into an agreement with them. Lyapunov could not justify himself, and was killed. The militia eventually disintegrated.

The end and consequences of the Time of Troubles

Some territories swore allegiance to little Ivan Dmitrievich - the son of False Dmitry II and Marina Mnishek. But there is a version that the boy’s father was Ivan Zarutsky. Ivan had the nickname “raven”, as he was the son of the Tushinsky thief. At the same time, a new militia begins to take shape. It was headed by Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky.

Initially, Minin raised funds and equipped the infantry. And Prince Pozharsky led the army. Dmitry Pozharsky was a descendant of Vsevolod the Big Nest. It can be judged that Dmitry had very extensive rights to take the Russian throne. In addition, it is worth saying that this militia marched on Moscow under the coat of arms of the Pozharsky family. The movement of the new militia swept the Volga region, the army arrived in the city of Yaroslavl. Alternative government bodies were created there.

In August 1612, a militia army was near Moscow. Pozharsky managed to persuade the Cossacks to help the militia. The combined army struck the Poles, then the militia entered the city. It took a long time to take the Kremlin. Only on October 26 (November 4) he was surrendered by the Poles, and their lives were guaranteed. The prisoners were divided between the Cossacks and the militia. The militia kept their word, but the Cossacks did not. The captured Poles were killed by the Cossacks.

In February 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected a 16-year-old boy to reign. This is the story of the end of the troubled period.

End of the Time of Troubles video

The beginning of the 17th century was marked for Russia by a series of difficult trials.

How the Troubles Began

After Tsar Ivan the Terrible died in 1584, the throne was inherited by his son Fyodor Ivanovich, who was very weak and sickly. Due to his state of health, he did not rule for long - from 1584 to 1598. Fyodor Ivanovich died early, leaving no heirs. The youngest son of Ivan the Terrible was allegedly stabbed to death by Boris Godunov's henchmen. There were many people who wanted to take the reins of power into their own hands. As a result, a struggle for power developed within the country. This situation gave rise to the development of such a phenomenon as the Troubles. The causes and beginning of this period were interpreted differently at different times. Despite this, it is possible to identify the main events and aspects that influenced the development of these events.

Main reasons

Of course, first of all, this is the interruption of the Rurik dynasty. From this moment on, the central government, which has passed into the hands of third parties, loses its authority in the eyes of the people. The constant increase in taxes also served as a catalyst for discontent among townspeople and peasants. For such a protracted phenomenon as the Troubles, the reasons have been accumulating for more than one year. This also includes the consequences of the oprichnina, economic devastation after the Livonian War. The last straw was the sharp deterioration in living conditions associated with the drought of 1601-1603. The Time of Troubles became the most opportune moment for external forces to eliminate Russia's state independence.

Background from the point of view of historians

It was not only the weakening of the monarchy that contributed to the emergence of such a phenomenon as the Troubles. Its reasons are related to the interweaving of the aspirations and actions of various political forces and social masses, which were complicated by the intervention of external forces. Due to the fact that many unfavorable factors emerged simultaneously, the country plunged into a deep crisis.

For the occurrence of such a phenomenon as the Troubles, the reasons can be identified as follows:

1. The economic crisis that occurred at the end of the 16th century. It was caused by the loss of peasants to the cities, the increase in tax and feudal oppression. The situation was aggravated by the famine of 1601-1603, which killed about half a million people.

2. Dynasty crisis. After the death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich, the struggle between various boyar clans for the right to stand in power intensified. During this period, Boris Godunov (from 1598 to 1605), Fyodor Godunov (April 1605 - June 1605), False Dmitry I (from June 1605 to May 1606), Vasily visited the state throne Shuisky (from 1606 to 1610), False Dmitry II (from 1607 to 1610) and the Seven Boyars (from 1610 to 1611).

3. Spiritual crisis. The desire of the Catholic religion to impose its will ended in a split in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Internal turmoil marked the beginning of peasant wars and urban revolts.

Godunov's board

The difficult struggle for power between representatives of the highest nobility ended with the victory of Boris Godunov, the Tsar's brother-in-law. This was the first time in Russian history when the throne was acquired not by inheritance, but as a result of victory in elections in the Zemsky Sobor. In general, during the seven years of his reign, Godunov managed to resolve disputes and disagreements with Poland and Sweden, and also established cultural and economic relations with the countries of Western Europe.

His domestic policies also brought results in the form of Russia's advance into Siberia. However, the situation in the country soon worsened. This was caused by crop failures in the period from 1601 to 1603.

Godunov took all possible measures to alleviate such a difficult situation. He organized public works, gave permission to serfs to leave their masters, and organized the distribution of bread to the starving. Despite this, as a result of the repeal of the law on the temporary restoration of St. George's Day in 1603, a slave uprising broke out, which marked the beginning of the peasant war.

Aggravation of the internal situation

The most dangerous stage of the Peasant War was the uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov. The war spread to the southwest and south of Russia. The rebels defeated the troops of the new tsar - Vasily Shuisky - moving on to the siege of Moscow in October-December 1606. They were stopped by internal disagreements, as a result of which the rebels were forced to retreat to Kaluga.

The right moment for the attack on Moscow for the Polish princes was the Time of Troubles of the early 17th century. The reasons for the attempts at intervention lay in the impressive support provided to the princes False Dmitry I and False Dmitry II, who were subordinate to foreign accomplices in everything. The ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Catholic Church attempted to dismember Russia and eliminate its state independence.

The next stage in the split of the country was the formation of territories that recognized the power of False Dmitry II, and those that remained loyal to Vasily Shuisky.

According to some historians, the main reasons for such a phenomenon as the Troubles lay in lack of rights, imposture, internal division of the country and intervention. This time became the first civil war in Russian history. Before the Troubles appeared in Russia, its causes took many years to form. The preconditions were related to the oprichnina and the consequences of the Livonian War. By that time, the country's economy was already ruined, and tension was growing in social strata.

Final stage

Beginning in 1611, there was a rise in patriotic sentiment, accompanied by calls for an end to strife and strengthened unity. A people's militia was organized. However, only on the second attempt, under the leadership of K. Minin and K. Pozharsky, in the fall of 1611, Moscow was liberated. 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov was elected the new tsar.

The Troubles brought enormous territorial losses in the 17th century. The reasons for it were mainly the weakening of the authority of the centralized government in the eyes of the people and the formation of an opposition. Despite this, having gone through years of losses and hardships, internal fragmentation and civil strife under the leadership of False Dmitry impostors and adventurers, the nobles, townspeople and peasants came to the conclusion that strength can only be in unity. The consequences of the Troubles influenced the country for a long time. Only a century later they were finally eliminated.