Enzymes with bile preparations. Digestive enzymes with bile acids. What are digestive enzymes for?

Enzymes (enzymes) are substances that act as catalysts in metabolic processes, which makes it possible to improve and speed up reactions during the digestion of food by several times. Changes in the amount of enzymes for digestion in the body indicate the possible development of the disease. Therefore, if symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, flatulence appear, you should seek the advice of a doctor.

The role of enzymes in digestion

Of great importance in the process of food processing are enzymes that are produced in the intestines, stomach, salivary glands. Enzymes involved in digestion are very active and able to break down large amounts of organic matter(proteins, carbohydrates and fats), which contributes to the quality absorption of food. Each of the enzymes is designed to catalyze one particular reaction and acts on one type of bond.

There are 3 groups of these substances:

• Lipase - is part of the gastric juice and is produced by the pancreas. Lipase is essential for better absorption of fats.
• Amylase - is needed for the breakdown of carbohydrates, under its influence they are quickly destroyed and absorbed into the blood. This group of enzymes includes pancreatic lactase, maltase and salivary amylase.
• Protease - helps break down proteins and normalize microflora gastrointestinal tract. Proteases include pepsin and chymosin of the stomach, pancreatic carboxypeptidase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and intestinal juice erepsin.

Preparations

In case of indigestion, preparations containing enzymes are prescribed. Depending on the composition, the following groups of enzyme medicines are distinguished:

• Extracts of the gastric mucosa, the active substance of which is pepsin (Abomin, Acidin-pepsin). The action of this group of enzymes is aimed at normalizing secretory function stomach and in most cases they are prescribed for atrophic gastritis.
• pancreatic enzymes, represented by lipase, amylase and trypsin (Pancreatin, Panzinorm forte-N, Pantsitrat, Creon, Mezim-forte). The drugs are used to correct violations of the digestive processes and to normalize the functions of the pancreas. They provide good digestive activity and help to eliminate the symptoms of iron deficiency (loss of appetite, rumbling in the abdomen, nausea, flatulence).

  Each drug differs in the activity of its constituent components. For example, amylase promotes the decomposition of pectin and starch to simple sugars- maltose and sucrose. The enzyme breaks down extracellular polysaccharides (glycogen, starch) and does not participate in the hydrolysis of plant fiber. Proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) regulate intestinal motility. Lipase is involved in the hydrolysis of neutral fat small intestine.

• Combined enzymes, which include pancreatin in combination with components of hemicellulose, bile (Festal, Panzinorm forte, Enzistal, Digestal). Medicines containing bile acids stimulate the motility of the gallbladder and intestines. Means with active ingredients of hemicellulose and bile components create favorable conditions for the complete and rapid breakdown of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in the duodenum and small intestine. Medicines are prescribed for insufficient exocrine pancreatic function in combination with diseases of the biliary system, liver, with a sedentary lifestyle, impaired chewing function, short-term errors in nutrition.

The presence in combined preparations, together with pancreatic enzymes, of the components of pepsin, bile and amino acid hydrochlorides (Panzinorm forte) helps to normalize the digestive processes in patients with anacid or hypoacid gastritis. In such patients, violations of the functions of the pancreas, bile secretion and bile formation are often observed.

Hemicellulose, which is part of some medicines (for example, Kotazim-forte, Mezim, Festal, Pancreoflat), helps break down plant fiber in the lumen of the small intestine and normalize the intestinal microflora.

Most combined products contain dimethicone and simethicone, which destroy the shell of gas bubbles, which makes it easier for the walls of the intestines and stomach to absorb it.

vegetable

Enzymes plant origin represented by fungal amylase, papain, lipase, protease and other enzymes (Oraza, Pepfiz, Unienzyme). Protease and papain hydrolyze proteins, lipase - fats, fungal amylase - carbohydrates.

There are also combined plant enzymes in combination with pancreatin, vitamins (Wobenzym) and disaccharidases (Tylactase, Lactraz, Kerulak). These enzymes are used ulcerative colitis, pancreatitis, Crohn's disease, autoimmune, oncological, gynecological, urological diseases, injuries.

For children

A child, just like an adult, is prone to digestive disorders. Almost all of the enzyme preparations listed above are also suitable for children. However, to prescribe this or that medicine in correct dosage only a doctor can.

Enzymes coated with a special shell are recommended for children. Starting from 4-5 years old, it is allowed to take enzymes in tablets or capsules. In more early age it is recommended to open the capsule and mix its contents with milk or water.

The most popular and best enzyme preparations for normalizing digestion in children are:

• Abomin- used for violations of digestive functions, gastroenteritis, decreased acidity of gastric juice, gastritis, enterocolitis. It is forbidden to take medication for the syndrome of regurgitation and vomiting in children at an early age. In some cases, Abomin can cause temporary heartburn and nausea.
• Mezim-forte helps to fill the deficiencies of pancreatic enzymes, and also stimulates the digestion of food. The medicine is prescribed for peptic ulcers, chronic pancreatitis, dysbacteriosis, enteritis, gastritis, intestinal infection. It can be given for a short time, to facilitate the process of digestion. It is forbidden to take with exacerbation of pancreatitis.
• Pancreatin 8000- facilitates the digestion of fats, carbohydrates, proteins, promotes their absorption in the small intestine. The drug is used for pathologies of the intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, chronic inflammatory diseases of the stomach.
• Creon- an effective enzyme that helps improve digestion. It is recommended to take it when the stomach is full, the abuse of fatty or other foods. Do not take medicine for acute pancreatitis.

During pregnancy

In women during the period of expectation of a child, digestive disorders are often observed, requiring dietary adjustments and the appointment of enzyme replacement therapy. Violations are manifested by flatulence, bloating, stool disorders, abdominal pain, intolerance to certain foods.

In chronic pancreatitis, vomiting, nausea, loss of appetite, girdle pain in the abdomen, etc. can be added to these symptoms. In some cases, enzyme deficiency may be asymptomatic for the expectant mother, but the fetus will not receive the necessary nutrients.

To correct digestive disorders during pregnancy and lactation, a woman is advised to avoid overeating, limit the intake of fatty and sweet foods. Enzymes to improve digestion begin to act 20-30 minutes after ingestion. They should be taken during or immediately after a meal. The doctor should answer the question of which enzymes can be used by pregnant women, as well as the frequency and duration of their intake.

The essence of nutrition is not high- or low-calorie food, but the usefulness of food, that is, the presence in it of the main, “building elements” of a living cell - amino acids (from which the body itself will build the proteins or proteins it needs), fatty acids(of which the body will also create its own fats), carbohydrates, trace elements, vitamins, hormones, enzymes (enzymes), fiber and other components.

How do enzymes (enzymes) support the body's defense responses?

The whole life force of man is in enzymes or enzymes. however, already at a temperature of 49 ° C, the enzymes become inert, and at 54 ° C they die, although freezing food in the refrigerator preserves them.

Today it is known that cancer cells protected by a protein coat that prevents the immune system from recognizing them. Only enzymes can remove this shell, thus exposing malignant cells. That is why cancer patients in their diet limit meat or exclude it altogether: this saves the enzymes that go to the breakdown of meat, give them the opportunity to participate in the exposure of cancer cells.

So, if you eat something boiled, and the meat is always subjected to heat or other processing, then be sure to eat 3 times more raw vegetables with the boiled product.
Where to get enzymes. Where do enzymes come from in our body?

The body receives enzymes mainly from two sources:
1) from plants - food enzymes;
2) from the organism itself, its metabolic processes(from the liver, digesting enzymes - from the pancreas) and from metabolism - from every cell of the body.

Unfortunately, the number of enzymes that each cell can produce is limited! The potential of enzymes can be used for a long time if they are constantly supplemented in the form of raw vegetables. With a good supply of plant enzymes to the body and the right combination of products, you can eat everything and not get sick.

We need to learn:
The life force of food is in enzymes, they are the key to health. Without enzymes, neither minerals, nor vitamins, nor hormones can work. It is the enzymes that guide the formation of our body. You can have everything - proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, but without working enzymes, your body will not be able to start the process of renewal, restoration, purification, creation. Enzymes are special proteins formed by specific amino acids, they are called biological catalysts for biochemical reactions, they work in a certain mode. You can swallow kilos of vitamins, but without enzymes they will not do you any good, you are just wasting your energy and food, because all this will not be absorbed and excreted in the urine.

What is bad fermentation?
- undigested or poorly digested fats lead to cardiovascular diseases And overweight;
- undigested proteins - to an increase in body temperature, to depression and cancer;
Undigested carbohydrates are the cause of allergies, asthma and arthritis.
Why do we lack enzymes?

1. Many of us are born with a small bank. This sin lies not only on the mother, but even on great-great-great-grandmother and great-great-grandfather.
2. The products that we get from plants are grown on soils that are poor in enzymes.
3. The human body needs raw food, and our diets consist predominantly of cooked, often overcooked, processed, chemically modified, or, worse, irradiated foods that lack enzymes at all, and if they are preserved, they are in ruined state.
4. Stress and stressful situations, colds, temperature reactions, any illness, pregnancy deplete enzymes: we lose them daily with urine and feces.
Why are enzymes important for the human body?

Enzymes are constantly working in the body: without them, not a single process is performed. They break down food at the cellular level, create muscles from proteins, release carbon dioxide from the lungs, support the work immune system in its fight against infection, increase the level of stamina of the body, help the digestive system to function properly. In addition to all of the above, enzymes:
- destroy and remove various fats from the body;
- prevent the chronic course of the disease;
- keep us young and help to look good;
- increase energy and endurance;
- hinder hormonal imbalance in organism.
How can we replenish the supply of enzymes?

There is one way to replenish the supply of enzymes: the consumption of raw food. Only "live", natural, natural food is rich in enzymes, prepared from plants grown on organic soils without any chemical fertilizers. Raw vegetables must be present in our diet, because they supply us with this elixir of Life - enzymes that help to assimilate, assimilate everything it needs and excrete everything harmful. Raw vegetable enzymes are the key to health.

There are many enzymes that work in the body. Each of them has its own purpose. Protease - protein digestion enzyme, lipase digests fats; amylase digests carbohydrates and cellulase digests fiber.

There are 22 digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas. They continue the process of digestion in the duodenum, but only on condition that there is an alkaline environment.

Thousands of metabolic enzymes also work in the body. They are involved in breathing, movement, speech, behavior and the functioning of the immune system. Besides, in human body there is a special type of metabolic enzymes oxidants - they convert free radicals (toxic oxygen) into harmless products: water and oxygen.

But enzymes have their own characteristics. With a lack of enzymes, the body redistributes them, thus depleting the enzymatic bank with which we were born, thereby weakening its vital functions and the coordinated work of all organs. Food that does not meet the needs of the human body (animal, boiled, refined) is absorbed only partially. Everything that is not assimilated rots, ferments, generates toxemia.

The immune system begins to fight poorly digested, absorbed food in the same way as it fights an infection or other dangerous foreign agents. It exhausts and weakens the body.

Every year there is a decrease in the percentage of healthy people.

Enzymes are the magic key to health. After oxygen and water, enzymes are in third place in the relationship in which all the elements that ensure the smooth functioning of our body function. Dietary enzymes are the most important factor in our diet. And only raw food includes those that are most active.

The effect of bad junk food affects later, many, many years later, and a change of 3-4 generations is required to change this negative effect in a natural and correct direction.

What should we know about enzymes.

1. Our body does not produce food enzymes. We only get them when we eat raw food or when taking enzymes as dietary supplements. Our body produces digestive enzymes in the pancreas, but they do not work in the stomach. They work only in the duodenum, provided that a slightly alkaline reaction is maintained there. So if you're broken acid-base balance, your pancreatic enzymes will not work.

2. It is believed that hydrochloric acid of gastric juice breaks down protein. This is wrong. Hydrochloric acid does not break down protein, it only converts the enzyme pepsinogen into its active form, called pepsin, is an enzyme that breaks down a protein that begins its work in the stomach.

3. Dietary enzymes work in the stomach and pancreatic enzymes work in the duodenum. Dietary enzymes differ from other plant enzymes in that they work at a wide range, that is, they remain active both in the stomach and in the duodenum. But pancreatin, a pancreatic enzyme, works in a narrow alkaline environment of pH (7.8-8.3) and is destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach.

4. Usually, if the acidity is reduced, doctors give the patient hydrochloric acid to increase the acidic environment and improve protein digestion. Is it correct? No, it's not. This "acidification" primarily changes the pH of the blood. The buffer system for neutralizing acid with alkali works. Hydrochloric acid deprives the activity of pancreatic enzymes, impairing digestion. Optimal results can be achieved with food enzymes rather than acid or hydrochloric acid supplements. In addition, this indiscriminate swallowing is a burden on the kidneys, which need to excrete excess acids. Therefore, when urine analysis reveals its acid reaction, it is necessary to find out whether this reaction is connected with the intake of supplements containing hydrochloric acid, or the abuse of acidic foods (meat, protein drinks, sugar, fats), or (alas!) already developing diabetes.

5. If the acidity is too high, dietary supplements in the form of calcium salts are usually recommended. At the same time, they believe that this at the same time will prevent the development of such a disease as softening of the bones (osteoporosis). But this is by no means the case! Calcium salts have the opposite effect of hydrochloric acid. It has already been proven that it would be more correct to do the opposite - in no case should you drink this calcium. It is against the background of an alkaline reaction that inorganic calcium will only turn into a salt of oxalic acid and will contribute to the development of arthritis and other diseases of bones and joints, as well as the formation of cataracts. At the same time, the digestion process can be easily corrected by eating more raw food, which contains all the food enzymes.

6. They mistakenly believe that it is impossible to establish a lack of enzymes in the body. Meanwhile, the lack of enzymes in the body is manifested by certain symptoms of enzyme starvation: fever, fever; enlargement of the pancreas (most common in patients who eat overcooked food, where all the enzymes have died); an increase in the number of white blood cells after eating cooked, canned food as opposed to raw food, rich in enzymes, which never gives such a negative effect; the appearance in the urine of products indicating that not everything is fine in the intestines as a result of poor protein digestion due to the lack of the necessary enzymes.

The enzymes that we get with raw food are important not only for digestion, but also for maintaining health and preventing diseases. If we eat fresh raw foods on an empty stomach, they enter the bloodstream and do the following work: they destroy the protein structures of viruses and bacteria, as well as any other harmful substances that appear during inflammation. Therefore, enzymes (especially fresh juices rich in enzymes) are very effective: during inflammatory processes, like cold, they control swelling, redness, heat, acute pain.

Enzymes that digest proteins have a significant therapeutic effect in diseases of the eyes, ears and kidneys. It is the immune system's first line of defense.

Amylase is an enzyme that digests carbohydrates. But it also eliminates pus, which, as you know, consists of dead white blood cells. For example, with an abscess of the teeth, gums, when antibiotics do not help well, improvement can occur if appropriate doses of amylase, which fights pus, are taken: the abscess disappears in a short time.

Amylase and lipase also help to treat skin diseases: urticaria, psoriasis and contact dermatitis; clear the lungs and bronchi of mucus; a combination of enzymes is used today in the treatment of asthma to eliminate attacks. However, the effect in all cases depends on the adequate amount of enzymes used.

The lipase enzyme digests fats, including fats in food and flora, consisting of cells surrounded by a fatty membrane, also destroys the fatty membrane of some viruses, increases cell permeability: the virus becomes available and digested by food enzymes.

What is better - to eat food with high content lipase or take the same lipase in the form of dietary supplements? Of course, it is better to eat foods high in enzymes than to consume pharmaceutically prepared enzymes.

You just need to know their sources:
1. Cereals, vegetables and fruits, nuts grown in natural organic conditions, and not on artificial soils, and even with an abundance of various chemical additives - these are the main suppliers of enzymes. Raw vegetable salads should be eaten daily home cooking, Fresh Juice from vegetables and fruits. You can, of course, eat steamed vegetables, but they should already be 3 times less than raw ones.
2. Modern science has not yet learned how to produce complete enzymes synthetically. Therefore, only raw food preserves enzymes, since these springs are very sensitive to temperature in living life. Eating raw food helps to maintain a supply of its own enzymes, which is important for their mobilization by the body at any time.
What plants are rich in enzymes?

Particularly rich in enzymes: sprouts of seeds and grains, their shoots; horseradish, garlic, avocado, kiwi, papaya, pineapples, bananas, mangoes, soy sauce. It was learned to cook more than a thousand years ago. This natural product fermentation of soybeans sea ​​salt used as an additive in soup, cereals, vegetables. Such cereals as barley, and vegetables - broccoli, white cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, wheat grass containing chlorophyll, and most green vegetables contain natural, natural form an enzyme necessary for the normal functioning of the body. But if you do not have any opportunity to eat raw food even in limited quantities, then drink vegetable juices, only 5 types at once (in one glass), you can take enzymes 1-3 times a day with meals in the form of dietary supplements. Food enzymes help to save energy to our organs, muscles, tissues. They convert dietary phosphorus into bone tissue; remove toxic substances from the intestines, liver, kidneys, lungs, skin; concentrate iron in the blood; protect the blood from unwanted products, turning them into substances that are easily excreted from the body.

Digestive Enzymes:

* amylase - it begins to break down carbohydrates already in the oral cavity, being released along with saliva;
* protease of gastric juice, digesting proteins;
* lipase, splitting fats.

All three of these enzymes are found in the pancreatic juice that enters the intestines. A healthy body also produces enzymes and catalase that help scavenge free radicals that increase with age. To produce these enzymes, the body needs minerals such as zinc and manganese.

* pancreatin - a pancreatic enzyme that works in the alkaline environment of the small intestine;
* enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin - are involved in the breakdown of proteins;
* Aspergillus enzymes - fungal origin - getting into the bloodstream, can have a beneficial therapeutic effect, splitting fibrin, helping in the resorption of blood clots. Aspergillus enzymes, together with the animal enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin, have been shown to be effective in treating cancer.

Poor digestion, reduced absorption, weak pancreatic function, fatty stools, bowel disease, milk lactose intolerance, vascular thrombosis - all this requires the intake of aspergillus enzymes together with the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin.

When losing weight, it is necessary to exclude foods containing purine substances from food, since acidic gastric juice in most cases destroys them: especially lipase. This leads to poor digestion of fat.

Pancreatitis is a consequence of high amounts of purine, and this can harm the kidneys.

The comparative action of enzymes indicates the high activity of all groups of food enzymes that work both in acidic and alkaline environments. That is why raw vegetables, rich in food enzymes, are so effective and so needed, which, by the way, never have any contraindications.

Preparations containing digestive enzymes are currently widely used in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The main direction in the treatment with enzymes is substitution therapy for insufficiency of one's own enzymes. There are two directions of action of enzyme preparations: 1. splitting food with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, 2. reducing abdominal pain in diseases of the stomach and intestines, dyspepsia (feeling of heaviness, bloating, belching, stool disorders).
Indications for the appointment of enzymes: violation of the production and secretion of enzymes by the pancreas, violation of intestinal absorption, violation of the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract.

Classification of enzyme preparations.

1. Preparations containing pancreatin(penzital, pancreatin, mezim forte, pancitrate, creon, pancreoflat, pangrol, pancreon). Indications for the appointment of enzyme preparations containing pancreatin are various conditions accompanied by a violation of the exocrine function of the pancreas, dysbacteriosis, in which their own enzymes are destroyed by microorganisms that seed the thin and duodenum, with peptic ulcer with a high content of hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the gastric secretion, with acute infectious and chronic intestinal diseases, accompanied by maldigestion and malabsorption syndromes (difficult parietal intestinal digestion and absorption), congenital enzyme deficiency.

2. Preparations containing pancreatin, bile components, hemicellulase and other components(festal, digestal, panzinorm, enzistal, ipental, kadistal, kotazim forte, menzim, pankurmen, pankral). Bile acids, which are part of the preparations, increase the secretion of the pancreas, the motor activity of the intestines and gallbladder. Hemicellulase increases the breakdown of complex sugars of plant origin, reduces gas formation. Combined drugs are prescribed with a predominance of constipation, flatulence, belching, accompanying acute and chronic pathologies intestines, dysbacteriosis.
Contraindications for the appointment of combined drugs with bile components are pancreatitis (acute and chronic), hepatitis, diarrhea, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, inflammatory diseases intestines.

3. Herbal preparations containing rice fungus extract, papain and other components(pepfiz, orase, nigedase, solizim, somilase, unienzyme). They are used for insufficiency of the exocrine function of the pancreas and for intolerance to beef or pork.
Solizim and somilase are contraindicated in case of allergy to penicillin antibiotics.

4. Combined preparations in which pancreatin is combined with plant enzymes, vitamins(wobenzym, phlogenzym, merkenzym). Herbal preparations are contraindicated in bronchial asthma, allergies to fungi and household dust.
Herbal preparations are 75 times less effective than preparations based on animal enzymes.

5. Simple Enzymes(abomin, betaine) have proteolytic activity and do not belong to pancreatic enzymes. Currently used less.
Abomin is a preparation from the gastric mucosa of calves and lambs, acidin-pepsin based on pepsin and betaine, pepsidil contains pepsin and peptones, pepsin is obtained from the mucous membrane of pigs and lambs. The presence of pepsin, cathepsin, peptidases, amino acids in these preparations promotes the release of gastrin, which increases gastric secretion and motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Preparations of this group are prescribed for gastritis with secretory insufficiency.

Enzyme preparations can be used both once (with a significant food or alcohol load), and with long-term treatment. The effectiveness of the drug is indicated by the normalization of the patient's condition (disappearance of pain, normalization of the frequency and nature of the stool) and laboratory changes (normalization of elastase in the feces).
Doses of enzymes are selected individually in terms of lipase activity.
The reasons for the lack or decrease in the effect of treatment with enzymes may be inadequate doses of the drug, inactivation of the enzyme in the stomach, destruction of enzymes during intestinal dysbacteriosis
It is possible to reduce the inactivation of enzymes by gastric juice by simultaneously prescribing H2 blockers of histamine receptors or antacids.

Self-administration of enzyme preparations is possible once during food overload, since long-term therapy requires the correct calculation and selection of dosages, as well as adequate monitoring of clinical and laboratory changes. In addition, prolonged uncontrolled intake of enzyme preparations, especially in high dosages, can suppress the activity of one's own secretion glands.

Digestion is a complex physiological process during which food entering the body undergoes physical and chemical changes and nutrients are absorbed into the blood and lymph.

Physical food changes consist in its crushing, swelling, dissolution; chemical - in the enzymatic breakdown of proteins, fats and carbohydrates to end products that are subject to absorption. Critical role in this belongs to the hydrolytic enzymes of the secretions of the digestive glands and the striated border of the small intestine.

Functions of the digestive system:

• motor (mechanical) - mechanical grinding of food (chewing), movement of food along the digestive tract (swallowing, peristalsis, mixing food gruel with digestive juice), excretion of undigested products (defecation);
• secretory (chemical) - the production of enzymes of digestive juices (gastric, intestinal, pancreatic), saliva and bile;
• suction - absorption of the products of digestion of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, as well as water, mineral salts and vitamins;
• endocrine - secretion of a number of hormones that regulate digestion (gastrin, enterogastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, villikinin, etc.) and affect the nervous and circulatory systems (substance P, bombesin, endorphins, etc.).

Types of digestion

Depending on the origin of hydrolytic enzymes Digestion is divided into three types:

• own digestion- carried out by enzymes synthesized by this organism, its glands, epithelial cells, - enzymes of saliva, gastric and pancreatic juices, the epithelium of the small intestine;
• symbiotic digestion- hydrolysis of nutrients due to enzymes synthesized by the symbionts of the body - bacteria and protozoa, located in the digestive tract. Symbiotic digestion in humans takes place in the large intestine. Thanks to this digestion, the breakdown of fiber occurs, in which the bacteria of the large intestine take part;
• autolytic digestion- is carried out due to exogenous hydrolases, which enter the body as part of the food intake. The role of this digestion is essential in case of insufficiently developed own digestion. In newborns, their own digestion is not yet developed, so it can be combined with autolytic digestion, i.e. breast milk nutrients are digested by enzymes digestive tract baby in breast milk.

Depending on the localization of the process of hydrolysis of nutrients Digestion is divided into several types:

• intracellular digestion- consists in the fact that the substances that have entered the cell by phagocytosis and pinocytosis (endocytosis) are hydrolyzed by cellular (lysosomal) enzymes either in the cytoplasm or in the digestive vacuole. Endocytosis plays a significant role in intestinal digestion during the early postnatal development of mammals. This type of digestion is common in protozoa and primitive metazoans (sponges, flatworms, etc.). In higher animals and humans, it performs protective functions (phagocytosis);
• extracellular digestion- divided into distant, or cavity, and parietal, or membrane. distant digestion takes place in an environment remote from the site of enzyme synthesis. This is how the effect on nutrients in the cavity of the digestive tract of the enzymes of saliva, gastric juice and pancreatic juice is carried out. parietal, or membrane, digestion was discovered in the 50s. 20th century A.M. Coal. Such digestion occurs in the small intestine on a colossal surface formed by folds, villi and microvilli of mucosal epithelial cells. Hydrolysis occurs with the help of enzymes "embedded" in the membranes of microvilli. Enzyme-rich mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the small intestine, and the zone of the striated border, formed by microvilli and mucopolysaccharide filaments - hl and cocalix. The mucus and glycocalyx contain pancreatic enzymes that have passed from the cavity of the small intestine, and intestinal enzymes proper, which are formed as a result of continuous processes of intestinal secretion and rejection of enterocytes.

Consequently, parietal digestion in its broadest sense takes place in the mucus layer, the glycocalyx zone, and on the surface of microvilli with the participation of a large number of intestinal and pancreatic enzymes.

Currently, the process of digestion is considered as a three-stage: abdominal digestion → parietal digestion → absorption. Cavitary digestion consists in the initial hydrolysis of polymers to the stage of oligomers; parietal provides further enzymatic cleavage of oligomers to monomers, which are then absorbed - the so-called digestive transport conveyor.

Secretion of the gastrointestinal tract

The secretion process of the digestive glands is associated with the intake of the starting material (water, amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids) from the bloodstream; synthesis of the primary secretory product and its transport for secretion and secretion and activation of the secret. The regulation of this process is carried out by intestinal hormones, as well as nerves from the central nervous system. All types of regulation are based on information coming from the receptors of the digestive canal. Mechano-, chemo-, temperature and osmoreceptors provide information to the nervous system about the volume of food, its consistency, the degree of filling of the organ, pressure, acidity, osmotic pressure, temperature, concentration of intermediate and final products of hydrolysis, concentration of some enzymes. Regulation is carried out due to direct influence on secreted cells and indirect influence, for example, due to changes in blood flow, production of local intestinal hormones, and activity of the nervous system.

In the oral cavity, food is mechanically processed and digestion begins, due to saliva enzymes. During the day, 0.5-2 liters of saliva is secreted. Outside of eating, secretion occurs to moisten the oral cavity (0.24 ml / min), and when chewing, saliva production increases more than 10 times and amounts to 3-3.5 ml / min. Saliva contains mucin, lysocin, various hydrolases, and with a neutral or close reaction, they are able to begin the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. Salivary glands produce hormones and biologically active substances general action, for example, the hormone partoin, which regulates protein biosynthesis, blood sugar levels, enhances spermatogenesis (maturation of spermatozoa), stimulates the maturation of blood cells, and increases the permeability of cell-blood barriers. The salivary glands produce nerve growth factor, epidermal growth factor, epithelial growth factor: under their influence, the growth of the mammary glands, the growth of the epithelium of the vessels of the skin, kidneys, muscles increases, and the skin thickens. Saliva lysozyme is powerful protective factor against microorganisms. Salivation can cause both irritation of the oral mucosa and signals from the organs of vision and smell.

salivation center- a complex set of neurons of the central nervous system. The main component of the salivary center is located in the medulla oblongata (parasympathetic region), the activation of which enhances the production of saliva. With strong excitement, stress, threatening situations, the sympathetic part of the brain is activated and the production of saliva is inhibited - it “dries up in the mouth”. Saliva of different composition is also secreted to a stimulus of a different nature, for example, a lot of liquid saliva with a low content of digestive enzymes is secreted for acid to wash off excess acid.

On the gastric mucosa per 1 mm 2 there are approximately 100 gastric pits, each of which opens from 3 to 7 lumens of the gastric glands. According to their structure and nature of the secret, there are chief cells that produce digestive enzymes, parietal cells that produce hydrochloric acid, and additional cells that produce mucus. At the confluence of the esophagus (cardial region), the gastric glands mainly consist of cells that produce mucus, and in the pyloric region, they consist of chief cells that produce pepsinogens (enzymes). Normally, gastric juice is acidic (pH = 1.5-1.8), which is due to hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid activates enzymes, converting pepsinogens into pepsins. The formation of hydrochloric acid occurs with the participation of oxygen, therefore, with hypoxia (lack of oxygen), the secretion of hydrochloric acid decreases, and, consequently, the digestion of food. Hydrochloric acid ensures the destruction of microorganisms ingested with food. The mucus of the accessory cells organizes the mucosal barrier and prevents the destruction of the mucosa under the influence of hydrochloric acid and pepsins.

About 2.5 liters of intestinal juice is secreted in the intestine per day. The reaction of intestinal juice is alkaline (pH = 7.2-8.6). It contains over 20 various kinds enzymes (protease, amylase, maltase, invertase, lipase, etc.).

The main enzymes of the intestinal tract and their action are presented in the table.

In the salivary glands, stomach and intestines, the process of excretion (isolation) of metabolites is carried out: urea, uric acid, creaginine, poisons and many drugs. In violation of kidney function, this process is enhanced.

Suction

Nutrient absorption is the main component and ultimate goal of the digestion process. This process is carried out throughout the gastrointestinal tract from the oral cavity to the large intestine. Absorption of a monosaccharide begins in the mouth, water and alcohol are absorbed in the stomach, water, chlorides, fatty acids are absorbed in the large intestine, all the main products of hydrolysis are in the small intestine, calcium, magnesium, iron and monosaccharides are absorbed in the duodenum.

Regulation of absorption is carried out by changing the processes of blood flow through the mucous membrane of the intestines, stomach; due to changes in the lymph flow in these organs, as well as due to the synthesis of "transporters" - specific carriers of certain substances. The blood flow in the celiac region largely depends on the stage of digestion. Under conditions of “food rest”, 15-20% of the minute volume of blood circulation enters the celiac bloodstream, but with increased functional activity of the gastrointestinal tract, it increases by 8-10 times. This contributes to an increase in the production of digestive juices, motor activity, increases the intensity of absorption, and creates conditions for the outflow of blood rich in absorbed nutrients. The increase in the blood flow occurs due to the production active substances dilating blood vessels. Hormones that change the process of absorption of a substance in the intestines simultaneously change the processes of readsorption of the same substance in the kidneys in the same direction, so that the processes of absorption and renal readsorption are largely common.

Digestion in the duodenum

General characteristics of duodenal digestion

Digestion in the duodenum provides further breakdown of nutrients with the participation of enzymes from pancreatic juice, intestinal juice and bile. On an empty stomach, the contents of the duodenum have a slightly alkaline reaction (pH 7.2-8.0). The evacuation of a portion of acidic chyme from the stomach into the duodenum for some time reduces the pH of its contents (up to 3.0-4.0). The entry into the duodenum of the alkaline secretion of the pancreas, bile, the secretion of alkaline intestinal juice contribute to the neutralization of the hydrochloric acid of the stomach, which creates optimal conditions for the action of enzymes in this area of ​​the digestive tract. The leading role in the digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the duodenum is played by pancreatic juice enzymes.

The human pancreas produces 1.5-2.0 liters of secretion per day. pancreatic juice is a colorless transparent liquid of alkaline reaction (pH I 7.8-8.4), which is due to the presence of bicarbonate ions (HCO - 3). The enzymatic composition of the pancreatic secret is very diverse. It contains enzymes that carry out the hydrolysis of all nutrients. The breakdown of proteins to oligopeptides and amino acids occurs with the participation of proteases(trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases A and B). These enzymes are produced by the pancreas in an inactive form, in the form of proenzymes. Activation occurs when inhibitory peptides are cleaved from inactive enzymes. In the duodenal cavity, inactive trypsin (trypsinogen) is activated by a special intestinal juice enzyme enterokinase in the presence of Ca 2+ ions and activates all other pancreatic juice proteases. Activation of proteases in the pancreatic duct can lead to its self-digestion and the development of acute pancreatitis.

Proteases- a group of enzymes (endopeptidases: pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, etc.; exopeptidases: aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, tri- and dipeptidase, etc.), which breaks down proteins into amino acids.

Enterokinase- an enzyme that is produced by duodenal enterocytes and initiates the transition of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen into an active state.

The breakdown of carbohydrates to oligo-, di- and monosaccharides occurs under the influence of pancreatic α-amylase. Pancreatic lipase breaks down fats emulsified under the influence of bile to monoglycerides and fatty acids. Phospholipase A hydrolyzes phospholipids RNase And DNase pancreatic juice breaks down nucleic acids. All pancreatic enzymes act in the duodenal cavity, ensuring the flow of abdominal digestion, during which a large number of nutrient breakdown products (oligomers and monomers) are formed.

Regulation of pancreatic secretion

Pancreatic secretion is regulated by nervous and humoral mechanisms. The main secretory nerve of the pancreas is the vagus nerve. When it is irritated, juice is released with a high content of enzymes. The sympathetic fibers of the splanchnic nerves that innervate the pancreas inhibit its secretory activity. The role of the vagus nerve in stimulating pancreatic secretion is most pronounced in the first cerebral, or complex reflex, phase of pancreatic secretion. By analogy with gastric secretion, it begins even when preparing for a meal in response to its appearance, smell (according to a conditioned reflex mechanism) and continues when food enters the oral cavity, chewing and swallowing (according to the unconditioned reflex mechanism).

When food enters the stomach, juice continues to be secreted from high concentration enzymes (gastric, or neurohumoral, phase of pancreatic secretion), which is ensured by the continued activation of the center of the vagus nerve by afferent nerve impulses from the receptors of the stomach ( unconditioned reflex), as well as humoral stimulants of pancreatic secretion, in particular the hormone gastrin, produced in antrum stomach. When food enters the duodenum, the main amount of pancreatic juice (up to 80%) with a high content of bicarbonates is released, the release of which is controlled mainly by the hormones of the digestive tract (intestinal, or humoral, phase of pancreatic secretion).

Hormone secretin, which is formed in the duodenum when acidic gastric contents enter it, causes the release of a large amount of pancreatic juice with a high concentration of bicarbonates.

Secretin - hormone, highlighter a large amount of pancreatic secretion, rich in HCO3 - but poor in enzymes. Together, cholecystokinin and secretin (when eating) act more strongly than separately.

Under the influence of a hormone cholecystokinin, formed in the duodenum under the influence of the products of hydrolysis of proteins and fats, pancreatic juice, rich in enzymes, is secreted.

Cholecystokinin- a hormone that stimulates the secretion of enzyme-rich secretions, and also enhances blood flow and metabolism of the pancreas. Its release from the duodenal mucosa is stimulated by the passage of food (especially the products of hydrolysis of proteins and fats) through the duodenum and jejunum, hydrochloric acid and carbohydrates.

The simultaneous effect on the pancreas of secretin and cholecystokinin in the intestinal phase provides an increase in their effect on pancreatic secretion and production optimal amount a secret containing a sufficient amount of enzymes and bicarbonates.

The volume and composition of pancreatic juice largely depends on the quantity and quality of incoming food. When taking predominantly carbohydrate food in the composition of pancreatic juice, the content of amylase increases, protein - trypsin and chymotrypsin, fatty foods - juice with a high concentration of lipase is formed. The volume of pancreatic juice and the content of bicarbonates in it are determined by the level of acidity of the chyme coming from the stomach and the rate of evacuation of the contents of the stomach into the duodenum. The faster the acidic contents of the stomach enter the duodenum, the more pancreatic juice will be secreted and the higher the concentration of HCO - 3 ions in it.

Digestion in the small intestine

In the process of moving food masses through the small intestine, hydrolysis of nutrients occurs with the help of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal juice; the resulting monomers are absorbed into the blood and lymph and are used to provide the energy and plastic costs of the body. Thus, all the main digestive functions of the gastrointestinal tract are carried out in the small intestine: secretory, motor and absorption.

Composition and properties of intestinal juice

The secretory function of the intestine is to produce intestinal juice secretory glands mucous membrane of the small intestine. It is a turbid viscous liquid of an alkaline reaction (pH 7.2-8.6) and is produced in a volume of up to 2.5 liters per day. Intestinal juice contains about 20 different enzymes involved in digestion: proteases (carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidases), amylase, maltase, lipase, esterase, phospholipase, nuclease, alkaline phosphatase and other enzymes. Intestinal juice enzymes carry out The final stage digestion of nutrients, the initial stages of which occur under the influence of enzymes of other digestive juices in the overlying sections of the digestive tract (saliva, gastric and pancreatic juices). In the regulation of intestinal juice secretion, local mechanisms play a leading role - neuro-reflex And humoral. Mechanical irritation of the mucosa of the small intestine with food masses excites mucosal receptors and reflexively causes an increase in intestinal secretion by an unconditional reflex mechanism with the participation of neurons of the intermuscular nerve plexus of the intestinal wall. This produces liquid intestinal juice containing a small amount of enzymes. Humoral stimulants of intestinal secretion are the products of digestion of proteins and fats, hydrochloric acid, pancreatic juice, some hormones of the digestive tract, which are formed in the endocrine cells of the mucous membrane of the small intestine (gastric inhibitory peptide, motilin). Under the influence of humoral stimuli, the production of intestinal juice, rich in enzymes, increases.

Types of intestinal digestion

Depending on the localization, the processes of digestion of nutrients in the small intestine can be carried out both in the cavity of the small intestine with the participation of enzymes of pancreatic and intestinal juices - abdominal digestion, and on the surface of the mucous membrane of the intestinal wall and on the membrane of enterocytes - parietal, or membrane, digestion.

Due to the presence of intestinal folds, villi and microvilli (each enterocyte cell has 1700-3000 microvilli), the intestinal surface area increases 300-600 times and reaches 200 m 2 . The outermost layer of the intestinal surface is covered with mucus produced by goblet cells, with fragments of desquamated intestinal epithelium included. In this layer of mucus, many enzymes from pancreatic and intestinal secretions are sorbed. Therefore, the processes of splitting nutrients are more intense than in the intestinal cavity, parietal digestion begins here.

A sublayer of mucus is the 2nd layer, called the glycocalyx, in which the processes of parietal digestion are especially active. The structure of the glycocalyx includes short filaments of polymeric substances that form a kind of porous filter through which large molecules, food particles and intestinal microorganisms do not pass. Glycocalyx fibers absorb digestive enzymes and ensure their activity. Glycocalyx forms a kind of environment for the surface membrane of enterocytes.

The third level of parietal digestion, which is also called membrane digestion, is carried out directly on the membranes of enterocytes by enzymes synthesized in these cells, transferred to the surface and embedded in the membranes of enterocytes.

It is believed that in the process of cavity digestion, mainly enzymatic cleavage of polymers to oligomers occurs. In the process of parietal digestion, oligomers are cleaved to dimers on the enterocyte glycocalyx, and dimers are cleaved to monomers directly on the enterocyte membrane with the help of enzymes built into the enterocyte membranes. Then the monomers are absorbed with the help of enterorocyte membrane transport proteins, entering first into the enterocytes, and then into the blood or lymph. The final stage of dimer cleavage to monomers and the process of absorption of monomers are coupled with each other. It is possible that the enzymes that carry out the final stage of hydrolysis are simultaneously involved as membrane carrier proteins in the process of absorption of monomers.

Parietal digestion is an effective mechanism for the breakdown of oligomers, since it is carried out by enzymes that are located on their sorbing surfaces in a strict sequence, in the form of a kind of conveyor. The active centers of enzymes are not randomly oriented, but directed inside the intervillous spaces, which also increases their enzymatic activity.

Motor function of the small intestine and its regulation

The motor function of the small intestine ensures the movement of food masses through the intestine in the distal direction, mixing them with the secrets of the digestive glands, contacting the chyme with the surface of the intestinal walls. The intensity of motility determines the duration of retention of food masses in a certain section of the intestine and thus affects the efficiency of abdominal and parietal digestion and absorption of nutrients.

The motor function of the small intestine is carried out as a result of coordinated contraction of smooth muscle cells of the outer (longitudinal) and inner (circular) muscle layers of the intestinal wall. The following functional types of motility of the small intestine are distinguished: rhythmic segmentation, pendulum movements, peristaltic and tonic contractions.

Rhythmic segmentation manifested by a simultaneous contraction of the circular muscles of the intestinal wall at some distance from each other, which lasts for several seconds and is replaced by a new contraction in other parts of the intestinal tube, as a result of which the contents of the intestine are divided into segments and mixed.

pendulum movements occur with a rhythmic contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer, which leads to a displacement of the intestinal wall relative to the chyme back and forth. They provide mixing of intestinal contents in contact with the intestinal wall, and a slight displacement in the distal direction.

Peristaltic contractions - the main type of propulsive contractions that cause the movement of chyme through the digestive tract. Peristaltic movements spread through the intestine in waves and consist in the contraction of the circular muscles above the food bolus and the simultaneous expansion of the intestinal cavity as a result of contraction of the longitudinal muscles below the food bolus. At the same time, intra-intestinal pressure in the region of the food bolus increases, and in the expanded cavity of the intestine it falls. The resulting pressure gradient is the direct cause of the movement of chyme through the intestines. Peristaltic contractions are most often initiated by stretching of the intestinal wall, mechanical irritation of the intestinal mucosa and are coordinated by local reflexes that close in the neurons of the intermuscular nerve plexus of the intestinal wall.

tonic contractions have a local character and are especially pronounced in the area of ​​the ileocecal sphincter; they regulate the duration of stay of food masses in the small intestine. Tonic contractions are also characteristic of other sphincters of the digestive tract.

The motility of the small intestine is mainly regulated local reflex mechanisms with the participation of the nerve plexuses of the intestinal wall. However physical activity The intestine is also under the control of the central nervous system. Talk and thoughts about delicious food, food intake reflexively increase intestinal motility. With a negative attitude towards food, motor skills are inhibited. Sometimes with strong negative emotions (for example, with fear), there is a pronounced intestinal motility (“nervous diarrhea”). When excited parasympathetic fibers vagus nerve intestinal motility intensifies, and when excited sympathetic nerves- slows down.

Hormones of the digestive tract also affect the motility of the small intestine: they increase the motility of gastrin, cholecystokinin, histamine, serotonin, motilin; inhibit - secretin, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide.

Digestion in the large intestine

General characteristics of digestion in the large intestine

Food enters the large intestine almost completely digested, with the exception of plant fiber. In this section of the digestive tract, intense water suction from the intestinal cavity. Remains of food are compacted, stick together with mucus and form feces. In an adult, an average of 150-250 g of feces is formed and excreted from the body per day. The glands of the large intestine produce a small amount of alkaline secretion, poor in enzymes, but containing a lot of mucus.

The motility of the large intestine is characterized by pendulum And peristaltic movements, which are made very slowly, which causes a long stay of food in this section of the gastrointestinal tract. Motility is mainly regulated by local reflexes, carried out by the neurons of the intestinal wall. Mechanical irritation of the intestinal mucosa with food masses causes an increase in peristalsis. Nutrition plant food, containing fiber, not only increases the volume of feces formed due to undigested plant fibers, but also accelerates the movement of food masses through the intestines, providing irritant effect on the mucosa.

The role of the microflora of the large intestine

The human large intestine, unlike other parts of the digestive tract, is abundantly populated by microorganisms. The content of microbes in the colon is 10 11 - 10 12 per 1 ml of content. About 90% of the microflora of the colon is obligate anaerobic bifidobacteria And bacteroids. Lactic acid bacteria, Escherichia coli, streptococci are found in smaller numbers. Microorganisms in the large intestine perform a number of important functions. Enzymes produced by bacteria can partially break down plant fibers that are not digested in the overlying sections of the digestive tract - cellulose, pectins, lignins. The microflora of the large intestine synthesizes vitamins K And groups IN(B1, B6, B12), which in a small amount can be absorbed in the large intestine. Microorganisms are also involved in enzyme inactivation digestive juices. The most important function of the microflora of the large intestine is the ability to protect the body from pathogenic bacteria entering the digestive tract. Normal microflora prevents the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine and their entry into internal environment organism. Violation of the normal composition of the microflora of the large intestine with long-term use Antibacterial drugs are accompanied by active reproduction of pathogenic microbes and leads to a decrease in the body's immune defenses.

defecation

defecation(colon emptying) is a strictly coordinated reflex act, which is carried out as a result of coordinated motor activity of the muscles of the end sections of the colon and its sphincters and includes involuntary and arbitrary components. Non-arbitrary component defecation consists in peristaltic contraction of the smooth muscles of the wall of the distal colon (descending colon, sigmoid and rectum) and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. This process is initiated stretching fecal masses of the walls of the rectum and is carried out with the help of local reflexes that close in the neurons of the intestinal wall, as well as spinal reflexes that close in the neurons of the sacral spinal cord (S 2 -S 4), where spinal defecation center. Efferent nerve impulses from this center along the parasympathetic fibers of the pelvic and pudendal nerves cause relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and increased rectal motility.

The urge to defecate occurs when the rectum is filled to 25% of its volume. However, in the absence of conditions, after some time, the rectum stretched with fecal masses adapts to an increased volume, the smooth muscles of the intestinal wall relax and the internal anal sphincter contracts. At the same time, the external anal sphincter, formed by the striated muscles, remains in a state of tonic contraction. If there are appropriate conditions for defecation, an arbitrary component joins the involuntary component, which consists in relaxing the external anal sphincter, contracting the diaphragm and abdominal muscles, which contributes to the increase intra-abdominal pressure. To enable arbitrary component of defecation excitation of the centers of the medulla oblongata, hypothalamus and cortex is necessary hemispheres. If the sacral spinal cord is damaged, the defecation reflex disappears completely. In case of spinal cord injury, sacral departments the involuntary component of the reflex is preserved, but the ability to perform an arbitrary act of defecation is lost.

or the food was simply not digested. There are many reasons for this phenomenon. And to help the body improve digestion, you will have to take special medications that are designed specifically for this.

If you start to observe the work of your body, treat it reverently, then you can immediately notice the beginning changes that will talk about problems with the gastrointestinal tract. There are a number of manifestations that indicate that it is time to help the stomach:

• Constant fatigue, which appears due to the fact that the body does not get the proper amount of vitamins, trace elements, which are so necessary for normal functioning. That is why the body gets tired more and more due to the use and depletion of its own reserves.
• Constant sleepiness, which also appears due to a lack of nutrients
• Bad skin condition. It becomes dry and pigment spots may appear on it.
• Poor condition of hair, nails. This is one of the most anxiety symptoms the fact that the body picks up vitamins due to poor digestible food
• ie frequent constipation or diarrhea, nausea
• Pain in the abdomen, especially after eating
• Poor appetite, which appears due to discomfort in the stomach
• If a person has at least one of the above signs that problems with the gastrointestinal tract have begun, you must definitely consult a doctor and start drinking.

Causes of digestive disorders

Sometimes stomach problems begin after a heavy dinner or vice versa, hunger. But in addition to these reasons, there are more that are associated with eating food:

1. Improper nutrition, namely the abuse of smoked meats, pickles, fatty foods, which is difficult to digest, as well as the presence in the diet of sweets in large quantities
2. Binge eating. Doctors say that you need to leave the table half-starved, because with such a feeling it is impossible to overeat. Often, the stomach is already full, but this signal has not reached the brain, and therefore it seems to the person that he wants to eat. If you eat slowly, you can avoid overeating, which is fraught with a violation of the digestive process.
3. Poor chewing of food. Many people eat in a hurry and because of this they do not chew food, especially solid food. And it's much harder to digest.
4. Dinner at a later time. Many people are used to eating after 9 pm, which is very bad not only for the stomach, but for the whole body. The biological clock work in such a way that by the evening all processes slow down, and late meals can simply lead to indigestion
5. Eating large amounts at mealtimes. Almost all nutritionists recommend drinking plenty of water, but there is one caveat. This should be done only between meals, as water dilutes the enzymes in the stomach, and their action becomes less effective.

Everyone knows about what causes digestive problems, but few people adhere to a healthy lifestyle, and with it nutrition.

Preparations to improve digestion

Festal is one of the most popular drugs

If there was a failure in digestion, then it can be adjusted solely by dieting and taking medications. All drugs can be divided into several groups, each of which differs in the main active ingredient and its action:

• Preparations, the main component in which is pancreatin. It is pancreatin that is the enzyme that can provide immediate support in case of indigestion. These drugs include Pancreatin, Penzital, Creon
• Preparations in which, in addition to pancreatin, there are other auxiliary components, such as hemicellulose, bile acids, etc. These components help to break down complex sugar compounds, improve intestinal activity and the production of enzymes by the pancreas. The main drugs in this group include Enzistal, Panzinorm
• Drugs that help to normalize the exocrine activity of the pancreas. Such drugs include Somilase, Nigedaza, Oraza

Only a doctor can prescribe this or that drug after a thorough examination, since it will not always be correct to select medications on your own. In some cases, it will be better to drink Festal than Pancreatin, as many do.

Forms of drug release

Not everyone knows that depending on how the drug is released, its immediate effect will depend.
To date, all drugs made on the basis of enzymes are available in two forms:

1. Capsules. Most recently, drugs began to be produced in capsules, and for some time people were afraid to buy them until the moment when the results of the study were publicly published. So, each capsule has all shells. The first dissolves in the stomach, and the second only in the intestines. Thus, the effect of the drug, taken in the form of a capsule, extends to the entire gastrointestinal tract.
2. It just so happened that consumers trust pills more. Their action extends exclusively to the stomach, since under the action of gastric juice it dissolves and dissolves there.

The choice of the form that will be best taken depends solely on the doctor and patient. Some people, having purchased a capsule, for some reason open it and take only granules, thereby preventing the drug from entering the intestines. In no case should this be done with capsules. As for tablets, they can be crushed, broken into two parts, etc. The effect of this will not decrease.

Pancreatin

Creon. Release form - tablets

It is one of the best preparations for improving digestion. In addition, the price of Pancreatin is quite low. So, a pack of 60 tablets can be bought for 70 rubles. This drug is indicated for use in several cases:

• With insufficient production of enzymes by the pancreas
• With, intestines, liver
• When overeating
• With a sedentary lifestyle and problems with the chewing apparatus

As such, there are no specific doses for taking the drug. It is recommended to take one tablet with meals. Some patients take two. As for children, according to the appointment of a gastroenterologist, you can give the child one third tablet three times a day to improve digestion, especially after intestinal infections. Very rarely, side effects occur while taking Pancreatin, usually in only one percent of patients:

1. Discomfort in the stomach, nausea, and sometimes vomiting
2. , mainly in the form of skin rashes
3. Increased uric acid levels

Despite the fact that Pancreatin is considered a relatively safe drug, it can only be taken after the appointment of the attending physician, since in some cases an increase in dose is required to achieve a better effect.

Creon

Most gastroenterologists recommend taking Creon, as it comes in the form of capsules. As mentioned above, the effectiveness of capsules is much higher, since the drug penetrates not only into the stomach, but also into the intestines. The main active ingredient in Creon is pancreatin, which very well stimulates the production of all the necessary enzymes. Assign it during treatment:

• Chronic pancreatitis
• After operations performed on the organs of the gastrointestinal tract
• cystic fibrosis
• Oncological diseases, namely with tumors formed in the immediate vicinity of the stomach and pancreas, thereby interfering with their normal work
• Creon is also recommended to be taken during abundant intake food (at corporate parties, holidays, etc.) in order to improve digestion and eliminate the occurrence of indigestion.

It is recommended to take one capsule before each meal. It is advisable to simply drink it with water and do not chew it so that the drug gets not only into the stomach, but also into the intestines. Separately, it must be said about the side effects. As such, the drug does not have them, but with regards to the reaction of the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea may develop, and painful sensations will appear in the stomach area. Some patients develop urticaria. Usually this is a reaction of the body not to pancreatin, but to the auxiliary components of the drug.

Creon is one of the drugs that can improve digestion. True, it is considered much stronger than Pancreatin, and therefore it can be taken only after a doctor's prescription.

Mezim

Mezim is one of those drugs that is widely advertised in the means mass media. One Mezim tablet consists of pancreatin, lipase, amylase and protease. In fact, the composition of Pancreatin tablets is the same. Mezim is prescribed in the following cases:

• With insufficient production of enzymes
• For food retention problems
• Inflammation of the gastric mucosa
• For chronic pancreatitis

Separately, it must be said about the dosage. Take one tablet (unless prescribed by your doctor) before each meal. Depending on what disease and what problem a person has, the course can last from several days to several months. It is strictly forbidden to take the drug if a person has intestinal obstruction, jaundice or hepatitis.

Mezim can be called a more expensive analogue of Pancreatin. The only thing that distinguishes them from each other is the taste. Most patients note that the shell that covers the tablet with Mezim is much sweeter and more pleasant than with Pancreatin. And often, in order to give medicine to children, it is Mezim that is purchased.

Festal

Festal refers to enzyme preparations, which, in addition to pancreatin, also contains hemicellulose and bovine bile powder. Hemicellulose helps the stomach break down fiber, but ox bile powder improves lipase activity, and as a result, contributes to the normal absorption of fats and vitamins. Thanks to these properties of the constituent components, it is able to quickly improve digestion and affect the entire digestive system. It is recommended to use Festal:

1. For problems with the production of enzymes by the pancreas
2. With diarrhea, but only if the underlying cause is not an intestinal infection
3. For irritable bowel syndrome
4. It is also recommended to take Festal to improve digestion, especially when a large amount of spicy, fatty, salty food has been eaten.

Some experts advise taking a Festal tablet before ultrasound abdominal organs.

As for contraindications, it is forbidden to take Festal if:

• In man
• Jaundice of any origin
• Hepatitis
• Bowel obstruction
• There is an individual intolerance to the individual components of the drug
• With caution, Festal is prescribed to patients who have a disease such as diabetes because the shell contains glucose and sucrose.

You can buy Festal at any pharmacy kiosk, and its price is quite affordable.

Enzisital

Mezim - an assistant in the digestive process

For those who experience digestive problems, Enzistal will be an excellent drug that can help improve this process. Enzistal contains not only pancreatin, but also hemicellulose, as well as bile components. That is why its action is much better than that of simple Pancreatin. Experts recommend taking the drug:

1. If you have problems digesting food caused by a lack of digestive enzymes
2. If you have problems with chewing, which is most common in people with dentures, or if your jaw or gums are damaged
3. With a sedentary lifestyle, especially in bedridden patients
4. Enzistal should be taken with caution in patients who:
5. Has liver or kidney failure
6. Jaundice
7. Intestinal obstruction

In most of these cases, the attending physician may prohibit the drug altogether, as it can cause serious complications. As for the complications after taking, or rather side effects, it most often occurs:

• An allergic reaction, which manifests itself in the form of a rash on the skin, tearing
• Painful sensations in the abdomen
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Mucosal irritation

If at least one of the above side effects occurs, you must immediately stop taking the drug. Enzsital is a drug with a very good action, and also at a fairly low price, which makes it affordable for most consumers.

Somilase

Somilase refers to those drugs that help restore pancreatic function. It contains solizim, which belongs to the enzymes that help break down fat, and alpha-amylase. The principle of action of the drug is slightly different from the above drugs, but the effect of it is no less noticeable. The components of the drug react with vegetable and animal fats that have entered the body, breaking them down, thereby compensating for the lack of enzymes. The drug is indicated for patients who:

1. There are digestive problems associated with a lack of enzymes responsible for the breakdown of fats
2. There is such serious illness like chronic pancreatitis
3. evolved
4. There are problems with the intestines, namely inflammation of the small or large intestine
5. Somilase is also recommended for people who have problems with the liver and gallbladder.
6. He provides special assistance to patients who have undergone serious pancreas, liver.

The drug Somilase has practically no contraindications, with the exception of individual intolerance to the individual components of the drug. That is why it is prescribed to almost all patients with digestive problems. Since Somilisa is not a simple drug that stimulates the pancreas