GF11 part 2 Rhizomes with valerian roots. Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L. s. l.)

Latin name Valeriana officinalis L.

In Russia, among the population, valerian is more often known as maungmyun, cat root, cat grass. She received such names because of the inexplicable, at first glance, attraction of cats to her. This plant puts them in a state of strong excitement. How can one explain such strange behavior animals? It turns out that valerian roots contain isovaleric acid, which is part of feline sex pheromones - special odorous substances secreted by cats during the mating season specifically to attract cats.

Family Valerianaceae - Valerianaceae

Healing properties Valerians have been known to people since ancient times. Doctors of Ancient Greece and Rome knew about the calming effect of the plant. Dioscorides (1st century) believed that it was capable of controlling thoughts, and Pliny the Elder classified it as a means of stimulating thought; Ibn Sina believed that it strengthens the brain. In the Middle Ages in Europe, valerian was revered as one of the most popular aromatic remedies. People like her talk about it popular names, like incense, earth incense, forest incense. In Russia, valerian is one of the most popular medicinal plants. Even under Peter I, the industrial collection of its roots for hospitals began.^

Description

This is perennial herbaceous plant with a short vertical rhizome bearing numerous cord-like roots, often with stolons on which daughter specimens are formed.

Root and rhizomes have a strong, distinctive odor. In the first year of life, a rosette of basal leaves develops, in the second - a stem.

Stem erect, ribbed, hollow inside, 0.5-1.5 m tall, simple or branched in the upper part, cylindrical, grooved, glabrous or pubescent in the lower part.

Leaves slender, pair-pinnately divided with 3-11 linear-lanceolate, coarsely toothed leaves. The lower ones are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile. The basal leaves have long, slightly grooved petioles, the apical leaves are sessile.

Flowers small, pale pink, fragrant, collected at the top in thyroid or paniculate inflorescences.

Fruit- flat brown achenes with a tuft 1.5 times their length.

Blooms in May-August and ripens in July-September.

Spreading

Valerian is distributed throughout the European part, it is not found in the Far North and deserts Central Asia. This is a polymorphic species. The most famous botanical forms of valerian are: swamp, brilliant, Volga, shoot-bearing, Russian, tall, doubtful.

Habitats. It grows in a wide variety of environmental conditions: in forest and water meadows, peat bogs, along river banks, in steppes, oak forests, pine forests, in clearings and burnt areas. Cultivated in Eurasia and South America.

However, digging out small roots in dense turf is quite difficult. Therefore, it is easier to grow valerian in culture.
The All-Russian Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants has developed highly productive varieties “Maun” and “Ulyana”.

Growing

Vleriana grows well in moist places, but can also tolerate prolonged drought. The best soils are structural chernozems of light mechanical composition, as well as light loams.

The plant is demanding of soil fertility and moisture. The area should be well lit and sufficiently moist. For autumn digging, add 2-3 buckets of compost or rotted manure and 20-25 g of superphosphate per 1 m2. When stored, the seeds quickly lose their viability and should be used in the year of collection or the next.

Reproduction

Valerian can be sown in three times: in early spring, in summer and before winter. The choice of period depends on the availability of free time. In the spring, sowing is carried out at the most early dates, but usually at this time of year all the energy is consumed by vegetable crops and there is no time left for medicinal products. Good results are obtained when sowing at the end of summer with fresh, just collected seeds. Before winter, valerian is sown in the Non-Black Earth Zone at the end of October-beginning of November in pre-made furrows, when the soil is already frozen.
0.5-0.8 g of dry seeds are sown per 1 m2, the depth of their planting is no more than 1 cm. The bed is regularly watered before germination so that the soil is constantly moist. Shoots appear on the 5-7th day. Further care: moderate watering, weeding and loosening the soil. To get large roots if the seedlings are too dense, you can thin out, leaving 10-15 plants per 1 meter of row, and transplant the rest of the plants somewhere. Before the cold weather, valerian manages to form a rosette of basal leaves and a well-developed root system.
In the second year of growing season, fertilizing with nitrogen fertilizers is carried out in early spring. You can also use any fertilizers for flower crops that are currently sold in garden centers. Valerian blooms in June and produces seeds in July. But in order to get large roots, they carry out “topping” - the buds are cut off during budding. In this case, by the end of the second year you can get a good harvest of raw materials.
The seeds ripen slowly, within 30-45 days. As soon as the first ripe seeds appear in the inflorescence, they are cut off with part of the stem, tied into bunches and hung or laid out on a tarpaulin in the attic for ripening.
Advice. It is advisable to place Valerian in damp places near the fence or in the background of a mixborder, where during flowering it will not block anything. You should not place the plant in front of the windows of your home. The flowers have a peculiar smell that not everyone may like.

Care.

Caring for crops consists of weeding, loosening the soil and fertilizing. During drought, moderate watering is necessary. In the second year of life, in the budding phase, peduncles are pinched, which contributes to a significant increase in the yield of rhizomes.

Chemical composition

The roots contain essential oil complex composition, alkaloids: valerine, hatinin, etc., glycosides, tannins, sugars, organic acids.

Active ingredients

The underground organs of valerian contain essential oil (0.5-2.4%), the main part of which is an ester of borneol and isovaleric acid, isovaleric acid, borneol, limonene, camphene, myrtenol, caryophyllene. In total, over 70 components were found in essential oil, many of which are contained in very small quantities. In addition, iridoids, alkaloids, valeopatriates, sugars, and organic acids were isolated.

Medicinal raw materials

Rhizomes with roots are used for medicinal purposes. Best time For harvesting raw materials of wild valerian - autumn, when the stems turn brown. The dug up roots are cleared of soil, washed in running water without soaking, and laid out in a thin layer in a well-ventilated room for drying; In this case, exposure of the raw materials to sunlight should be avoided.
Attention! Do not dry valerian in a hot dryer. At the same time, the essential oil evaporates, which has a calming effect.

Application

Use in design

Valerian is an excellent ornamental plant. Its flowers not only delight with their beauty, but also attract beneficial insects that protect fruit trees from pests. It can be planted in flower beds and in the form of separate compositions.

Medicinal

Valerian - has long been known medicinal plant. Its name comes from the Latin valere - “to be healthy.”

In medicine, aqueous infusion of valerian, mixtures, and preparations from the roots are widely used. These are classic sedatives for states of nervous excitement and neuroses of the cardiovascular system.

Valerian preparations increase bile secretion and glandular secretion gastrointestinal tract.

Application in official and folk medicine

Valerian preparations are prescribed for diseases accompanied by nervous excitement, insomnia, hysteria. The plant is widely used for mild forms of neurasthenia and psychasthenia, for climacteric disorders, vegetative neuroses, neuroses of cardio-vascular system. Valerian preparations reduce the excitability of the central nervous system; the calming effect is slow but stable. In patients, the feeling of tension, increased irritability disappears, and sleep improves. The therapeutic effect of valerian is more effective with systematic and long-term course use, therefore the timing and dosage of drugs is prescribed by the attending physician.
Valerian preparations are prescribed to pregnant women for early and late toxicosis, and also as a sedative for neuroses during menopause.

Valerian is a component of valocormid, valocordin, valosedan, and corvalol.

Use at home

There are many ways to prepare and use this plant. In Russia, hot infusion, tincture and powder of rhizomes with roots are more often used. To prepare the infusion 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed raw materials is poured into 1 cup of boiling water, heated in a water bath or in a thermos for 15 minutes, left for 45 minutes and filtered. Take 2-3 tbsp. spoons half an hour after eating. The infusion is stored in a cool place for no more than 2 days.

In Germany, a cold infusion of rhizomes with roots is considered the most effective as a sedative: 1 tbsp. a spoonful of crushed raw materials is poured into 1 glass of cold boiled water, leave for 12 hours and filter. Take 1 tbsp. spoon 3-4 times a day before meals.
The tincture is prepared with 40% alcohol or vodka, in a ratio of 1:5. The roots are pre-crushed in order for extraction to proceed better. Leave for 7 days and filter. Take 15-20 drops 3-4 times a day. To obtain the powder, the raw materials are ground in a coffee grinder to a powdery state, then sifted through a sieve. The sifted powder is inhaled 1 g 3-5 times a day or taken orally 1-2 g per dose 3-4 times a day, washed down with water.

Attention! With prolonged and excessive use of valerian, drowsiness, a feeling of depression, decreased performance and depression of general condition are possible.
In some patients hypertension valerian has the opposite (stimulating) effect and disrupts sleep.

Other uses

Using valerian with for cosmetic purposes quite diverse and is based in most cases on its antibacterial and soothing effect. It is used for dermatitis, especially of nervous origin.

Valerian has been known since ancient times. It was used as a mind cleanser, fragrance, and relaxant. Nowadays, valerian is used in both traditional and folk medicine. Medicinal properties All parts of the plant have it, but most of the nutrients are concentrated in the root. Healing herb It has virtually no contraindications and is approved for use even by small children over 1 year of age.

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  Biological description of the plant

  Valerian officinalis is a herbaceous perennial belonging to the Honeysuckle family. The erect, arched, grooved stems are from 1.2 to 1.8 m in height. Their branching occurs closer to the top, where the inflorescence is located. One valerian bush consists of several stems. Pinnately dissected leaves can be alternate or form whorls of 3–4 pieces.

  The grass has a thick and short rhizome up to 4 cm long, no more than 3 cm thick. Most often it is hollow or has a loose core structure with partitions. Numerous roots, called stolons, up to 12 cm long and up to 3 cm in diameter are directed from the rhizome in different directions; they are often separated from the rhizome and have a strong fragrant smell. They are used to prepare medicinal extract and an essence with a pronounced spicy taste.

  Small flowers up to 4 mm in diameter, white, pale pink or pale purple, have a funnel-shaped corolla with a five-lobed curve. Bisexual flowers are collected in paniculate inflorescences. Flowering of the plant begins in the second year of life and continues throughout the summer. The plant produces fruits in the form of achenes, which ripen from August to September.

  The Mediterranean is considered the birthplace of valerian. It grows in areas with temperate and subtropical climates; in Russia it is found in the European part of the territory. The grass prefers to grow in lowland meadows, in wetlands, and is found in peat bogs. Valerian is found along the banks of reservoirs and on forest edges. It is grown on plantations for the needs of the pharmaceutical industry.

  

  Medicinal properties of valerian rhizome

  Unlike others medicinal herbs, valerian does not have a main pronounced active substance. All parts of the plant have medicinal properties, but in folk medicine the roots and rhizomes of the plant are most often used. These are where most of the essential oil, containing about 100 active ingredients that have a positive effect on the body.

  Valerian essential oil contains the following substances:

  • macro- and microelements;
  • tannins;
  • alkaloids;
  • ketodes;
  • vitamins;
  • saponins;
  • alcohols;
  • organic acids and other useful components.

  Most often the plant is used as an antispasmodic and sedative. Valerian also has a healing choleretic effect and stimulates gastrointestinal secretion. Preparations created on the basis of valerian extract dilate coronary vessels well.

  

  Dried valerian root

  The main indications for the use of drugs with valerian are diseases of the nervous system: for insomnia, to relieve attacks of hysteria, for epilepsy, neuralgia, cardiac neuroses. Products with valerian are useful for relieving spasms, headaches and migraines, and for reducing blood pressure and relief of angina attacks.

  Some valerian-based drugs, such as Valocordin or Cardiovalen, are prescribed together with other sedatives to extend their validity period. This treatment should not be used in children, as it slows them down. mental development and causes a state of apathy.

  

  Use of valerian preparations for women

  For women, medications with valerian are prescribed to be taken during menopause to relieve fatigue and normalize sleep. They relieve irritability and improve overall well-being. Pregnant women are prescribed to take valerian in the form of tablets to relieve nervousness, as well as for cramps. Valerian tincture is contraindicated during pregnancy.

  Women can take the drug, according to the instructions for use, in the form of tinctures, decoctions, or tablet form. If it is impossible to take the medicine in the form suggested, it can be replaced with a warm, relaxing bath with a decoction of valerian roots.

  

  Use of valerian for children

  Valerian is prescribed to children for various nervous diseases, hyperactivity, apathy towards food, cramps in the stomach and intestinal tract. However, due to the powerful sedative effect, it is not recommended to take the drug without a doctor’s prescription or to exceed the dosage prescribed by a specialist. This causes depression in the child, allergic rash, drowsiness, developmental delays and digestive disorders.

  Children under 1 yearGiving valerian preparations is strictly prohibited.

  Children over 1 year old can be given no more than 1 drop of diluted tincture. When the child reaches the age of 2 years, the amount of the drug is increased to 2 drops and then according to the same scheme.

  The effect of valerian preparations on men

  The medicinal plant has an effect on men only with positive side, helping to reduce the intensity of muscle spasms, relieve exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases, avoid nervous tension and overexcitability. Negative Impact valerian preparations for men sexual function consists only of drowsiness and a decrease in nervous excitability, which causes a natural decrease in attraction to the opposite sex.

  Harvesting plant roots

  Experienced herbalists advise collecting valerian roots in the fall, after the foliage turns brown and the seeds fly off. During harvesting, you need to be very careful not to confuse the brown rhizomes with the roots of other plants.

  Having dug up the roots, they are cleared of soil and thoroughly washed with running water. For several days, the raw materials are dried upon access fresh air, and final drying is carried out in the attic or in the oven, setting the temperature no higher than +40 degrees. Prepared rhizomes are stored in dark glass or wooden containers, separately from other plants.

  Homemade medicine recipes

  At home, medicines are prepared from the roots and rhizomes of valerian in the form of decoctions, infusions and alcohol tinctures, which are useful for treating many diseases. Drug recipes:

  Name	Preparation	Application
  Infusion of valerian roots and rhizomes	Grind 10 g of dried roots and add 200 ml of boiling water. Simmer for 15 minutes in a water bath, then leave to brew for 2 hours and cool. After this, strain	Taken to normalize sleep and heartbeat, to eliminate vomiting and the consequences of vegetative neuroses. Take 1 tablespoon 4 times a day
  Decoction of dried valerian roots	Grind 10 g of dry plant root to a particle size of 3 mm and pour 300 ml cool water. Heat the mixture in a water bath for half an hour, cool and strain	The decoction is used to treat vegetative neurosis, relieve seizures, stress, and normalize sleep. Drink the product three times a day, half a glass.
  Decoction of fresh valerian rhizomes	It is prepared in the same way as a decoction of dried roots. Ratio of fresh raw materials and water 1:5	Used to treat neurasthenia and vegetoneurosis; to normalize sleep, take half a glass three times a day
  Infusion of roots (1 option)	1 tbsp. l. crushed roots are poured with 1 cup of boiling water, placed in a thermos and left for 8 hours. Strain before use	The drug is useful for the treatment of tachycardia and chronic circulatory disorders in coronary vessels. Drink 3 times a day. In the first 15 days, consume 1/3 cup, then 15 days, 2 tbsp. l., then 1 month 1 tbsp. l. After this, take a break for a month and take the course again
  Infusion of roots (2 option)	1 dessert spoon of chopped raw materials is poured with 1 glass of boiling water and left to brew in a tightly closed container for 6–8 hours. Then the finished infusion is filtered	The drink is used to treat heart neuroses, skin rashes, including urticaria, eczema, neurodermatitis and psoriasis. The product is taken 1 tablespoon 3 times a day
  Infusion of roots (3rd option)	1 teaspoon of chopped rhizomes is poured into 200 ml of boiling water and heated in a water bath for 1.5 hours. After cooling, filter and add the volume of liquid to 1 glass with cold water.	The product is useful for treating migraines, eliminating gastrointestinal spasms, painful menstruation and feeling unwell during menopause. The drink is consumed warm, half a glass in the morning and evening. To improve the taste, you can add a little honey
  Decoction for taking a bath	Add 3 liters of boiling water to 100 g of raw material and leave to brew for 2 hours. Then strain and pour into warm bath water	It is useful to take such a bath at night, it has a slight calming effect, relieves muscle tension, tension, relieves the effects of stress, normalizes sleep and makes you healthier night rest. Take a bath half an hour before going to bed. This procedure is also allowed for children.
  Valerian root tincture	Place 50 g of chopped valerian rhizomes in a dark glass jar or bottle and add 500 ml of high-quality vodka. Place in a dark place for 10 days. Shake contents daily	The tincture is useful for calming the nervous system, relieving headaches and stress. It does not cause strong sedative effects. The finished tincture is taken in an amount of 20 to 30 drops 3 times a day
  Recipe 5 tinctures	This recipe uses ready-made tinctures purchased at the pharmacy. Tinctures of valerian, hawthorn, motherwort, peony and the drug Corvalol are mixed in equal quantities. The mixture is poured into a dark glass bottle	The resulting medicine effectively calms the nervous system, relieves heart pain and improves heart function, eliminates spasms of the stomach and intestines, and normalizes digestion. Start drinking the medicine with 12 drops, diluting the drug into 50 ml warm water. Every day the amount of the drug is increased by 2 drops, bringing total up to 40 drops. The course of treatment ranges from 25 to 35 days

State Pharmacopoeia (SF RB) Volume 2 pp. 328-330. Valerian rhizomes with roots.

VALERIAN RHIZOMES WITH ROOTS
Valerianae rhizomata cum radicibus
VALERIAN ROOT
DEFINITION
Dried whole or fragmented underground parts of the plant Valeriana officinalis L. s.l., including rhizomes with roots and stolons.
Contain:
- whole and fragmented raw materials: not less than 0.17% (m/m) of the amount of sesquiterpene acids in terms of valerenic acid (C 15 H 22 O 2; MW 234.3) in dry raw materials or not less than 2% of the amount esters in terms of valerenic acid ethyl ester in dry raw materials;
- crushed raw materials: not less than 0.10% (m/m) of the sum of sesquiterpene acids in terms of valerenic acid (C15H22O2; MW 234.3) in dry raw materials or not less than 2% of the amount of esters in terms of ethyl ester valerenic acid in dry raw materials.

AUTHENTICITY (IDENTIFICATION)
A. External signs (#2.8.3) . The rhizomes are yellowish-gray to pale brownish-gray, conical to cylindrical in shape, up to approximately 50 mm long and 30 mm in diameter, with an elongated or compressed base, usually completely covered by numerous roots. The apex usually has a cup-shaped scar from the aerial parts; sometimes the bases of the stems are present. In a longitudinal section, a cavity with transverse partitions is visible in the center of the core. The roots are numerous, almost cylindrical in shape, the same color as the rhizomes, with a diameter of 1 to 3 mm, the length sometimes exceeds 100 mm. A small number of thread-like, fragile secondary roots are present. The stolons have protruding nodes separated by grooved internodes, 20 mm to 50 mm long, with a fibrous fracture.

B. Microscopy (#2.8.3). The crushed raw materials are examined (355). Color ranges from pale yellowish-gray to pale grayish-brown. Visible: cells containing pale brown resin or drop-shaped inclusions of essential oil; groups of small rectangular sclereids with thick walls; rare groups larger sclereids at the base of the stem with thinner cell walls; lignified vessels with reticulate thickenings, occurring in groups or individually; individual fragments of cortical and epidermal cells, some of which have root hairs; rare fragments of cork.
When using a 50% (v/v) solution of glycerol R in crushed raw materials (355), numerous starch grains are visible, mostly complex, containing up to 4-6 components, but often breaking up into individual granules of round or irregular shape diameter up to 15 microns; most granules have indistinct cracks or a radial center of bedding.

(EF) C. Thin layer chromatography (2.2.27).
Test solution. 1 g of crushed raw material (355) is suspended in 10 ml of methanol R and sonicated for 10 minutes. The supernatant is filtered through a membrane filter with a pore size of 0.45 μm. Use the filtrate.
Reference solution. 5 mg of acetoxyvalerenic acid R and 5 mg of valerenic acid R are dissolved in 20 ml of methanol R.
Plate: TLC plate with a layer of silica gel R (5-40 µm) [or TLC plate with a layer of silica gel R (2-10 µm)].
Mobile phase: glacial acetic acid R - ethyl acetate R - cyclohexane R (2:38:60, v/v/v).
Sample volume applied: 20 µl in the form of strips.
Mobile phase front: at least 10 cm from the start line.
Drying: air.
Manifestation: the plate is sprayed with anisealdehyde solution R. Heated at a temperature from 100°C to 105°C for 5-10 minutes. View in daylight.
Results: Below is the sequence of zones of the chromatograms of the reference solution and the test solution. In the chromatogram of the test solution, other violet zones may be detected.

TESTS (NUMERICAL INDICATORS)
Acceptable impurities (#2.8.2). Non-raw material parts of the plant: remains of leaves and stems, including those separated during analysis, as well as old dead rhizomes - no more than 5%. Organic impurities: no more than 2%. Mineral impurities: no more than 1%.

Weight loss on drying (2.2.32). No more than 15.0%. 1,000 g of crushed raw materials (2000) are dried at a temperature of 100°C to 105°C.

Total ash (2.4.16). No more than 13.0%.

Ash, insoluble in hydrochloric acid (2.8.1). No more than 10.0%.

QUANTITATION
(EF) Determination of the content of the total sesquiterpene acids. Liquid chromatography (2.2.29).
Test solution. 1.50 g of crushed raw material (710) is placed in a 100 ml round-bottom flask with a ground section, 20 ml of methanol R1 is added, mixed and heated in a water bath with reflux for 30 minutes. Cool and filter. The filter with the residue is placed in the same 100 ml round-bottom flask, 20 ml of methanol R1 is added and heated in a water bath with reflux for 15 minutes. Cool and filter. The filtrates are combined and diluted with methanol R1 to a volume of 50.0 ml, rinsing the round-bottom flask and filter with the same solvent.
Reference solution. The amount of PSO dry extract of standardized valerian, corresponding to 1.0 mg of valerenic acid, is dissolved in methanol R1 and brought to a volume of 10.0 ml with the same solvent.
Chromatography conditions:
- a column with a length of 0.25 m and an internal diameter of 4.6 mm, filled with octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography P with a particle size of 5 microns;
- mobile phase:
- mobile phase A: acetonitrile R - solution of 5 g/l phosphoric acid R (20:80, v/v);
- mobile phase B: solution of 5 g/l phosphoric acid R - acetonitrile R (20:80, v/v);


- mobile phase speed: 1.5 ml/min;
- spectrophotometric detector, wavelength 220 nm;
- volume of injected sample: 20 µl.
Peak identification: for identification
peaks of acetoxyvalerenic acid and valerenic acid on the chromatogram of the reference solution, use the chromatogram attached to the FSO of a standardized dry extract of valerian.
Suitability of chromatographic system: reference solution:
- relative retention time (relative to valerenic acid, retention time is about 21 minutes): acetoxyvalerenic acid - about 0.5.
The content of the total sesquiterpene acids in terms of valerenic acid as a percentage is calculated using the formula:

Where:
S 1 - peak area of ​​acetoxyvalerenic acid in the chromatogram of the test solution;
S 2 - peak area of ​​valerenic acid in the chromatogram of the test solution;
S 3 - peak area of ​​valerenic acid in the chromatogram of the reference solution;
m 1 - mass of a sample of the tested raw material, g;
m 2 - weight of a sample of FSO dry extract of standardized valerian, g;
P is the content of valerenic acid in the FSO dry extract of standardized valerian, %.
Determination of the content of the total esters in terms of valerenic acid ethyl ester.
Place 5,000 g of crushed raw material (500) in a 100 ml conical flask, add 50 ml of a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) and shake for 45 minutes. Filter through a paper filter moistened with a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) into a 100 ml volumetric flask, avoiding any particles of raw material getting onto the filter. Add 40 ml of a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) to the flask with the remaining raw material and shake for 15 minutes. Filter into the same volumetric flask and dilute with a mixture of chloroform R and 96% alcohol R (5:1, v/v) to a volume of 100.0 ml (solution A).
Test solution. 5.0 ml of solution A is placed in a 50 ml round-bottom flask and evaporated to dryness in vacuum at a temperature of 40°C to 50°C. To the resulting dry residue add 5.0 ml of hydroxylamine alkaline solution R3, leave for 20 minutes, add 10.0 ml of 1 M hydrochloric acid solution, 5.0 ml of 10 g/l solution of iron (III) chloride R in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid solution, mix and filter through a paper filter moistened with water R.
Compensation solution. To 5.0 ml of hydroxylamine alkaline solution R3 add 10.0 ml of a 1 M solution of hydrochloric acid and 5.0 ml of a solution of 10 g/l iron (III) chloride R in a 0.1 M solution of hydrochloric acid.
Measure the absorbance (2.2.25) of the test solution at 512 nm.
The content of the total esters in terms of ethyl ester of valerenic acid in percent is calculated using the formula:

Where:
10.5 - specific absorption rate of valerenic acid hydroxamate;
A is the optical density of the test solution;
m is the mass of a sample of the tested raw material, g.

STORAGE
In a place protected from moisture and light at a temperature of 15°C to 25°C.

Registration number and date:

Trade name:

Dosage form:

Chopped rhizomes with roots

Rhizomes with roots powder

Compound:

Characteristic
Valerian rhizomes with roots contain essential oils, the main part of which is the ester of borneol and isovaleric acid, free valeric acid, borneol, organic acids (including valeric acid), alkaloids (valerin and hatinin), tannins, sugars and others biologically active substances.

Description
Chopped rhizomes and roots. Shapeless pieces of rhizomes and cylindrical pieces of thin roots, yellowish, grayish and whitish brown, sometimes dark brown. The surface of the root pieces is smooth or slightly longitudinally wrinkled. The smell is strong, aromatic. The taste of the water extract is spicy, sweetish-bitter.

Powder. Pieces of roots and rhizomes various shapes, yellowish Brown with whitish-brown, yellowish-white, light brown, brown, sometimes dark brown inclusions. The surface of the root pieces is smooth or slightly longitudinally wrinkled. The smell is strong, aromatic. The taste of the water extract is spicy, sweetish-bitter.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Sedative of plant origin.

pharmachologic effect
An infusion of valerian rhizomes with roots has a sedative and antispasmodic (in relation to the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system) effect. Makes the offensive easier natural sleep. Sedative effect comes on slowly, but is quite stable.

Indications for use
Increased nervous excitability, sleep disturbances, functional disorders of the cardiovascular system, spasms of the gastrointestinal tract.

Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to valerian preparations, childhood up to 3 years.

Directions for use and doses
About 9 g (1 tablespoon) of valerian rhizomes with roots are placed in an enamel bowl, pour 200 ml (1 glass) of hot boiled water, cover and heat in a boiling water bath with occasional stirring for 15 minutes, cool at room temperature for 45 minutes, filter, squeeze out the remaining raw materials. The volume of the resulting infusion is adjusted to 200 ml with boiled water.
It is recommended to shake the infusion before use.

3 filter bags (4.5 g) are placed in a glass or enamel bowl, pour 100 ml (1/2 cup) of boiling water, cover and leave for 15 minutes, periodically pressing on the bags with a spoon, then squeeze them out. The volume of the resulting infusion is adjusted to 100 ml with boiled water.

Take orally 30 minutes after meals. Adults – 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day; children over 12 years old - 1 tablespoon 2-3 times a day, children from 7 to 12 years old - 1 dessert spoon 2-3 times a day, children from 3 to 7 years old - 1 teaspoon 2-3 times a day day.

Side effect
Possible lethargy, weakness (especially when used in high doses), at long-term use– constipation. IN in some cases the development of allergic reactions is possible.

Interaction with other drugs

The drug enhances the effect of sleeping pills and other medicines, depressing the central nervous system.

special instructions
With long-term use of the drug in large doses a decrease in psychomotor reactions is possible - caution should be exercised when driving, operating machinery, etc.

Release form
Rhizomes with roots crushed in 30 g, 35 g, 40 g, 50 g, 60 g, 75 g, 100 g in cardboard packs with an inner bag.
Rhizomes with roots powder in filter bags of 1.5 g; 10 or 20 filter bags in a cardboard pack.
Instructions for use, folded with the text inside, are inserted into the pack, or the text of the instructions in full is applied to the pack.

Storage conditions
In a dry place, protected from light; prepared infusion - in a cool place for no more than 2 days.
Keep out of the reach of children!

Best before date
3 years.
Do not use after the expiration date stated on the package.

Conditions for dispensing from pharmacies
Over the counter.

Manufacturer/Complaint Receiving Organization
OJSC "Krasnogorskleksredstva"
Russia, 143444, Moscow region, Krasnogorsk, microdistrict. Opalikha, st. Mira, 25

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Rice. 5.18. Valerian officinalis – Valeriana officinalis L.

Rhizomes with valerian roots- rhizomata cum radicibus valerianae
Fresh rhizomes with valerian roots- rhizomata cum radicibus valerianae recentia
Valerian officinalis herb- herba valerianae officinalis
— Valeriana officinalis L.
Sem. valerian-Valeriaceae
Other names: pharmaceutical maun, cat root, magpie grass, shake grass, maun, meun

perennial herbaceous plant height from 50 cm to 2 m. In the first year of life, only a rosette of basal leaves is formed, in the second - flowering shoots.
The rhizome is short, cone-shaped, vertical, with numerous thin cord-like roots.
Stems erect, hollow inside, ribbed, pale purple in color at the bottom.
Leaves unpaired-pinnately dissected, lower ones petiolate, upper ones sessile. In the upper part the stem is branched and bears corymbose-paniculate inflorescences.
Flowers small, corolla white, pink or purple, funnel-shaped. There are three stamens, one pistil with a lower ovary.
Fetus- brown achene with a tuft (Fig. 5.18).
Blooms from late May to August, the fruits ripen in July - September.

Composition of valerian

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Chemical composition of valerian

About 100 individual substances were found in valerian raw materials.

Rhizomes with roots contain from 0.5 to 2.4% essential oil, the main part of which is bornyl isovalerate,

and also present

• free isovaleric acid and borneol,
• bicyclic monoterpenoids (camphene, pinene, terpineol),
• sesquiterpenoids (valerianal, valerenone, valerenic acid),
• free valeric acid.

The raw materials also contain

• iridoids - valepotriates (0.8-2.5%),
• tannins,
• triterpene saponins,
• organic acids,
• alkaloids,
• free amines.

Properties and uses of valerian

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Pharmacotherapeutic group. Sedative.

Pharmacological properties of valerian

Valerian has a multifaceted effect on the body:

• depresses the central nervous system, reduces its excitability;
• reduces spasms of smooth muscle organs.
• Valerian essential oil relieves cramps;
• valerian reduces agitation,
• prolongs the effect of sleeping pills,
• has an inhibitory effect on the medulla oblongata and midbrain systems,
• increases the functional mobility of cortical processes.
• regulates the activity of the heart, acting indirectly through the central nervous system and directly on the muscle and conduction system of the heart,
• improves coronary circulation due to the direct effect of borneol on the blood vessels of the heart.
• enhances the secretion of the glandular apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract,
• increases bile secretion.

Valerian serves as an example when a total extract from a plant provides a therapeutic effect, while isolated substances do not have a corresponding effect.

Uses of valerian

Valerian officinalis is used for various indications:

• as a sedative for chronic functional disorders of the central nervous system,
• for neuroses, hysteria and other neurotic conditions;
• for epilepsy along with others therapeutic measures, insomnia, migraine;
• for heart neuroses and chronic coronary circulation disorders;
• for hypertension;
• to reduce the excitability of the cerebral cortex and reduce vegetative-vascular disorders;
• with tachycardia caused by a neurotic state.

Valerian preparations are used

• for stomach neuroses accompanied by spastic pain, constipation and flatulence,
• in case of violations secretory function glandular apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract;
• diseases of the liver and biliary tract in complex therapy;
• with thyrotoxicosis with painful subjective symptoms (feeling of heat, palpitations, etc.);
• for menopausal disorders and a number of other diseases accompanied by sleep disturbances and increased irritability.

Valerian is more effective with systematic and long-term use due to the slow development of the therapeutic effect.

Valerian infusion is used in the complex treatment of obesity as an anorexigenic agent. By suppressing the hypothalamic appetite centers, valerian reduces the feeling of hunger, suppresses appetite, and helps withstand food restriction.

As a rule, valerian preparations are well tolerated, but in some patients with hypertension they have the opposite stimulating effect, disrupt sleep, and cause difficult dreams.

One of the components of the therapeutic effect of valerian is its smell, which has a reflex effect on the central nervous system. Inhalation (through the lungs) entry is also possible. medicinal substances into the body.

Uses of Valerian Herb

A hydroalcoholic extract used in the production of soft drinks is obtained from the valerian herb.

Spreading

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Spreading. Almost all over Russia. It does not form thickets suitable for harvesting, so it is cultivated in the middle zone on many specialized farms. Raw materials are obtained on plantations best quality. The rhizomes of cultivated plants are twice as large.

Habitat. It grows in a variety of environmental conditions: in grass and peat bogs, lowlands, swampy, sometimes saline meadows, along the banks of rivers and lakes, in thickets of bushes, in forest clearings and edges. In the northern regions, valerian has thinner roots, in the southern regions the rhizomes and roots are larger. Cultivated on fertile, moist soils.

Procurement and storage of raw materials

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Rhizome with valerian roots

Preparation. Harvesting rhizomes with valerian roots should be carried out in late autumn (late September - mid-October), when the growth of the root mass is completed. Harvesting in early spring before the start of the growing season is allowed, but this reduces the quality and yield of raw materials by almost half. Harvesting of raw materials on farms is carried out using a special combine or potato diggers. Rhizomes with roots are cleaned of the remains of aerial parts and soil, thick rhizomes are cut lengthwise, quickly washed with water (no more than 20 minutes) and dried with active ventilation, spread out in a layer of 3-5 cm.

Security measures. When harvesting wild-growing raw materials, after digging up the underground parts, the seeds from the plant are shaken off into the same hole where the roots were and covered with earth; in addition, all small plants and some large ones are left at the collection site for the regeneration of thickets. Stems with seeds are trimmed without damaging the rhizomes.

When harvesting, similar plants are sometimes collected. All impurities are easily recognized by the absence of a “valerian” smell in dry raw materials.

Drying. Dried rhizomes with roots are dried in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 35 °C. Dried roots should break, but not bend.

Standardization. GF XI, issue. 2, Art. 77; Change No. 3 dated March 11, 1997; Change No. 5 dated 10.27.99.

Storage. According to the rules for storing essential oil raw materials, packed in bags and bales, in a cool, dry place. The shelf life of dried raw materials is 3 years. Freshly collected raw materials must be processed within 3 days in pharmaceutical factories.

Valerian herb

Blank. The grass is mowed during the period of budding and flowering or before harvesting rhizomes with roots, cut into pieces up to 20 cm long and dried. Drying in air-shade or in dryers at a temperature not exceeding 40 ºС. Used as a raw material to obtain aqueous-alcoholic extract.

Standardization. TU 64-4-44-83 and Change No. 1 dated 04/10/88.

Storage. The shelf life of dried raw materials is 2 years from the date of procurement.

External signs of raw materials

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Rhizomes with valerian roots

Cspruce raw materials

Whole or cut along rhizomes up to 4 cm long, up to 3 cm thick, with a loose core, often hollow, with transverse partitions. Numerous thin adventitious roots, sometimes underground shoots - stolons, extend from the rhizome on all sides.
Roots often separated from the rhizome; they are smooth, brittle, of varying lengths, up to 3 mm thick.
Color The rhizomes and roots are yellowish-brown on the outside, yellowish to brown at the fracture.
Smell strong, aromatic.
Taste

Crushed raw materials

Pieces of roots and rhizomes of various shapes, light brown in color, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm. Smell strong, aromatic. Taste spicy, bittersweet.

Powder grayish-brown color, passing through a sieve with holes measuring 0.2 mm. The smell is strong, aromatic. The taste is spicy, sweetish-bitter.

Valerian herb

External signs

The raw materials are leafy stems with corymbose-paniculate inflorescences up to 20 cm long and individual leaves, mostly crushed.
Stems cylindrical, ribbed, hollow, with opposite unpaired pinnately dissected leaves with 6-8 pairs of segments, slightly pubescent; The lower leaves are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile. Leaf segments are linear-lanceolate to ovate, entire or serrated.
whisk funnel-shaped, flowers are pale pink, small, collected in a corymbose-paniculate inflorescence.
Color leaves from green to greenish-brown, stems from brownish-green to brown.
Smell weak.

Microscopy of raw materials

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Whole, crushed raw materials

On a cross section of the root the epidermis (rhizoderm) is visible, the cells of which are often elongated into long hairs or papillae.
Hypodermal cells larger ones, often with drops of essential oil.
Bark wide, consists of homogeneous round parenchyma cells filled with starch grains, simple and 2-5-complex, 3-9 (less often up to 20) microns in size.
Endoderm consists of cells with thickened radial walls.
Young roots have a primary structure.
Old roots in the basal part they have a secondary structure with radiate wood (xylem) (Fig. 5.19).

Rice. 5.19. Microscopy of valerian root:

A – root with a diameter of 1–2 mm;
B – root with a diameter of 2–3 mm;
B – root with a diameter of 4 mm:
1 – epidermis and hypodermis;
2 – bark;
3 – xylem;
4 – phloem;
5 – endoderm;
6 – cambium;
D – fragment of a cross section of the root:
1 – epidermis; 2 – hypodermis; 3 – cortex cells with starch; 4 – endoderm; 5 – pericycle; 6 – phloem; 7 – xylem.

Powder

Visible under a microscope

• scraps of parenchyma with simple and 2-5-complex starch grains,
• fragments of blood vessels,
• scraps of covering tissue,
• individual starch grains,
• occasionally stony cells.

Numerical indicators of raw materials

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Numerical indicators of rhizomes with valerian roots

Whole raw materials

Extractive substances extracted with 70% alcohol, no less than 25%; the amount of valepotriate in terms of valtrate is not less than 1.4%; esters in terms of ethyl ester of valerenic acid not less than 2%; humidity no more than 15%; total ash no more than 14%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 10%; other parts of valerian (remains of stems and leaves, including those separated during analysis), as well as old dead rhizomes no more than 5%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 3%.

Crushed raw materials

Extractive substances extracted with 70% alcohol, no less than 25%; humidity no more than 15%; total ash no more than 13%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 10%; other parts of valerian (remnants of stems and leaves), as well as old dead rhizomes no more than 5%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 7 mm, no more than 10%; particles passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.5 mm, no more than 10%; organic impurity no more than 2%; mineral impurity no more than 1%.

Powder

Extractive substances extracted with 70% alcohol, no less than 25%; humidity no more than 10%; total ash no more than 13%; ash, insoluble in a 10% solution of hydrochloric acid, no more than 10%; particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 0.2 mm, no more than 1%.

Numerical indicators of Valerian herb

Medicines based on valerian

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Medicines.

1. Valerian rhizomes with roots, crushed raw materials. Sedative (calming) agent.
2. As part of the collection (carminative; sedatives No. 1-3; gastric No. 3; collection for the preparation of medicine according to the prescription of M.N. Zdrenko).
3. Valerian tincture (tincture (1:5) in 70% ethanol). Obtained from fresh raw materials. Sedative, antispasmodic.
4. Valerian extract is thick (p.o. tablets, 0.02 g each). Sedative, antispasmodic.
5. Valerian extract liquid. Sedative, antispasmodic.
6. Valerian tincture and extract are included in complex medicines (Cardiovalen, Valokormid, Valosedan, Novo-Passit, Persen, Nervoflux, etc.).