First, let's look at what imagination and fantasy are? These are types of thinking, this is the ability to mentally imagine what is not there from what is in memory. In other words, imagination is an active creative process of creating new knowledge (new ideas) from old knowledge. What is the difference between fantasy and imagination?

If imagination is the ability to mentally create new ideas and images of possible and impossible objects based on real knowledge, then fantasy is the creation of also new, but unrealistic, fabulous, yet impossible situations and objects, but also based on real knowledge.

For example: the winged horse Pegasus, the Death's Head in Pushkin's fairy tale "Ruslan and Lyudmila", the fables of Baron Munchausen, Pinocchio, the Steadfast Tin Soldier - these are fantastic images.

There are several types of imagination:

1. Recreating - this is the representation of images according to a pre-compiled description, for example, when reading books, poems, notes, drawings, mathematical symbols. Otherwise, this type of imagination is called reproductive, reproducing, remembering.

2. Creative - this is the independent creation of new images according to one’s own design. Children call this “out of the head.” It is this type of imagination that will be the subject of our study and development in children.

3. Uncontrollable - this is what is called a “wild fantasy,” an absurdity, a set of unrelated absurdities.

How is fantasy and imagination different from serious problem solving?

What is the difference between fantasy and stupidity?

When fantasy is harmful, it becomes stupidity. Stupidity is a stupid, ridiculous, unnecessary, unreasonable, incorrect, harmful, inappropriate act or statement that does not honor the one who committed it. Of course, one must take into account the person’s age, conditions and goals of the act.

Is all fantasy good? There is a general criterion for assessing the quality of all affairs on Earth - this is an increase in goodness in the world.

The classic vehicle of fantasy is the fairy tale.

What is the difference between a fairy tale and science fiction? In science fiction, technically feasible situations, elements or processes are considered, and in a fairy tale, any. It should be noted that there is also no sharp boundary between fantastic and real solutions. For example, what was considered fantasy in the time of Jules Verne is now everyday reality. G. A. Altshuller calculated that out of 108 (!) ideas and forecasts of J. Verne, 99 (90%) were implemented. Herbert Wells has 77 from 86, Alexander Belyaev has 47 from 50.

When a child selflessly tells fables with his own participation, he is not lying; in our usual understanding, he is composing. It doesn't matter to him whether it's real or not real. And this shouldn’t be important to us, what’s important is that the child’s brain works and generates ideas. However, you should still pay attention to what the child dreams of. If he talks all the time about his non-existent friends, about gentle parents or about toys, then maybe he suffers, dreams about it and thus pours out his soul? Help him immediately.

Why develop fantasy and imagination?

They say: “Without imagination there is no consideration.”
A. Einstein considered the ability to imagine higher than knowledge, because he believed that without imagination it is impossible to make discoveries. K. E. Tsiolkovsky believed that cold mathematical calculation is always preceded by imagination.

Sometimes in everyday life fantasy and imagination are understood as something empty, unnecessary, lightweight, and not having any practical application. In fact, as practice has shown, a well-developed, bold, controlled imagination is an invaluable property of original, non-standard thinking.

It is difficult for children to think “according to the laws,” but if they are taught to fantasize and not be criticized for it, then children fantasize easily and with pleasure, especially if they are also praised.

Apparently, this is how children subconsciously learn to think - through play. We need to take advantage of this and develop imagination and imagination from early childhood. Let children “invent their own bicycles.” Anyone who did not invent bicycles as a child will not be able to invent anything at all.

How to develop fantasy and imagination in children?

There are three laws for the development of creative imagination:

1. The creative activity of the imagination is directly dependent on the richness and diversity of a person’s previous personal experience.

Indeed, every imagination is built from real elements; the richer the experience, the richer the imagination. Hence the corollary: we need to help the child accumulate experience, images and knowledge (erudition) if we want him to be a creative person.

2. You can imagine something that you haven’t seen yourself, but have heard or read about, that is, you can fantasize based on someone else’s experience. For example, you can imagine an earthquake or a tsunami, although you have never seen it. Without training it is difficult, but possible.

3. The content of imaginary objects or phenomena depends on our feelings at the moment of fantasy. Conversely, the subject of fantasy affects our feelings. You can “fantasize” your future in such a way that it will be a guide for your whole life, or you can imagine horrors and be afraid to enter a dark room. Feelings, like thoughts, drive creativity.

Ways to develop fantasy and imagination.

Let's list the main ways to develop fantasy and imagination, and then consider methods for developing creative imagination. It is ideal if the child himself wants and develops his fantasy and imagination. How to achieve this?

1. Create motivation!

2. Convince that fantasizing is not a shame, but is very prestigious and useful for the child personally. They don't understand this yet. You need a game and bright emotions. Children's logic is not yet strong.

3. It should be interesting to fantasize. Then, having fun, the child will quickly master the ability to fantasize, and then the ability to imagine, and then to think rationally. Preschoolers are interested not in reasoning, but in events.

4. Make children fall in love with you (attraction). On this “wave of love” they trust you more and listen more willingly.

5. By your own example. In early childhood, children copy the behavior of adults; it would be a shame not to take advantage of this. You are an authority for the child.

At a tender age (2-6 years) - fairy tales, fantasy stories;
in adolescence (7-14) - fantasy adventure novels (Jules Verne, Belyaev, Conan Doyle, Wells);
in youth and adulthood - good science fiction literature (Efremov, Strugatsky, Azimov, Robert Sheckley, Philip K. Dick, Lem, G. Altov). Teach children to admire good imagination.

7. Stimulate imagination with questions. For example: “What would happen if you grew wings. Where would you fly?”

8. Putting children in difficult situations. Let them think for themselves and find a way out. Here, for example, is a classic problem: children are stranded on a desert island, how to survive?

9. “Give” children interesting plots and ask them to compose stories, fairy tales, and histories based on them.

10. Teach the following techniques for developing imagination and fantasizing.

Using the techniques below does not eliminate the need to think. Techniques “not instead of”, but “to help” fantasy, techniques indicate the directions of thinking. Knowledge of fantasy techniques leads children to mastering “adult” techniques for resolving contradictions and solving inventive problems.

Techniques for developing fantasy and imagination.

Children know quite a lot of phenomena and laws of nature (for example, that all objects fall down, that heavy objects sink, liquids spill and do not have their own shape, water freezes, wood, paper, a candle burn). This knowledge is quite enough to fantasize fruitfully, but children do not know how to fantasize, that is, they do not know the techniques of fantasy.

Most fantasy techniques are associated with changes in laws or natural phenomena. Everything can be changed: any law of living and inanimate nature, any social law, the law can act in reverse, completely new laws can be invented, some existing laws can be excluded, laws can be made to act or not act at will, temporarily, periodically or unpredictably; You can change any living creature: people (all people have become honest!), animals, plants.

Below are 35 fantasy techniques:

1. Increase - decrease.

This is the simplest technique, it is widely used in fairy tales, epics, and fantasy. For example, Thumbelina, Thumb, Gulliver, Lilliputians, Gargantua and Pantagruel. You can increase and decrease almost everything: geometric dimensions, weight, height, volume, richness, distances, speeds.

It can be increased indefinitely from actual sizes to infinitely large and can be reduced from actual to zero, that is, until complete destruction.

Here are conversation games for mastering the “increase - decrease” technique.

1.1. The child is told: “Here’s a magic wand, it can increase or decrease anything you want. What would you like to increase or decrease?”

I would like to reduce my vocal lessons and increase my free time.
- I would like to reduce homework.
- I want to enlarge the candy to the size of a refrigerator so that I can cut off pieces with a knife.
- I want to enlarge the raindrops to the size of a watermelon.

1.2. Complicate this game with additional questions: “What will come of this? What will it lead to? Why do you want to increase or decrease?”

Let your arms temporarily become so long that you can take an apple from a branch, or say hello through a window, or get a ball from the roof, or turn off the TV without getting up from the table.
- If the trees in the forest shrink to the size of grass, and the grass to the size of a matchstick, then it will be easy to look for mushrooms.
- If it is difficult for a child to fantasize independently, offer to fantasize together, ask him supporting questions.

1.3.What will happen if our nose lengthens for a while?

You will be able to smell the flowers in the flowerbed without leaving your home; it will be possible to determine what delicious food your neighbors are preparing;
- That's good, but what's bad about it?
- There will be nowhere to put such a long nose, it will interfere with walking, traveling in public transport, even sleeping will be uncomfortable, and in winter it will freeze. No, I don't need that nose.

Invite your child to say what good and what bad will happen if we increase or decrease something. Who will be good and who will be bad? This is already a moral analysis of the situation.

1.4. Tell me, what will be good and what will be bad for you personally and for others if a wizard enlarges you 10 times?
If your child finds it difficult to guess, help him with additional questions.

What size will you be then?
- How many kilograms will you weigh?

What happens if your height decreases by 10 times?
- Agree, it would be great if you could change your height at will. For example, you are late for school: you increased the length of your legs or the frequency of your steps and quickly got to school, and then made your legs of normal length. Or another case. We need to cross the river, but there is no bridge nearby. No problem!
- I will be 15 m tall! This is the height of a five-story building!

Regarding weight, this is a tricky question. Usually the answer is: 10 times more. In fact, if you maintain all the proportions of the body, your weight will increase 1000 times! If a person weighed 50 kg, then he will weigh 50 tons! I will run faster than a car. I will be strong, and no one will dare to offend me, and I will be able to protect anyone. I will be able to bear enormous weights. I wonder which ones? Typically a person can lift half their body weight. Then I can lift 25 tons! This is good. What will be bad?

I won't fit in the class. You will have to sew huge clothes and shoes. It will be very difficult to feed me. If we assume that a person eats 2% of his body weight per day, then I will need food weighing 1 ton. I won't fit on any bus. Even on the street I will have to walk, bending under the wires. I won't have anywhere to live.

2. Adding one or more fantastic properties to one person or many people(as fragments or preparations for future science fiction works).

The technique of this type of fantasy is similar to the focal object method:

A) select several arbitrary objects of animate and/or inanimate nature;
b) formulate their properties, qualities, features or character traits. You can come up with new properties out of your head;
c) they endow a person with formulated properties and qualities.

For example, an eagle was chosen as an object (“property donor”). Qualities of an eagle: flies, has excellent eyesight, eats rodents, lives in the mountains.

Man can fly like an eagle. It can be added: it can fly in the stratosphere, in near and deep space.
- A person has super-acute eagle vision, for example, he sees cells of living tissues, crystal lattices of metals, even atoms without a microscope; he sees the surface of stars and planets without a telescope and better than with a telescope. He sees through walls, walks down the street and sees what is happening in houses, and even penetrates walls himself, like an X-ray.
- Man eats eagle food - rodents, birds.
- The man is covered with feathers.

Continue fantasizing using this method, taking as the initial object: an electric light bulb, a fish (remember the amphibian man), a watch, glasses, a match, suspended animation (a sharp slowdown in life processes is very convenient: there is no money for food or nowhere to live - you fall into suspended animation) or the opposite of suspended animation (a sharp increase in life processes, a person does not know fatigue, moves with incredible speed, such a person will make a wonderful illusionist, or a runner, or an invincible fighter).

Tasks.

2.1. Think of sense organs that a person does not have, but could have.
For example, it would be a good idea to sense the presence of radiation in order to protect yourself from it. Generally speaking, we feel it when we suffer from radiation sickness.
It would be nice to feel nitrides and nitrates and other contaminants. There is a wonderful and rare feeling - this is a sense of proportion, not everyone has it.
It would be nice to feel when you make a mistake and when danger is approaching (figuratively speaking, the red light would light up in this case).

2.2. The time will come and it will be possible to change the internal organs. What might this look like?

2.3. Color-code people according to their moral qualities.
For example, all honest people turned pink, all dishonest people turned purple, and all evil people turned blue. The more vile things a person has done, the darker the color. Describe what will happen to the world? Many probably would not have left the house.

3. An animated drawing.

You have received a wonderful gift, everything you draw comes to life! What would you draw?
Great people? Endangered animals?
New animals and plants?

4. Exclusion of certain human qualities.

List the properties and qualities of a person, and then exclude one or two properties and see what happens.

The man is not sleeping.
- The person does not feel pain.
- The person has lost weight and sense of smell.

Exercise.

Name at least 10 vital qualities and properties of a person and think about the consequences of their loss.

5. Transformation of a person into any object.

A person turns into another person, into animals (birds, beasts, insects, fish), into plants (into oak, rose, baobab), into objects of inanimate nature (stone, wind, pencil). This is rich material for new fairy tales.

But the most important thing in this technique is the development of empathy - the ability to transform into another image and look at the world through his eyes.

Exercise.

Offer at least 10 examples of human transformation, for example in fairy tales.

6. Anthropomorphism.

Anthropomorphism is the assimilation of a person, the endowment of human properties (speech, thinking, the ability to feel) of any objects - animate and inanimate: animals, plants, celestial bodies, mythical creatures.

Have you seen anywhere in the world
Are you young princess?
I'm her fiancé. - My brother,
- Answers the clear month, -
I have not seen the red maiden ...

Here Pushkin endowed the month with the ability to see, recognize, sympathize and speak.

Exercise.

Remember 10 examples of anthropomorphism from fairy tales, myths and fables you know and come up with at least 10 examples of possible anthropomorphism yourself.

7. Giving inanimate objects the abilities and qualities of living beings.
Namely: the ability to move, think, feel, breathe, grow, rejoice, reproduce, joke, smile.

The boy sits astride a stick and imagines it as a horse and himself as a rider.
- What living creature would you turn a balloon into?

Exercise.

Come up with at least 10 examples of such transformations.

8. Giving inanimate objects extraordinary properties.
For example, a stone. It glows, is always warm (never gets cold!), you can warm your hands in cold weather, makes the water sweet and healing, and does not dissolve.

The stone absorbs diseases. The stone gives immortality. Contemplation of the stone inspires you to write poetry and paint, etc.

Here is a good game for developing imagination. Children (or adults) stand in a circle. One is given a soft toy or a ball and asked to throw it to someone with warm words: “I’m giving you a little bunny,” or “Yurochka, I’m giving you a little goat, its horns haven’t grown yet,” or “Here, Masha, the big one.” candy,” or “I’m giving you a piece of my heart,” “I’m giving you a baby squirrel,” “This is a glass ball, don’t break it,” “This is a cactus, don’t prick yourself.”

Exercise.

9. Revival of dead people, animals, plants.

For example:

What would happen if brontosaurs were resurrected?
- What else would Pushkin have created if he had not died so early?
All kinds of extinct animals and all people can be brought back to life!

Exercise.

Offer 10 options for such a game.

10. Revival of deceased heroes of literary works, in particular, heroes of fairy tales.

Did a fairy tale character die? It doesn’t matter, you just need to draw it and it will come to life.

Exercise.

Come up with continuations of fairy tales, provided that the heroes of the fairy tale did not die. The fox didn’t eat the bun, Ruslan didn’t cut off Chernomor’s beard, the Tin Soldier didn’t melt, Onegin didn’t kill Lensky.

Offer 10 options for such a game.

11. Revival of heroes of artistic paintings and sculptures.
Characters from paintings by famous artists came to life - barge haulers, hunters, Cossacks, archers.

Exercise.

Name 10 paintings by famous artists and suggest a continuation of the plot, provided that the characters come to life.

12. Changing the usual relationships between the heroes of fairy tales.
Let us recall the following situations: the pike sings a lullaby (“The pike opens its mouth”); "The Gray Wolf serves her faithfully"; Brave Bunny; cowardly lion

Exercise.

Come up with a fairy tale with such an incredible plot: The fox has become the most simple-minded in the forest, and all the animals deceive her.

13. Metaphor.
Metaphor is the transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon) to another based on a characteristic common to both objects. For example, “talk of waves”, “cold gaze”. Here is an excerpt made up of only metaphors:

On a thread of idle fun
He nizal with a cunning hand
Transparent flattery necklace
And the rosary of golden wisdom.
A. S. Pushkin

Exercise.

Name the metaphors and ask the children to explain which properties are transferred to whom.
Soft character. Cheeks are burning. Drowned in twos. Keep a tight rein. Turned green with anger. Muscles of steel. Iron character. Bronze body.

14. Give a new title to the painting.
The child is shown many subject pictures, postcards or reproductions of famous artists and asked to give them new names. Compare who named it better: the child or the artist. The basis for the name can be the plot, mood, deep meaning, etc.

Exercise.

Give 10 new titles of old famous paintings.

15. Fantastic association.
A fantastic idea can be obtained by combining the properties or parts of two or three objects. For example, fish + man = mermaid, horse + man = centaur. Who are the sirens? The same pair of objects can give different ideas depending on the qualities they combine.

Exercise.

Offer 10 examples of combinations of unexpected qualities of various real creatures.

16. Fantastic crushing.
Remember the plot of the wonderful novel “The Twelve Chairs” or the plot of Svetlov’s fairy tale about a man named Ruble, who fell from the fifteenth floor and broke into ten kopecks. Each dime has its own destiny. One kopeck was exchanged for kopecks, another became a big boss and looked more important than a ruble, the third began to multiply.

Exercise.

Come up with a fairy tale with a similar plot. For example, an orange scattered into slices, a pomegranate scattered into 365 grains (exactly 365 grains in any pomegranate, check), the fate of sister peas from the same pod.

17. “How lucky I am.”

“How lucky I am,” says the sunflower, “I am like the sun.”
“How lucky I am,” says the potato, “I feed people.”
“How lucky I am,” says the birch tree, “they make fragrant brooms out of me.”

Exercise.

Come up with 10 variations of this game.

18. Reception acceleration - deceleration.

You can speed up or slow down the speed of any process. To direct your imagination in this direction, ask questions like: “What will happen if,” “What will happen if.”

What will happen if the Earth rotates 24 times faster? The day will last 1 hour. In 1 hour you need to have time to sleep, have breakfast, go to school (15 minutes), have lunch, do homework (3-4 minutes), take a walk, have dinner.

What will happen if the seasons last 100 years? (Then people born at the beginning of winter would never see green grass, flowers, or flooding rivers)
Exercise. Suggest three or four stories related to the specified technique.

19. Acceleration and deceleration of time.

Themes of fantasy stories.

S i t u a t s i 1. You invented a chronodin - a device with which you can change the speed of time and the speed of processes in time at will. You can speed up any processes or slow them down.

S i t u a t s i 2. It was not you who invented the chronodin, but someone else, and this other person, unexpectedly for you, at his own request, changes the speed of the processes in which you participate.
The lesson lasts either 40 minutes, then 4 minutes, then 4 hours, and all this is unpredictable for the teacher and students.
I started eating the cake, and time sped up 1000 times! It's a shame!
How to live in such a world?

S i t u a t s i 3. You invented a chronotour (a tour is movement in a circle) - a device with which you can repeat events, repeat marriages, rejuvenate and age people, animals, objects, cars many times over.

Who would you make younger and by how many years?
- What period of life would you like to live again?

Exercise. Suggest several stories using the above techniques.

20. Time machine.

You have a time machine! You sit in it and can travel to the near and distant past of any country, to the near and distant future of any country and be there at any time. But you can’t change anything there, you can only watch. While you are in the past or in the future, life on Earth proceeds according to its usual laws.

“Home option”: while sitting at home, you look into the “Mirror of Time” or mentally take pictures with the “Time Camera” or “Time Movie Camera” or “Magic Eye”. Name the place and time and, please, the image is ready.

What would you like to see in the past?
- What were your mother and grandmother like when they were the same age as me now?
- How did dinosaurs live?
- I would like to meet and talk with Pushkin, Napoleon, Socrates, Magellan.
- What would you like to see in the future?
-Who will I be? How many children will I have?
- Talk to your future son.

This is an incredible situation. A message was sent from Earth to a distant star. Intelligent beings live on this star; they have a time machine. They sent the answer, but they made a mistake, and the answer came to Earth before the message was sent.

Exercise. Suggest 10 stories related to the time machine effect.

21. Chronoclasm.
This is a paradox caused by interference with a previous life. Someone moved into the past and changed something there, and then returned, but on Earth everything is different. To encourage imagination in this direction, questions like:

What would happen now if something had happened differently in the past or if something had not happened at all?
- What would have to be changed in the past so that what happened would not happen?

For example:

I lost my keys. It doesn’t matter, I go back in time and don’t take the keys with me.
- What would have happened if there had not been a coup in 1917?

What can be changed in the past? Everything can be changed in the past! Actions of people, phenomena of living and inanimate nature, surroundings.

Chronoclasm, time machine, chronotour, chronodyne - these are wonderful fantasy techniques; they provide an inexhaustible number of plots.

Exercise. Suggest some crazy plots for these techniques.
(I went back in time to look for a bride. I found out why brontosaurs became extinct.)

22. Method of L.N. Tolstoy.

They write that L.N. Tolstoy regularly used the following method every morning as morning mental exercises.

Take the most ordinary object: a chair, a table, a pillow, a book. Describe this object in the words of a person who has never seen it before and does not know what it is or why.

For example, what would an Australian aborigine say about watches?

Exercise. Write down several descriptions of objects for the native.

23. Free imagination.

Children are asked to fantasize uncontrollably on a given topic, using any fantasy techniques and any combinations thereof. Unlike solving any serious problem, you can propose any ideas, even the most crazy ones.

Come up with a fantastic plant.

All known fruits grow on one plant at the same time: apples, pears, oranges, avocados, pineapples, mangoes, coconuts.

All known fruits and vegetables grow on one plant (tomatoes and potatoes; from the leaves you can make tobacco, get a painkiller and a “beauty product.” In principle, this is possible, since tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, belladonna (in Italian - “ beautiful lady") belong to the same family - nightshades.

Known and unknown fruits, vegetables and nuts grow on the same plant.

Amazing watermelon: inside there is marmalade, and instead of seeds there are candies. This is also possible, you just need to water it with sweet water and honey.

Objects of living and inanimate nature grow on one tree.

The flower is made of chocolate and never fades, no matter how much you eat it.

24. Come up with a fantastic structure.

The building of the future: everything is visible from the inside to the outside, but nothing is visible from the outside to the inside. A creature (person, dog...) with harmful intentions for the owner of the house cannot enter the building.

What qualities should a house have if the weight and size of the owner changes 10 times every hour?

25. Come up with a new type of transport.

Invention ideas:

A meson-gravitational-electromagnetic beam is directed at a person, which splits the person into atoms, their relative positions are remembered, transmitted along the atom to the right place and collected there in the same order. (Examine the situation: the program for assembling a person went wrong, but they didn’t notice it! How did they assemble a person? What if they mixed up the atoms of several people?)

Synthetic transport that combines the advantages of all known types of transport: the speed of a rocket, the luxury of a top-class cabin on an ocean liner, the all-weather capability of an aircraft for lightning research, the uselessness of helicopter landing and take-off pads, the healthfulness of horse-drawn transport.

The road surface is wavy or triangular in shape. Invent a wheel so that it doesn’t shake on such a road. This will also be an invention!

26. Come up with a new holiday or competition.

Flower Festival. Everyone has flowers painted on their cheeks. On this day you can only speak the Chinese language of flowers.

Feast of the arrival of swallows.

Celebration of the first mosquito.

Dreamers competition. Two teams are participating. Each team offers the other team various tasks: a) a topic for a humorous story of 5 phrases; b) an object for composing a riddle (table, fork, TV); c) the beginning of the story. For example. “My friend Keith invited me on a trip around the world”; d) some fantasy technique is suggested. You need to use this technique to come up with an incredible story.

27. Come up with a dramatic plot.

Mom spoiled her daughter beyond all measure. What happened to mother and daughter?

A man got lost, accidentally found a house abandoned by hunters and lived there for 7 years. How did he live there? What did he eat, what did he wear?.. (After five years he forgot how to speak, etc.)

28. Come up with a new fantasy game.

To come up with a new unprecedented game, you need to come up with incredible conditions and rules for this game.

The chess pieces are made of chocolate; You win an opponent's piece and you can eat it right away.

Game "Edible Checkers". They do become edible, but only after they are won fairly. Think about what special properties will a won king and a locked checker have?

Cylindrical checkers and chess. The board is rolled into a cylinder so that fields a1, a2, a3, etc. are next to fields h1, h2, h3, respectively. The verticals become the generators of the cylinder.

Lobachevsky's checkers. The board mentally folds into a fantastic figure - at the same time both the sides and the sides facing the players close together. The generators are verticals and horizontals at the same time.

Super chess. Instead of chess pieces there are cubes. On the sides of each cube there are images of six figures, except for the king. Once per game, you can change the status of a piece (turn over the die), unexpectedly for the enemy.

29. Magical fulfillment of one’s own desires and materialization of thoughts.

You have become a powerful wizard. Just think - and any, but only good, wish will come true. For example, you can make anyone happy. But if you plan something bad for someone else, then it will happen to you.

Here's a goodwill test.

Tell the children that for an hour they can do whatever they want to people, good or bad. Check what the kids will want to do? Good or evil?

The robbers have caught a worthy man and want to kill him. Suggest at least 10 ways to save him (make him invisible, freeze the robbers).

30. You began to have the gift of telepathy.

Telepathy is the transmission of thoughts and feelings over a distance without the use of the senses. You can even not only read the thoughts of other people, but also mentally force people to do what you want. How do you use this gift?

31. Nadya Rusheva's method.
Here's another great way to develop imagination and drawing skills. This is a well-known universal method that was used by the brilliant girl Nadya Rusheva.

By the age of 16, with a felt-tip pen or pen in hand, she had read books by more than fifty writers, from ancient to modern: Homer, Shakespeare, Pushkin, Lermontov, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Exupery, Bulgakov, and drew, drew, drew. I read, fantasized and drew. This helped her achieve lightness, sophistication and “floating” lines in her drawings. Over her seventeen-year life, she created ten thousand wonderful drawings! Having studied ballet as a child, she knew how much effort this “lightness of soaring” is achieved. This wonderful, but not popular method is called: hard work and perseverance!

32. Method "RVS".

RVS is an abbreviation of three words: size, weight, cost.

It should be noted that the “RVS” method is a special case of the more general “decrease-increase” method, when any characteristics of the system can be changed from zero to infinity, and not just dimensions, weight or cost. For example, speed, quantity, quality, friction force, thinking power, memory power, company profit, headcount, salaries. Such thought experiments “blur” the usual idea of ​​the system being improved, make it “soft”, changeable, and make it possible to look at the problem from an unusual angle.

The RVS method is based on the dialectical principle of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones. This method is also called the “monster test method”, or the “transition to the limit method”, or the “contradiction intensification method”.

The RVS method very well develops fantasy and imagination, and also allows you to overcome the mental inertia of thinking. We must remember that we are conducting a thought experiment, where everything is possible, and not a practical one, when the inexorable laws of nature apply.

There is also the “super-RVS” method, when the limiting transitions of several characteristics are simultaneously viewed. Such “blows to the subcortex” can carve out something non-standard. For example, what will happen to the system if the system has a minimum cost, but maximum size and weight, etc.
Of course, you need to learn how to use the RVS method.

33. Property transfer method.

Let's consider a very fun, mischievous and very simple (for those who know how to fantasize) method of endowing ordinary objects with completely unusual properties for them, taken, however, from ordinary objects. In science, this method is called the method of focal objects.

The algorithm is very simple.

First step: an object is selected that they want to improve or give it completely unusual properties. For children, this could be a toy, doll, ball, notebook, textbook, class magazine, animal, plant or person. This will be the so-called focal object. For example, let's choose a Barbie doll as the focal object. It seems that she is already the limit of invention in the doll class. Let's see what happens.

Second step: select several random objects. For example: light bulb, balloon, TV.

Third step: For these random objects, a list of their characteristic properties, functions and features is compiled.

An electric light bulb glows, is warm, transparent, burns out, and is plugged into the power grid.
A balloon flies, inflates, does not sink, and bounces.
TV - shows, speaks, sings, has control knobs.

Fourth step: the formulated properties are transferred to the focal object.
So what happens? Let's fantasize and especially not worry about the real possibility of realizing what we have imagined. Go:

Barbie glows from within with a matte pink-milky light. The room is dark, but it glows. This is good: you won’t lose it and you can even read it!

Barbie is always pleasantly warm, as if alive. You can take it outside and warm your hands. You can place bird eggs next to warm Barbie and chicks or chicks will hatch from them. You can lean it against the aquarium and Barbie will heat the water for the fish.

Barbie is transparent. You can see how her heart beats, blood flows through the vessels, you can study anatomy.

Burns out. It’s clear that Barbie needs to have spare parts: a set of arms, legs, heads, dresses. Barbie designer.

Now let's see what ideas the balloon will give us.

Flying Barbie. Barbie angel with wings. Barbie Swan, Barbie Dragonfly, Barbie Skydiver. Barbie flies like a flying squirrel or like a bat and has beautiful clear membranes from her fingertips to her toes.

Inflatable Barbie. You can make a slim Barbie, you can make a fat Barbie, you can make a flat Barbie for carrying. When the head is inflated separately, the facial expression changes. When "overblowing" Barbie begins to squeak, warning: "I'm about to burst." You can play with an inflated Barbie in the bath and learn to swim.

What does the comparison with TV give?

Let Barbie show morning exercises, aerobics, and yoga asanas every morning.
Let Barbie scream indignantly when they start breaking her or quarreling in front of her.

A combination of properties can be used. As a rule, among the absurdities one comes across original ideas that the trial and error method will not produce.

The focal object method is an excellent method for developing imagination, associative thinking and serious invention.

Proposals developing the method.

Children really like it when they themselves are put into focus. Improving clothes, such as stockings, tights, and boots, is a lot of fun.
You can pre-define the object class in the second step.
The method can be used to come up with the design of stores, exhibitions, and gifts.

Before starting an idea generation session, you can think with the children what is good and what is bad about the selected focal object, who is good and who is bad, why it is good and why it is bad, etc. And then start fantasizing.

The best inventions should be praised.

34. Combination of techniques.

The “highest aerobatics” of fantasy is the use of many techniques simultaneously or sequentially. They used one technique and added a new technique to what happened. This leads very far from the initial object and where it will lead is completely unknown. Very interesting activity, try it. But only a bold-minded person can do this.

Exercise. Take some fairy-tale object (Pinocchio, Kolobok) and apply 5-10 fantasy techniques to it successively. What will happen?

35. Beautiful ancient fantasies with transformations.

As examples of magnificent fantasy, let us recall the myths of the ancient Greeks and Romans, in which people turn into plants.

The beautiful young man Cypress accidentally killed his favorite deer. He begged silver-bowed Apollo to let him be sad forever, and Apollo turned him into a slender cypress tree. Since then, the cypress has been considered a sad burial tree.

Another beautiful young man Narcissus had a different fate. According to one version, Narcissus saw his reflection in the river, fell in love with it and died of self-love. The gods turned it into a fragrant flower. According to another version, Narcissus dared not to respond to a woman’s love, and, at the request of other women rejected by men, he was turned into a flower. According to another version of this myth, Narcissus had a dearly beloved twin sister. My sister died unexpectedly. The yearning Narcissus saw his reflection in a stream, thought it was his sister, looked at his reflection for a long time and died of grief. According to the fourth version, having seen his reflection in the river and fallen in love with it, Narcissus realized the hopelessness of this love and stabbed himself. Flowers named after him grew from drops of Narcissus's blood.

Great examples of fantasy. One version is more beautiful than the other. Try and offer your own equally dramatic or touching versions of Narcissus.

The Legend of Daphne. Pursued by Apollo, who was in love with her, the young nymph Daphne prayed for help to the gods and was turned into a laurel, which became Apollo's sacred tree. Since then, winners of musical competitions in honor of Apollo have been awarded a laurel wreath. In ancient art, Daphne (Daphnia) was depicted at the moment when, overtaken by Apollo, she turns (sprouts) into a laurel.

The desperate young man Phaeton was unable to cope with the horses of the solar team of his father, the sun god Helios, for which he was struck by the lightning of Zeus. The Heliades, sisters of Phaethon, mourned the death of their brother so sadly that the gods turned them into poplars, the leaves of which always make a sad noise. Heliad's tears became amber.

Israeli scientists have discovered a giant white hole in the Universe, the significance of which is still unknown

Scientists have discovered a giant white hole. Scientists claim that this unique cosmic formation gives birth and throws matter into space without absorbing anything into itself, as black holes known to science do. If all the researchers' calculations are correct, then they have actually discovered the antipode of a black hole.

Since the instantaneous decay of a white hole is similar in mechanism and consequences to the Big Bang that created the Universe itself, but only reduced many times, the authors of the work called such an event a Small Bang, writes Membrana.

A white hole is a hypothetical physical object in the Universe into which nothing can enter. A white hole is the temporal opposite of a black hole. Theoretically, it is assumed that white holes can form when matter from a black hole located in another time emerges from behind the event horizon.

To date, there are no known physical objects that can reliably be considered white holes, and there are also no theoretical prerequisites for methods of searching for them (unlike black holes, which should be located, for example, in the centers of large spiral galaxies).

Human self-development

Sooner or later, any person ceases to be satisfied with the skills and abilities he has and begins to think about self-development. In childhood, the process of self-development occurs naturally: we grow, learn, explore the world and look for our place in it. However, as adults, we lose this inner strength that pushed us forward towards the new and unknown, and we acquire many habits, complexes and everyday worries. And so it begins to seem to us that life has ended for us, and instead a long and monotonous journey to old age has begun. Then a person is faced with a choice: whether to continue to float helplessly with the flow towards inevitable death, gradually losing the inexpressible feeling of the joy of being acquired in childhood, or to try to break out of the cycle of routine and gray days. Most prefer the first, and only a few are able to discover for themselves a new path full of joy and amazing discoveries, which we call human self-development.

There are a great many theories and methods of personality development, so an unprepared person, as a rule, has ordinary and largely naive questions: “What to read for self-development?”, “Which method of self-development is the most correct?”, “How not to make a mistake in choosing a path and Don't waste your time? All these problems of a beginner who has decided to practice personal self-development stem from a typical misconception that is used by many dishonest “gurus” of all stripes. There is one significant difference between the education of an unintelligent child and the self-development of an adult, and it lies in the fact that the child is taught to meet the standards of thinking accepted in society, and any practice of conscious self-development is based on freeing the person’s mind from social patterns and stereotypes. Therefore, there is no one true path for personal development that is suitable for absolutely everyone, but everyone must decide for themselves what they want and how far they are willing to go in their desire for growth and self-improvement. The center of self-development is a person’s personality, his self-consciousness enslaved by countless conventions and dogmas, which is in dire need of cleansing and emancipation. A simple conclusion follows from this: a good teacher helps the student free his consciousness from everything unnecessary, but a false teacher, on the contrary, fills the student’s head with all sorts of fantastic concepts and fictions in order to confuse him even more.

Self-development: where to start?

Spirituality and its role in the life of Russia

About the peculiarities of Russia

By the will of fate, you and I happened to live in Russia, in an unruly, scattering space, on the territory of which 3.5 Chinas or 44 Germanys are freely located. For each resident of our country there is 11.5 km 2 of land, while in the USA it is 5.4 km 2, and in Japan it is 0.29 km 2.

A huge territory pressed against the Arctic Ocean, a country with early frosts, long and cold winters and short summers (compared to the USA, each resident of our country requires on average 5 times more thermal and electrical energy), a country in the north of which there are endless swamps, in the middle part, where it was always possible to hide from enemies in the forests, poor soils, and fertile ones where it was impossible to hide from raids. And the mountains do not protect us from storms or from the enemy.

And these spaces are incredibly rich in natural resources. However, they are located in areas of permafrost or endless swamps, and they are not so easy to take.

With our mother’s milk, we already absorb the endless expanses of our homeland, internal and external spiritual freedom. The open spaces also influenced our souls, giving them a breadth, freedom and lightness that other peoples do not have.

The great Russian philosopher I.A. Ilyin wrote at the beginning of the twentieth century:

“The Russian spirit is characterized by spiritual freedom, inner breadth, awareness of unknown, unprecedented possibilities. We are born in this inner freedom, we breathe it, we carry it within us by nature - both all its gifts and all its dangers: and its gifts are the ability to create from the depths, to love selflessly and burn in prayer; and its dangers - a craving for anarchy, lawlessness, arbitrariness and confusion. There is no spirituality without freedom; and now, thanks to our freedom, the paths of the spirit are open to us: both our own, original, and strangers, paved by others. But there is no spiritual culture without discipline; - and so, discipline is our great task, our calling and destiny. Spiritual freedom is given to us by nature; spiritual formation is given to us by God.”

We carry within us all the gifts and dangers of this freedom. The gifts lie in the amazing ability to selflessly create, to love selflessly, and the dangers lie in the craving for anarchy, tyranny, and lawlessness.

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This is an innovative online video chat that allows you to instantly meet thousands of new women online in a fun and safe environment. What could be scary? Margarita soon crossed the threshold of his workshop and for the next 6 years became his muse, model, and when they left the cave side by side, it turned out that he towered over her on a good dating site for mature women......

The hyperlink must be located in the subtitle or in the first paragraph of the material. During World War II, the Society for Relief of Russia was created in America. But they all fade away from the provocative pictures that followed, straight from the spouses’ bed. Names of speech genres about the sprouts of the future, which can be found in the real, for readers. but instead of changing the world, the world changes. having mastered it girls......

Then we met on the neutral street, he was very cold, he even had difficulty saying hello. The film takes place in the hot, uneventful days between Christmas and New Year, when the frightening realities of the adult world and the elemental forces of nature begin to invade the young idyll of a growing girl. Journalist and here is my Vasily Petrovich. on average, neither men nor women can distinguish between flirting, but also those......

Such a person traditionally wants to believe that he is being driven and that his excessive jealousy is to blame. Have you moved to another city or simply want to expand your circle of acquaintances? If a woman came on a second date with you, it means you are handsome and did everything right on the first. They all doubt and want to weigh everything again. There is only one goal: to update your program and leave as a new person with new goals and......

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Imagination and fantasy

Man has always felt the need to immerse himself in virtual reality. The main instrument for its creation at all stages of human history was art, forming the “second reality”. When primeval

21.2. Imagination and fantasy

the artist depicted a hunting scene on the wall of a cave; this was the first recording on a material medium of a person’s virtual view of the world around him. After all, consciousness is an instrument that reflects the world in ideas that allow a person to survive in circumstances that most often he does not choose for himself. The basis of virtual reality is such a property of the human psyche as imagination and fantasy. Imagine - “to depict sensual and abstract objects in the mind; the possibility of combining and mentally depicting mental pictures” 1. The term “imagination” is used by science, art, and common sense. Imagination can mean “daydreams,” fantasies, daydreaming, etc. In psychology, imagination is understood “as a mental process consisting of the creation of new images... based on the transformation and recombination of elements of a person’s past experience” 2 . The content of images can also be something that a person has never perceived directly: pictures of the distant past or future; places unknown to him; creatures that do not exist on Earth. Images allow a person to go beyond the real world in time and space. Imagination, as the basis of any creative activity, manifests itself in all aspects of cultural life, making artistic, scientific and technical creativity possible. In this sense, everything that surrounds us and that is created by the hand of man, the entire world of culture, in contrast to the world of nature, is a product of human imagination and creativity based on this imagination.

The ability of the imagination to “run ahead” and foresee the occurrence of certain events in the future indicates a close connection between imagination and thinking. Like thinking, imagination arises in a problem situation, is motivated by the needs of the individual, and is determined by the level of development of social consciousness. Imagination, or fantasy, is a mental process of creating images, including foreseeing the final result of an objective

" Dal V. Imagine // Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language (Modern spelling of words). M., 1998.

2 Gostev A.A. The figurative sphere of man. M., 1992. S. 53-54.

Chapter 21. The need for new information technologies

activities and ensuring the creation of a behavior program in cases where the problem situation is characterized by uncertainty. Despite the fact that in a person’s imagination images of objects and phenomena that he has never encountered before appear in a person’s imagination, one can always find real analogues of their constituent elements. Even in the depiction of the Martians by science fiction writer H.G. Wells, one can find earthly realities: the Martian’s head looks like a metal cylinder with a bird’s beak, the legs resemble the limbs of an insect, and in general the Martian looks like a huge octopus. When creating a new object, a person mentally imagines it assembled from parts and details known to him. Therefore, the more knowledge a person has, the richer his experience, the more diverse his impressions, the more interesting and extraordinary images appear in his imagination.

People's imagination serves their “role-playing games”, which ensure that they stay in the virtual world as in the real one. Images of the imaginary world participate in fictitious adventures and real stories deformed in a favorable (or unfavorable) way for the subject. Every person “lives” in an imaginary world, but these “imaginations” must fit within the range of generally accepted meanings, otherwise pathology is possible - complete identification of the imaginary world with the real world, i.e. pathologically inadequate perception of reality.

Since ancient times, man has explained reality to himself with the help of myths, fairy tales, religious characters, etc. Pagan deities who personified the forces of nature - thunder and lightning, the Sun and fire, spirits of mountains, forests, lakes, waters and houses - all this belongs to virtual reality. In the tales and legends of all ancient peoples there are images of a superman (Prometheus, who introduced people to fire), in religions - prophets and saints, in fairy tales and epic songs - knights rescuing captive princesses, defeating dragons, fighting giants and cannibals.

Dreams are also a type of virtual reality. In a dream, a person “lives” in a fantasy world, where the most incredible things seem simple and natural. The plots of dreams are implausible, they usually lack

21.2. Imagination and fantasy

logic and the laws of familiar reality are violated. However, dreams are an important part of people's mental lives.

Psychologists believe that altered states of consciousness play an important role in human life. There are known rituals that bring people into a state of ecstasy with the help of stimuli such as, for example, rhythmic dancing. In ancient times, such mass ecstasy served as a means of “communication” with good and evil spirits, and now the monotonous singing of a shaman, the intoning of certain mantras and suras can lead to altered states of consciousness.

The impact of art on humans is explained by similar mechanisms. A work of art acts for the viewer, the listener, as a constant source of insight, which he comprehends gradually, with more or less clarity, perhaps without any logical completeness, although his mental experience also awakens a characteristic emotion called a sense of beauty, aesthetic emotion, aesthetic pleasure. In particular, Aristotelian catharsis, which is the result of empathy and the inclusion of the viewer in the artistic plot, is close in nature to virtual states caused by other means.

The ability of art to create a “second reality” has been greatly enhanced by cinema. The effectiveness of this new virtual reality system was demonstrated at the first Lumière brothers' screenings, when audiences fled in terror from a train that seemed to be moving from the screen towards them. Indeed, cinema has always created a virtual world. “Cinema does not reflect reality, it creates its own reality, creates it like God, with its own laws that contradict the laws of physics” 1. Of all the arts, cinema is best able to show the border between the illusory and the real and is just as closely connected with dreams and the unconscious. What is filmed and reflected on the screen seems real, but it only seems real, just as what he sees in a dream seems reality to a sleeping person.

Hi all! Today we’ll talk about the development of imagination in a preschooler.

Imagination is a mental representation of what is not, from what is in memory, also imagination is creativity, the creation of something new from the old.

Are there differences between imagination and fantasy?

Imagination is ideas, images based on reality, and fantasy is all the same, but the creation of unreal, fabulous conditions, situations and objects.

So, we have figured out what the differences are, now we need to determine what types of imagination exist.

1. Recreating imagination. With this type of imagination, images are represented according to a pre-compiled description (example: a poem read, a book read or a story), otherwise this imagination is called reproducing, remembering.

2. Creative imagination. This type of imagination is different in that it creates new images based on one’s own thoughts taken from the head.

3. Uncontrolled imagination. Crazy fantasy, also called violent.

Children love to fantasize, that is, to create an unreal (fairy-tale) plot and solve their fairy-tale tasks and problems in it. This is what distinguishes fantasy from imagination, because with imagination you have to think realistically and make adult decisions.

Are stupidity and fantasy the same thing?

If a child fantasizes and this later brings harm to him or someone close to him, then this is called stupidity. If everything is within the acceptable limit, then everything is fine, let the child fantasize.

When a child fantasizes, tells something that cannot be, this does not mean that he is lying, he is just making things up, and this is necessary for his development, the brain works - development strives forward.

Development of imagination in a preschooler, how to help?

I'll try to answer this question more clearly:

1. The creative activity of the imagination directly depends on the amount of personal experience of the person himself. The more experience, the richer the imagination. By accumulating experience, the child becomes smarter, more savvy, and if we want the child to become a creative person, we need to help him.

2. Fantasy based on what is heard, i.e. someone else's experience. Example: a child learned or heard that the earth is square and, based on what he heard, fantasizes. Tell your child interesting stories and he will begin to fantasize, imagine and think.

3. The content of imaginary objects or phenomena depends on our feelings while we are fantasizing. If a child does not fantasize that there is someone in a dark corridor and he will become scared, then he may be afraid of the dark in the future, is the example clear!? Feelings directly depend on and guide creativity.

What ways are there to develop a child’s imagination and fantasy?

Recently, literally 3 days ago, I came across a very interesting video. After watching it, I was simply delighted; the education department methodologist, Kirill Viktorovich Chetvertokov, gives a very interesting example of how to develop a child’s imagination.

Motivation and its formation

You need to convince the child that fantasizing is useful and not at all shameful. If a child is interested in fantasizing, only then will he enjoy it. After all, at first the child fantasizes, then he grows up and begins to learn to imagine, which in the future will help him think rationally.

You need to gain the child’s trust in you, then the child will willingly listen to you. The child has grown up and began to repeat after you, take advantage of this, you are now an authority for him. Now interesting fantasy tales and stories will help.

You need to ask the child questions, leading him to imagination. Example: what would you do if you became invisible? Listen to your child and ask leading questions. You can also offer your child some unrealistic situation, let him fantasize. The child must think and then everything will work out for him.

There are many types of games that develop imagination, but I will talk about them in the next article. Therefore, if you liked the article, update the site and be the first to know about all the most interesting things.

Plan:

1. Introduction

2. Imagination and fantasy

2.1 Definition of imagination

2.2 Imagination in creativity

2.3 Working conditions of the actor's imagination

3. Conclusion

1 . Introduction

The images that a person uses and creates are not limited to the reproduction of what is directly perceived. A person can see in images something that he did not directly perceive, and something that did not exist at all, and even something that cannot exist. This only means that not every process occurring in images can be understood as a process of reproduction, because people not only cognize and contemplate the world, they change and transform it. But in order to transform reality in practice, you need to be able to do this mentally. It is this need that imagination satisfies.

Imagination is the most important aspect of our life. If we imagine for a moment that a person would not have imagination. We would lose almost all scientific discoveries and works of art, images created by the greatest writers and inventions of designers. Children would not hear fairy tales and would not be able to play many games. How could they master the school curriculum without imagination?

Thanks to imagination, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities. Almost all human material and spiritual culture is a product of people's imagination and creativity.

Imagination takes a person beyond his immediate existence, reminds him of the past, and opens up the future. Along with a decrease in the ability to fantasize, a person’s personality becomes impoverished, the possibilities of creative thinking decrease, and interest in art and science fades.

Imagination is the highest mental function and reflects reality. However, with the help of imagination, a mental departure beyond the limits of what is directly perceived is carried out. Its main task is to present the expected result before its implementation. With the help of imagination, we form an image of an object, situation, or condition that has never existed or does not currently exist.

It’s easier to say - deprive a person of imagination, and progress will stop! This means that imagination and fantasy are the highest and most necessary ability of a person. However, fantasy, like any form of mental reflection, must have a positive direction of development. It should contribute to better knowledge of the world around us, self-discovery and self-improvement of the individual, and not develop into passive daydreaming, replacing real life with dreams.

1. Imagination and fantasy

Imagination in general, and creative imagination in particular, plays an important role in all areas of human activity.

The creative activity of an actor arises and takes place on stage in the plane of imagination (stage life is created by fantasy, artistic invention). “A play, a role,” writes K. S. Stanislavsky, “is the author’s invention, it is a series of magical and other “if only”, “suggested circumstances” invented by him...” It is they who carry the artist, as if on wings, from the reality of our days to the plane of imagination. And further he points out: “The task of the artist and his creative technique is to transform the fiction of the play into artistic stage reality.”

The author of any play leaves a lot unsaid. He says little about what happened to the character before the play began. Often does not inform us of what the character did between acts. The author also gives laconic remarks (he got up, left, cried, etc.). All this must be supplemented by the artist with fiction and imagination. Therefore, the more developed the artist’s fantasy and imagination, Stanislavsky argued, the broader the artist’s creativity and the deeper his creativity.

2.1 Definition of imagination

Imagination is a special form of the psyche that only a person can have. It is continuously connected with the human ability to change the world, transform reality and create new things. M. Gorky was right when he said that “it is fiction that raises a person above an animal,” because only a person who, being a social being, transforms the world, develops true imagination.

Possessing a rich imagination, a person can live in different times, which no other living creature in the world can afford. The past is recorded in memory images, and the future is represented in dreams and fantasies.

Any imagination generates something new, changes, transforms what is given by perception. These changes and transformations can be expressed in what a person, based on knowledge and experience, imagines, i.e. will create a picture of something that he himself has never actually seen. For example, a message about a flight into space encourages our imagination to paint pictures of life in zero gravity, fantastic in its unusualness, surrounded by stars and planets.

The imagination can, anticipating the future, create an image, a picture of something that never happened. So the astronauts could imagine in their imagination a flight into space and a landing on the Moon when it was just a dream, not yet realized and it is unknown whether it is feasible.

The imagination can finally make such a departure from reality that it creates a fantastic picture that clearly deviates from reality. But even in this case, it to some extent reflects this reality. And the imagination is the more fruitful and valuable the more it, while transforming reality and deviating from it, still takes into account its essential aspects and most significant features.

S.L. Rubinstein writes: “Imagination is a departure from past experience, it is the transformation of what is given and the generation of new images on this basis.”

L.S. Vygodsky believes that “the imagination does not repeat impressions that were accumulated before, but builds some new series from previously accumulated impressions. Thus, it introduces something new into our impressions and changes these impressions so that as a result a new, previously non-existent image appears. It forms the basis of that activity which we call imagination.”

According to E.I. Ignatiev, “the main feature of the imagination process is the transformation and processing of data and materials of past experience, resulting in a new idea.”

And the “Philosophical Dictionary” defines imagination as “the ability to create new sensory or mental images in the human mind based on the transformation of impressions received from reality.”

Many researchers note that imagination is a process of creating new images that occurs visually. This tendency classifies imagination as a form of sensory reflection, while the other believes that imagination creates not only new sensory images, but also produces new thoughts.

2.2 Imagination in creativity

M. Chekhov writes the following about imagination: “The products of the artist’s creative imagination begin to act before your enchanted gaze... your own ideas become paler and paler. Your new imaginations occupy you more than the facts. These enchanting guests who appeared here now live their own lives and awaken your reciprocal feelings. They require you to laugh and cry with them. Like wizards, they create in you an invincible desire to become one of them. From a passive state of mind, imagination lifts you to creativity.”

In order to create something essentially new, to penetrate into the essence of a character, preserving that individuality that makes him alive, the actor must be capable of generalization, concentration, poetic metaphor, and exaggeration of expressive means. And it is clear that the reproduction in the imagination of all the proposed circumstances of the role, even the most vivid and complete, will not yet create a new personality. After all, it is necessary to see, understand, convey to the viewer the inner essence of a new person through the plastic and tempo-rhythmic pattern of actions, through the originality of speech, to reveal his “grain”, to explain the ultimate task.

Sooner or later, while working on a role, an image of the person to be played appears in the actor’s imagination. Some, first of all, “hear” their hero, others imagine his plastic appearance - depending on what type of memory the actor has better developed and what kind of ideas he has richer. In the purifying game of creative imagination, unnecessary details are cut off, the only accurate details appear, the measure of reliability that accompanies the most daring fiction is determined, extremes are compared and those surprises are born, without which art is impossible.

The image model constructed in the imagination is dynamic. In the course of work, it develops, acquires finds, and is supplemented with new colors. As already mentioned, an important feature of the actor’s work is that the fruits of his imagination are realized in action, acquiring concreteness in expressive movements. The actor constantly embodies what he finds, and a correctly played passage, in turn, gives impetus to the imagination. The image created by the imagination is perceived by the actor himself as detached and lives, as it were, independently of its creator. M.A. Chekhov wrote: “...you should not think that the images will appear complete and complete before you. They will require a lot of time to change and improve in order to achieve the degree of expressiveness you need. You must learn to wait patiently... But to wait, does this mean to remain in passive contemplation of images? No. Despite the ability of images to live their own independent life, your activity is a condition for their development.”

In order to understand the hero, it is necessary, says M.A. Chekhov, ask him questions, but such that with your inner vision you can see how the image plays out the answers. In this way, you can understand all the features of the personality being played. Of course, this requires a flexible imagination and a high level of attention.

The ratio of the two described types of imagination may be different for different actors. Where an actor makes greater use of his own motives and his characteristic relationships, a greater share in his creative process is occupied by the imagination of the proposed circumstances and the image of his own “I” in new conditions of existence. But in this case, the palette of the actor’s personality should be especially rich, and the colors should be original and bright, so that the viewer’s interest in them does not wane from role to role.

For actors who have the secret of inner character and are inclined to construct a new personality, a different type of imagination predominates - creative modeling of the image.

Stanislavsky has confirmation of this idea in additions to the chapter “Characterism”. Stanislavsky writes that there are actors who create the proposed circumstances in their imagination and bring them to the smallest detail. They see in their minds everything that happens in their imaginary life. But there is another creative type of actors who see not what is outside them, not the environment and the proposed circumstances, but the image that they play in the appropriate environment and the proposed circumstances. They see him outside of themselves, copying the actions of an imaginary character.

This does not mean, of course, that the actor comes to the first rehearsal with an image already formed in his imagination. The actor’s thinking works according to the trial and error method; intuition processes are of particular importance. What the actor finds, as if by chance, is intuitively assessed by him as the only true one and serves as a powerful impulse for the further work of the imagination.

It is during this period that the actor needs the most complete and vivid representation of himself in the proposed circumstances. Only then will his actions be direct and organic.

It is known that imagining oneself in the proposed circumstances of a role is a mandatory initial stage of training in a theater school. The student develops the ability to act naturally, organically and consistently “on his own” in any imaginary conditions. And accordingly, the imagination of the “circumstances of the action” is trained. This is the ABC of acting. But the true mastery of transformation comes when, in accordance with the author's tasks, the director's decision and the interpretation of the actor himself, a stage character is born - a new human individuality.

If the image of a character is developed in sufficient detail in the artist’s imagination, if he, in the words of M. Chekhov, “lives an independent life in accordance with life and artistic truth,” he is perceived by the creator-actor himself as a living person. In the process of working on a role, there is constant communication between the artist and the hero created in his imagination.

True understanding of another person is impossible without empathy. “To enjoy someone else’s joy and sympathize with someone else’s grief, you need to be able to, with the help of your imagination, transfer yourself to the position of another person, mentally put yourself in his place. A truly sensitive and responsive attitude towards people presupposes a vivid imagination,” wrote B.M. Teplov. Empathy arises under the influence of the image “I am in the proposed circumstances.”

This type of imagination is characterized by the fact that the process of mentally recreating someone else’s feelings and intentions unfolds during the direct interaction of a person with another person. The activity of the imagination in this case proceeds on the basis of direct perception of the actions, expression, content of speeches, and the nature of the actions of another.

2.3 Conditions for the acting imagination

It can be assumed that the interaction between the actor and the character during the performance follows the same pattern. Naturally, this requires a high level of imagination and a special professional culture. To achieve the pinnacle of acting, the following conditions are necessary:

r firstly, the role must be developed in such detail that it can live its own, as if special life in the artist’s imagination;

r secondly, the life of the character should evoke the empathy of the actor himself and identification with the role;

r thirdly, the actor must have a high level of concentration so that creative dominance can easily arise;

r fourthly, the actor’s ability to experience the proposed circumstances as real, life-like ones is important. A sense of faith is a professionally important quality that helps an actor make the character's life circumstances his own.

Stage behavior is determined by empathy not with a real, as in life, communication partner, but with that supporting image-character that was born in the creative imagination in the process of mastering the role. The actor’s actions, like an echo, repeat the actions of an imaginary person on stage. The “I” of the actor and the “I” of the image merge in this unique process of communication into a single whole. Already in the work of the recreating imagination, as studies by O.I. Nikiforova, intuitive processes play a huge role. Thus, according to the researcher, when perceiving literary texts, the process of imagination proceeds in a condensed and unconscious manner. Imagery representations are associated by the imagination with impressions accumulated in experience. In this case, an emotional experience of the images arises, they are perceived as alive, anticipation of what follows and co-creation with the author takes place.

Something similar probably happens during stage action. Communication with the image during the performance is curtailed and unconscious, leaving only confidence in the correctness of the action pattern. In the language of performing arts, this intuitive confidence is called a “sense of truth.” It determines creative well-being, gives a feeling of freedom on the stage, and makes improvisation possible.

Thus, transformation is achieved when the actor sufficiently fully develops the proposed circumstances of the role and visual-motor representations of the type “I am in the proposed circumstances.” Thus, he, as it were, plows the soil on which the seed of a creative plan should grow. In parallel with the recreating imagination, the creative imagination works, creating a generalized image of the character. And only in the interaction of the image of “I in the proposed circumstances” and the image of the role in the process of stage action does a new personality arise, expressing a certain artistic idea.

Consequently, the actor “goes from himself” to the image, but the supporting image, developing, acquiring details, becomes more and more “alive” in the imagination and actions on stage, until a fusion of these two personalities occurs - the imaginary and the real.

3. Conclusion

Imagination plays a huge role in human life. Thanks to imagination, a person creates, intelligently plans and manages his activities. Almost all human material and spiritual culture is a product of people's imagination and creativity. Imagination also plays a huge role in the development and improvement of man as a species. It takes a person beyond the limits of his momentary existence, reminds him of the past, and opens up the future.

Possessing a rich imagination, a person can “live” in different times, which no other creature in the world can afford. The past is recorded in memory images, arbitrarily resurrected by an effort of will, the future is presented in dreams and fantasies.

Imagination is the main visual-figurative thinking, which allows a person to navigate a situation and solve problems without the direct intervention of practical actions. It helps him in many ways in those cases of life when practical actions are either impossible, or difficult, or simply impractical or undesirable.

Imagination differs from perception, which is the process of a person receiving and processing various information entering the brain through the senses, and which ends in the formation of an image, in that its images do not always correspond to reality; they contain elements of fantasy and fiction.

How should we understand fantasy and imagination in performing arts?

Fantasy is mental representations that transport us to exceptional circumstances and conditions that we did not know, did not experience or see, which we did not have and do not have in reality.

Imagination resurrects what we have experienced or seen, what is familiar to us. Imagination can create a new idea, but from an ordinary, real life phenomenon.

As Stanislavsky said: “An artist needs imagination not only in order to create, but also in order to renew what has already been created and worn out. This is done by introducing new fiction or certain details that refresh it.” After all, in the theater you will have to play each role in the play dozens of times, and so that it does not lose its freshness and reverence, a new invention of the imagination is needed.