third generation antibiotic. Top lists of the best antibiotics for colds of bacterial etiology

Antibiotics are chemicals produced by microorganisms. There are also synthetic antibiotics. Both have a common goal - bacteria. In the environment around us, there are 7300 different species of them. And of course, to fight them you need a real arsenal. Consider the list of antibiotics alphabetically.

Antibiotics in human life

Today there are a large number of antibiotics, more than 10,000 species, with different ways actions. Some, such as penicillin, act on the walls or membranes of bacteria, causing them to break down. The action of others is aimed at blocking their development and survival. Finally, there are antibiotics that act directly at the DNA level of bacteria, preventing them from dividing and proliferation.

But there is one significant problem: the longer we use antibiotics, the more bacteria appear that can resist them. Over the years, the development of pharmaceuticals has circumvented this resistance, thanks to ever newer generations of antibacterial drugs. However, the ability of bacteria to adapt and block the action of antibiotics remains a major public health problem.

Classification of antibiotics. New generation drugs with a wide spectrum of action

There are several classifications of antibiotics. Here are the most common ones:

• biochemical;
• according to their spectrum of action.

Under the spectrum of action is understood the list of types of bacteria that this antibiotic actively affects. Antibiotic a wide range acts on a large number of bacteria - bacilli, gram-positive and negative cocci. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics only affect bacilli and Gram-positive cocci.

We are interested in the classification of antibiotics according to the mode of action:

• bactericidal agents that inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial membrane:
• beta lactams;
• glycopeptides;
• fosfomycins;
• antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the bacterial ribosome:
• macrolides;
• tetracyclines;
• aminoglycosides;
• chloramphenicol;
• antibacterial drugs, the action of which is based on the inhibition of the synthesis of nucleic acids:
• quinolones;
• rifampicins;
• sulfonamides.

Given the long and long-term opposition of bacteria and bactericidal agents, all these types of drugs are represented by several generations. Each next generation is distinguished by a more perfect degree of purity of the composition, which makes them less toxic to humans.

We offer you an alphabetical list of new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action:

• "Avelox";
• "Azithromycin";
• "Amoxiclav";
• "Gepacef";
• "Doxycycline";
• "Clarithromycin";
• "Klacid";
• "Lincomycin";
• "Naklofen";
• "Rovamycin";
• "Roxithromycin";
• "Rulid";
• "Supraks";
• "Tazid";
• "Fuzidin";
• "Cefabol";
• "Cefodox";
• Cefumax.

The following is a list of antibiotics in alphabetical order for sinusitis for oral administration and as an injection solution:

• "Amoxiclav";
• "Amoxil";
• "Amoxicillin";
• "Ampioks";
• "Arlet";
• "Grunamox";
• "Zitrolid";
• "Macropen";
• "Ospamox";
• "Rovamycin";
• "Cefazolin";
• "Cephalexin";
• "Cefotaxime";
• "Ceftriaxone";
• "Cifran".

Names of antibiotics in alphabetical order for children:

• In inflammatory diseases of the bronchi and lungs:
• "Amoxiclav";
• "Amoxicillin";
• "Ampicillin";
• "Augmentin";
• "Flemoxin Solutab".
• For the treatment of ENT diseases:
• "Zinacef";
• "Zinnat";
• "Cefutil".
• For bacterial infections respiratory tract:
• "Azithromycin";
• "Hemomycin".

Features of taking antibiotics

Taking antibiotics, like any medicine, requires following some simple rules:

• In general, antibiotic treatment involves two or three doses daily. It is important to establish a regular rhythm for taking medications by choosing fixed hours.
• With food or without? Basically, optimal time- half an hour before meals, but there are exceptions. Some antibiotics are best absorbed with fat and should be taken with meals, so it is important to read the instructions before starting treatment. Tablets and capsules should be taken with water.
• The duration of antibiotic treatment should be sufficient to clear the infection. It is very important not to stop treatment when the symptoms disappear! As a rule, the primary course is 5-6 days or longer as directed by the doctor.
• Never resort to self-medication and follow the doctor's prescription exactly. Watch your body's reaction to the subject. side effects.

A standard acute respiratory disease, ARVI develops as a result of the penetration of viruses into the body, but often against the background of a weakened immune system, a bacterial infection is attached, in such cases antibiotics are prescribed for a cold. With the wrong choice of drugs, you can only aggravate the situation - there will be severe complications, allergies. Be careful.

Antibiotics are used to fight infection

When are antibiotics prescribed for a cold?

With a common cold, it is pointless to take antibiotics, since the disease is of viral origin, but often respiratory infections are complicated by bacterial pathologies - antibiotics are indispensable here.

When to take antibiotics for a cold:

• 2-3 days after the onset of the disease, the patient's condition does not improve, but only worsens;
• the runny nose intensifies, it is difficult to breathe through the nose, the discharge becomes yellow or green;
• after 4–5 days of acute respiratory infections, a deep cough with a large amount of sputum appears;
• the temperature rises sharply to 38 or more degrees.

At sharp rise temperature antibiotics are prescribed

A complicated cold is an exception to the rule, the immune system of a healthy person is able to cope with viruses in 7-10 days. The risk of developing pneumonia, tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis, bronchitis is high in people whose defenses are weakened. Who is at risk? Young children, elderly people, people who have had organ transplants, for a long time take immunosuppressants and corticosteroids, patients with HIV and cancer.

For a healthy adult, colds up to 6 times a year - normal phenomenon, in children this figure can reach 10 cases annually. When received on time antiviral drugs recovery occurs within 7-10 days.

List of best antibiotics for colds

If signs of a bacterial infection appear or prescribe broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs. After receiving the results of tests for the sensitivity of microorganisms to the active ingredient of the drug, a remedy is prescribed that will act directly on the pathogens.

Antibiotics for colds in adults

Used to eliminate bacterial complications of the common cold antibacterial agents from the group of penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, lincosamides. Most drugs can be purchased at the pharmacy without a prescription, but it is better to take strong medicines as directed by a specialist.

An effective antibacterial drug, contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, belongs to the penicillin group. Available in tablets, powder for suspensions and injections. Price - 270-370 rubles.

The drug is prescribed if against the background of a cold there are ENT complications, pneumonia, bronchitis.

Amoxiclav - antibacterial drug

Contraindications:

• mononucleosis;
• the presence of liver disease in history, cholestatic jaundice;
• lymphocytic leukemia.

During pregnancy, the drug is prescribed only if the expected therapeutic effect from treatment exceeds possible risks for woman and fetus. The drug can cause the development of congenital necrotizing colitis in a newborn.

Treatment regimen

The duration of therapy is 5-14 days.

A cheap antibacterial agent of the penicillin series, produced in capsules, tablets, in the form of a suspension. Price - 80-120 rubles. The medicine helps with otolaryngological bacterial diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia.

Affordable antibacterial drug Amoxicillin

Contraindications:

• bronchial asthma, diathesis of allergic origin;
• liver dysfunction;
• dysbacteriosis;
• lactation, pregnancy;
• some forms of leukemia;
• mononucleosis.

The standard dosage is 500 mg every 8 hours. The duration of therapy is 6-10 days.

Powerful yet cheap antibiotic, there are only 3 tablets in the package, which is enough for full recovery. The drug belongs to a separate group of azalides due to some structural features, it is effective against most strains of bacteria. Available in tablets, capsules, powder for suspension. Price - 120-220 rubles.

Azithromycin is an effective antibiotic

Indications for use:

• tonsillitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the larynx, paranasal sinuses;
• bronchitis;
• pneumonia;
• otitis media.

Dosage - 500 mg once a day 2 hours after a meal, you should drink the medicine for three days, with angina, the course can be extended up to 5 days. Contraindications - violation heart rate, severe kidney and liver diseases, lactation period. Pregnant women are sometimes prescribed the drug in a standard dosage, but it should be drunk only under constant medical supervision.

Combined universal antibiotic, the composition contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, it goes on sale in tablets, in the form of a suspension and powder for injections. Price - 260-370 rubles.

The standard dosage is 250 mg three times a day, with advanced forms of pathologies - 500 mg 3 times a day, or 875 mg in the morning and evening. Injections are made every 4–8 hours at 1000 mg, depending on the severity of the pathology. The duration of treatment is 7-14 days.

Augmentin - a combined antibiotic

The drug is intended to eliminate the manifestations of diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, pathologies of ENT organs of a bacterial nature. Contraindications - intolerance to the components of the drug, jaundice or liver dysfunction in history. For pregnant and lactating women, the drug is prescribed in a standard dosage, treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist.

An inexpensive but good antibiotic from the lincosamide group, effective only against gram-positive bacteria, is available in tablets, in the form of a solution for intravenous or intramuscular administration. Price - 110-180 rubles.

The medicine is prescribed for inflammation of the lungs and middle ear, bronchitis, tonsillitis. Contraindications - severe renal and hepatic pathologies, the period of gestation and breastfeeding.

Lincomycin belongs to the group of lincosamides.

Intravenously and intramuscularly, 0.6 g is prescribed three times a day, in difficult cases, the dosage is increased to 2.4 g. The dose for oral administration is 1.5 g per day, it must be divided into 3 doses. The duration of treatment is 1-2 weeks.

Lincomycin should not be taken concomitantly with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, otherwise breathing may stop.

An effective and gentle antibacterial agent of the penicillin series, contains amoxicillin, is produced in tablets with different dosage. Price - 230-480 rubles.

Flemoxin Solutab - an effective and gentle antibiotic

The medicine helps to eliminate bacterial infections in the organs of the respiratory system, acute otitis media. Contraindications - lymphocytic leukemia, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, pregnancy, the period of natural feeding.

The action of the drug does not depend on food intake, the tablet can be swallowed whole, crushed, dissolved in water.

How to take medicine

In severe forms of pathology, the dosage of the drug is not increased, but it must be taken 3 times / day. Duration of treatment - no more than a week.

A strong antibiotic, belongs to the II group of cephalosporins, contains cefuroxime axetil, affects gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, is produced in tablets and granules for suspension. Price - 230-400 rubles.

The treatment regimen is 250 mg of the drug in the morning and evening; in severe forms of the disease, a single dosage can be increased to 500 mg. The duration of the course is 5-10 days.

Zinnat is a strong bactericidal agent

The medicine helps with infectious diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, sinusitis, otitis media. The drug has no contraindications, except for individual intolerance, it is prescribed with caution to patients with pathologies digestive system, kidney. During pregnancy and breastfeeding the antibiotic can be taken at the standard dosage.

An expensive modern antibiotic, belongs to III generation cephalosporins, contains cefixime, is produced in capsules, granules for suspension, Suprax Solutab - tablets for resorption or dissolution in water. Price - 620–820 rubles.

The medicine shows high efficiency in the treatment of pneumonia, tonsillopharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis and otitis. The drug is contraindicated in chronic renal failure, a decrease in creatinine clearance to 60 ml / min, caution should be taken in elderly people with a history of colitis.

Suprax is a modern effective antibiotic

Dosage - 400 mg once a day, or 200 mg in the morning and evening, you can drink the medicine regardless of the meal. The duration of treatment is 1-2 weeks.

Cephalosporins are considered the most safe antibiotics during pregnancy, Suprax can be taken at a standard dosage. Active substances drugs enter into breast milk, therefore, during lactation, drinking it is contraindicated.

Effective, one of the most effective antibiotics from the group of macrolides of the III generation, destroys even those microbes that are in tissue cells, they are released in capsules and tablets. Price - 320–520 rubles.

The average dose is 250 mg in the morning and evening for 6-14 days, in some cases the dosage can be increased to 1000 mg per day.

Clarithromycin is an effective drug for the treatment of influenza and SARS

Clarithromycin is considered one of the best drugs to eliminate the complications of influenza and SARS, it is prescribed for bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, bronchitis. Contraindications - lactation, individual intolerance, pregnant women can take the medicine from the second trimester. Clarithromycin has been successfully used to treat chronic forms tuberculosis.

List of antibiotics for children

Antibiotics are often given to children during a flu epidemic, colds, since complications in a child can arise rapidly, in just a few hours.

List of the best children's antibiotics

To identify a bacterial infection in a child, it is enough to do a clinical blood test, when bacteria are affected, the ESR and the number of leukocytes increase, there is an active growth of stab and segmented neutrophils - the more severe the disease, the more the leukocyte formula shifts to the left.

Drinking or injecting an antibiotic - which is better?

With a bacterial infection, the question often arises - to prick or drink antibiotics? Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Injections act faster, penetrate immediately into the bloodstream, bypassing digestive tract which reduces the risk of developing dysbiosis. But the injection of drugs is quite painful, especially for children, there is a high probability of infection, the occurrence of abscesses.

Tablets are easy to take, most modern antibacterial agents are enough to be taken once a day. But they act slowly, because they must first dissolve in the intestines, and only then they are absorbed into the blood.

According to the canons of safety that are accepted in world medicine, the injection method of administering antibiotics for colds is prescribed only in very severe cases, in the hospital.

Antibiotics help relieve flu and cold complications bacterial origin. The drug should be chosen carefully, taking into account age and the presence of chronic diseases.

Appearing in the early 20th century, antibiotics have saved millions of people. Modern antibiotics are used to treat a wide range of diseases, including plague and cancer.

Antibiotic: what is it

The name "antibiotic" is of Greek origin and literally means "against life".

The main purpose of an antibiotic is the destruction or suppression of vital activity (growth and division) of pathogenic cells: prokaryotic or protozoan pathogens. At the same time, antibiotics inhibit the beneficial microflora of the body.

Antibiotic - an antibacterial preparation of plant, animal or microbial, that is, natural origin.

Antibacterial drugs of synthetic origin are called antibacterial chemotherapy drugs. Antibiotics of natural origin and antibacterial chemotherapy drugs are now combined under general concept"antibiotic".

Different types of antibiotics have different effects on living bacterial cells. Some cause their death. Others interfere with their vital activity, allowing the body's immune forces to independently destroy the remaining pathogens.

Antibiotic: application

Antibiotics are used in the treatment of diseases of a bacterial nature, that is, caused by the appearance and spread of pathogenic pathogens in the body.

Modern broad-spectrum antibiotics are used to treat a large number of diseases: bronchitis, pneumonia, tonsillitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pyelonephritis, diseases of the genitourinary system, cancerous tumors, purulent lesions organs and tissues, venereal diseases, etc.

It is useless to treat diseases of viral origin with antibiotics: hepatitis, influenza, herpes, chickenpox, measles, rubella.

Antibiotics: discovery

Alexander Fleming is considered the discoverer of antibiotics. In the laboratory of a scientist, mold spores accidentally got into a test tube with staphylococci. A few days later, the scientist discovered that the overgrown mold destroyed the staphylococci. While scientific world considered Fleming's discovery unconvincing and unpromising.

The English biochemist Ernst Cheyne subsequently managed to extract penicillin in pure form and set up production medical preparations based on it in the 1940s. Industrial production of penicillin began at the end of World War II.

In 1942, an analogue of penicillin appeared in the USSR, more effective and cheaper than the English drug.

Today there are more than 30 groups of antibacterial drugs.

Antibiotics: main types

Modern antibiotics latest generation differ in origin and mechanism of action on microorganisms. Accordingly, they are used in the treatment different types diseases.

Penicillins or β-lactam antibiotics

It was penicillins that were the first antibiotics developed from Penicillium fungi. They have been actively used since the late 1940s. Penicillins revolutionized medicine, curbing many previously incurable diseases, such as plague and smallpox.

Penicillins have a bactericidal effect, which manifests itself in the fact that they prevent the release of the enzyme peptidoglycan, the main component of the walls of bacteria. Without this enzyme, bacteria die. Today, like 70 years ago, penicillins are widely used in medical practice.

Bacteria are constantly being modified to adapt to drugs. New generation broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotics are protected by clavulanic acid, tazobactam and sulbactam, which do not allow bacteria to act on the antibacterial drug.

Among the disadvantages of penicillin antibiotics are allergic reactions to its components. For some people, penicillins are contraindicated because they cause severe allergic reactions, including swelling of the throat, which can lead to death by suffocation.

Natural penicillins are synthesized by fungi. The spectrum of their effect on microorganisms is narrow and they are not protected from enzymes that are secreted by some pathogenic bacteria.

Penicillins of semi-synthetic origin are resistant to enzymes produced by bacteria - penicillinases: oxacillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, methicillin, nafcillin.

Broad-spectrum penicillins: mezlocillin, azlocillin, mecillam.

Cephalosporins

β-lactam preparations of synthetic and semi-synthetic origin, which are resistant to enzymes produced by bacteria.
Just like penicillins, cephalosporins provoke allergic reactions in the body.

Several generations of cephalosporins are currently being produced.

1st generation: cefadroxil, cephalexin.
2nd generation: cefuroxime (axetil), cefaclor.
3rd generation: ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, ceftizadime, cefoperazone, ceftibuten.
4th generation: cefepime.

These drugs are used in the treatment of severe diseases of the nasopharynx and ear, pyelonephritis, gonorrhea, as well as during surgical operations to prevent complications.

macrolides

At the moment, azithromycin is the best broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is the least toxic to the body and practically does not cause allergic reactions.

Macrolide preparations penetrate the cells of microorganisms and prevent their growth and division. From the blood, macrolides in the shortest possible time are localized in the focus of infection and prevent its spread.

The antibiotic accumulates in the body and affects pathogenic bacteria even with a single use of the drug.

Scope of application: inflammation of the middle ear and sinuses, bronchi and lungs, tonsils, infections of the pelvic organs.

Tetracyclines

The most famous antibiotic with pronounced bacteriostatic properties. Tetracyclines are effective in topical application. Among the disadvantages of tetracyclines is that microorganisms quickly develop resistance to them. Therefore, they are mainly used in the treatment of syphilis, gonorrhea, mycoplasmosis.

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides have a pronounced bactericidal effect, they destroy microorganisms sensitive to them.

These antibiotics work quickly and effectively for many severe infections, including those that do not show painful symptoms.
The mechanism of action of aminoglycosides does not depend on the state of the patient's immunity, but aerobic conditions are necessary for its launch. They are ineffective in dead tissues or in tissues with poor circulation, such as in the treatment of abscesses and cavities.

Scope of application: furunculosis, infections urinary tract, inflammation inner ear, endocarditis, pneumonia, sepsis, bacterial kidney damage.

Fluoroquinolones

Powerful broad-spectrum antibiotics. They have the strongest bactericidal effect, destroying the synthesis of DNA by bacterial cells, which causes their death.

These strong broad-spectrum antibiotics are not prescribed to children and pregnant women. They provide a pronounced side effect on the activity of the musculoskeletal system: bones and joints.

Fluoroquinolones due to the strongest bactericidal effect are applied topically - in the form of drops for the ears and eyes.

Scope of application: cholera, coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella, Salmonella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella, Gonococcus, Meningococcus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Preparations: gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin.

Antibiotics: danger

Antibiotics destroy not only pathogenic microorganisms, but also the natural microflora of the body, including the intestinal microflora.
The use of antibiotics in the treatment of certain diseases, such as viral ones, is useless.

Only a qualified specialist, a doctor, can prescribe a drug that is effective for a specific disease, taking into account the nature and course of the disease.

In order to select the drug individually, you need to do a bakposev, which will determine the type of antibacterial drug that is effective in this particular case of the disease.

Antibiotics save millions of lives every day, but these drugs have a powerful effect on the entire body as a whole and are used uncontrollably, at least irresponsibly.

Many drugs have a number of contraindications, and can cause irreparable harm to the body.

Before using an antibiotic, you should consult your doctor - there are no harmless antibiotics!

Antibiotics are a huge group of bactericidal drugs, each of which is characterized by its spectrum of action, indications for use and the presence of certain consequences.

Antibiotics are substances that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms or destroy them. According to the definition of GOST, antibiotics include substances of plant, animal or microbial origin. At present, this definition is somewhat outdated, since a huge number of synthetic drugs have been created, but it was natural antibiotics that served as the prototype for their creation.

Story antimicrobials begins in 1928, when A. Fleming was first discovered penicillin. This substance was just discovered, and not created, since it has always existed in nature. In wildlife, it is produced by microscopic fungi of the genus Penicillium, protecting themselves from other microorganisms.

In less than 100 years, more than a hundred different antibacterial drugs have been created. Some of them are already outdated and are not used in treatment, and some are only being introduced into clinical practice.

How antibiotics work

All antibacterial drugs according to the effect of exposure to microorganisms can be divided into two large groups:

• bactericidal- directly cause the death of microbes;
• bacteriostatic- prevent the growth of microorganisms. Unable to grow and multiply, bacteria are destroyed immune system sick person.

Antibiotics realize their effects in many ways: some of them interfere with the synthesis of microbial nucleic acids; others interfere with the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall, others disrupt the synthesis of proteins, and others block the functions of respiratory enzymes.

Groups of antibiotics

Despite the diversity of this group of drugs, all of them can be attributed to several main types. This classification is based on the chemical structure - drugs from the same group have a similar chemical formula, differing from each other in the presence or absence of certain molecular fragments.

The classification of antibiotics implies the presence of groups:

1. Derivatives of penicillin. This includes all drugs created on the basis of the very first antibiotic. In this group, the following subgroups or generations of penicillin preparations are distinguished:

• Natural benzylpenicillin, which is synthesized by fungi, and semi synthetic drugs: methicillin, nafcillin.
• Synthetic drugs: carbpenicillin and ticarcillin, which have a wider range of effects.
• Mecillam and azlocillin, which have an even wider spectrum of action.

1. Cephalosporins are close relatives of penicillins. The very first antibiotic of this group, cefazolin C, is produced by fungi of the genus Cephalosporium. Most of the drugs in this group have a bactericidal effect, that is, they kill microorganisms. There are several generations of cephalosporins:

• I generation: cefazolin, cephalexin, cefradin, etc.
• II generation: cefsulodin, cefamandol, cefuroxime.
• III generation: cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefodizime.
• IV generation: cefpir.
• V generation: ceftolosan, ceftopibrol.

The differences between different groups are mainly in their effectiveness - later generations have a greater spectrum of action and are more effective. 1st and 2nd generation cephalosporins clinical practice now used extremely rarely, most of them are not even produced.

1. - drugs with a complex chemical structure that have a bacteriostatic effect on a wide range of microbes. Representatives: azithromycin, rovamycin, josamycin, leukomycin and a number of others. Macrolides are considered one of the safest antibacterial drugs - they can be used even by pregnant women. Azalides and ketolides are varieties of macrolides that differ in the structure of active molecules.

Another advantage of this group of drugs is that they are able to penetrate the cells of the human body, which makes them effective in the treatment of intracellular infections:,.

1. Aminoglycosides. Representatives: gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin. Effective against a large number of aerobic gram-negative microorganisms. These drugs are considered the most toxic, can lead to quite serious complications. Used to treat urinary tract infections,.
2. Tetracyclines. Basically, this semi-synthetic and synthetic drugs, which include: tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline. Effective against many bacteria. The disadvantage of these medicines is cross-resistance, that is, microorganisms that have developed resistance to one drug will be insensitive to others from this group.
3. Fluoroquinolones. These are completely synthetic drugs that do not have their own natural analogue. All drugs in this group are divided into the first generation (pefloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) and the second (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin). They are most often used to treat infections of the upper respiratory tract (,) and respiratory tract (,).
4. Lincosamides. This group includes natural antibiotic lincomycin and its derivative clindamycin. They have both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects, the effect depends on the concentration.
5. Carbapenems. This is one of the most modern antibiotics acting on a large number of microorganisms. The drugs of this group belong to the reserve antibiotics, that is, they are used in the most difficult cases when other drugs are ineffective. Representatives: imipenem, meropenem, ertapenem.
6. Polymyxins. These are highly specialized drugs used to treat infections caused by. Polymyxins include polymyxin M and B. The disadvantage of these drugs is toxic effects on the nervous system and kidneys.
7. Anti-tuberculosis drugs. This is a separate group of drugs that have a pronounced effect on. These include rifampicin, isoniazid, and PAS. Other antibiotics are also used to treat tuberculosis, but only if resistance has developed to the mentioned drugs.
8. Antifungals. This group includes drugs used to treat mycoses - fungal infections: amphotyrecin B, nystatin, fluconazole.

Ways to use antibiotics

Antibacterial drugs are available in different forms: tablets, powder, from which a solution for injection is prepared, ointments, drops, spray, syrup, suppositories. The main ways to use antibiotics:

1. Oral- intake by mouth. You can take the medicine in the form of a tablet, capsule, syrup or powder. The frequency of administration depends on the type of antibiotics, for example, azithromycin is taken once a day, and tetracycline - 4 times a day. For each type of antibiotic, there are recommendations that indicate when it should be taken - before meals, during or after. The effectiveness of treatment and the severity of side effects depend on this. For young children, antibiotics are sometimes prescribed in the form of syrup - it is easier for children to drink a liquid than to swallow a tablet or capsule. In addition, the syrup can be sweetened to get rid of the unpleasant or bitter taste of the medicine itself.
2. Injectable- in the form of intramuscular or intravenous injections. With this method, the drug enters the focus of infection faster and acts more actively. The disadvantage of this method of administration is pain when injected. Injections are used for moderate and severe course diseases.

Important:injections should only be given by a nurse in a clinic or hospital! Doing antibiotics at home is strongly discouraged.

1. Local- applying ointments or creams directly to the site of infection. This method of drug delivery is mainly used for skin infections - erysipelas, as well as in ophthalmology - for infectious lesion eyes, for example, tetracycline ointment for conjunctivitis.

The route of administration is determined only by the doctor. This takes into account many factors: the absorption of the drug in the gastrointestinal tract, the state of the digestive system as a whole (in some diseases, the absorption rate decreases, and the effectiveness of treatment decreases). Some drugs can only be administered one way.

When injecting, you need to know how you can dissolve the powder. For example, Abaktal can only be diluted with glucose, since when sodium chloride is used, it is destroyed, which means that the treatment will be ineffective.

Sensitivity to antibiotics

Any organism sooner or later gets used to the most severe conditions. This statement is also true in relation to microorganisms - in response to prolonged exposure to antibiotics, microbes develop resistance to them. The concept of sensitivity to antibiotics was introduced into medical practice - with what efficiency this or that drug affects the pathogen.

Any prescription of antibiotics should be based on knowledge of the susceptibility of the pathogen. Ideally, before prescribing the drug, the doctor should conduct a sensitivity test and prescribe the most effective drug. But the timing of such an analysis is best case- a few days, and during this time the infection can lead to the most sad result.

Therefore, in case of an infection with an unknown pathogen, doctors prescribe drugs empirically - taking into account the most likely pathogen, with knowledge of the epidemiological situation in a particular region and medical institution. For this, broad-spectrum antibiotics are used.

After performing a sensitivity test, the doctor has the opportunity to change the drug to a more effective one. Replacement of the drug can be made in the absence of the effect of treatment for 3-5 days.

Etiotropic (targeted) prescription of antibiotics is more effective. At the same time, it turns out what caused the disease - with the help of bacteriological research, the type of pathogen is established. Then the doctor selects a specific drug to which the microbe has no resistance (resistance).

Are antibiotics always effective?

Antibiotics only work on bacteria and fungi! Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms. There are several thousand species of bacteria, some of which coexist quite normally with humans - more than 20 species of bacteria live in the large intestine. Some bacteria are opportunistic - they become the cause of the disease only when certain conditions, for example, when they enter a habitat that is not typical for them. For example, very often prostatitis is caused by E. coli that enters ascending way in from the rectum.

Note: antibiotics are completely ineffective viral diseases. Viruses are many times smaller than bacteria, and antibiotics simply do not have a point of application of their ability. Therefore, antibiotics for colds do not have an effect, since colds in 99% of cases are caused by viruses.

Antibiotics for coughs and bronchitis may be effective if these symptoms are caused by bacteria. Only a doctor can figure out what caused the disease - for this he prescribes blood tests, if necessary - a sputum examination if it departs.

Important:Do not prescribe antibiotics to yourself! This will only lead to the fact that some of the pathogens will develop resistance, and the next time the disease will be much more difficult to cure.

Of course, antibiotics are effective for - this disease is exclusively bacterial in nature, it is caused by streptococci or staphylococci. For the treatment of angina use the most simple antibiotics- penicillin, erythromycin. The most important thing in the treatment of angina is compliance with the frequency of taking drugs and the duration of treatment - at least 7 days. You can not stop taking the medicine immediately after the onset of the condition, which is usually noted for 3-4 days. True tonsillitis should not be confused with tonsillitis, which may be of viral origin.

Note: untreated angina can cause acute rheumatic fever or!

Inflammation of the lungs () can be of both bacterial and viral origin. Bacteria cause pneumonia in 80% of cases, therefore, even with empirical prescription, antibiotics for pneumonia have good effect. In viral pneumonia, antibiotics do not have a therapeutic effect, although they prevent the bacterial flora from joining the inflammatory process.

Antibiotics and alcohol

The simultaneous use of alcohol and antibiotics in a short period of time does not lead to anything good. Some drugs are broken down in the liver, like alcohol. The presence of an antibiotic and alcohol in the blood puts a heavy burden on the liver - it simply does not have time to neutralize ethanol. As a result, the likelihood of developing unpleasant symptoms: nausea, vomiting, intestinal disorders.

Important: a number of drugs interact with alcohol at the chemical level, resulting in a direct decrease in therapeutic effect. These drugs include metronidazole, chloramphenicol, cefoperazone and a number of others. The simultaneous use of alcohol and these drugs can not only reduce healing effect but also lead to shortness of breath, convulsions and death.

Of course, some antibiotics can be taken while drinking alcohol, but why risk your health? It is better to abstain from alcohol for a short time - the course of antibiotic therapy rarely exceeds 1.5-2 weeks.

Antibiotics during pregnancy

pregnant women get sick infectious diseases no less than all the others. But the treatment of pregnant women with antibiotics is very difficult. In the body of a pregnant woman, the fetus grows and develops - future child, highly sensitive to many chemicals. The ingress of antibiotics into the developing organism can provoke the development of fetal malformations, toxic damage to the central nervous system of the fetus.

In the first trimester, it is advisable to avoid the use of antibiotics altogether. In the second and third trimesters, their appointment is safer, but also, if possible, should be limited.

It is impossible to refuse the prescription of antibiotics to a pregnant woman with the following diseases:

• Pneumonia;
• angina;
• infected wounds;
• specific infections: brucellosis, borreliosis;
• genital infections:,.

What antibiotics can be prescribed to a pregnant woman?

Penicillin, cephalosporin preparations, erythromycin, josamycin have almost no effect on the fetus. Penicillin, although it passes through the placenta, does not adversely affect the fetus. Cephalosporin and other named drugs cross the placenta in extremely low concentrations and are not capable of harming the unborn child.

Conditionally safe drugs include metronidazole, gentamicin and azithromycin. They are prescribed only for health reasons, when the benefit to the woman outweighs the risk to the child. Such situations include severe pneumonia, sepsis, and other severe infections in which a woman can simply die without antibiotics.

Which of the drugs should not be prescribed during pregnancy

The following drugs should not be used in pregnant women:

• aminoglycosides- can lead to congenital deafness(exception - gentamicin);
• clarithromycin, roxithromycin– in experiments they had a toxic effect on animal embryos;
• fluoroquinolones;
• tetracycline- disturbs the formation skeletal system and teeth;
• chloramphenicol- dangerous to later dates pregnancy due to inhibition of bone marrow function in the child.

For some antibacterial drugs no data on negative impact to the fruit. This is explained simply - on pregnant women, they do not conduct experiments to determine the toxicity of drugs. Experiments on animals do not allow with 100% certainty to exclude all negative effects, since the metabolism of drugs in humans and animals can differ significantly.

It should be noted that before you should also stop taking antibiotics or change plans for conception. Some drugs have a cumulative effect - they are able to accumulate in a woman's body, and for some time after the end of the course of treatment they are gradually metabolized and excreted. Pregnancy is recommended no earlier than 2-3 weeks after the end of antibiotics.

Consequences of taking antibiotics

The ingress of antibiotics into the human body leads not only to the destruction of pathogenic bacteria. Like all foreign chemicals, antibiotics have a systemic effect - in one way or another they affect all body systems.

There are several groups of side effects of antibiotics:

allergic reactions

Almost any antibiotic can cause allergies. The severity of the reaction is different: a rash on the body, Quincke's edema (angioneurotic edema), anaphylactic shock. If allergic rash practically not dangerous, then anaphylactic shock can lead to lethal outcome. The risk of shock is much higher with antibiotic injections, which is why injections should only be given in medical institutions- there may be emergency assistance.

Antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs that cause cross-allergic reactions:

Toxic reactions

Antibiotics can damage many organs, but the liver is most susceptible to their effects - against the background of antibiotic therapy, toxic hepatitis can occur. Individual drugs have a selective toxic effect on other organs: aminoglycosides - on hearing aid(cause deafness) tetracyclines inhibit growth bone tissue in children.

note: the toxicity of the drug usually depends on its dose, but with individual intolerance, sometimes smaller doses are enough to show the effect.

Impact on the gastrointestinal tract

When taking certain antibiotics, patients often complain of stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, stool disorders (diarrhea). These reactions are most often due to the local irritating effect of drugs. Specific impact antibiotics on the intestinal flora leads to functional disorders of its activity, which is most often accompanied by diarrhea. This condition is called antibiotic-associated diarrhea, which is popularly known as dysbacteriosis after antibiotics.

Other side effects

Other side effects include:

• suppression of immunity;
• the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms;
• superinfection - a condition in which microbes resistant to a given antibiotic are activated, leading to the emergence of a new disease;
• violation of vitamin metabolism - due to the inhibition of the natural flora of the colon, which synthesizes some B vitamins;
• Jarisch-Herxheimer bacteriolysis is a reaction that occurs when bactericidal drugs are used, when, as a result of the simultaneous death of a large number of bacteria, a large amount of toxins are released into the blood. The reaction is clinically similar to shock.

Can antibiotics be used prophylactically?

Self-education in the field of treatment has led to the fact that many patients, especially young mothers, try to prescribe themselves (or their child) an antibiotic at the slightest sign of a cold. Antibiotics do not have preventive action- they treat the cause of the disease, that is, they eliminate microorganisms, and in the absence, only side effects of drugs appear.

There are a limited number of situations where antibiotics are given before clinical manifestations infection, in order to prevent it:

• surgery- in this case, the antibiotic in the blood and tissues prevents the development of infection. Usually enough single dose drug administered 30-40 minutes before the intervention. Sometimes even after an appendectomy in postoperative period do not inject antibiotics. After "clean" surgical operations, antibiotics are not prescribed at all.
• major injuries or wounds (open fractures, soil contamination of the wound). In this case, it is absolutely obvious that an infection has entered the wound and it should be “crushed” before it manifests itself;
• emergency prevention of syphilis carried out in unprotected sexual contact with a potentially sick person, as well as among health workers who have blood infected person or another biological fluid got on the mucous membrane;
• penicillin can be given to children for the prevention of rheumatic fever, which is a complication of tonsillitis.

Antibiotics for children

The use of antibiotics in children in general does not differ from their use in other groups of people. children young age pediatricians most often prescribe antibiotics in syrup. This dosage form more convenient to take, unlike injections, it is completely painless. Older children may be prescribed antibiotics in tablets and capsules. In severe infections, they switch to the parenteral route of administration - injections.

Important: main feature in the use of antibiotics in pediatrics lies in dosages - children are prescribed smaller doses, since the drug is calculated in terms of a kilogram of body weight.

Antibiotics are very effective drugs while having a large number of side effects. In order to be cured with their help and not harm your body, you should take them only as directed by your doctor.

What are antibiotics? When are antibiotics needed and when are they dangerous? The main rules of antibiotic treatment are told by the pediatrician, Dr. Komarovsky:

Gudkov Roman, resuscitator