Is there a law on childhood vaccinations in Russia? List of medical contraindications for preventive vaccinations

Vaccinal prevention- one of the main methods of prevention complex diseases, epidemic in nature. Thanks to such prevention, it has become possible to avoid many diseases that threaten human life.

Second type - inactivated vaccines. They act on the basis of killed microorganisms. These are vaccinations against and polio.

Third type - chemical vaccines. They contain only a certain part of the pathogen. These are vaccinations against hemophilus influenzae infection , whooping cough .

Fourth type - toxoids. Their action is based on the poison produced by bacteria, which has lost its toxic properties, but is capable of inducing immunity. In this way, prevention is carried out.

Fifth type - associated vaccines. They consist of components different types. Examples could be And MMR II .

Important question of use combination vaccines. They make it possible to reduce the cost of vaccinating the population and increase the coverage of residents with vaccinations. Immunization with such vaccines is simultaneously against and is carried out for all children.

Rules for vaccination in children

It is a mistake to believe that all vaccinations are carried out under the same conditions. On the contrary, the development of immunity to each individual disease requires a special approach. Below we provide some rules that relate to the most common vaccinations in our country.

1. Vaccinations against tuberculosis carried out in different days with other vaccinations. Revaccination against (BCG vaccine) is given to children aged 7 - 15 years, in whom the result Mantoux samples negative.

2. Vaccinations against is given to all newborns, it can be given by vaccine Engerix V .

3. Spacing between the first three DPT vaccinations is 30 days, and between the third and the next there should be no less than a year. To prevent diseases such as whooping cough, tetanus, polio, diphtheria, and hepatitis B, combined vaccines that have different combinations of antigens are used.

4. IPV or inactivated vaccine usually used for the first two vaccinations, but in case of contraindications it can be used for subsequent polio vaccinations.

5. Prevention against Hib infection carried out both mono- and often combined vaccines. For primary vaccination, combination vaccines are recommended for use, which have Hib component .

6. Rubella, measles and mumps vaccination combined vaccine (CPC) at 12 months. Repeated vaccination is carried out at 6 years of age. Children who for some reason were not vaccinated against mumps, measles and rubella at 12 months and 6 years old are vaccinated until they are 18 years old. 15 year old children who have not been vaccinated against rubella or mumps, are vaccinated against mumps (for boys) or against rubella (for girls). All unvaccinated children over 18 years of age are vaccinated with one dose until age 30.

Vaccines for children

The first vaccination is given to every newborn maternity hospital is a vaccine against viral hepatitis B. This vaccination is especially important for those children whose mother herself is a carrier antigen . In this case, the child must receive the first vaccination no more than 12 hours after birth, and then at 1, 2 and 12 months. Children whose mothers are not carriers of the virus are vaccinated general scheme included in the vaccination calendar: on the first day of life, at 1 month and at 6 months. For such children, vaccination against viral hepatitis B is usually combined with vaccinations against other diseases.

The BCG vaccine protects a child from tuberculosis. It is extremely important that babies have such protection from birth.

The DTP vaccine protects children against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus. These diseases are very difficult in newborns. That is why DTP is carried out starting from 3 months, and then at 4 months and 5 months, and revaccination is carried out at 18 months.

Today there are so-called acellular vaccines. They have a significant advantage over the whole-cell DTP vaccine. They call less often negative reactions after vaccination and have longer-lasting immunity.

Vaccination against polio is carried out with two vaccines - IPV and OPV. Inactivated is more effective because it is administered intramuscularly and this allows for precise dosage. It is also safer when it comes to adverse reactions for vaccination, since the pathogens in it are already dead, and in OPV they are alive.

In many countries, children are prevented from hemophilus influenzae infection. Most dangerous type The infectious bacterium is Hib. She can cause such serious illnesses like, pneumonia, respiratory diseases, septic, sepsis. Since the immature body of a child without vaccination cannot adequately resist the disease, it often happens deaths. Hib infection is one of the leading causes of death in young children.

Today, the vaccine against Hib infection is used on a schedule preventive vaccinations in most countries of the world. Thanks to its use, one of the most dangerous forms — purulent meningitis . Vaccination saves approximately 3 million children's lives every year.

Children often suffer from mumps, measles and rubella, and these diseases can lead to complications such as loss of hearing and vision, and damage to the genital organs. Vaccination should be carried out only in rooms specially designated for preventive vaccinations, which should have everything to provide the first medical care. Before vaccination medical worker must carefully check the correspondence of the signature on the packaging of the vaccine for children and on the ampoule, as well as their integrity. If the seal is broken, there is no marking or information on the label, storage conditions or expiration date are violated, such a vaccine preparation is prohibited from being used.

Ampoules with the vaccine can only be opened immediately before use; the contents are used without delay. Unused vaccine residues are destroyed by boiling or soaking in disinfection solutions .

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About vaccination

Vaccine prophylaxis is a highly effective method of immunoprophylaxis, whose main task is to protect people from deadly diseases and infections. The discovery of vaccine prevention saved humanity from epidemics of such deadly diseases as plague, typhoid fever, and smallpox, which claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. Vaccine prevention is aimed at successfully protecting people from dangerous infectious diseases that can cause serious consequences, cause disability and, in some cases, even cause death. Almost seven thousand widespread infections are known in modern medicine.

Video: Vaccination of children at the Children's Center "Cradle of Health"

There are several types of prevention:

• Specific immunoprophylaxis is the leading method of preventing infectious diseases;
• Nonspecific prevention. In this case, the effect occurs on the entire immune system and the body as a whole, regardless of the infection.

Vaccine prevention is a highly effective way to build immunity to certain life-threatening human infections. Vaccinal prophylaxis involves the introduction of a vaccine-medical immunobiological preparation. Special killed or weakened pathogens of certain infections or their antigens are introduced into the human body.

Preparing for vaccination

After the vaccine is administered, the immune system is activated in the human body, which produces antibodies to the infectious agent, thus artificially forming immunity to this disease. In the future, it is these antibodies that provide protection against infection. Penetrating into the body of a person who already has protective immunity, this infection will no longer cause disease or the manifestations of the disease will be very weak. To date, large-scale vaccination coverage has shown a decrease in infectious diseases throughout the country. Vaccine prevention is the most effective method of prevention various infectious diseases.

Vaccinal prevention of children

Vaccinal prevention in children is aimed at creating individual and collective immunity against dangerous infections in children from infancy, reducing the risk of complications in frequently ill children, preventing epidemic outbreaks of viral infections. Thus, with the help of vaccination, a child develops specific immunity to a particular infection.

All preventive vaccinations are divided into routine and vaccinations carried out at the time of an epidemiological outbreak. The sequence of implementation, as well as the schedule of administration and the possibility of combining vaccinations are indicated in the guidelines, regulations, and vaccination calendar. The child is given a vaccine containing weakened or killed infectious agents or their antigens, which are not capable of causing the development of infection, but stimulate the formation of specific antibodies. Before vaccination, the child needs pre-vaccination examination by a pediatrician; according to indications, consultations with specialized specialists are prescribed. Also, after vaccination, the pediatrician conducts a post-vaccination examination.

In children vaccinated against tetanus, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, polio, post-vaccination immunity lasts from 5 to 10 years; against influenza for up to several months, however, it is worth remembering that timely vaccination will help avoid outbreaks of severe infectious diseases and their consequences. To date it has been noticed controversial attitude towards vaccinations and vaccine prophylaxis in children on the part of parents. Most often this is due to fear of post-vaccination complications, religious and other principles. However, it is worth approaching this issue wisely, weighing all the pros and cons.

If you have any concerns, be sure to discuss them with a pediatrician you trust.

Vaccine prevention within the framework of the national calendar is carried out with registered and approved vaccines of foreign and domestic production in the prescribed manner in accordance with the instructions for their use.

Advantages of vaccination in our center

The treatment and diagnostic center “Cradle of Health” has been operating since 2004. Highly qualified specialists work here, whose main task is an individual approach to each child.

In our center in front the doctor conducts a consultation regarding vaccination, examines the child, studies test results, checks for possible allergic reactions to the vaccine. Parents receive detailed information about the vaccine used and are given information about the vaccination schedule and some recommendations before vaccination. It is known that children are afraid of injections; our experienced specialists can facilitate a quick and painless transfer of vaccinations. The baby will not even feel or notice the moment of injection.

Advantages of vaccination in the diagnostic and treatment center “Cradle of Health”:

• Modern and effective vaccines of world quality;
• Full control by your baby’s pediatrician before and after vaccination;
• Accurate laboratory examinations before vaccination;
• No queues, sign up at a time convenient for you;
• Care and comfort for your children and parents.

Video reviews about vaccination of children in our center

Olga Chervinskaya, 1.5 year old son, vaccination, annual maintenance

Vaccination specialists at our center

Pediatrician. Vaccinologist. Candidate of Medical Sciences. Work experience 20 years.

Graduated from Alma-Ata State Medical Institute, majoring in pediatrics. In 1999 she defended her Ph.D. thesis. He has current certificates in pediatrics and gastroenterology.

Cost of vaccinations and vaccines

More than 200 years have passed since E. Jenner discovered vaccination - preventing smallpox in people by inoculating them with the cowpox virus. E. Jenner did not know about the existence of microbes and viruses, but the more ingenious was his discovery, which anticipated the discovery of microbes by L. Pasteur by almost 100 years.

It is also 200 years since the publication of the first newspaper article, which qualified smallpox vaccination as an ungodly matter, fraught with troubles - the growth of cow horns and udders in those vaccinated. Since then, this topic has not left the pages of the press, although now they are intimidated not with cow horns, but with such misfortunes as “injury to the immune system,” “cytopathic effect,” and even “growth of tumors” in vaccinated people in the future.

But infections against which it is now possible to vaccinate have claimed or maimed millions of children’s lives. Advances in medicine over the past decade have enabled the development of a new generation of vaccines that prevent infections that were until recently considered uncontrollable.

A very important point is the awareness of parents and their conscientious attitude towards vaccinations, their willingness to ensure that their child is vaccinated on time. We must understand that a vaccine is also a medicine, only immeasurably more effective than other drugs, because it prevents the onset of a disease, sometimes a very serious one.

A consultation with a pediatrician will allow parents to gain a correct understanding of modern vaccines and the timing of vaccinations for children.

The calendar of preventive vaccinations in Russia, as in other countries, is approved at the state level.

Previously, almost all children in Russia suffered from rubella while still in nursery, but now many children avoid this infection, and among teenage girls more than a third are susceptible to rubella (that is, they have not had it before and can get sick). Rubella is very dangerous in a pregnant woman, but not for the woman herself, but for the fetus, which develops severe developmental defects. It has been established that among the causes of stillbirth and congenital deformities, rubella occupies the sad first place. Therefore, adolescent girls should be vaccinated against rubella first of all. Once, in accordance with the vaccination calendar, mass vaccination against rubella of children aged 1 year and 6 years has been established, there will be no need to vaccinate adolescents.

Prevention of measles, rubella, mumps (“mumps”) is the most important part of the fight against infectious diseases in children. The Russian national vaccination calendar provides for vaccination against these infections in children aged 1 and 6 years. In order to reduce the number of injections, combined vaccines are used (against several infections at once).

Vaccination against viral hepatitis B is very important, the incidence of which is rapidly increasing in Russia. Previously it was believed that this infection was transmitted only through blood, but it turned out to be much more contagious. The incidence of hepatitis B infection through blood transfusions or other invasive medical procedures has now decreased sharply, thanks to the introduction of disposable syringes and needles and control of blood products. Nowadays, the majority of infections occur through sexual contact, and among adolescents who have become addicted to drugs, when they are administered using shared syringes.

Acute hepatitis B can be very difficult and even result in the death of the patient. The transition to the chronic form is observed in 5-10% of adolescents and adults, but in newborns and children of the first year of life infected with hepatitis B - 70-90%. Chronic hepatitis B has a high risk of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer.

The creation of modern genetically engineered vaccines against hepatitis B is one of the greatest medical achievements of our time.

Notes:

Immunization within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations is carried out with vaccines of domestic and foreign production, registered and authorized for use in the prescribed manner, in accordance with the instructions for their use.

Children born to mothers who are carriers of the hepatitis B virus or who are sick with viral hepatitis B in the third trimester of pregnancy are vaccinated against viral hepatitis B according to the schedule of 0-1-2-12 months.

Vaccination against hepatitis B at 13 years of age is carried out for those who have not been vaccinated previously according to the 0-1-6 month schedule.

Vaccination against rubella is given to girls at the age of 13 who have not previously been vaccinated or have received only one vaccination.

Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out for tuberculin-negative children not infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Revaccination against tuberculosis at the age of 14 is carried out to tuberculin-negative children not infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis who did not receive the vaccine at age 7.

Vaccines (except BCG) used as part of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations can be administered simultaneously with different syringes in different parts of the body or with an interval of 1 month.

If the start date for vaccinations is not met, they are carried out according to the schedules provided for in this calendar and instructions for the use of drugs.

The 2002 vaccination calendar provides for vaccination against hepatitis B in children in the first months of life. In those regions where there are many carriers of the hepatitis B virus, which means the risk of infection in the first months of life is extremely high, vaccination is carried out already in the first hours of a newborn’s life. The same vaccination tactics are used to protect children born to mothers who are chronic carriers of the hepatitis B virus. Without vaccination, up to 90% of children will subsequently become lifelong carriers of the virus and will be a source of danger to others.

The vaccination course consists of three injections, the second vaccination is carried out 1 month later, and the third – 6 months after the first. If emergency vaccination is necessary (for example, in persons who are undergoing surgery with a massive blood transfusion; tourists traveling to dangerous regions), the vaccine is administered three times, the second time – a week later, the third – 3 weeks after the first injection.

It is very important to vaccinate adolescents, whose incidence of hepatitis B in many Russian cities reaches critical levels.

Many parents are familiar with infectious jaundice - viral hepatitis A. Until recently, almost all young children in Russia suffered from this infection, so adults were practically immune to it, since after suffering from hepatitis A they developed stable lifelong immunity. With the development of sanitation, improvement of the quality of water supply and sewerage, the incidence of hepatitis A in children in cities has decreased, but the threat of getting sick still remains - when visiting rural areas, less developed regions and countries, children and adolescents who do not have immunity get sick. Moreover, the disease in adolescents (and adults) is much more severe than in children. Since there are no drugs that suppress the hepatitis A virus, vaccination plays a major role in the fight against this disease.

Vaccination of adults and children is carried out once, and antibodies to the hepatitis A virus are produced so quickly (10~14 days) that they protect the vaccinated person, even if the vaccine was administered after contact with the source of infection.

To ensure lifelong immunity to hepatitis A, it is recommended that you receive one dose of the vaccine again, usually 6 to 12 months after the first dose.

Children with chronic diseases need vaccination no less than healthy ones. Moreover, protection against infection is especially important for them! Contrary to popular belief, they do not constitute a “high-risk group” and do not need “gentle vaccination.” But, of course, they should be vaccinated during the subsidence of the process, not during the period of exacerbation and against the background of drug “cover-up”.

Everyone knows about the threat of influenza. Currently, various preparations of live and inactivated influenza vaccines are registered and approved for use in Russia. For children, it is recommended to use inactivated vaccines, which are highly purified immunizing antigens of influenza viruses types A and B. Unlike first-generation whole-cell vaccines, which have pronounced side effects due to the high content of ballast substances, new generation vaccines contain only killed, destroyed influenza viruses; As a result of special processing, virus particles that cause adverse reactions are removed, and the main components that provide long-term protection against different variants of the influenza virus are preserved. This made it possible to significantly reduce the frequency of adverse reactions while maintaining the high effectiveness of vaccination.

Every year, so-called “current strains” are included in influenza vaccines; according to the World Health Organization, they are the most likely causative agents of influenza in the next season. This is especially important for children with chronic diseases of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and pathology of the central nervous system. These children are seriously ill with the flu and must be vaccinated.

Parents often doubt whether a small child will be able to cope with so many vaccinations. The answer to this question is clear - it can, even if the number of vaccines is higher. Most Western countries have also introduced vaccination against infection caused by capsular Haemophilus influenzae, and in the United States also against chickenpox. It has been proven that an increase in the number of administered vaccines is not accompanied by suppression of immunity and does not in any way weaken the child.

The problem arises with the large number of injections that a child has to take when receiving multiple vaccines at the same time. The way out is to create multicomponent vaccines that require only one injection. Thus, the DTP vaccine contains three components at once (against whooping cough, tetanus and diphtheria). There is a combined vaccine against measles, rubella and mumps. Vaccines with five, six and even seven components have been registered abroad. Coadministration of vaccines reduces both the number of injections and the number of visits the child makes to the clinic.

Contraindications to vaccines

The vaccines are prepared in such a way that they can be administered to almost anyone. However, some children may have reactions to the vaccine. Contraindications to vaccination are intended to reduce the frequency of such reactions. Parents need to be aware of these contraindications, although the final decision on the possibility of vaccination is made only by the doctor.

Most contraindications do not apply to all vaccines, but only to individual vaccinations. A child who is not eligible for pertussis vaccine is given a vaccine against diphtheria and tetanus; a child with an immunodeficiency (or if there is such a patient in the family) is given an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine instead of a live oral one. When vaccinating against measles, a child with an allergy to chicken egg whites is given a vaccine prepared on quail eggs.

Children receiving immunosuppressive therapy are vaccinated 3 months after its completion, and children receiving large doses of corticosteroids (more than 20 mg per day for 2 weeks or more) - a month after the end of treatment. If a child has allergic diseases, vaccination is carried out after an exacerbation (for example, an asthma attack), usually against the background of the use of medications necessary for the child, under their protection.

Before vaccination, the child is examined by a doctor to rule out an acute disease. Conditions that are the basis for a permanent exemption from vaccinations are rare, their total share does not reach 1%.

Unfortunately, many children who have neither absolute nor temporary contraindications to vaccinations are still not vaccinated. The doctor mistakenly focuses on the presence of data that he considers as contraindications to vaccination. But in fact, these are so-called “false contraindications”, and they are not an obstacle to vaccination.

False contraindications

Perinatal encephalopathy

Prematurity

History of hemolytic disease of newborn

History of sepsis

Stable neurological changes

Epilepsy

• Enlargement of the thymus gland

  Congenital malformations

  Allergies, asthma, eczema

  Dysbacteriosis

  Complications after vaccination in family members

  Allergies in relatives

If the pediatrician has any doubts, the child should be sent to immunization centers, where, if necessary, additional tests and vaccinations will be carried out.

Less and less often, there are cases when parents refuse to vaccinate their child for “ideological reasons,” for example, believing that there is no need to interfere with the natural course of events. Such non-intervention can be fatal for their son or daughter - after all, even the strongest child is not immune from encountering an infection and from severe subsequent complications.

Many parents are afraid of the vaccine against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus (DTP); they strive, if not to avoid this vaccination, then at least to postpone it to a later date. Indeed, the vaccine most often causes adverse reactions - usually in the form of fever within 1-2 days.

But this reaction is nothing compared to the severity and direct danger of whooping cough in an infant or young child.

The causative agent of whooping cough causes persistent irritation of the nerve endings of the bronchial mucosa and promotes the formation of a focus of excitation in the brain, which causes a persistent cough.

The disease begins without fever, like a mild acute respiratory infection. After 1.5-2 weeks, a characteristic paroxysmal cough appears, leading the child to exhaustion. The cough lasts 4-8 weeks, rarely longer. When coughing, the child sticks out his tongue, coughing impulses follow one after another, interrupted by a loud, sonorous inhalation (reprise); At the end of the attack, a little sputum comes out.

Whooping cough is especially severe in children in the first months of life; at this age it can cause very serious complications - respiratory arrest, encephalitis, pneumonia.

The fight against developed whooping cough is difficult; antitussives, as a rule, do not help. Antibiotics are effective only at the early stage of the disease, in the first days after the onset of the characteristic cough.

Vaccinations against whooping cough can prevent this serious disease or mitigate its course, so it is unwise to refuse vaccination. In addition, the DTP vaccine is now on sale, containing the so-called “acellular pertussis component,” which extremely rarely causes serious side effects.

Anaphylactic reaction to egg white Tuberculosis vaccine Child weighing less than 2000 g, keloid (raised) scar from previous dose Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DPT) History of progressive nervous system disease

History of seizures without fever Hepatitis Vaccine Yeast allergy

Adverse reactions and complications during vaccination

Vaccines are not completely free of side effects - some vaccinated children experience redness, itching or soreness at the vaccination site, but this quickly goes away on its own without requiring treatment. A slight, quickly passing increase in temperature is possible. After the administration of DPT, on the first or second day, in 1% of children the temperature rises to 38.5°C. In this case, you need to give the child paracetamol. The measles vaccine can cause fever and rash from the fourth to sixth day (in fact, this is a very mild illness caused by the live vaccine virus and subsequently provides protection against “real” measles).

Children who have previously had febrile (that is, against a background of elevated temperature) seizures should be given paracetamol for one to two days immediately after the administration of DTP and on the fourth day after the measles vaccine. Other vaccines usually do not cause a fever reaction.

More severe manifestations, which are considered complications, occur much less frequently. Sometimes they are associated with violations of the vaccination technique (abscess at the site of vaccine administration due to poor sterility, lymphadenitis when BCG was administered subcutaneously instead of intradermally). Usually complications are a purely individual reaction of the child, which is impossible to predict. Vaccination complications are rare: in recent years, despite a sharp increase in vaccination coverage, only one or two such cases are registered in Moscow per year, so the risk to the child is close to zero.

Parents should know that the Law on Immunoprophylaxis adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation provides for financial compensation in cases where a permanent health disorder has occurred as a result of vaccination.

The goal of the vaccination program in Russia in the coming years is to achieve full coverage of children of the appropriate age with scheduled vaccinations. In the coming years, in connection with the eradication of polio (cases of which have not been registered in Russia for 3 years), it will be possible to hope for the abolition of this type of vaccination. The next task is to eliminate measles. Success in vaccinating children can only be guaranteed if parents are actively involved in vaccination programs.

Preventive vaccinations (vaccination) are the introduction of microorganisms, their particles or chemicals into the human body in order to prevent the development of infectious diseases.

The main role of vaccinations is to build immunity against certain infectious diseases.

The mechanism of action of preventive vaccinations is the body's production of antibodies against specific infectious agents. Antibodies are produced against antigens of microorganisms that enter the body during vaccination, and the entire process of antibody production starts.

If a person has been vaccinated (vaccinated) against a certain disease, the necessary time has passed for the production of protective substances, the formation of immunity, then in case of contact with the causative agent of this disease, the vaccinated person will not get this infection or will suffer it in a milder form than those people who have not been vaccinated.

Main types of vaccinations and vaccinations

Vaccination is mandatory (routine) and carried out according to epidemiological indications.

Mandatory vaccinations are those included in the preventive vaccination calendar.

Vaccination according to epidemiological indications is carried out in the presence of an unfavorable epidemic situation in the country for a specific disease, to urgently create immunity in people at risk of developing an infection, if it is necessary to travel to another region where dangerous infections are common. An example of an optional but widely available vaccine is the influenza vaccine. Another example of vaccination for epidemiological reasons is the vaccination of hospital staff during an outbreak of an infectious disease in a populated area.

Depending on the components of vaccines, they can all be divided into 3 main groups - live, inactivated and artificial.

Live vaccines contain live but weakened microorganisms that are not highly infectious or dangerous. Such microorganisms multiply in the body, cause an asymptomatic infection, and the artificial immunity developed in this case is practically no different from what is formed after an infection. Live vaccines are used to prevent the development of polio, tularemia, measles, mumps, and yellow fever. Even a single injection of a live vaccine provides long-term immunity to infection.

Inactivated vaccines are made from killed microorganisms and their individual antigens. Inactivated vaccines are devoid of ballast substances, so the frequency of side effects after their administration is lower than after the administration of live vaccines. At the same time, the immunity that is formed after their administration is not so stable; there is a need for repeated administration of such vaccines. Inactivated vaccines include anti-plague, anti-rabies, influenza, and anthrax vaccines.

Artificial vaccines can be obtained by genetic engineering or completely synthesized. An example of an artificial vaccine is the Grippol influenza vaccine.

There are monovalent and polyvalent (associated) vaccines. Monovalent drugs are used to create immunity to one pathogen (BCG vaccine). Associated vaccines achieve multiple immunity through simultaneous immunization. The most well-known associated vaccine is DTP (adsorbed pertussis-diphtheria-tetanus vaccine).

The main methods of administering vaccine preparations are orally, subcutaneously, intradermally, intranasally (dropped into the nose), inhalation and parenterally (for example, intramuscularly - the drug is injected into the buttock).

Indications and contraindications for the administration of vaccines

In childhood, every person should be vaccinated against polio, measles, tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, rubella, mumps and hepatitis B. The timing of the administration of vaccines against these diseases is regulated by the preventive vaccination calendar.

According to epidemiological indications, influenza vaccine prophylaxis can be carried out.

Also, indications for the administration of vaccines are the emergence or threat of spread of infectious diseases, the occurrence of outbreaks or epidemics of certain infections.

Contraindications are individual for each vaccine and are indicated in the instructions for its use.

General contraindications to the administration of vaccines are the presence of acute infectious or non-infectious diseases, chronic diseases of internal organs (liver, pancreas, spleen) during exacerbation, allergic conditions, severe diseases of the cardiovascular system, diseases of the central nervous system, malignant neoplasms, severe immunodeficiencies.

After the administration of vaccines, body temperature may rise for a short time, and local reactions may appear in the form of redness and swelling at the injection site. These post-vaccination reactions are not contraindications to the administration of the drug.

Complications after vaccination

All vaccine preparations are subject to general requirements - they must be safe, capable of forming immunity to a specific disease, and must not cause allergic reactions, cancer or developmental defects in the fetus. In addition, the vaccine must have a long shelf life, its use must be simple and accessible for mass use.

However, if the vaccine manufacturing process is violated, if the above rules are not followed, and when vaccination is performed if there are contraindications to its administration, complications may develop in the form of:

• local reactions - abscesses and phlegmons;
• complications from the central nervous system - convulsive syndrome, encephalopathy, post-vaccination encephalitis;
• complications of an allergic nature - asthmatic syndrome, collaptoid conditions and even anaphylactic shock;
• exacerbation or first manifestations of chronic diseases;
• complications from various organs and systems - kidneys, heart, joints, gastrointestinal tract;
• lethal outcome.

Recently, vaccination has been a topic that has generated a lot of controversy and disagreement. Some people are anti-vaxxers, while others understand the importance of preventive vaccinations. It must be remembered that vaccination is the most effective way to combat many infectious diseases. Of course, there is a risk of developing side effects after the introduction of a vaccine, however, if vaccinations are carried out correctly and vaccines are used, for which all the rules and conditions during production, storage and transportation were observed, it is negligible.

To avoid the development of complications due to vaccination, it is necessary to carefully examine the child before vaccination, inform the doctor about existing chronic diseases, about side effects that occurred after previous vaccinations (if any).