First, let's look at how you can delicately avoid a conflict or prevent it by eliminating the cause.
- pay attention to whether there are prerequisites for conflict: prolonged silence, frequent statements on the same issue, irritation or annoyance on the part of the opponent. In such cases, it is better to approach first and politely ask why this is happening.
- think in advance what exactly you want to ask and in what terms.
- when your interests are affected, think about it, perhaps you did not take into account the needs of your opponent. Therefore, try to look at the situation from this person’s perspective and understand his feelings.
- relieve stress: clean, dance, do light exercise. Due to certain biochemical reactions, you will feel better.

So, you are in a situation of conflict, absorbed in it. If it is important for you not only to end the conflict, but also the relationship, complete the following tasks.

A. mentally build a wall between yourself and your opponent. Imagine that all his threats, screams, discontent are broken against her and do not reach you.
b. listen carefully to what the person specifically tells you and respond affirmatively, using the same words. For example: “You left the dirty dishes on the table and left!” You answer: “Yes, I left the dishes on the table and went out.” Usually, the conflicting parties deny their guilt, but here, agreement will moderate the opponent’s ardor.
V. say that you understand the other person’s feelings. “I understand that you are upset and upset that I spilled juice on your jacket.” Next, ask the question: how can you correct the current situation, what needs to be done. Involve your opponent in a joint solution to the situation that has arisen.
d. never get personal, always criticize only a person’s behavior, actions or words. But not his or his features.

If you are being yelled at and you feel like you are going to cry or scream even more, do the following:

1. Remember the cutest creature you have seen recently. And imagine your opponent doing just that. It's hard to swear at a hamster or a child, the main thing is not to start smiling.
2. Change the field of action. Let's say you can argue with a friend that you play football better than him. At work, sit down at the table and start drawing diagrams, asking how to do it correctly. You can literally leave the room.
3. Start listing what brings you conflict. Let's say, if you are constantly late, and your boss is swearing, you think: “How good! Now, in order to be on time for work, I will get up earlier, which means I will be able to do exercises. And I won’t be stuck in traffic jams. Besides, the boss will notice that I have improved and will begin to respect me even more, and that’s not far off.” Your resentment will quickly go away and will be replaced by anticipating the consequences of a quarrel.
4. React, but completely unexpectedly. So that the interlocutor is surprised and forgets what he wanted to say.
5. Take out the aggression

There are conflicts, the flow of which should be succumbed to. These may be old grievances and worries, emotional stress that has been accumulating for months. Let off steam or calmly listen to the heated person.

Remember that everything that surrounds you is fleeting. Don't attach importance to something that isn't worth it. Be confident.

Stress(from English stress– tension) is a neuropsychic overstrain caused by an extremely strong impact, an adequate response to which has not previously been formed, but must be found in the current situation. Stress is a total mobilization of forces to find a way out of a very difficult, dangerous situation. (A sharp alarm sounds on the ship, which is already beginning to list. Passengers are rushing around the deck of the ship... The car got into an accident... - these are typical pictures of a stressful situation).

The state of stress is characterized by a general mobilization of all the body's resources to adapt to extremely difficult conditions.

Extremely strong stimuli - stressors cause vegetative changes (increased heart rate, increased blood sugar, etc.) - the body prepares for intense actions. In response to an extremely difficult situation, a person reacts with a complex of adaptive reactions.

Stressful conditions inevitably arise in all cases of a sudden threat to the life of an individual. Stagnant stress conditions can be caused by prolonged stay in a life-threatening environment. Stress syndrome often occurs in situations that are dangerous for a person’s prestige, when he is afraid of disgracing himself by displaying cowardice, professional incompetence, etc. A state similar to stress can be generated by systematic failures in life.

The concept of stress was introduced by the Canadian scientist Hans Selye (1907 – 1982). He defined stress as a set of adaptive and protective reactions of the body to influences that cause physical or mental trauma.

In the development of a stressful state, G. Selye identified three stages:

1. anxiety;
2. resistance;
3. exhaustion.

Alarm reaction ( alarm reaction) consists of a shock phase (depression of the central nervous system) and an anti-shock phase, when impaired mental functions are restored.

The stage of resistance (resistance) is characterized by the emergence of resistance to the effects of stressors. With prolonged exposure, the body's strength dries up and a stage of exhaustion sets in, and pathological degenerative processes arise (sometimes leading to the death of the body).

Later, R. Lazarus introduced the concept of mental (emotional) stress*. If physiological stressors are extremely unfavorable physical conditions that cause a violation of the integrity of the body and its functions (very high and low temperatures, acute mechanical and chemical influences), then mental stressors are those influences that people themselves assess as very harmful to their well-being. It depends on people’s experience, their position in life, moral assessments, ability to adequately assess situations, etc.

The nature of the stress reaction depends not only on the person’s assessment of the harmfulness of the stressor, but also on the ability to respond to it in a certain way. A person is able to learn adequate behavior in various stressful situations (in emergency situations, during a sudden attack, etc.).

The way out of a stressful state is associated with the adaptive capabilities of a particular individual, the development of his emergency defense mechanisms, and his ability to survive in extremely difficult circumstances. This depends on a person’s experience in critical situations, as well as on his innate qualities - the strength of the nervous system.

In overcoming stress, two behavioral personality types are manifested: internals, who rely only on themselves, and externals, who rely primarily on the help of other people. In stressful behavior, the “victim” type and the “worthy behavior” type are also distinguished.

Stress is dangerous for life, but it is also necessary for it: with austress (“good” stress), the individual’s adaptation mechanisms are worked out.

A special type of stress is “life stress” - acute conflict states of the individual caused by strategically significant social stressors - collapse of prestige, threat to social status, acute interpersonal conflicts, etc.

With socially determined stress, the nature of people’s communicative activity changes dramatically, and inadequacy in communication occurs (social-psychological subsyndrome of stress). At the same time, the very acts of communication can become stressful (scandals, quarrels). The regulation of behavior here moves to the emotional level. Individuals become capable of inhumane, inhumane actions - cruelty, vindictiveness, aggressiveness, etc.

If a stressful situation creates a threat to the well-being of a group of people, then in low-cohesion groups group disintegration occurs - active non-recognition of the role of the leader and intolerance to the personal characteristics of partners arises. Thus, in the face of the threat of exposure, the connection between members of a criminal group breaks down, intra-group “squabble” arises, and group members begin to look for individual ways out of the conflict situation.

A non-adaptive “escape” from a stressful situation is also possible - the individual directs his activity to solving minor problems, moves away from the “pressure of life” into the world of his hobbies or even dreams and pipe dreams.

So, it can have both a mobilizing influence - austress(literally: “good stress”), and depressing influence – (from English. distress– grief, exhaustion). To form a person’s adaptive behavior, it is necessary to accumulate experience in difficult situations and master ways of getting out of them. Austress ensures the mobilization of the individual’s vital forces to overcome life’s difficulties. However, the body’s strategic protective psychophysiological reserves should be used only in decisive life situations; it is necessary to adequately assess the difficulties encountered along the path of life and correctly determine the place and time for major life “battles”.

Negative stress phenomena arise in cases of a long stay of an individual or a social community in conditions of normative uncertainty, protracted value confrontation, diversity of socially significant goals, interests and aspirations, conflict of norms.

Long-term isolation of a social group can become stressful. At the same time, the level of intra-group solidarity decreases, interpersonal, disunity, and isolation of individuals arise. The situation is becoming explosive.

Resistance to stress can be specially developed. There are a number of techniques for human self-defense from traumatic loads in critical situations. Stressful situations can arise suddenly and gradually. In the latter case, the person is in a pre-stress state for some time. At this time, he can take measures for the purpose of appropriate psychological protection. One of these techniques is the rationalization of an impending negative event, its comprehensive analysis, reducing the degree of its uncertainty, coming to life in it, preliminary getting used to it, eliminating the effect of surprise. It is possible to reduce the psychotraumatic impact of stressful situations that have personal significance by devaluing them and reducing their significance.

There is also a technique for limiting mental amplification of the possible negative consequences of upcoming events, the formation of an attitude towards the worst. The reality may be easier than expected crisis situations. (A military intelligence officer, having been in a hostile environment for a long time, eventually began to fear discovery. In an effort to master his emotional state, he deliberately strengthened it, convincing himself that someday he would definitely be exposed. His feeling of fear became so strong that he... would have survived his death. And after that he no longer felt fear, he controlled himself in the most risky situations.) Stress should be distinguished from affect.

Affect(from lat. affectus- emotional excitement, passion) is an excessive neuropsychic overexcitation that suddenly arises in an acute conflict situation, manifested in temporary disorganization of consciousness (its narrowing) and extreme activation of impulsive reactions.

Affect is an emotional explosion in conditions of a lack of information necessary for adequate behavior. Deep resentment from a serious insult for a given person, the sudden emergence of great danger, gross physical violence - all these circumstances, depending on the individual characteristics of the person, can cause affect.

The state of affect is characterized by a significant disruption of the conscious regulation of human actions. A person’s behavior when affected is regulated not by a premeditated goal, but by a feeling that completely captures the personality and causes impulsive, subconscious actions.

In a state of passion, the most important mechanism of activity is disrupted - selectivity in choosing a behavioral act, a person’s habitual behavior changes sharply, his attitudes and life positions are deformed, the ability to establish relationships between phenomena is disrupted, one, often distorted, idea begins to dominate in consciousness.

This “narrowing of consciousness” during affect, from a neurophysiological point of view, is associated with a disruption of the normal interaction of excitation and inhibition. In a state of passion, first of all, the inhibitory process suffers, excitement begins to randomly spread into the subcortical zones of the brain, emotions lose control from consciousness. Subcortical formations during affects acquire a certain independence, which is expressed in violent primitive reactions. “A person is revealed by his instincts, as he is, without ... social cover with the help of the cerebral hemispheres.

Affect causes a sharp disturbance in the balance of nervous processes, a “collision” of nervous processes, accompanied by shifts in the system of nervous connections, significant changes in blood chemistry, disturbances in the activity of the autonomic nervous system and cardiac activity, in psychomotor regulation (gestures, specific facial expressions, a sharp cry, crying and so on.). The state of affect is associated with a violation of clarity of consciousness and is accompanied by partial amnesia - a memory disorder.

In all the diverse manifestations of affect (fear, anger, despair, a flash of jealousy, a rush of passion, etc.), three stages can be distinguished. At the first stage, all mental activity is sharply disorganized, orientation in reality is disrupted. On the second, overexcitation is accompanied by sudden, poorly controlled actions. At the final stage, nervous tension subsides, a state of depression and weakness arises.

Subjectively, affect is experienced as a state, as if imposed on a person from the outside, against his will. However, with enhanced volitional control in the initial stage of development of affect, it can be prevented. It is important to focus consciousness on the extremely negative consequences of affective behavior. Techniques for overcoming affect include voluntary delay of motor reactions, changing the environment, and switching to another activity. However, the most important condition for overcoming negative affects is certain moral qualities of the individual, life experience and his upbringing. People with unbalanced processes of excitation and inhibition are more prone to affect, but this tendency can be overcome through self-education.

Affect can arise from memories of a traumatic event (trace affect), as well as from the accumulation of feelings.

Affective actions are emotional-impulsive, that is, they are motivated by feelings: they do not have a conscious motive. A strong feeling that captures the entire personality is in itself an incentive to action.

Actions in a state of passion do not differ either in the presence of conscious specific goals or conscious tactics.

The means used in this case are limited to objects that accidentally fall into the field of an extremely narrowed consciousness. The general direction of chaotic actions during affect is the desire to eliminate the traumatic stimulus.

Even I. Kant noted that with passion, feelings leave no room for reason.

Volitional regulation of human behavior can manifest itself only at the stage of the emergence of affect. At further stages, the person loses volitional control.

The result achieved with passion creates only the illusion of preliminary awareness of the goal. And if there was a conscious goal in the action, then it is precisely on this basis that the action cannot be considered committed in a state of passion.

Since the state of passion affects the qualification of the crime and the measure of punishment, this state is subject to proof and a forensic psychological examination is required to establish it.

Physiological affect should be distinguished from pathological affect - painful neuropsychic overexcitation associated with complete clouding of consciousness and paralysis of the will.

Affective states can manifest themselves in various forms. Let's look at some of them.

Fear– an unconditional reflex emotional reaction to danger, expressed in a sharp change in the vital activity of the body. Fear arose as a biological defense mechanism. Animals are instinctively afraid of quickly approaching objects, of anything that can damage the integrity of the body. Many of the innate fears are preserved in people, although in the conditions of civilization they are somewhat changed. For many people, fear is an asthenic emotion that causes a decrease in muscle tone, while the face takes on a mask-like expression.

In most cases, fear causes a strong sympathetic discharge: screaming, running, grimacing. A characteristic symptom of fear is trembling of the body muscles, dry mouth (hence the hoarseness and muffled voice), a sharp increase in heart rate, increased blood sugar, etc. At the same time, the hypothalamus begins to secrete neurosecretion, which stimulates the pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. (This hormone causes a specific fear syndrome.)

Socially determined causes of fear - the threat of public censure, loss of the results of long-term labor, humiliation of dignity, etc. cause the same physiological symptoms as biological sources of fear.

The highest degree of fear, turning into affect - horror.

Terror is accompanied by a sharp disorganization of consciousness (insane fear), numbness (it is assumed that it is caused by an excessively large amount of adrenaline) or erratic muscle overexcitation (“motor storm”). In a state of horror, a person may exaggerate the danger of an attack and his defense may be excessive, incommensurate with the real danger.

The emotion of fear caused by dangerous violence encourages unconditional reflexive response actions based on the instinct of self-preservation. Therefore, such actions in some cases do not constitute a crime.

Persons with a weakened psyche (psychasthenics) may have obsessive, exaggerated ideas about a certain type of danger - phobias (fear of heights, sharp objects, etc.).

Fear is a passive defensive reaction to danger, often emanating from a stronger person. If the threat of danger comes from a weaker person, then the reaction may acquire an aggressive, offensive character - anger.

In a state of anger, a person is predisposed to instant, often impulsive action. Excessively increased muscle excitation with insufficient self-control easily turns into very strong action. Anger is accompanied by threatening facial expressions and an attack pose. In a state of anger, a person loses objectivity of judgment and carries out uncontrollable actions.

Fear and anger can reach the level of passion, but sometimes they are expressed to a lesser degree of emotional stress.

Frustration(from lat. frustatio- failure, deception) - a conflicting negative emotional state that arises in connection with the collapse of hopes, unexpectedly arising insurmountable obstacles to achieving highly significant goals.

Frustration is often associated with aggressive behavior directed against the frustrator - the source of frustration. If the causes of frustration cannot be eliminated (irretrievable losses), a deep depressive state may occur associated with significant and prolonged disorganization of the psyche (weakening of memory, ability to think logically, etc.).

The difficulty of defining frustration is due to the fact that a person cannot eliminate the causes of this condition. Therefore, in a state of frustration, a person looks for some kind of compensating outlets, goes into the world of dreams, and sometimes returns to earlier stages of mental development (regresses).

Emotional excitement prevents rivals from understanding each other; it does not allow them to clearly and intelligibly express their thoughts. Sometimes they don't listen to each other. Therefore, managing emotions in conflict interaction is one of the necessary conditions for embarking on the path to conflict resolution.

Conflict is always accompanied by the experience of emotions that negatively affect our state. Despite this, most people in conflict usually insist on the right to negative experiences. The call to put their emotions in order is perceived by them as a call to defeat.

However, a number of reasons require you to take control of your emotions.

Firstly, stress, which is invariably present in a conflict situation, accompanied by strong emotional experiences, leads to a decrease in the control of consciousness over behavior and to psychological regression. Control of the conflict situation will be exercised by the opponent who can cope with his emotions. This will allow him to analyze possible options for the development of the event and choose the best strategy of behavior.

Secondly, as the conflict escalates, the emotional involvement of the participants increases, which in itself leads to an increase in conflict. Each emotionally charged action will provoke counter aggressive reactions, which the opponent himself will perceive as reciprocal, forced. A balanced state will prevent hostility from growing and will preserve the possibility of constructive interaction.

Thirdly, prolonged and regular stay in certain emotional states has a detrimental effect on the state of the body and leads to the occurrence of somatic disorders. Diseases of this kind are called psychosomatic, and the emotions that cause them are called destructive experiences.

H.N. Vasiliev identifies the following stages in the flow of emotions in a conflict.

Figure 1 - Stages in the flow of emotions in conflict

I. The process of perceiving an event, forming a mental image and symbolizing it in consciousness.

• 2. Emotional assessment of the event.
• 3. Internal emotional experience.
• 4. External emotionally charged behavioral reaction.
• 5. Emotional trace after leaving the situation.

Localization of the stages allows us to develop a system of measures that can have an effective impact on the emotions accompanying conflict behavior, which is essential for an adequate assessment of the conflict situation by opponents and making informed and, if possible, non-conflict decisions.

In accordance with these stages, N. N. Vasiliev offers methods for managing emotions aimed at change:

• - the process of event perception;
• - emotional assessment of the perceived event;
• - the process of internal emotional experience of an event;
• - external, observable reaction;
• - the emotional trace left after the cessation of conflict interaction.

Possibilities for reducing aggression in conflict (according to M. S. Mirimanova)

Figure 2 - Techniques for reducing aggressiveness in a dispute

Let us especially focus on such a phenomenon as aggression. In the literature, aggression is defined as motivated destructive behavior that contradicts the norms and rules of the existence of people in society, harms the targets of attack, causes physical damage or causes psychological discomfort. Aggressive behavior is considered as one of the forms of opponents’ response to a conflict situation. Causing destructive consequences for those involved in it, it requires the development of adequate countermeasures.

The following ways can be identified to reduce aggression in a conflict, both your own and your opponent’s.

The passive method involves the opportunity for someone to cry and speak out. Tears ease suffering and relieve internal tension.

The active method consists of human physical activity. Adrenaline - a companion of aggression - burns out from physical activity.

The logical method is only suitable for purely rational people who want to get to the bottom of things, which allows them to look at the situation from the outside.

A person uses three main ways to respond to aggression.

• 1. A retaliatory attack is a similar response to the opponent’s remarks, which instantly creates a vicious circle of verbal aggression and serves as proof that the aggressor has achieved his goal - attracting the victim’s attention and self-affirmation at his expense.
• 2. Logically justified dispute - an attempt to convince an opponent by supporting one’s point of view with proven or generally accepted facts. The victim has a small chance to stop the aggression if the aggressor really wants to understand the essence of what is happening.
• 3. Requests and entreaties in most cases lead to the opposite result - encouraging the aggressor, signaling to him that he has achieved his goal.

M.S. Mirimanova offers several techniques that help not only counteract aggression in a difficult situation, but also try to influence the opponent’s aggressiveness.

• 1. De-escalating the question (taking the edge off): “The question is posed in such a way that it contains several more questions. It is necessary, obviously, to highlight which of them should be considered the most important...”, etc.
• 2. Translation of the question to another subject: “The question is posed in such a way that it is difficult to give an unambiguous answer. In order to answer it, we need to turn to another question.” What follows is a detailed conversation that leads away from the question asked.
• 3. Reducing the importance of the question: “It would be wrong to pose the question exactly like that,” “Probably, this question is not entirely correct in form,” etc.
• 4. Delaying the answer to the question (seeking time to think): “It’s difficult to answer this question right away. We need to figure it out."
• 5. Making the question clearly meaningless: “Is it worth understanding this issue? The answer is already obvious.”

The higher the level of conflict resistance and conflict management competence, the better a person is able to cope with conflict escalation.

Technologies for managing one’s own behavior in a conflict between warring parties should be understood as a set of methods of psychological deterrence aimed at ensuring constructive interaction between the subjects of the conflict, based on self-control of emotions and compliance with the norms of organizational culture and ethics of business relations.

Self-control over emotions in conflict contact can be achieved, for example, using technologies for getting rid of anger proposed by J. Scott. The author gives four ways to get rid of anger.

The first way is visualization. Reduces to imagining yourself doing or saying something in a state of anger. This allows you to see yourself from the outside and, as a rule, stimulates restraint in your own behavior.

The second way is to get rid of anger through grounding. You imagine the anger entering you as a beam of negative energy. Then you imagine how this energy descends through your body and calmly goes into the earth.

The third way is to project anger and destroy its projection. You seem to radiate your anger, projecting it onto an imaginary screen, and using an imaginary ray gun you shoot at it. This gives vent to the desire to commit violent acts, since with each attack your anger gradually disappears.

The fourth method is to cleanse the energy field or aura around you. While standing or sitting, you make a series of movements with your hands above your head, as if clearing the energy shell around it with these movements. At the same time, you need to make yourself feel that you are taking out irritation and all negative emotions and shaking them off with the appropriate movement of your hands.

Mastery of these technologies for controlling one's behavior is achieved through special training.

CM. Emelyanov formulated three rules for self-control of emotions that are accessible to everyone and do not require special training.

A calm reaction to the emotional actions of a partner is the first rule of self-control of emotions.

When your partner is in a state of emotional arousal, you must maintain emotional restraint and not enter into such a state yourself. Having refrained from an emotional initial reaction, ask yourself questions: “Why is he behaving this way?”, “What are his motives in this conflict?”, “Is his behavior related to individual psychological characteristics or to some other reason?” and so on. By answering these questions, you achieve the following: you force your consciousness to work actively and thereby additionally protect yourself from an emotional explosion; give the enemy the opportunity to “let off steam”; distract yourself from unnecessary and sometimes harmful information that your opponent may throw out in an excited state; looking for the cause of the conflict, trying to understand the motives for the behavior of your opponent.

psychological conflict emotional behavioral

Let's consider psychological techniques for managing emotions in the negotiation process to resolve conflicts. You should be aware of possible negative emotional reactions to acute situations. This may subsequently negatively affect your health, your mood or your well-being. Of course, their manifestation should be prevented. How to learn this? After all, we cannot avoid conflict situations in life, but we are still able to react correctly to negativity.

Rules for managing feelings and emotions in conflict

The first rule of managing emotions in conflict: React calmly to the emotional actions or “attacks” of your opponent.

When your opponent is in a state of emotional intensity, you should under no circumstances succumb to the action of the “psychological law of contagion” and prevent retaliatory manifestations. It’s better to stop yourself and ask yourself the following questions: “Why is he behaving this way?”, “What is he trying to achieve?”, “Is his behavior related to his character or is there another reason for his negativity?”

By asking yourself questions like these and answering them, you will achieve several benefits:

Firstly, in a critical situation, you force your consciousness to work actively and thereby protect yourself from an emotional explosion. The main principle in managing your emotions. Secondly, with your calm attitude you allow your opponent to let off steam.

Thirdly, you are distracted from unnecessary and sometimes harmful information (expressed grievances, reproaches, etc.) expressed by your partner. And finally, fourthly, by answering questions, you solve a very important and difficult task - you are looking for the causes of the conflict, trying to understand the motives of your opponent.

A positive effect comes from exchanging the content of emotional experiences during communication. By communicating their grievances, experiences, feelings, partners receive relief. But such an exchange must be carried out in a calm manner, and in no case in an offensive tone. This is the essence of managing your emotions in conflict.

During the conflict, in the process of exchanging emotions, partners must understand the meaning of what is happening, ensuring further constructive solutions to the negotiations. Conventionally, this technology in the psychology of managing emotions is called rationalization of emotions.

The following rule for managing emotions in conflict

Rationalization of emotions, exchange of the content of emotional experiences in the process of calm communication.

It should be emphasized the importance of understanding the reasons for your undesirable emotional reaction at the previous stage of negotiations. This will avoid negative emotions in subsequent stages. One of the reasons for partners' unwanted emotional reactions is often their low self-esteem.

The inadequacy of emotional behavior in this case is explained by one of the psychological defense mechanisms. The psychology of managing emotions says that in order to eliminate emotional reactions, you should maintain a high level of self-esteem in yourself and your partner.

Another rule for managing emotions in conflict is as follows:

Maintaining high self-esteem is the basis for constructive behavior in any negotiation process in conflict.

Conflictologists identify typical patterns of behavior of people in conflict:

1. Avoidant behavior pattern. The partner refuses to discuss problems, tries to avoid this topic and change the subject of communication. The opponent seeks to avoid conflict.

Ways to manage emotions in this case:

• be persistent, be active, take initiative
• interest the partner by showing options for solving the problem and the possibility of a positive solution

2. Negative model. The opponent claims that the problem is not urgent, that the conflict will resolve itself. The partner makes no effort to reach agreement.

Your ways of managing emotions:

• point out in every possible way the presence of contradictions, their complexity and danger
• take the initiative to discuss a difficult problem
• create a favorable atmosphere for discussing your differences
• show ways and possibilities to resolve the problem

3. Inferior model. The partner agrees to any of your proposals, including those that are not profitable for themselves. The motive for such agreement may be the desire to get rid of the discomfort caused by a conflict situation.

Ways to manage emotions should be:

• comprehensive discussion of decisions made
• determining the degree of interest of the partner in the agreement, indicating its benefits
• clearly stipulate the deadlines for implementation and forms of control over the implementation of the agreement

4. Upcoming model. Your opponent strives for success, namely, to make a decision in his favor. He rejects all your arguments and arguments. Shows pressure and even aggression. The motives for such behavior may be an unconscious desire to gain the upper hand, or an overestimated significance of the subject of the conflict.

Your actions and ways to manage emotions:

• need to be calm and careful
• do not give up and demonstrate your firmness and persuasiveness
• make it clear that there can be no unilateral concessions
• offer your options for a compromise in resolving the conflict

INTRODUCTION........................................................ ........................................................

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS IN PSYCHOLOGY................................................................... ........................................................ ............................

1.1. The essence of interpersonal conflicts................................................................... .6

1.2. Factors and mechanisms of conflict behavior of the individual...... 8

1.3. Conflict interaction in the emotional-dynamic aspect 1

CHAPTER 2. DISPLAY OF EMOTIONS IN INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT 18

2.1. Emotional processes and experiences of the individual.................................... 1

2.2. Experiencing Interpersonal Conflict......................................................... 25

CHAPTER 3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EMOTIONAL PROCESSES IN SITUATIONS OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT. 31

3.1. Methodology and progress of the study......................................................... ............... 31

3.2. Psychological facts revealed in this study.... 36

3.3.Results and their discussion.................................................... .................... 46

3.4.Research results and practical recommendations.................................. 49

CONCLUSION................................................. ........................................... 51

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST.................................................................... ......... 53

APPLICATIONS........................................................ .......................................... 5

INTRODUCTION

The question of the role of emotional processes in a situation of interpersonal conflict remains poorly understood, however, it is important for the work of practical psychologists, as it allows the most accurate provision of psychological assistance to persons in need of it.

Research shows that inappropriate emotions can be accompanied by feelings of discomfort, tension and anxiety. They can prevent full communication between people and this, first of all, leads to disruptions in interpersonal interaction.

A correct understanding of the relationship between emotions and interpersonal conflict is an important condition for the effectiveness of providing psychological assistance to people with emotional and personal difficulties in communication. In this we see the relevance and practical significance of the problem of our research.

Object of study: interpersonal conflict.

Subject of research: emotional processes in interpersonal conflict.

The theoretical development of the problem made it possible to generalize and classify material related to this topic. Analysis of scientific literature and empirical observations made it possible to formulate a number of ideas about the possible connections of human feelings and the development of interpersonal conflicts. The interdependence of these phenomena seems undeniable, based on everyday experience, but is not scientifically substantiated. In formulating the research problem, we proceeded from the following ideas:

The nature of conflict is always emotional; negative emotions accompany any person in conflict;

With the disappearance of conflictual relationships, negative emotions weaken significantly;

The intensity of the conflict and the strength of the emotional experiences associated with it are directly dependent;

The same person in conflicts of different origins and nature tends to behave in approximately the same way;

Personality is characterized by stable emotional characteristics;

The occurrence of negative emotional reactions to frustrating influences from the external environment has been proven;

The idea of ​​the motivating and guiding force of emotional processes is theoretically justified;

The problem, the central question, can be formulated as follows: is there specificity of the emotional conditioning of conflict behavior? And if there is, what is it?

Research hypothesis: Emotional processes of a person determine the manifestation of conflict reactions of a certain type, direction and intensity.

Purpose of the study: to identify the nature of the relationship between the factors of conflict behavior and the stable dominant reaction of the individual.

Research objectives:

Study and analysis of scientific works on interpersonal conflicts and emotional processes of the individual.

Identification of the real relationship and interaction of the factors under study;

Since much of our work depends not so much on the original idea or method, but on the creative understanding of the data, we especially note the task of deep and multifaceted interpretation of the results;

Determining ways and means to reduce the severity of conflicts in interpersonal relationships, based on the results of the study.

The novelty of the work is due to our ideas about the subject of research. Our view of the problem involves not so much taking into account the nature and strength of emotions, feelings and affects manifested in interpersonal conflicts, but factors of a stable emotional response that influence the content and strength of the experienced “fan” of emotions and are components of the unique, but present in all, emotionality of the individual, its constant affective background of perception of the surrounding reality. In many ways, we proceeded from the scientific ideas of G. Eysenck, who created a method for measuring the mental states of an individual, characterized by the constancy of the manifestation of their emotional nature. In fact, we are talking about emotional personality characteristics. In the experimental part of the study, we also used Rosenzweig’s ideas embedded in the methodology for studying responses in substantially different conflict situations.

Chapter 1 of the review part of the work examines modern socio-psychological, conflictological and, partly, sociological scientific ideas. Chapter 2 reveals the essence of emotional processes and their role in interpersonal conflict. Chapter 3 includes a justification of the research methods, a description of the organization and progress of the research, presentation of the results in graphical and textual form, a statement and interpretation of the results is proposed, and ways of further practical influence on the object under study are outlined.

CHAPTER 1. THE PROBLEM OF INTERPERSONAL CONFLICTS IN PSYCHOLOGY

1.1. The essence of interpersonal conflicts

The type of interpersonal conflict, as opposed to intrapersonal, organizational, intergroup, interethnic, is perhaps the most common. Interpersonal conflict manifests itself as a clash of personalities. People with different personalities, views, attitudes, interests, goals and values ​​are sometimes simply unable to get along with each other.

Interpersonal conflicts can be seen as disruptions to normal relationships and interactions between people. Indicators of such violations are, first of all, negative experiences of the individual in a situation of interpersonal conflict. F.E. Vasilyuk, characterizing the conflict as a critical situation, argues that subjectively the conflict is experienced as an “impossibility” in which the subject’s life activity finds itself. “This impossibility, in turn, is determined by what vital necessity is paralyzed as a result of the inability of the subject’s existing types of activity to cope with the existing external and internal conditions of life.” Thus, F.E. Vasilyuk argues that the basis of the subjective experience of conflict is the contradiction between the subject’s usual ways of behavior and the created situation, including the external one. In addition, this quote expresses another possible understanding of conflict - through frustrated needs. At its core, conflict is a frustrating situation; in it, one can identify the frustrator-cause that causes the conflict and identify the frustrating reaction. Frustration is accompanied by negative emotions, as well as atypical behavior: regression, aggression, activation of other defense mechanisms, emotional and physiological stress reaction. The projective essence of conflict is expressed in the fact that an intrapersonal conflict can be brought into the sphere of external interaction, and everyone has them.

It is impossible not to note the stressful side of interpersonal conflict. Stress is understood as a nonspecific response of the body to the action of a stressor, which consists not so much in an emotional and sensory response, but rather in fairly vivid physiological reactions and behavior that differs from normal behavior. “Emotional stress appears in situations of threat, danger, resentment. At the same time, its various forms lead to changes in the course of mental processes, emotional shifts, transformation of the motivational structure of activity, and disturbances in motor and speech behavior.”

In any conflict, not only destructive and constructive grains can be identified. This means that the consequences of experiencing conflicts can make a person more experienced, stronger, and the problems he has overcome and resolved in the conflict process will no longer confront him. By and large, interpersonal conflicts restructure “outdated” relationships.

1.2. Factors and mechanisms of personal conflict behavior

Conflict factors can be divided into objective and subjective. Objective factors, manifested both in the external environment in relation to the individual and by intrapersonal factors, create the potential for conflict to arise. The social (impersonal) relations between potential participants in the conflict, for example, their status and role positions, can also be considered conditionally objective. Being elements of social order, roles and statuses largely determine the psychology of their performers. This, in particular, affects the level of aspirations and self-attitude. “In many everyday and laboratory situations, people who have achieved higher status come to view themselves as deserving of better treatment or as more capable of leadership... Likewise, playing a subordinate role can produce a suppressive effect... playing the role of a subordinate undermines independence.” The most studied is role conflict. It is based on role theory. According to R. Linton, A. Radcliffe-Brown, T. Parsons and others, in their interpersonal interactions, each individual plays a variety of roles, while the social role itself appears as a separate component or aspect of holistic behavior. It is a dynamic aspect of the social status of an individual and is defined as the behavior of an individual that is normatively regulated on the basis of generally accepted values. In interpersonal interactions, role behavior depends not only on the social status of a given individual, but also on the individual characteristics of the participants in the interaction, their feelings, aspirations and preferences, as well as on expectations (mutual expectations). Role conflicts most often arise when mutual expectations conflict with each other. Such conflicts occur especially dramatically in cases when expectations that require the individual to act in the opposite way collide with each other.