Third generation antibiotic. Top lists of the best antibiotics for colds of bacterial etiology

Antibiotics are chemicals produced by microorganisms. There are also synthetic antibiotics. Both have a common goal - bacteria. There are 7,300 different species found in our environment. And of course, to fight them you need a real arsenal. Let's look at the list of antibiotics in alphabetical order.

Antibiotics in human life

Today there are a large number of antibiotics, more than 10,000 types, with different ways actions. Some, such as penicillin, act on the walls or membranes of bacteria, causing their destruction. The actions of others are aimed at blocking their development and survival. Finally, there are antibiotics that act directly at the DNA level of bacteria, preventing their division and proliferation.

But there is one significant problem: the longer we use antibiotics, the more bacteria appear that can resist them. Over the years, pharmaceutical developments have been able to circumvent this resistance, thanks to ever newer generations of antibacterial drugs. However, the ability of bacteria to adapt and block the action of antibiotics remains a major public health problem.

Classification of antibiotics. New generation drugs with a wide spectrum of action

There are several classifications of antibiotics. Here are the most common ones:

• biochemical;
• in accordance with their spectrum of action.

The spectrum of action refers to the list of types of bacteria that a given antibiotic actively affects. Antibiotic wide range acts on a large number of bacteria - bacilli, gram-positive and negative cocci. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics only affect bacilli and gram-positive cocci.

Of interest to us is the classification of antibiotics by mode of action:

• bactericidal agents that inhibit the synthesis of bacterial membranes:
• beta-lactams;
• glycopeptides;
• fosfomycins;
• antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome:
• macrolides;
• tetracyclines;
• aminoglycosides;
• chloramphenicol;
• antibacterial drugs whose action is based on inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis:
• quinolones;
• rifampicins;
• sulfonamides.

Considering the long and long-term confrontation between bacteria and bactericidal agents, all these types of drugs are represented by several generations. Each subsequent generation is distinguished by a more advanced degree of purity of the composition, which makes them less toxic to humans.

We offer you an alphabetical list of new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action:

• "Avelox";
• "Azithromycin";
• "Amoxiclav";
• "Hepacef";
• "Doxycycline";
• "Clarithromycin";
• "Klacid";
• "Lincomycin";
• "Naklofen";
• "Rovamycin";
• "Roxithromycin";
• "Rulid";
• "Suprax";
• "Tazid";
• "Fuzidin";
• "Cephabol";
• "Cefodox";
• "Cefumax".

Below is a list of antibiotics in alphabetical order for sinusitis for oral administration and in the form of an injection solution:

• "Amoxiclav";
• "Amoxil";
• "Amoxicillin";
• "Ampioks";
• "Arlet";
• "Grunamox";
• "Zitrolide";
• "Macropen";
• "Ospamox";
• "Rovamycin";
• "Cefazolin";
• "Cephalexin";
• "Cefotaxime";
• "Ceftriaxone";
• "Tsifran".

Antibiotic names in alphabetical order for children:

• For inflammatory diseases of the bronchi and lungs:
• "Amoxiclav";
• "Amoxicillin";
• "Ampicillin";
• "Augmentin";
• "Flemoxin Solutab".
• For the treatment of ENT diseases:
• "Zinacef";
• "Zinnat";
• "Cefutil".
• For bacterial infections respiratory tract:
• "Azithromycin";
• "Hemomycin."

Features of taking antibiotics

Taking antibiotics, like any medicine, requires following some simple rules:

• Most antibiotic treatment involves two or three doses daily. It is important to establish a regular rhythm of taking your medication by choosing fixed hours.
• With or without food? Basically, optimal time- half an hour before meals, but there are exceptions. Some antibiotics are better absorbed with fat and must be taken with food, so it is important to read the instructions before starting treatment. Tablets and capsules should be taken with water.
• The duration of antibiotic treatment should be sufficient to clear the infection. It is very important not to stop treatment when symptoms disappear! As a rule, the initial course is 5-6 days or longer as directed by the doctor.
• Never resort to self-medication and follow your doctor’s instructions exactly. Monitor your body's reaction to an object side effects.

A standard acute respiratory infection, ARVI develops as a result of the penetration of viruses into the body, but often against the background of a weakened immune system, a bacterial infection occurs; in such cases, antibiotics are prescribed for colds. If you choose the wrong drugs, you can only worsen the situation - serious complications and allergies will arise. Be careful.

Antibiotics are used to fight infection

When are antibiotics prescribed for a cold?

For a common cold, there is no point in taking antibiotics, since the disease is of viral origin, but often respiratory infections are complicated by bacterial pathologies - here you cannot do without antibiotics.

When to take antibiotics for a cold:

• 2–3 days after the onset of the disease, the patient’s condition does not improve, but only worsens;
• the runny nose gets worse, it is difficult to breathe through the nose, the discharge becomes yellow or green in color;
• after 4–5 days of acute respiratory infection, a deep cough with a large amount of sputum appears;
• the temperature rises sharply to 38 degrees or more.

At sharp increase fever, antibiotics are prescribed

Complicated colds are an exception to the rule; the immune system of a healthy person is able to cope with viruses in 7–10 days. The risk of developing pneumonia, sore throat, otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis is high in people whose defenses are weakened. Who is at risk? Young children, elderly people, people who have undergone organ transplantation, for a long time Patients with HIV and cancer take immunosuppressants and corticosteroids.

For a healthy adult, colds up to 6 times a year - normal phenomenon, in children this figure can reach 10 cases annually. When taken in a timely manner antiviral drugs recovery occurs within 7–10 days.

List of the best antibiotics for colds

If signs of a bacterial infection appear, or prescribe broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs. After receiving the results of tests on the sensitivity of microorganisms to the active component of the drug, a drug is prescribed that will directly affect the causative agents of the disease.

Antibiotics for colds in adults

To eliminate bacterial complications of colds they use antibacterial agents from the group of penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides. Most medications can be purchased at a pharmacy without a prescription, but it is better to take potent medications as prescribed by a specialist.

An effective antibacterial drug, contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, belongs to the penicillin group. Available in tablets, powder for suspensions and injections. Price – 270–370 rub.

The drug is prescribed if ENT complications, pneumonia, or bronchitis occur as a result of a cold.

Amoxiclav is an antibacterial drug

Contraindications:

• mononucleosis;
• a history of liver disease, cholestatic jaundice;
• lymphocytic leukemia

During pregnancy, the medicine is prescribed only if the expected therapeutic effect from treatment exceeds possible risks for woman and fetus. The medicine may cause the development of congenital necrotizing colitis in a newborn.

Treatment regimen

Duration of therapy is 5–14 days.

A cheap antibacterial agent of the penicillin series, produced in capsules, tablets, and in the form of a suspension. Price – 80–120 rub. The medicine helps with otolaryngological bacterial diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia.

Affordable antibacterial drug Amoxicillin

Contraindications:

• bronchial asthma, diathesis of allergic origin;
• liver dysfunction;
• dysbacteriosis;
• lactation, pregnancy;
• some forms of leukemia;
• mononucleosis.

The standard dosage is 500 mg every 8 hours. Duration of therapy is 6–10 days.

Powerful, but at the same time cheap antibiotic, the package contains only 3 tablets, which is enough for full recovery. The drug belongs to a separate group of azalides due to some structural features and is effective against most strains of bacteria. Available in tablets, capsules, powder for suspension. Price – 120–220 rub.

Azithromycin is an effective antibiotic

Indications for use:

• tonsillitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the larynx, paranasal sinuses;
• bronchitis;
• pneumonia;
• otitis media of the middle ear.

Dosage – 500 mg once a day 2 hours after meals, you should drink the medicine throughout three days, for angina, the course can be extended to 5 days. Contraindications – violation heart rate, severe kidney and liver diseases, lactation period. Pregnant women are sometimes prescribed the drug in a standard dosage, but they should drink it only under constant medical supervision.

Combined universal antibiotic, contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and is sold in tablets, in the form of a suspension and powder for injections. Price – 260–370 rub.

The standard dosage is 250 mg three times a day, for advanced forms of pathologies - 500 mg 3 times a day, or 875 mg in the morning and evening. Injections are given every 4–8 hours, 1000 mg, depending on the severity of the pathology. Duration of treatment is 7–14 days.

Augmentin is a combination antibiotic

The drug is intended to eliminate the manifestations of diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, pathologies of the ENT organs of a bacterial nature. Contraindications – intolerance to the components of the drug, jaundice or a history of liver dysfunction. Pregnant and lactating women are prescribed the drug in a standard dosage; treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist.

An inexpensive but good antibiotic from the lincosamide group, effective only against gram-positive bacteria, available in tablets, in the form of a solution for intravenous or intramuscular administration. Price – 110–180 rub.

The medicine is prescribed for inflammation of the lungs and middle ear, bronchitis, and sore throat. Contraindications – severe kidney and liver pathologies, the period of pregnancy and breastfeeding.

Lincomycin belongs to the group of lincosamides

Intravenously and intramuscularly, 0.6 g is prescribed three times a day; in difficult cases, the dosage is increased to 2.4 g. The oral dose is 1.5 g per day, divided into 3 doses. Duration of treatment is 1–2 weeks.

Lincomycin should not be taken simultaneously with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, otherwise breathing may stop.

An effective and gentle antibacterial agent of the penicillin series, contains amoxicillin, produced in tablets with different dosage. Price – 230–480 rub.

Flemoxin Solutab is an effective and gentle antibiotic

The medicine helps eliminate bacterial infections in the respiratory system, acute otitis media. Contraindications: lymphocytic leukemia, gastrointestinal and kidney diseases, pregnancy, breastfeeding.

The effect of the drug does not depend on food intake; the tablet can be swallowed whole, crushed, or dissolved in water.

How to take the medicine

In severe forms of the pathology, the dosage of the drug is not increased, but it must be taken 3 times a day. The duration of treatment is no more than a week.

A strong antibiotic, belongs to group II cephalosporins, contains cefuroxime axetil, affects gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, is available in tablets and granules for suspension. Price – 230–400 rub.

The treatment regimen is 250 mg of the drug in the morning and evening; in severe forms of the disease, the single dosage can be increased to 500 mg. Course duration is 5–10 days.

Zinnat is a strong bactericidal agent

The medicine helps with infectious diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, sinusitis, and otitis media. The drug has no contraindications, except for individual intolerance; it is prescribed with caution to patients with pathologies digestive system, kidney. During pregnancy and breastfeeding The antibiotic can be taken in a standard dosage.

An expensive modern antibiotic, it belongs to the third generation cephalosporins, contains cefixime, is produced in capsules, granules for preparing a suspension, Suprax Solutab - tablets for resorption or dissolution in water. Price – 620–820 rub.

Medicine shows high efficiency in the treatment of pneumonia, tonsillopharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis and otitis media. The drug is contraindicated in chronic renal failure, a decrease in creatinine clearance to 60 ml/min, the drug should be taken with caution by elderly people with a history of colitis.

Suprax is a modern effective antibiotic

Dosage – 400 mg once a day, or 200 mg in the morning and evening; you can take the medicine regardless of meals. Duration of treatment is 1–2 weeks.

Cephalosporins are considered the most safe antibiotics during pregnancy, you can take Suprax in a standard dosage. Active substances drugs penetrate into breast milk, therefore, drinking it is contraindicated during lactation.

Effective, one of the most effective antibiotics from the group of third generation macrolides, it destroys even those microbes that are in tissue cells and is produced in capsules and tablets. Price – 320–520 rub.

The average dose is 250 mg in the morning and evening for 6–14 days, in some cases the dosage can be increased to 1000 mg per day.

Clarithromycin is an effective drug for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory viral infections.

Clarithromycin is considered one of the best drugs for eliminating complications of influenza and ARVI; it is prescribed for bronchitis, pneumonia, sore throat, and bronchitis. Contraindications – lactation, individual intolerance; pregnant women can take the medicine from the second trimester. Clarithromycin has been successfully used to treat chronic forms tuberculosis.

List of antibiotics for children

Antibiotics are often prescribed to children during influenza epidemics. colds, since complications can arise quickly in a child, literally in a few hours.

List of the best children's antibiotics

To identify a bacterial infection in a child, it is enough to do a clinical blood test; when affected by bacteria, the ESR and the number of leukocytes increase, active growth of band and segmented neutrophils is observed - the more severe the disease, the more the leukocyte formula shifts to the left.

Drinking or injecting an antibiotic – which is better?

When there is a bacterial infection, the question often arises: should I inject or take antibiotics? Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

The injections act faster, penetrate immediately into the bloodstream, bypassing digestive tract, which reduces the risk of developing dysbacteriosis. But injection of drugs is quite painful, especially for children, and there is a high probability of infection and abscesses.

The tablets are easy to take; most modern antibacterial agents need to be taken once a day. But they act slowly, because they must first dissolve in the intestines, and only then are absorbed into the blood.

According to the canons of safety that are accepted in world medicine, the injection method of administering antibiotics against colds is prescribed only in very severe cases, in the hospital.

Antibiotics help eliminate complications of flu and colds bacterial origin. You should choose a drug carefully, taking into account age and the presence of chronic diseases.

Appearing at the beginning of the 20th century, antibiotics saved millions of people. Modern antibiotics are used to treat a wide range of diseases, including plague and cancer.

Antibiotic: what is it?

The name "antibiotic" is of Greek origin and literally means "against life."

The main purpose of an antibiotic is to destroy or suppress the vital activity (growth and division) of pathogenic cells: prokaryotic or protozoan pathogens. At the same time, antibiotics inhibit the beneficial microflora of the body.

An antibiotic is an antibacterial drug of plant, animal or microbial, that is, natural origin.

Antibacterial drugs of synthetic origin are called antibacterial chemotherapy drugs. Antibiotics of natural origin and antibacterial chemotherapy drugs are now combined under general concept"antibiotic".

Different types of antibiotics have different effects on living bacterial cells. Some cause their death. Others prevent their vital activity, allowing the body's immune forces to independently destroy the remaining pathogens.

Antibiotic: application

Antibiotics are used in the treatment of diseases that are bacterial in nature, that is, caused by the appearance and spread of pathogenic pathogens in the body.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat a large number of diseases: bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, diseases of the genitourinary system, cancer, purulent lesions organs and tissues, sexually transmitted diseases, etc.

It is useless to treat diseases of viral origin with antibiotics: hepatitis, influenza, herpes, chickenpox, measles, rubella.

Antibiotics: discovery

Alexander Fleming is considered the discoverer of antibiotics. In the scientist's laboratory, mold spores accidentally fell into a test tube with staphylococci. A few days later, the scientist discovered that the overgrown mold had destroyed the staphylococci. While scientific world found Fleming's discovery unconvincing and unpromising.

The English biochemist Ernst Chain was subsequently able to extract penicillin from pure form and set up production medical supplies based on it in the 40s of the twentieth century. Industrial production of penicillin began after the end of World War II.

In 1942, an analogue of penicillin appeared in the USSR, more effective and cheaper than the English drug.

Today there are more than 30 groups of antibacterial drugs.

Antibiotics: main types

Modern antibiotics latest generation differ in origin and mechanism of action on microorganisms. Accordingly, they are used in the treatment different types diseases.

Penicillins or β-lactam antibiotics

Penicillins were the first antibiotics developed from Penicillium fungi. They have been actively used since the late 40s of the twentieth century. Penicillins revolutionized medicine, eliminating many previously incurable diseases, such as plague and smallpox.

Penicillins have a bactericidal effect, which is manifested in the fact that they prevent the release of the enzyme peptidoglycan, the main component of bacterial walls. Without this enzyme, bacteria die. Today, like 70 years ago, penicillins are widely used in medical practice.

Bacteria are constantly modified to adapt to drugs. The new generation of broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotics are protected by clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam, which do not allow bacteria to affect the antibacterial drug.

Among the disadvantages of penicillin antibiotics are allergic reactions to its components. Penicillin is contraindicated for some people because it causes severe allergic reactions, including swelling of the larynx, which can lead to death from suffocation.

Naturally occurring penicillins are synthesized by fungi. The spectrum of their effect on microorganisms is narrow and they are not protected from enzymes that are secreted by some pathogenic bacteria.

Penicillins of semi-synthetic origin are resistant to enzymes produced by bacteria - penicillinases: oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, methicillin, nafcillin.

Broad-spectrum penicillins: mezlocillin, azlocillin, mecillam.

Cephalosporins

β-lactam drugs of synthetic and semi-synthetic origin, which are resistant to enzymes produced by bacteria.
Just like penicillins, cephalosporins provoke allergic reactions in the body.

Currently, several generations of cephalosporins are produced.

1st generation: cefadroxil, cephalexin.
2nd generation: cefuroxime (Axetil), cefaclor.
3rd generation: ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizadime, cefoperazone, ceftibuten.
4th generation: cefepime.

These drugs are used in the treatment of severe diseases of the nasopharynx and ear, pyelonephritis, gonorrhea, as well as during surgical operations to prevent complications.

Macrolides

At the moment, azithromycin is the best broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is the least toxic to the body and practically does not cause allergic reactions.

Macrolide drugs penetrate the cells of microorganisms and prevent their growth and division. From the blood, macrolides are localized in the shortest possible time at the site of infection and prevent its spread.

The antibiotic accumulates in the body and affects pathogenic bacteria even with a single use of the drug.

Scope of application: inflammation of the middle ear and sinuses, bronchi and lungs, tonsils, infections of the pelvic organs.

Tetracyclines

The most famous antibiotic with pronounced bacteriostatic properties. Tetracyclines are effective in local application. Among the disadvantages of tetracyclines is that microorganisms quickly develop resistance to them. Therefore, they are used mainly in the treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea, and mycoplasmosis.

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides have a pronounced bactericidal effect; they destroy microorganisms that are sensitive to them.

These antibiotics act quickly and effectively on many severe infections, including those that do not cause painful symptoms.
The mechanism of action of aminoglycosides does not depend on the state of the patient’s immunity, but aerobic conditions are required to trigger it. They are not effective in dead tissue or tissue with poor circulation, such as in the treatment of abscesses and cavities.

Scope of application: furunculosis, infections urinary tract, inflammation inner ear, endocarditis, pneumonia, sepsis, bacterial kidney damage.

Fluoroquinolones

Potent broad-spectrum antibiotics. They have a strong bactericidal effect, destroying DNA synthesis by bacterial cells, which causes their death.

These strong, broad-spectrum antibiotics are not prescribed to children or pregnant women. They have a pronounced side effect on the activity of the musculoskeletal system: bones and joints.

Due to their strong bactericidal effect, fluoroquinolones are used topically - in the form of drops for the ears and eyes.

Scope of application: cholera, coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, salmonella, mycoplasma, chlamydia, legionella, gonococcus, meningococcus, mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Drugs: gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin.

Antibiotics: danger

Antibiotics destroy not only pathogens, but also the natural microflora of the body, including intestinal microflora.
The use of antibiotics in the treatment of some diseases, such as viral ones, is useless.

Only a qualified specialist - a doctor, can prescribe a drug that is effective for a specific disease, taking into account the nature and course of the disease.

In order to select a drug individually, you need to do a bacterial culture, which will determine the type of antibacterial drug that is effective in this particular case of the disease.

Antibiotics save millions of lives every day, but these drugs have a strong effect on the entire body as a whole and their use uncontrolled is, at the very least, irresponsible.

Many drugs have a number of contraindications and can cause irreparable harm to the body.

Before using an antibiotic, you should consult your doctor - there are no harmless antibiotics!

Antibiotics are a huge group of bactericidal drugs, each of which is characterized by its own spectrum of action, indications for use and the presence of certain consequences

Antibiotics are substances that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms or destroy them. According to the GOST definition, antibiotics include substances of plant, animal or microbial origin. Currently, this definition is somewhat outdated, since a huge number of synthetic drugs have been created, but natural antibiotics served as the prototype for their creation.

Story antimicrobials begins in 1928, when A. Fleming was first discovered penicillin. This substance was discovered, and not created, since it has always existed in nature. In living nature, it is produced by microscopic fungi of the genus Penicillium, protecting themselves from other microorganisms.

In less than 100 years, more than a hundred different antibacterial drugs have been created. Some of them are already outdated and are not used in treatment, and some are just being introduced into clinical practice.

How do antibiotics work?

All antibacterial drugs can be divided into two large groups according to their effect on microorganisms:

• bactericidal– directly cause the death of microbes;
• bacteriostatic– prevent the proliferation of microorganisms. Unable to grow and reproduce, bacteria are destroyed immune system sick person.

Antibiotics exert their effects in many ways: some of them interfere with the synthesis of microbial nucleic acids; others interfere with the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, others disrupt protein synthesis, and others block the functions of respiratory enzymes.

Antibiotic groups

Despite the diversity of this group of drugs, all of them can be classified into several main types. This classification is based on chemical structure - drugs from the same group have a similar chemical formula, differing from each other in the presence or absence of certain molecular fragments.

The classification of antibiotics implies the presence of groups:

1. Penicillin derivatives. This includes all drugs created on the basis of the very first antibiotic. In this group, the following subgroups or generations of penicillin drugs are distinguished:

• Natural benzylpenicillin, which is synthesized by fungi, and semi synthetic drugs: methicillin, nafcillin.
• Synthetic drugs: carbpenicillin and ticarcillin, which have a wider spectrum of action.
• Mecillam and azlocillin, which have an even wider spectrum of action.

1. Cephalosporins- Closest relatives of penicillins. The very first antibiotic of this group, cefazolin C, is produced by fungi of the genus Cephalosporium. Most drugs in this group have a bactericidal effect, that is, they kill microorganisms. There are several generations of cephalosporins:

• I generation: cefazolin, cephalexin, cefradine, etc.
• II generation: cefsulodin, cefamandole, cefuroxime.
• III generation: cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefodizime.
• IV generation: cefpirom.
• V generation: ceftolozane, ceftopibrol.

The differences between the different groups are mainly in their effectiveness - later generations have a greater spectrum of action and are more effective. 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins clinical practice are now used extremely rarely, most of them are not even produced.

1. – drugs with a complex chemical structure that have a bacteriostatic effect on a wide range of microbes. Representatives: azithromycin, rovamycin, josamycin, leucomycin and a number of others. Macrolides are considered one of the safest antibacterial drugs - they can even be used by pregnant women. Azalides and ketolides are varieties of macorlides that have differences in the structure of the active molecules.

Another advantage of this group of drugs is that they are able to penetrate the cells of the human body, which makes them effective in the treatment of intracellular infections:,.

1. Aminoglycosides. Representatives: gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin. Effective against a large number of aerobic gram-negative microorganisms. These drugs are considered the most toxic and can lead to quite serious complications. Used to treat genitourinary tract infections.
2. Tetracyclines. These are mainly semi-synthetic and synthetic drugs, which include: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline. Effective against many bacteria. The disadvantage of these medicines is cross-resistance, that is, microorganisms that have developed resistance to one drug will be insensitive to others from this group.
3. Fluoroquinolones. These are completely synthetic drugs that do not have their own natural analogue. All drugs in this group are divided into first generation (pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) and second generation (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin). They are most often used to treat infections of the ENT organs (,) and respiratory tract (,).
4. Lincosamides. This group includes natural antibiotic lincomycin and its derivative clindamycin. They have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, the effect depends on the concentration.
5. Carbapenems. These are some of the most modern antibiotics, acting on a large number of microorganisms. Drugs in this group belong to reserve antibiotics, that is, they are used in the most difficult cases when other drugs are ineffective. Representatives: imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem.
6. Polymyxins. These are highly specialized drugs used to treat infections caused by. Polymyxins include polymyxin M and B. The disadvantage of these drugs is their toxic effect on the nervous system and kidneys.
7. Antituberculosis drugs. This is a separate group of drugs that have a pronounced effect on. These include rifampicin, isoniazid and PAS. Other antibiotics are also used to treat tuberculosis, but only if resistance to the drugs mentioned has developed.
8. Antifungal agents. This group includes drugs used to treat mycoses - fungal infections: amphothirecin B, nystatin, fluconazole.

Methods of using antibiotics

Antibacterial drugs are available in different forms: tablets, powder from which an injection solution is prepared, ointments, drops, spray, syrup, suppositories. The main uses of antibiotics:

1. Oral- oral administration. You can take the medicine in the form of a tablet, capsule, syrup or powder. The frequency of administration depends on the type of antibiotic, for example, azithromycin is taken once a day, and tetracycline is taken 4 times a day. For each type of antibiotic there are recommendations that indicate when it should be taken - before, during or after meals. The effectiveness of treatment and the severity of side effects depend on this. Antibiotics are sometimes prescribed to young children in syrup form - it is easier for children to drink the liquid than to swallow a tablet or capsule. In addition, the syrup can be sweetened to eliminate the unpleasant or bitter taste of the medicine itself.
2. Injectable– in the form of intramuscular or intravenous injections. With this method, the drug reaches the site of infection faster and is more active. The disadvantage of this method of administration is that the injection is painful. Injections are used for moderate and severe course diseases.

Important:Only a nurse should give injections in a clinic or hospital setting! It is strictly not recommended to inject antibiotics at home.

1. Local– applying ointments or creams directly to the site of infection. This method of drug delivery is mainly used for skin infections - erysipelas, as well as in ophthalmology - for infectious lesion eyes, for example, tetracycline ointment for conjunctivitis.

The route of administration is determined only by the doctor. In this case, many factors are taken into account: the absorption of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract, the state of the digestive system as a whole (in some diseases, the absorption rate decreases and the effectiveness of treatment decreases). Some drugs can only be administered one way.

When injecting, you need to know what you can use to dissolve the powder. For example, Abactal can only be diluted with glucose, since when sodium chloride is used it is destroyed, which means the treatment will be ineffective.

Antibiotic sensitivity

Any organism sooner or later gets used to the harshest conditions. This statement is also true in relation to microorganisms - in response to prolonged exposure to antibiotics, microbes develop resistance to them. The concept of sensitivity to antibiotics was introduced into medical practice - the effectiveness with which a particular drug affects the pathogen.

Any prescription of antibiotics should be based on knowledge of the sensitivity of the pathogen. Ideally, before prescribing a drug, the doctor should conduct a sensitivity test and prescribe the most effective drug. But the timing of such an analysis is best case scenario– several days, and during this time the infection can lead to the most tragic result.

Therefore, in case of infection with an unknown pathogen, doctors prescribe drugs empirically - taking into account the most likely pathogen, with knowledge of the epidemiological situation in a particular region and medical institution. For this purpose, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.

After performing a sensitivity test, the doctor has the opportunity to change the drug to a more effective one. The drug can be replaced if there is no effect from treatment for 3-5 days.

Etiotropic (targeted) prescription of antibiotics is more effective. At the same time, it becomes clear what caused the disease - using bacteriological research, the type of pathogen is established. Then the doctor selects a specific drug to which the microbe does not have resistance (resistance).

Are antibiotics always effective?

Antibiotics only act on bacteria and fungi! Bacteria are considered single-celled microorganisms. There are several thousand species of bacteria, some of which coexist quite normally with humans—more than 20 species of bacteria live in the large intestine. Some bacteria are opportunistic - they cause disease only when certain conditions, for example, when they find themselves in an atypical habitat. For example, very often prostatitis is caused by E. coli entering upward path in from the rectum.

Note: Antibiotics are completely ineffective viral diseases. Viruses are many times smaller than bacteria, and antibiotics simply do not have a point of application for their ability. That's why antibiotics have no effect on colds, since colds in 99% of cases are caused by viruses.

Antibiotics for coughs and bronchitis may be effective if they are caused by bacteria. Only a doctor can figure out what causes the disease - for this he prescribes blood tests, and, if necessary, an examination of sputum if it comes out.

Important:Prescribing antibiotics to yourself is unacceptable! This will only lead to the fact that some of the pathogens will develop resistance, and next time the disease will be much more difficult to cure.

Of course, antibiotics are effective for - this disease is exclusively bacterial in nature, caused by streptococci or staphylococci. For the treatment of sore throats, the most simple antibiotics– penicillin, erythromycin. The most important thing in the treatment of angina is compliance with the frequency of dosing and the duration of treatment - at least 7 days. You should not stop taking the medicine immediately after the onset of the condition, which is usually noted on the 3-4th day. True tonsillitis should not be confused with tonsillitis, which can be of viral origin.

Note: untreated sore throat can cause acute rheumatic fever or!

Pneumonia (pneumonia) can be of both bacterial and viral origin. Bacteria cause pneumonia in 80% of cases, so even when prescribed empirically, antibiotics for pneumonia have good effect. For viral pneumonia, antibiotics do not have a therapeutic effect, although they prevent the bacterial flora from joining the inflammatory process.

Antibiotics and alcohol

Taking alcohol and antibiotics at the same time in a short period of time does not lead to anything good. Some drugs are broken down in the liver, just like alcohol. The presence of antibiotics and alcohol in the blood puts a heavy load on the liver - it simply does not have time to neutralize ethanol. As a result, the likelihood of developing unpleasant symptoms: nausea, vomiting, intestinal disorders.

Important: a number of drugs interact with alcohol at the chemical level, resulting in a direct decrease in therapeutic effect. These drugs include metronidazole, chloramphenicol, cefoperazone and a number of others. The simultaneous use of alcohol and these drugs can not only reduce healing effect, but also lead to shortness of breath, convulsions and death.

Of course, some antibiotics can be taken while drinking alcohol, but why risk your health? It is better to abstain from alcoholic beverages for a short time - the course of antibacterial therapy rarely exceeds 1.5-2 weeks.

Antibiotics during pregnancy

Pregnant women get sick infectious diseases no less often than everyone else. But treating pregnant women with antibiotics is very difficult. The fetus grows and develops in the pregnant woman's body - unborn child, very sensitive to many chemicals. The entry of antibiotics into the developing body can provoke the development of fetal malformations and toxic damage to the central nervous system of the fetus.

During the first trimester, it is advisable to avoid the use of antibiotics altogether. In the second and third trimesters, their use is safer, but should also be limited, if possible.

A pregnant woman cannot refuse to prescribe antibiotics for the following diseases:

• Pneumonia;
• angina;
• infected wounds;
• specific infections: brucellosis, borelliosis;
• sexually transmitted infections: , .

What antibiotics can be prescribed to a pregnant woman?

Penicillin, cephalosporin drugs, erythromycin, and josamycin have almost no effect on the fetus. Penicillin, although it passes through the placenta, does not have a negative effect on the fetus. Cephalosporin and other named drugs penetrate the placenta in extremely low concentrations and are not capable of harming the unborn child.

Conditionally safe drugs include metronidazole, gentamicin and azithromycin. They are prescribed only for health reasons, when the benefit to the woman outweighs the risk to the child. Such situations include severe pneumonia, sepsis, and other severe infections, in which, without antibiotics, a woman can simply die.

Which drugs should not be prescribed during pregnancy?

The following drugs should not be used in pregnant women:

• aminoglycosides- can lead to congenital deafness(exception - gentamicin);
• clarithromycin, roxithromycin– in experiments they had a toxic effect on animal embryos;
• fluoroquinolones;
• tetracycline– disrupts the formation skeletal system and teeth;
• chloramphenicol– dangerous for later pregnancy due to inhibition of bone marrow functions in the child.

According to some antibacterial drugs no data about negative impact for the fruit. This is explained simply - experiments are not carried out on pregnant women to determine the toxicity of drugs. Experiments on animals do not allow us to rule out everything with 100% certainty. negative effects, since the metabolism of drugs in humans and animals can differ significantly.

Please note that you should also stop taking antibiotics or change your plans for conception. Some drugs have a cumulative effect - they can accumulate in a woman’s body, and for some time after the end of the course of treatment they are gradually metabolized and eliminated. It is recommended to become pregnant no earlier than 2-3 weeks after finishing taking antibiotics.

Consequences of taking antibiotics

The entry of antibiotics into the human body leads not only to the destruction of pathogenic bacteria. Like all foreign chemicals, antibiotics have a systemic effect - to one degree or another they affect all systems of the body.

There are several groups of side effects of antibiotics:

Allergic reactions

Almost any antibiotic can cause allergies. The severity of the reaction varies: rash on the body, Quincke's edema (angioedema), anaphylactic shock. If allergic rash is practically not dangerous, then anaphylactic shock can lead to fatal outcome. The risk of shock is much higher with antibiotic injections, which is why injections should only be given when medical institutions– emergency assistance can be provided there.

Antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs that cause cross-allergic reactions:

Toxic reactions

Antibiotics can damage many organs, but the liver is most susceptible to their effects - toxic hepatitis can occur during antibiotic therapy. Selected drugs have a selective toxic effect on other organs: aminoglycosides - on hearing aid(cause deafness); tetracyclines inhibit growth bone tissue in children.

note: The toxicity of a drug usually depends on its dose, but in case of individual intolerance, sometimes smaller doses are sufficient to produce an effect.

Effects on the gastrointestinal tract

When taking certain antibiotics, patients often complain of stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and stool disorders (diarrhea). These reactions are most often caused by the locally irritating effect of the drugs. Specific impact antibiotics on the intestinal flora leads to functional disorders of its activity, which is most often accompanied by diarrhea. This condition is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea, which is popularly known as dysbiosis after antibiotics.

Other side effects

Other side effects include:

• immunosuppression;
• emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms;
• superinfection – a condition in which microbes resistant to a given antibiotic are activated, leading to the emergence of a new disease;
• violation of vitamin metabolism - caused by inhibition of the natural flora of the colon, which synthesizes some B vitamins;
• Jarisch-Herxheimer bacteriolysis is a reaction that occurs when using bactericidal drugs, when, as a result of the simultaneous death of a large number of bacteria, a large number of toxins are released into the blood. The reaction is clinically similar to shock.

Can antibiotics be used prophylactically?

Self-education in the field of treatment has led to the fact that many patients, especially young mothers, try to prescribe themselves (or their child) an antibiotic at the slightest sign of a cold. Antibiotics do not have preventive action– they treat the cause of the disease, that is, they eliminate microorganisms, and if absent, only side effects of the drugs appear.

There are a limited number of situations where antibiotics are given before clinical manifestations infection, in order to prevent it:

• surgery– in this case, the antibiotic present in the blood and tissues prevents the development of infection. As a rule, it is enough single dose drug administered 30-40 minutes before the intervention. Sometimes even after an appendectomy postoperative period do not inject antibiotics. After “clean” surgical operations, antibiotics are not prescribed at all.
• major injuries or wounds (open fractures, soil contamination of the wound). In this case, it is absolutely obvious that an infection has entered the wound and it should be “crushed” before it manifests itself;
• emergency prevention of syphilis carried out with unprotected sexual contact with a potentially sick person, as well as among health care workers who have blood infected person or other biological fluid got on the mucous membrane;
• penicillin can be prescribed to children for the prevention of rheumatic fever, which is a complication of tonsillitis.

Antibiotics for children

The use of antibiotics in children is generally no different from their use in other groups of people. For children small age Pediatricians most often prescribe antibiotics in syrup. This dosage form more convenient to take, unlike injections, completely painless. Older children may be prescribed antibiotics in tablets and capsules. In severe cases of infection, they switch to the parenteral route of administration - injections.

Important: main feature in the use of antibiotics in pediatrics lies in dosages - children are prescribed smaller doses, since the drug is calculated in terms of per kilogram of body weight.

Antibiotics are very effective drugs, which at the same time have a large number of side effects. In order to be cured with their help and not harm your body, they should be taken only as prescribed by a doctor.

What types of antibiotics are there? In what cases is taking antibiotics necessary and in what cases is it dangerous? The main rules of antibiotic treatment are explained by pediatrician Dr. Komarovsky:

Gudkov Roman, resuscitator