Amputation of the thoracic limb in a cat. Cat Matilda, injury and amputation of paw, fundraising for surgery. In what cases can this help?

Good afternoon, please tell me, a cat (12 years old) severely broke her front leg in August 2017. In September 2017 They had surgery (osteosynthesis) with metal plates. Until March, supplements in the form of Artroglycan and Excel vitamins were introduced into the diet, and injections were given to absorb calcium. In March 2018 We had a planned operation to remove the metal plates. The cat didn’t step on her paw like that; according to the test results, her calcium rose to the lower limit (it was very low), but her white blood cells continued to fall (they became 2-3 times lower than normal). Tested for immunodeficiency - negative. Ultrasound of the adrenal glands showed that everything was normal. But on the x-ray the changes are clearly visible - the bone “dissolves” (so to speak). Compared to the pictures from March, there is a big difference. And in the area of ​​the fingers, the bone itself from the elbow to the fingers became thinner and the process on the elbow was no longer there. In this case, the doctor recommended not to hesitate, but to remove the paw as soon as possible, because Progress in 2 months is strong. The cat’s condition has also worsened since the beginning of May, she has become inactive and almost does not allow herself to be touched. Please tell me, is this really true? the only way stop the disease, and there is no way to restore the bone? thanks in advance

Answer

Goreyko Mila Alexandrovna

Main veterinarian, dentist, Ph.D.

Hello. It is impossible to assess the condition of the paw without seeing your animal. To carry out limb-saving surgery, it is necessary to show the animal and x-rays surgeon In our clinic we recommend that you make an appointment with V.A. Belozor.

For a face-to-face consultation with our specialists, please make an appointment at

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

FGOU VPO "URAL STATE

ACADEMY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE"

Department of Surgery and Pathomorphology

COURSE WORK

ON THE TOPIC: “AMPUTATION OF LIMBS IN SMALL ANIMALS”

Troitsk - 2012

INTRODUCTION

A surgical operation is a set of mechanical effects on the organs and tissues of an animal, mainly for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

Each operation is preceded by a diagnosis, which is made on the basis of thorough clinical and sometimes radiological, laboratory and other special studies.

Indications for surgery are absolute (bleeding starting malignancy, prolapse of viscera, displacement and entrapment internal organs, acute obstruction respiratory tract, pneumothorax, scar tympany, etc.). Relative, when it is possible not to operate without causing significant damage to the health of the animal, and, therefore, without the risk of reducing its productivity ( benign neoplasms, nonstrangulated hernia, etc.).

Contraindications to surgery are determined by general condition animal at the moment: exhaustion, age, exacerbation of the process, inoperability due to large lesions, advanced pregnancy or state of heat. Operations cannot be performed until the quarantine on the farm is lifted. The only exceptions are emergency cases requiring emergency intervention, in which the operation must be performed in compliance with all rules of personal protection and prevention further dissemination diseases.

All operations are divided into two main groups:

Bloody (accompanied by bleeding);

Non-bloody (the integrity of the outer integument is not compromised).

Depending on the feasibility of the operation, they are divided into:

Medicinal.

Diagnostic.

Economic.

Cosmetic.

Plastic.

Depending on the degree of urgency of their implementation:

Emergency.

Non-urgent (planned).

Depending on the nature of the operation, it can be:

Radical (complete elimination of the causes of the disease).

Palliative (providing temporary relief of the patient’s condition).

Operations on non-infected organs and tissues are called aseptic; in other cases they speak of purulent surgery. There are also plastic operations - to correct the shape, restore the length and function of damaged organs and tissues, and cosmetic operations - to decorate animals.

Most operations are performed in one step, but if the animal is weak, there is a threat heavy bleeding, the possibility of developing shock and other complications is sometimes operated in 2 steps - two-stage operations

The operation consists of three sequential actions: operational access, prompt reception and final stage operations.

Amputation is removal peripheral part limbs along the bone (in the space between the joints).

Disarticulation is the removal of the peripheral part of a limb at the joint level.

TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

Topographic anatomy is the science that studies mutual arrangement organs and tissues of animals by region and determination of projections of organs onto the skin. The following types are distinguished:

age,

surgical.

Surgical, examines changes in the structure, location and relationship of organs and tissues depending on the pathological process.

Hind limb

The knee joint (articulatio genus) is complex joint, consisting of the kneecap joint and the femoral joint. Both joints are functionally interconnected (Fig. No. 1).

From a developmental point of view, the patella joint, or femoral joint (articulatio femoropatellaris), is a mucous bursa of the quadriceps femoris tendon. The tendinous pedicle has developed into a teardrop-shaped patella, patella, which slides along the trochlea femur. The block is formed by developed lateral and medial ridges, between which there is a smooth and wide groove for the kneecap. Proximal to it, the dog has a supratrochlear fossa, fossa suprapatellaris. The dog's kneecap has subcupal fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilago suprapatellaris) along the edges, and lateral and medial calyceal fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilago parapatellaris lateralis et medialis). These three additional cartilages on the dog's kneecap develop only at 1/2 - 1.5 years of age from the so-called "tendinous node". The articular synovial capsule is wide and bulges proximally and in all directions. The fibrous capsule is common to both joints, so an injection into the femoral joint, made horizontally on the medial side of the patella ligament (ligamentum patellae), can reach the femoral joint. Under the kneecap of the dog, the subcupal fat body (corpus adiposum infrapatellar) bulges into the articular cavity.

The ligamentous apparatus of the femoral joint is formed by the direct ligament of the patella (ligamentum patellae) and the supporting ligaments - the holders of the patella (retinacula patellae). The patellar ligament, as already mentioned, is the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which extends from the top of the kneecap to the roughness of the greater tibia. At the insertion site, the tendon is surrounded by the distal popliteal synovial bursa (bursa infrapatellaris (distalis)). The straight patella ligament is palpable. The fascia that extends from the various muscles passing through the knee joint is called the patella support. Among them, two of the strongest can be distinguished, which run laterally and medially from the kneecap and stretch to the femur, and in the dog to the vesalian bones. They are called the lateral and medial femoral calyx ligaments (ligamentum femoropatellare laterale et mediale).

Movements in the femoral joint are carried out according to the principle of sliding; they are performed simultaneously with the femoral joint.

The femoral joint (articulatio femorotibialis) is a hinge-sliding joint. It articulates both condyles of the femur with the condyles tibia, between which the menisci (meniscus lateralis et medialis) are wedged from the lateral and medial sides. The articular capsule also includes both vesal bones (ossa sesamoidea musculi gastrocnemii) located caudo-proximally above each of the femoral condyles. The third sesamoid bone (as sesamoideum musculi poplitei) is in contact with the lateral meniscus, as well as the lateral condyle of the tibia.

Menisci are made of fibrous cartilage. The menisci are shaped like a horseshoe. The lateral meniscus is more curved than the medial one. The surface facing the femur is more recessed, the surface facing the tibia is only slightly concave. The outer height of the meniscus in a dog depends on the size of the animal. The inner edge is sharp. When the joint moves, the menisci change their shape.

The voluminous synovial joint capsule is divided in the center by an incomplete synovial membrane (membrana synovialis) into two bags, each of which in turn is divided by menisci into two floors. Joints that form with femur vesalian bones are included in the articular cavity. The proximal tibiofibular joint also communicates with the femoral joint. The presence of a common fibrous capsule with the femoral joint has already been indicated. The synovial capsule of the femoral joint is strengthened by ligaments.

Ligaments are divided into lateral, cruciate and meniscotibular ligaments. The lateral and medial collateral ligaments (ligamenta collateralia laterale et mediale) arise from the lateral and medial ligamentous tubercles of the femur and are attached under the medial condyle of the tibia and laterally on the head of the fibula. Thus, the lateral collateral ligament runs slightly caudodistally and is relaxed in extreme flexion, which explains the slight rotational movement.

The cruciate ligaments (ligamenta cruciata genus) are located inside the capsule. They are two powerful ligaments that intersect each other in a slightly spiral manner. The cranial cruciate ligament (ligamentum cruciatum craniale) originates from the intercondylar fossa on the side of the lateral condyle of the femur and is attached to the medial part of the cranial intercondylar area of ​​the tibia, area intercondylaris cranialis medialis; The caudal cruciate ligament (ligamentum cruciatum caudale) arises from the intercondylar fossa on the side of the medial condyle of the femur and is attached in the area of ​​the caudal intercondylar platform of the tibia, area intercondylaris caudalis, in an area extending to the fossa of the popliteal muscle. The cruciate ligaments play a very important role in maintaining the internal stability of joint movements. When one of the ligaments ruptures, the so-called drawer syndrome can be observed: with more frequent avulsions of the cranial ligament, the tibia moves unusually far forward; with rare avulsions of the caudal ligament, the tibia moves too far caudally.

The meniscal ligaments are attached to the cranial and caudal corners of the lateral and medial menisci and in the form of the cranial and caudal meniscotibular ligaments (ligamentum meniscotibiale craniale et caudale) of the corresponding meniscus extend to the tibia. The cranial corners of both menisci are connected by a transverse ligament (ligamentum transverswn genus). From the caudal angle of the lateral meniscus, the meniscofemoral ligament (ligamentum meniscofemorale) stretches to the popliteal surface above the medial condyle of the femur. According to its direction, it can support the caudal cruciate ligament. Together with both menisci, this ligament contains a large number of mechanoreceptors for continuous measurement of tension.

The relatively complex mechanics of the femoral joint are distinguished by the fact that during extension and flexion, the femoral condyles slide differently over the menisci and that the menisci slide relative to the tibial condyles to a limited extent. The amount of flexion-extension ranges between 90 and 130°. Along with this, there is a slight possibility of adduction, abduction and rotation, but the volume of these movements does not exceed 20°.

Own muscles knee joint

The powerful quadriceps femoris muscle, which has the largest mass, m. quadriceps femoris, located cephalad on the thigh and covered by the tensor fascia lata, fascia lata, sartorius muscle and femoral fascia. Its four separate heads - the rectus femoris and vastus medialis, vastus lateralis et vastus intermedius - are not clearly distinguishable in dogs. They all attach to the kneecap and transmit traction through the patellar ligament to the tibial surface. Proximal and lateral to the kneecap, fibrocartilaginous bodies are included in the individual tendons of the quadriceps muscle. The rectus femoris muscle begins with a short tendon, sometimes equipped with a synovial bursa; proximal to the acetabulum on the body ilium, passes to the anterior surface of the thigh and there passes between the medial and lateral vastus muscles. In the distal third of the dog's thigh, there is usually a small bursa between the belly of the muscle and the femur. The vastus medialis muscle originates in the proximal part of the femur on the craniomedial surface, as well as on the medial lip. It is covered with a dense tendon membrane, which flows proximally from the kneecap into the rectus femoris muscle. The vastus lateralis muscle begins craniolaterally on the proximal part of the femur. It extends to the lateral lip and its fibers distally enter the rectus femoris muscle. The vastus intermedius extends craniolaterally in the form of a thin cord from the vastus lateralis, which covers it. Distally, the muscle connects with the vastus medialis. Under the tendons of the lateral and medial broad muscles The hips of the dog have a small synovial bursa.

Function: is a powerful extensor of the knee joint; The rectus femoris muscle additionally flexes the hip joint (Fig. No. 2).

The popliteal muscle (m. Popliteus) begins with tendon bundles in the fossa of the popliteal muscle of the lateral epicondyle of the femur, where it is directly adjacent to the capsule of the femoral joint, popliteal artery and vein. Spreading fan-shaped, it spirals around the caudal and medial sides of the tibia, where it is attached in the proximal third of the bone. The proximal tendon of the muscle passes between the lateral collateral ligament and the outer surface of the lateral meniscus in the dog, where it passes the caudal edge of the lateral condyle of the tibia and contains a small sesamoid bone. Due to its insertion cephalad to the lateral collateral ligament and to the axis of the knee joint, the popliteus muscle supports the knee extensors.

Function: is an additional extensor of the knee joint; armors the shin; working with the flexors of the knee joint - bends it.

The muscle of the knee joint (m. articularis genus) in most dogs is stretched in the form of a thin narrow cord between the distal third of the femur and the capsule of the femoral joint.

Function: strains the capsule of the femoral joint.

Innervation of the intrinsic thigh muscles:

M. quadriceps femoris - femoral nerve;

M. articularis genus - femoral nerve;

M. popliteus - tibial nerve.

Arteries pelvic limb

The main arterial line of the pelvic limb originates from the abdominal aorta at the level of the 5th lumbar vertebrae and is directed distally to the fingers. It, called the external iliac artery, passes in front of the ilium, gives off the deep femoral artery and, like the femoral artery, goes in front of the hip joint, crosses the medial femoral bone and appears on the flexor surface of the knee joint, where it is called the popliteal artery. It then passes between both bones of the tibia to the dorsal surface of the tibia, where it runs as the anterior tibial artery. On the dorsal surface of the tarsus, it is called the dorsal pedis artery. Next it follows on the metatarsus and passes into the plantar digital arteries.

Along its path, the highway supplies lateral branches with muscles, ligaments, bones and skin. In the area of ​​the joints, the lateral branches form bypass arterial networks. On the thigh, the main highway branches off into a powerful subcutaneous artery - the artery of Safen, which reaches the fingers; in the metatarsal region it forms the common plantar digital arteries.

Circumferential deep iliac artery - arises from the abdominal aorta near the caudal mesenteric artery. branches in the macular region in the abdominal wall and lumbar muscles. It gives off muscular branches - cranial and caudal.

External iliac artery

The external iliac artery - a.iliac externa is medially accompanied by the vein of the same name. It gives off before its transition to the femoral artery - the deep femoral artery.

Caudal abdominal artery- a.abdominalis caudalis - goes to the abdominal muscles.

The deep femoral artery - a.femoris profunda - is separated in the abdominal cavity, directed caudo-ventrally to the thigh area between the iliopsoas and pectineus muscles. It branches along with the obturator nerve in the adductors of the hip joint. It gives off at the very beginning: the epigastric trunk, and at the posterior edge of the femur - the medial circumferential femoral artery and the obturator branch.

The external pudendal artery - a.pudenda externa - nourishes the mammary gland.

The caudal epigastric artery - a.epigastrica caudalis - runs cranially along the lateral edge of the rectus abdominal muscle, branches in the abdominal muscles and anastomoses with the cranial epigastric artery.

The medial circumferential femoral artery - a.circumflexa femoris medialis - passes along the medial surface of the thigh into the adductor quadratus and biceps femoris muscles and into the semimembranosus muscle.

The obturator branch - ramus abturatorius - goes to the obturator muscles.

Femoral artery

Femoral artery - a.femoralis - passes into femoral canal, between the pectineal and sartorius muscles, accompanied by n.saphenus cranially from the vein of the same name. She gives:

common trunk of the cranial femoral and lateral circumferential femoral arteries to the knee extensors;

caudal femoral artery and muscular branches to the plantar muscles of the thigh;

Safen's artery into the skin of the knees and feet;

proximal genicular artery into the knee area.

Between the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle, the femoral artery passes into the popliteal artery.

The cranial femoral artery - a.femoris cranialis - passes between the direct and lateral heads of the quadriceps femoris muscle, in which it branches together with the femoral nerve.

The lateral circumferential femoral artery - a.circumflexa femoris lateralis - departs along with the cranial femoral artery, supplies the biceps femoris muscle and the tensor fascia lata, as well as the gluteal muscles.

Muscular branches - rami musculares - go to the medial muscles of the thigh.

Saphen's artery - a.saphena, or the subcutaneous artery of the leg and paw - departs in the middle of the thigh in the medial direction, joins the n.saphenus and follows with it to the plantar surface of the leg and paw. The tibia is divided into dorsal and plantar branches.

The dorsal one is weaker, the branch - ramus dorsalis - goes under the skin to the metatarsus and is divided into I-IV dorsal digital arteries aa.digitales communes dorsales I-IV. Each of them separates a special dorsal digital artery - lateral and medial on each finger. The plantar branch - ramus plantaris - is more strongly developed, on the plantar surface of the hock joint it gives off the plantar lateral and medial arteries - a.plantaris lateralis et medialis, and at the distal end of the metatarsus it is divided into II, III, IV common plantar digital arteries - a.digitalis plantaris communis II-IV. Each of the latter gives rise to special digital arteries - lateral and medial. The plantar arteries, together with the perforating metatarsal artery (from the deep trunk), form the proximal plantar arch - arcus plantaris proximalis; the metatarsal plantar arteries emerge from it - a.metatarsea plantaris II-IV, flowing into the common digital plantar arteries. Caudal femoral arteries - aa.femores caudales. There are three of them - the proximal femoral artery leaves in the middle of the thigh into the gracilis muscle and into the adductors; middle and distal arteries - depart in the area of ​​the distal half of the thigh, go to the long extensors of the hip joint, in calf muscle and into the flexor digitorum superficialis. The proximal knee artery - a.genus procsimalis medialis - departs in the area of ​​the distal third of the thigh into the skin of the medial surface of the knee joint. Femoral artery of the thigh - a.nutritia femoris - arises from the caudal femoral artery; is directed into the vascular opening of the femur.

Popliteal artery

The popliteal artery - a.poplitea - lies on the plantar surface of the capsule of the knee joint, covered by the gastrocnemius and popliteal muscles; having given off muscular branches and the posterior tibial artery, it passes into the anterior tibial artery.

Posterior tibial artery

The posterior tibial artery - a.tibialis caudalis - is a small muscular branch, very poorly developed.

Anterior tibial artery

The anterior tibial artery - a.tibialis cranialis - is a continuation popliteal artery; through the interosseous space of the bones of the knees, it reaches the dorsal surface of the tibia, where it lies, covered by muscles, together with the vein of the same name and the deep peroneal nerve: on its way it gives off muscle branches to the dorsal muscles of the leg and a.nutritio tibiae, gives off the dorsal muscle in the middle of the leg metatarsal V artery - a. metatarsea dorsalis V, which passes into the lateral artery of the V finger.

In the tarsal region, the anterior tibial artery is called the dorsal artery of the foot - a.dorsalis pedis, which goes to the metatarsus and fingers, gives off very thin deep dorsal metatarsal arteries II-IV and passes into the region of the proximal half of the metatarsus into the perforating metatarsal artery - a.metatarsea perforans, which, upon exiting the plantar surface of the metatarsus, participates in the formation of the proximal plantar arch, from which the deep plantar metatarsal arteries emerge, flowing into the common plantar digital arteries.

Veins of the pelvic limb

The external iliac vein - v.iliac externa - is the end of the deep venous line of the pelvic limb, accompanying the arterial line with its branches. It begins with the plantar and dorsal metatarsal veins.

The saphenous venous line is represented by two saphenous veins of the leg and paw.

Medial vein of Safen or saphenous vein legs and paws - v.saphena medialis, less developed than the lateral one, starts from the dorsal metatarsal vein, goes along with the artery of the same name along the medial surface of the leg and thigh and flows into femoral vein

The lateral vein of Saphena, or the lateral saphenous vein of the leg and paw - v.saphena lateralis, is more developed than the medial one, begins with a dorsal branch from the dorsal metatarsal veins and a plantar branch from the plantar metatarsals. It lies on the lateral surface of the leg, flows into the caudal femoral vein, where it passes along the plantar surface of the gastrocnemius muscle.

In the area of ​​the hock joint, all three venous lines anastomose with each other.

Innervation of the pelvic limb

The lumbar plexus - plexus lumbalis - is formed by the ventral branches of the lumbar nerves.

From the plexus emerge:

Iliohypogastric nerves - n.iliohipogastricus - there are two of them, they innervate the lower back and muscles abdominal walls.

The ilioinguinal nerve - n.ilioinguinalis - innervates the lower back muscles of the abdominal walls, the skin of the external genitalia, the abdominal part of the mammary gland

Pubifemoral nerve - innervates the muscles of the abdominal walls and the mammary gland.

Lateral cutaneous nerve thighs - n.cutaneus femoris lateralis - innervates the lateral surface of the thigh.

The femoral nerve - n.femoralis - innervates the quadriceps femoris muscle, the sartorius muscle and partly the gracilis muscle. A hidden nerve, the Safen nerve, departs from it and innervates the medial surface of the thigh and lower leg.

The obturator nerve - n.obturatorius - innervates both obturator muscles, the adductor muscles of the thigh.

The sacral plexus - plexus sacralis - is formed by the ventral branches of the sacral nerves. From the plexus emerge:

The cranial gluteal nerve - n.glutaeus cranialis - innervates the gluteal region and the tensor fascia lata.

The caudal gluteal nerve - n.glutaeus caudalis - innervates the gluteal region and croup.

The caudal cutaneous nerve of the thigh - n.cutaneus femoris caudalis - passes under the skin between the biceps and semitendinosus muscles, gives branches to these muscles and innervates the skin of the gluteal region, forming the caudal gluteal nerves. In the thigh area it innervates the skin of the caudal surface of the thigh to the popliteal fossa.

The pudendal nerve - n.pudendus - innervates the perineum and external genitalia.

Caudal rectal nerve - n.haemorhoidalis caudalis - innervates - caudal segment of the rectum

The sciatic nerve - n.ischiadicus - is the largest nerve of the body - it innervates almost all the muscles in the thigh and lower leg. After it gives off branches to the binary, semimembranosus and adductor muscles, it divides into 2 branches:

The tibial nerve - innervates the caudal surface of the leg (bones, ligaments, muscles, vessels) in the foot area and is divided into two branches - the lateral and medial plantar branches - they pass between the tendons of the superficial and deep digital flexors.

General peroneal nerve- located in the peroneal groove between the long and lateral digital extensors. Innervates the dorsal and lateral surface of the leg and forms 2 branches: superficial and deep.

Indications for this operation

Absolute indications include:

avulsions of the limb, which remain connected by skin bridges or only by tendons;

open limb injuries with bone crushing, extensive muscle crushing, rupture great vessels and main nerve trunks that cannot be restored;

the presence of a severe infection that threatens the life of the animal (anaerobic infection, sepsis);

gangrene of the limb of various origins (thrombosis, embolism, obliterating endarteritis, diabetes, frostbite, burns, electrical trauma);

malignant neoplasms;

charring of the limb.

Relative indications for amputation are:

long-term trophic ulcers, not amenable to treatment;

chronic osteomyelitis with signs of amyloidosis of internal organs;

severe, irreparable deformities of the limbs of a congenital or acquired nature;

large bone defects in which orthosis with fixation devices (orthoses) is impossible;

congenital underdevelopment of the limbs.

Preoperative preparation of the animal

Preparing an animal for surgery is an essential measure on which the favorable outcome of surgery often depends. Before surgery, first of all, the animal’s vital condition is examined. important organs: heart, lungs, kidneys, liver.

Mandatory thermometry of the animal is carried out, heart sounds are listened to, and the number of respiratory movements is counted. This is followed by premedication, it is carried out by intramuscular administration of Atropine sulfate (0.02 - 0.5 ml).

To avoid contamination surgical field and possible intestinal ruptures and Bladder, they must be freed from their contents. Preparations before surgery include cleaning and general or partial washing of the animal. Carefully treat areas with fistula tracts and abscesses.

Method of fixing the animal

Small ruminants are secured with two ropes attached to the limbs. After being pulled up by the ropes, the animal is carefully tipped over. Felling and restraining pigs. The pig is brought down by bringing the legs together and bending the head with a second rope, the loop of which is tightened on the upper jaw. Strengthening dogs and cats requires extreme caution in order to protect themselves from bites, scratches and related hazards possible infection rabies. In dogs, the jaws are closed by placing a loop of braid on them: first, one knot is made under the jaws, and the end of the braid is tied at the back of the head with an unraveling knot (Fig. No. 3).

When amputating a limb, the animal is placed in a lateral position on the side opposite to the diseased limb (Fig. No. 4).

For fixation, a Vinogradov operating table for small animals is used (Fig. No. 5).

Tools

Used for amputations following tools:

Rice. 6 - Konzang

Rice. 7 - Clothes tacks

Rice. 8 - Set of scalpels for amputation

Rice. 9 - Surgical tweezers

amputation limb animal operation

Rice. 10 - Cooper Scissors

Rice. 11 - Hemostatic clamps

Rice. 12 - Needles: round, cutting and reverse cutting

Rice. 13 - Farabeuf Raspator

Rice. 14

Sterilization of instruments:

All metal instruments: scalpels, scissors, needles, tweezers, various forceps and others are sterilized in water with the addition of alkalis: 1% sodium carbonate; 3% sodium tetraborate, 0.1% sodium hydroxide. Alkalis increase the sterilization effect, precipitate salts present in ordinary water, and prevent corrosion and darkening of instruments. Before boiling, the instruments are cleaned of the grease covering them, large and complex instruments are disassembled, and the sharp parts of the instruments are wrapped in gauze.

The liquid is boiled in special metal vessels - simple and electric sterilizers (Fig. No. 6).

Rice. 15

Sterilizers have a removable grid with handles. The grate is removed with special hooks and instruments are placed on it, which are then lowered into the sterilizer after boiling the liquid for 3 minutes. The duration of boiling depends on the alkali dissolved in the water: with sodium carbonate 15 minutes, with borax 20. Used tools are also boiled (at least 30 minutes) in an alkaline liquid with the addition of 2% Lysol or phenol.

After boiling, the grid with instruments is removed from the sterilizer, and the instruments are transferred to the instrument table. Afterwards, the instruments are wiped with sterile swabs, wrapped in 2 - 3 layers of a sterile sheet or towel, and then in oilcloth.

Sterilization methods:

Doenitz method - boil in a 0.1% solution of the sum, store in the same solution in a tightly sealed container.

Kacher's method

Sadovsky's method

Sterilization of catgut:

Pokotilo's method is the simplest and fastest. Catgut is placed in a 4% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 hours. They store it there.

Gubarev's method

Sadovsky-Kotylev method

Preparation of the surgical field

Includes four main points: hair removal, mechanical cleaning with degreasing (ether, purified gasoline), surface disinfection with tanning, isolation from surrounding areas of the body. Methods for preparing the surgical field:

according to Pirogov - after cutting, the skin is shaved and dried, degreased and cleaned with a napkin moistened with a 0.5% solution of ammonia. Then the skin is tanned and disinfected two times with a 5% iodine solution.

For skin diseases, it is treated three times with 5% aqueous solution potassium permanganate.

Preparing the surgeon's hands for surgery

Treatment of skin with various antiseptic substances is unreliable, since weak solutions Antiseptics do not destroy microorganisms, and strong ones cause irritation and inflammation of the skin. That's why modern methods Preparation of hands for surgery is based on the use of the tanning properties of antiseptics, which compact the upper layers of the skin and thereby close the skin openings of the gland ducts, blocking the exit of microorganisms from them for the duration of the operation. There are three main methods of modern preparation of hands for surgery: a) mechanical cleaning, b) chemical disinfection, c) leather tanning.

Hand care products:

Tushnova liquid - castor oil 5g, glycerin 20g, ethyl alcohol 96° - 75g.

Liquid Girgolav

Hands are treated from the fingertips and further to the elbows; the most common methods are:

Alfeld's method - wash hands for three minutes with soap and alkali. Then wipe with a sterile towel and treat with a swab moistened with 96° alcohol. All methods are completed by treatment with a 5% solution of iodized alcohol.

Olivekov's method

Spasokukotsky-Kochergin method,

Napalkov's method.

Pain relief

Requirements:

wide range of narcotic effects;

sufficient potency (use as low concentrations as possible);

absence of arousal stage;

absence of harmful effects on vital centers;

absence irritating effect on tissue (necrosis);

ease of use;

economical and shelf stable.

For this operation, anesthesia is used, it is carried out by intramuscular injection of Xila (0.1 ml/kg) + Ketamine (0.6 - 1.0 ml/kg).

Operation technique

A rubber tourniquet is applied proximally to the site of the intended amputation, which must be performed within healthy tissue. Wrap the damaged area with a sterile cloth.

There are 2 main methods of amputation - using circular and flap incisions. The first is used for amputation of proximal parts of the limb - forearm, lower leg; the second is distal. In all cases of amputation, two-stage incisions are made. First, the skin and superficial fascia are cut with a scalpel blade or a special amputation knife. Then, pulling them 1 - 2 cm proximally, they are cut to the bone. In this case, the periosteum is dissected along the line of sawing the bone, which is done with a surgical saw, having previously pulled the muscle proximally by 2 - 3 cm. The vessels on the resulting stump are carefully torsed, somewhat loosening the applied rubber tourniquet. The nerves are first pulled up with tweezers above the level of the stump and excised with a safety razor blade. Using a sharp spoon, scrape out the bone marrow to a depth of 0.5 cm. Bone filings and tissue scraps are removed, and the wound is sutured with a blind, knotted suture.

POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF ANIMAL

For the first time in 24 hours postoperative period necessary:

place the dog on the floor on a bedding and cover it warmly,

moisten the oral mucosa with water every half hour,

turn from side to side every hour,

if the dog wants to go to the toilet, help her by supporting her with a towel under her stomach for better stability, stimulation of defecation and urination;

Do not feed for the first 6 hours! Give water with glucose or honey to drink.

Note: You should monitor the bandage for getting wet with blood, gum staining, and urination. From the beginning of the second day, the owner of the animal must:

a) prevent seams from licking (if necessary) using protective devices:

a combined bandage, but you can also take an old shirt with cut off sleeves and put it on the dog, securing it to the back.

b) lubricate the seams with Levomekol ointment once a day.

If there is no bowel movement, do enemas (every day).

On the tenth day, remove the sutures.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.Magda I.I. Operative surgery with the basics of topographic anatomy of domestic animals./ B.Z. Itkin, I.I. Voronin; - M.: Kolos, 1979. - 317 p.

2.Operative surgery / I.I. Magda, B.Z. Itkin, I.I. Voronin et al. Ed. I.I. Magda. - M.: Agropromizdat, 1990.

.Popesco P. Atlas of topographic anatomy of farm animals, in 3 volumes. - Nature, Bratislava, 1978.

.Sadovsky N.V. Workshop on operative surgery. Saratov, 1983.

.Chubar V.K. Operative surgery of domestic animals. Selkhozizdat, 1951.

When a cat appears in the house, many owners consider declawing along with sterilization. While the kitten is small, owners are concerned about several problems: litter box training, choosing the right food, and teaching order. By order we mean the moment to allocate a separate place for the baby to sharpen his claws, in order to avoid damage to furniture and repairs in general.

But as the kitten grows up, the problems get worse. His main weapon targets not only interior items, but also the owners themselves. It is then that even the most loving owners begin to think about this operation.

The procedure for declawing cats is affectionately known as “soft paws” and is scientifically known as an onychectomy. This surgery, during which the animal’s claw phalanx is completely removed. Onychectomy is performed not only on cats, but also on dogs, primates and even sometimes birds. Surgery takes place under general anesthesia.

Indications for such intervention in the life of an animal are only damage to the claw phalanx. Whether it is mechanical or due to a disease, if there is no way to save the “finger,” the veterinarian will definitely recommend amputating it.

Also, if we take into account biomedical ethics, uncontrollable aggression of the cat may serve as an indication for the removal of all claw phalanges. threatening to others. There are no other recommendations for performing the “soft paws” operation; this can only be the desire of the owner.

Consequences of the operation

Animal rights activists are clearly against similar procedure unless it has medical indications. They compare cat declawing surgery to removing the last phalanx of a human finger. In turn, doctors argue that this is an inappropriate comparison. However, after a total onychectomy, the cat experiences irreversible changes.

Here are the consequences you can notice in a cat after declawing:

• inflammation of soft tissues and even osteomyelitis (necrotic process);
• During the operation, the cat may lose a large amount of blood;
• the healing process, as a rule, turns out to be longer than predicted;
• the animal’s coordination of movements is impaired;
• the character of the cat changes, since the rehabilitation process takes a long time and is very painful;
• you need constant control over the animal so that it does not damage the stitches;
• the cat may not cope well with anesthesia;
• the pet begins to ignore the tray, because it will not be able to rummage through it as before.

These are just some of the unpleasant consequences of declawing. Of course, if there are medical indications for removal, then they should not be ignored. But it is also worth understanding that when medical indications The cat is not deprived of all its claws, but only sick or damaged ones are removed.

Rehabilitation

As after any surgical intervention, your furry pet will need special care after declawing to get the cat back on its paws.

For normal rehabilitation of an animal you need:

• use painkilling injections only on the recommendation of a veterinarian;
• show the operated animal to the doctor every 3-4 days;
• the stitches need to be treated daily and the dressing changed;
• It is important to ensure that the cat does not remove the protective collar. You need to protect your pet from gnawing bandages and stitches.

Average recovery period takes 3-4 weeks. It is not recommended to remove claws for kittens under 7 months, but in fact, it is better to first sterilize the animal and analyze its behavior. Indeed, often, the decision to remove claws is not so necessary.

How much does cat declawing surgery cost?

The price of a total onychectomy varies depending on the level of the clinic and its location. For example, in Moscow and the region the cost ranges from 1.5 thousand rubles to 5. In the regions, prices may be lower.

If you decide to have such a serious operation on your pet, you should not save money. It is better to make a choice in favor of a clinic that specializes in surgery. It’s even better to choose one where it is possible to call a doctor at home. If the operation is performed in a familiar environment for the cat, he may recover faster.

Reviews

Reviews from owners about declawing cats, as well as opinions about the advisability of the procedure, vary greatly. Below are several reviews from owners who decided to undergo this complex operation.

Victoria, Barsik's owner:

“Our Barsik has always been a calm and beloved cat. But at some point he began to show unjustified aggression towards his husband and some other household members. We were never able to establish the cause, cat sedatives didn't help. Having lost a long battle, we made a desperate decision - to deprive Barsik of his claws. The operation was successful, rehabilitation took a little over a month. The cat changed completely, became calm, even somewhat unsociable. Activity has decreased greatly. I can’t say that I regret the operation, since our problem was completely resolved.”

Marina, owner of Sonya and Kitty:

“We have always had Sonya calm cat. A few years later we decided to make her a girlfriend. That's how we got a Kitty. The girls quickly became friends, but sometimes they still fought. One day, Sonya scratched the youngest one very badly; she even had to resort to the help of a veterinarian. That's when we decided to remove Sonya's claws.

The operation went well, but the rehabilitation period was extremely difficult. The cat was lethargic, her appetite was weak, there was not a hint of affection left. Over time, Sonya began to boldly walk on her paws, but a slight limp remained. Her jumps were timid, and she could not balance on high shelves. Sonya began to completely ignore the tray. Of course, we have solved the issue of cat fights once and for all, but we have completely lost our favorite. I really regret taking this step.”

Alternative to soft paw surgery

Onychectomy is a dangerous and cruel operation that should not be performed at the whim of the owner. Declawing a cat is like going to a clinic and having your fingers amputated. You need to approach this step with full responsibility and understand that any problem can be solved without surgical intervention.

For example, if a cat gets into the habit of sharpening its claws on furniture or walls, you can equip it with a separate place for this purpose. You can buy a scratching post or build it yourself. If your fluffy stubbornly ignores a new place for his claws, you need to try to attract him to it. Thus, purchased scratching posts usually have a special impregnation that literally attracts cats. You can do the same with homemade equipment. A few drops of valerian will solve any problems.

If a cat shows aggression towards its owners or simply scratches during active games, you can trim its claws regularly. This procedure is carried out in all veterinary clinics, beauty salons for animals, or you can trim the claws yourself. The main thing is to cut off only the sharp tip so as not to injure the animal. Also, this procedure should be carried out when the cat is calm or half asleep.

Also, silicone pads will help solve all problems with claws. Caps made of soft silicone are securely attached to the claw and protect owners and furniture from sharp cat weapons.

Whatever the owners’ decision regarding the animal’s claws, one must always remember the truism: “We are responsible for those we have tamed.” Therefore, all our actions should be aimed at the well-being of the pet and in no way harm it. And if you are involved in raising a cat from the first days, then there can be no problems with either the tray or the claws.

You can also ask questions to our site's in-house veterinarian, who will answer them as quickly as possible in the comment box below.

We know very little about the time of the appearance of the first domestic animals; there is practically no confirmed information about them. There are no legends or chronicles preserved about that period of human life when we were able to tame wild animals. It is believed that already in the Stone Age, ancient people had domesticated animals, the ancestors of today's domestic animals. The time when man got modern domestic animals remains unknown to science, and the formation of today's domestic animals as a species is also unknown.

Scientists assume that every domestic animal has its wild ancestor. Proof of this is archaeological excavations carried out on the ruins of ancient human settlements. During excavations, bones belonging to domestic animals were found ancient world. So it can be argued that even in such a distant era of human life, domesticated animals accompanied us. Today there are species of domestic animals that are no longer found in the wild.

Many of today's wild animals are feral animals caused by humans. For example, let's take America or Australia as clear evidence of this theory. Almost all domestic animals were brought to these continents from Europe. These animals have found fertile soil for life and development. An example of this is hares or rabbits in Australia. Due to the fact that there are no natural predators dangerous for this species on this continent, they multiplied in huge numbers and went wild. Since all rabbits were domesticated and brought by Europeans for their needs. Therefore, we can say with confidence that more than half of wild domesticated animals are former domestic animals. For example, wild city cats and dogs.

Be that as it may, the question of the origin of domestic animals should be considered open. As for our pets. The first confirmations in chronicles and legends we meet are a dog and a cat. In Egypt, the cat was a sacred animal, and dogs were actively used by humanity in the ancient era. There is plenty of evidence for this. In Europe, the cat appeared in its mass after crusade, but firmly and quickly occupied the niche of a pet and mouse hunter. Before them, Europeans used various animals to catch mice, such as weasels or genets.

Domestic animals are divided into two unequal species.

The first type of domestic animal is farm animals that directly benefit humans. Meat, wool, fur and many others useful things, goods, and are also used by us for food. But they do not live directly in the same room with a person.

The second type is pet animals (companions), which we see every day in our houses or apartments. They brighten up our leisure time, entertain us and give us pleasure. And most of them are almost useless for practical purposes. modern world, these are for example hamsters, guinea pigs, parrots and many others.

Animals of the same species can often belong to both species, both farm animals and pets. A prime example of this is that rabbits and ferrets are kept at home as pets, but are also bred for their meat and fur. Also, some waste from pets can be used, for example, the hair of cats and dogs for knitting various items or as insulation. For example, belts made of dog hair.

Many doctors note the positive impact of pets on human health and well-being. We can notice that many families who keep animals at home note that these animals create comfort, calm, and relieve stress.

This encyclopedia was created by us to help pet lovers. We hope that our encyclopedia will help you in choosing a pet and caring for it.

If you have interesting observations of your pet’s behavior or would like to share information about some pet. Or do you have a nursery near your house? Vet clinic, or a hotel for animals, write to us about them at the address so that we can add this information to the database on our website.