Diet for type 2 diabetics to lose weight. A healthy weight will help prevent their occurrence. Under the supervision of a doctor

And diabetes is an interconnected phenomenon that negatively affects the functioning of the entire body.

Maintaining a healthy weight in this situation is quite difficult, but there is therapeutic diet for patients with type 2 diabetes. It involves the consumption of certain products and strict adherence to the rules. You need to read them carefully.

How to lose weight with type 2 diabetes, what diet and why it is advisable to adhere to will be discussed in our material.

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Losing excess weight with diabetes is difficult, but quite possible. It's all about the hormone insulin, which is normally capable of reducing blood glucose levels. He helps her move into the cells.

In diabetes, there is a lot of glucose and insulin in the blood. The functioning of these substances is disrupted: the synthesis of fats and proteins increases, and the work of enzymes that reduce their activity decreases. This leads to fat accumulation. Asking for weight in such a situation is more difficult, but it is quite possible to do it if you formulate it correctly.

Strive for a healthy weight and lose overweight necessary. Due to the high percentage of fat in the body, the functioning of many systems is disrupted. Cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory system. There is a huge load on the joints and bones. There is more cholesterol in the blood. This can lead to very serious illnesses.

Healthy weight will help prevent their occurrence.

To properly start losing weight with type 2 diabetes, you need to follow several rules:

How to lose weight with type 2 diabetes?

If you have type 2 diabetes, you need to carefully consider your diet. The method of losing weight is to reduce the consumption of carbohydrates, but increase the absorption of proteins.

You cannot completely give up carbohydrates, otherwise the body will experience stress and performance will decrease. Instead of chocolate and sweets, you should give preference to honey and dried fruits, but only in moderation.

Proper nutrition includes several rules:

• No sugary carbonated drinks.
• In addition to fruits and vegetables, you are allowed to eat cereals, cook, and pasta.
• You should give up baked goods. At the very beginning of the diet, you are allowed to eat no more than one piece of bread for lunch. In the future, it is recommended to exclude it from the diet, as it is a high-calorie product.
• For breakfast, experts advise preparing porridge; it is better to choose coarse grains.
• Vegetable soups should be present in the diet daily.
• Eating meat is allowed, but only low-fat varieties, the same goes for fish.

For type 2 diabetes, two diets are suitable for weight loss.

It is necessary to calculate the norm of KBZHU, because it is thanks to this that a person will know how many calories he needs to consume, what percentage should be proteins, fats and carbohydrates.

• For women: 655 + (9.6 x weight in kg) + (1.8 x height in cm) – (4.7 x age).
• For men: 66 + (13.7 x body weight) + (5 x height in cm) - (6.8 x age).

How to lose weight with type 2 diabetes? When losing weight, the amount of carbohydrates in the daily diet should be at least 30%, fats should be about 20%, and proteins more than 40%. Proteins are building material for cells, so there should be quite a lot of them, carbohydrates are necessary for performance, energy, and fats are involved in very important processes in the body. However, proteins in large quantities can be harmful; their part in the daily diet should not exceed 45%.

It is recommended to eat foods rich in fiber. This component is very important for the body, digestive system. With the help of fiber, the intestines function properly. It is this component that gives a feeling of satiety, protects against overeating, and lowers cholesterol levels. The following foods contain fiber: grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes,. You need to eat at least 20 g of fiber every day.

According to experts, the following foods should be excluded from the diet:

The products presented should not be consumed because they contain a large number of carbohydrates are high in calories and contain little protein. Consumption of this food leads to weight gain and increased cholesterol and sugar levels.

Snacking while on a weight loss diet for type 2 diabetes is okay. However, these must be products with low content sugar, carbohydrates. Doctors advise patients to use the following as snacks:

There are products that help patients with type 2 diabetes both lose weight and:

Basic nutrition rules

To make weight loss safe and effective, you need to remember some rules:

• You need to limit your salt intake.
• The diet should contain fiber.
• You should eat whole grains every day.
• Sunflower and olive oil are used in limited quantities.
• Chicken eggs are allowed to be consumed no more than twice a week.
• Poultry should be eaten without skin and fat. This will reduce its calorie content.

How to lose weight with type 2 diabetes on insulin, what diet is needed?

Diet in in this case should be even more strict and carefully thought out. The basic rules for losing weight include:

• Eating boiled or baked food. You can also cook food by steaming.
• You need to eat food in small portions, but often.
• Instead of sweets, you should eat honey, dried fruits, baked apples, and cottage cheese casserole.
• Stewed vegetables should be prepared as a side dish.
• Before going to bed, doctors advise drinking a glass of kefir.
• Bread and sweet buns are prohibited.

should be moderate. You can’t do intense training from the first workout. This will harm the body. It is recommended to increase the load gradually, starting with simple charging, which lasts no more than 10-15 minutes.

Experts say that the sport must be chosen very responsibly and seriously. It is better to choose a sport that you like and that brings you pleasure. For example, if you like running, you should start training at a slow pace. At first the run can last five minutes, then ten. The body will get used to the load, which means that the effect will be beneficial.

For type 2 diabetes it is allowed to:

• Ride a bike.
• Run at a moderate pace.
• Swim.
• Stretching, doing gymnastics.

In some cases, doctors prohibit patients from playing sports, or there is not enough time for training. In this case, you need to limit yourself to gymnastics in the morning. It can only last ten minutes. During this time you need to do a set of standard exercises. Charging will be much more enjoyable if you play your favorite songs.

Dieting is a real challenge for many people, especially in the first days of such eating. In order not to quit the diet, continue to follow it. recommended:

• Keep a food diary.
• Every day imagine yourself fit and slim.
• We need to remember about health.
• It is necessary to love the dishes that are recommended to be consumed during the diet.
• You can stick photos of slim people on the refrigerator, healthy people. This will serve as motivation.

Therefore, diabetes is serious violation body work. In order not to gain weight and lose weight, you need to follow a special diet. Knowing the basic rules, a person not only gets rid of extra pounds, but will also become healthier.

Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is a type of disease caused by impaired carbohydrate metabolism, in particular, insulin resistance syndrome and failure of hormone secretion. Between 1990 and 2010, the number of cases increased significantly. The increase was 60% relative to the previous incidence level. Today, the number of cases continues to rise. Treatment is based on a low-carbohydrate diet and taking glucose-lowering medications.

Features of type 2 diabetes

CD-2 is a common disease in the Russian Federation. By January 2014 total people who asked for help amounted to 3 million 625 thousand. Of these, children and adolescents accounted for only 753 cases. The vast majority of patients are over 35 years of age and have an increased body mass index. As a percentage, the ratio of carriers of T1DM and T2DM is 20 and 80% of the total number of cases, respectively.

The risk group for the condition under consideration includes persons exposed to the following factors:

• Frequent psychological stress.
• Overweight.
• Physical inactivity.
• Elderly age.
• Genetic predisposition.
• Poor nutrition.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is different from the first type. If the first variant of the disease occurs when the secretion of the processing hormone is disrupted, then the second is the result of insulin resistance syndrome, in which somatic cells cease to properly respond to the pancreatic hormone. Against this background, disorders of the pancreas often occur. They consist of a slight decrease in secretion and disruptions in the release of insulin into the blood.

Among patients with T2DM, the risk of developing retinopathy, atherosclerotic changes, myocardial infarction increases by 2.5 times, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and other cardiac pathologies. Complications can be prevented with the help of diet and hypoglycemic drugs (Glibenclamide, Maninil, Diabeton, Predian).

A characteristic symptom of type 2 diabetes mellitus is normal level fasting blood glucose and its rapid increase after eating. During the day, the achieved level is maintained; glucose concentrations do not return to normal.

The role of nutrition

Therapeutic nutrition allows the patient to have an idea of ​​the amount of sugar consumed during the day and reduce the dosage chemical drugs, reduce the risks of complications. In patients who watch what they eat, cardiac pathology develops almost half as often as in patients who do not attach the necessary importance to nutrition. The correct selection of dishes in combination with therapy is the basis for normal blood glucose levels.

Nutrition for diabetes

The diet for diabetics suffering from the second form of the disease is aimed at reducing body weight in overweight patients and reducing the sugar-increasing effect of foods. The first goal is achieved by reducing the caloric intake of the diet. The patient receives the 9th table. Limitation nutritional value food is produced from fats and simple carbohydrates. The amount of complex sugars and proteins is also reduced by approximately 2 times compared to the norm. The overall energy deficit should be 500–1000 kcal. However, consumption of less than 1500 kcal for men and 1200 for women per day is not allowed. Complete hunger is contraindicated, as is a low-carbohydrate diet.

With absence excess weight a low-calorie diet is not used. It is necessary to limit simple hydrocarbons. Patients receiving insulin calculate their sugar load using the bread unit system, as do people with insulin-dependent diabetes. In patients who do not require parenteral administration of the hormone, there is no such need.

What you can and cannot eat

• Tomato.
• Cabbage.
• Eggplant.
• Carrot.
• Beet.
• Green beans.
• Radish.
• Tea or coffee without added sugar.
• Cereal porridge (half the usual portion).

Dishes are eaten boiled or raw; the addition of natural spices is allowed, but to a minimum. Calorie content is calculated by the amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates. They contain approximately 4, 9, 4 kcal per 1 gram, respectively. It is not advisable to eat fried foods. Vegetable oil should be consumed daily, however, its amount should be kept to a minimum. To prevent sugar from rising, it is recommended to completely eliminate the following foods:

• Butter.
• Alcohol.
• Salo.
• Fat cheeses, cottage cheese.
• Smoked meats.
• Meat (pork).
• Nuts, seeds.
• Cakes, pastries, sweets, jams.
• Sweet liquids.

A complete ban on alcoholic beverages is not always required. In the absence of pancreatitis, hypertriglyceridemia, alcohol addiction Small quantities are allowed. Men can drink 2 conventional units, women - 1 conventional unit. The indicated measure is equal to 15 ml of pure alcohol, 40 g of vodka, 140 g of dry wine or 300 ml of beer.

In 40% of people with T2DM, achieve therapeutic effect This can be done without prescribing medications, using dietary restrictions alone. This is possible with a mild course of the disease and strict adherence to the recommendations.

Sample menu for the week

Diet for type 2 diabetes requires dietary planning. The patient schedules meals for a certain period of time, usually 1 week. At the beginning of treatment, the patient receives a trial diet, which is later amended. The latter must be done taking into account human preferences. Sample list dishes at the initial stage looks like this:

Weekly nutrition table:

You can take extra every day fresh vegetables from the list above. The amount of sugar is no more than 20 grams per day, divided into the entire daily diet. After meals, it is allowed to drink tea or coffee, to which carbohydrates are added from the total daily volume. If there is a deficiency, you can use saccharin. Let's say rye bread in the amount of 75 grams for each meal. The approximate daily composition of the given set of dishes is 102, 65 and 300 g for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, respectively.

Recipes

The list of foods allowed for consumption by people suffering from T2DM is not limited to what was mentioned in the table. There is a lot of food that is not prohibited for consumption. The preparation of some is described below.

First meal

Soups and broths that do not contain a large amount of fat act in this capacity. To lose weight and keep blood glucose within acceptable limits, it is recommended to cook:

• Green broth: 30 g of stewed spinach, 20 g of butter and 2 eggs, grind, add 3 tablespoons of low-fat sour cream. After this, the mixture is immersed in meat broth and cooked until tender.
• Vegetable soup: cabbage, celery, spinach, green beans are chopped, seasoned with oil, stewed, placed in meat broth. Next, the soup is allowed to brew for 30–60 minutes.
• Mushroom soup: mushrooms are chopped, seasoned with salt and oil, stewed in a frying pan and placed in the broth. You can add the yolk of one egg.

Liquid hot meals should be given to the patient at least once a day.

Second courses

Solid food is consumed as additional nutrition after soups at lunch, and also as an independent type of meal in the morning and evening.

• Simple minced meat: onion chop, mix with parsley and chopped champignons. The mixture is fried and added to the rolled meat. If the product is planned to be used as a spread for a sandwich, it should be pre-fried. The raw mixture is used to stuff tomatoes or bell peppers.
• Celery salad: cut the roots, cook until partially cooked, simmer in a small amount of water. Before eating, the dish should be seasoned with sunflower oil or vinegar.
• Casserole: peel the cauliflower and cook so that the vegetable does not dissolve. After this, it is placed in a mold treated with oil, doused with a mixture of yolk, sour cream, and grated cheese, then baked.

In the second recipe, cooking celery is mandatory. During heat treatment, the vegetable loses carbohydrates.

Dessert

A small amount of sugar is allowed in sweets for tea drinking, however, it is preferable to use dietary saccharin.

• Vanilla cream: beat a mixture of 2 yolks, 50 gr. heavy cream, saccharin and vanilla. It is important not to let the composition boil. The resulting dish is eaten slightly chilled.
• Airy cookies: egg whites, whipped to a thick foam, are sweetened and placed in separate portions on an ungreased sheet. It is necessary to bake in such a mode that the composition dries out. To improve the taste, cream is added to the cookies.
• Jelly: fruit syrup (cherry, raspberry, currant) is mixed with a small amount of gelatin and allowed to harden. After this, the dish is considered ready. It is recommended to add a little saccharin to it before it hardens.

Eating foods containing sugar should be done with caution. Glucose, which is part of the dessert, is subtracted from the daily norm of simple carbohydrates. Otherwise, the C6H12O6 level may rise. Frequently recurring episodes of hyperglycemia lead to the development of complications.

Doctor's report

As it became clear from the above, the second type of diabetes is by no means a death sentence for those who like to eat delicious food. The menu of a person suffering from the disease in question is a set of useful and delicious food. For treatment to be effective, you should learn and put into practice simple, but extremely necessary requirements dietary table.

Diabetes mellitus does not have clearly defined degrees that can be expressed by numerical indices. Usually there are mild, moderate and severe degrees of the disease. But there are two types of this disease - the first type (insulin dependent) and the second type (non-insulin dependent). Therefore, the phrase “diet for type 2 diabetes” usually means a diet for people with the second type of this disease. It is especially important for such patients to adhere to the rules rational nutrition, since in this case it is diet correction that is the main method of treatment.

Why diet?

In type 2 diabetes, tissue sensitivity to insulin is impaired and insulin resistance occurs. Despite the sufficient production of this hormone, glucose cannot be absorbed and enter the cells in the required quantity, which leads to an increase in its level in the blood. As a result, the patient develops complications of the disease that affect nerve fibers, blood vessels, tissues lower limbs, retina, etc.

Most patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight or even obese. Due to their slow metabolism, the process of losing weight does not proceed as quickly in them as in healthy people, but it is extremely necessary for them to lose weight. Normalizing body weight is one of the conditions for good health and maintaining blood sugar at the target level.

What should you eat if you have diabetes to normalize tissue sensitivity to insulin and lower blood sugar levels? Daily menu The patient's diet should be low in calories and contain mainly slow rather than fast carbohydrates. Doctors usually recommend sticking to diet No. 9. At the stage of weight loss, the amount of fat in dishes should be reduced (it is better to give preference to fats plant origin). It is important for a diabetic to receive a sufficient amount of protein, as it is a building material and contributes to the gradual replacement of adipose tissue with muscle fibers.

A balanced diet can improve tissue sensitivity to insulin and normalize the processes of regulating blood sugar levels.

The main goals of the diet for type 2 diabetes are:

• weight loss and reduction in body fat;
• normalization of blood glucose levels;
• maintaining blood pressure within acceptable limits;
• lowering blood cholesterol levels;
• prevention of severe complications of the disease.

A diet for type 2 diabetes is not a temporary measure, but a system that must be followed constantly. This is the only way to keep blood sugar at a normal level and maintain good health for a long time. In most cases, just switching to a healthy diet is enough to keep diabetes under control. But even if the doctor recommends that the patient take glucose-lowering tablets, this in no way cancels the diet. No power control medicinal methods will not bring long-term effect (even insulin injections).

Useful natural food Helps maintain normal blood sugar levels and control arterial pressure

Cooking methods

With type 2 diabetes, it is advisable for patients to prepare food in gentle ways. The optimal types of cooking are considered to be such culinary processes as steaming, boiling and baking. Diabetics can eat fried foods only occasionally, and it is preferable to cook them in a small amount of vegetable oil, or even better, in a non-stick grill pan. With these cooking methods, the maximum amount of vitamins and useful substances. IN finished form Such dishes do not burden the pancreas and other organs of the digestive tract.

You can also stew food in own juice, while choosing only low-calorie and low-fat foods. It is not advisable to add store-bought sauces, marinades and large amounts of salt to your food. For improvement taste qualities It is better to use permitted seasonings: herbs, lemon juice, garlic, pepper and dried aromatic herbs.

Meat

Meat is a very important source of protein for diabetes because it contains essential amino acids, which is not produced independently in human body. But when choosing it, you need to know certain rules so as not to accidentally harm your health. Firstly, the meat must be dietary. For sick people, the best types of this product are chicken, turkey, rabbit and lean veal. Secondly, it must be perfectly fresh; it must not contain a large number of veins and muscle films, since they take a long time to digest and can create a feeling of heaviness, slowing down the intestines.

The amount of meat in the diet should be limited, but the daily dose should provide a person with a sufficient amount of protein. The distribution of proteins, fats and carbohydrates is selected individually for each patient by the attending physician. It depends on many factors - weight, body mass index, age, anatomical features and the presence of concomitant diseases. Correctly selected ratio of calories and nutrients ensures the normal supply of energy, vitamins and minerals to the body.

Prohibited types of meat for diabetes:

• goose;
• duck;
• pork;
• mutton;
• fatty beef.

Patients should not eat lard, smoked meats, sausages and rich foods. meat broths. It is allowed to prepare soups with poultry meat, but the water must be changed after the first boil. You should not cook soup with bone broth, as it is difficult to digest and puts extra stress on the pancreas and liver. During cooking, you should always remove the skin from poultry so that it does not get into the dish. excess fat. It is always better to give preference to fillet and white meat, which has a minimal amount of connective tissue and fatty streaks.

It is advisable to replace animal fats with vegetable fats as much as possible. Olive, corn and flaxseed oils are considered the most beneficial for people with diabetes.

Fish

Fish must be present in the diet of a diabetic patient at least once a week. It is a source of healthy proteins, fats and amino acids. Eating fish products helps improve the condition of bones and muscles, and also helps prevent cardiovascular diseases. The most healthy fish allowed, according to the diet rules, for diabetics - this is low-fat fish, which is cooked in the oven or steamed.

Diabetics can eat tilapia, hake, pollock, tuna, and cod. It is also advisable to periodically include red fish (trout, salmon, salmon) in your diet, as they are rich in omega acids. These are biologically active substances protect the body from the development of cardiovascular diseases and help reduce the level of “bad” cholesterol.

Patients should not consume smoked and salted fish, because it can cause problems with the pancreas, as well as provoke the appearance of edema and the development of hypertension. Since type 2 diabetes mellitus usually develops in middle-aged and elderly people, the problem of high blood pressure is relevant for many of them. Eating very salty foods (including red fish) can cause pressure surges and worsen the condition of the heart and blood vessels.

When cooking fish, it is better to add a minimum amount of salt to it, replacing it with other spices and seasonings. It is advisable to bake it without adding oil, since this product itself already contains a certain amount healthy fats. To prevent the fillet from being dry, it can be cooked in the oven in a special plastic sleeve. Fish cooked this way contains more moisture and has a melty texture.

Diabetics are prohibited from eating fatty white fish (for example, pangasius, notothenia, herring, catfish and mackerel). Despite their pleasant taste, these products, unfortunately, can cause extra pounds and cause problems with the pancreas. Lean fish and seafood are healthy natural source vitamins and microelements that are perfectly absorbed by the body.

It is beneficial for diabetics to eat boiled seafood. Shrimp, squid and octopus contain large amounts of protein, vitamins and phosphorus

The diet for type 2 diabetes is based on the predominance of plant foods in the diet, so vegetables in any form should be an important component of the food that patients eat. They contain very little sugar, and at the same time they are rich in fiber, vitamins and other valuable chemical elements. The most healthy vegetables in diabetes mellitus they are green and red. This is due to the fact that they contain a large amount of antioxidants, which prevent the formation of harmful free radicals. Eating tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers and green onions can increase human immunity and improve digestion processes.

The following vegetables are also beneficial for patients:

• cauliflower;
• Jerusalem artichoke;
• pumpkin;
• onions and blue onions;
• broccoli;
• radish;
• zucchini and eggplant.

Beets are also very useful for diabetics, as they contain amino acids, enzymes and slow carbohydrates. This vegetable contains no fat at all, so its calorie content is low. Beetroot dishes have anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, increase immunity and strengthen the walls blood vessels. Another important property Beetroot for diabetics is a smooth regulation of intestinal motility, which helps to avoid constipation and a feeling of heaviness in the stomach.

A rational nutrition system for type 2 diabetes allows you to include even potatoes in the diet, but this vegetable should not be fundamental when choosing and preparing dishes. It contains a lot of starch and has relatively high calorie content(compared to other vegetables), so its quantity should be strictly limited.

In order for vegetables to bring only benefits to the body, they need to be cooked correctly. If vegetables can be eaten raw, and the diabetic does not have digestive problems, it is better to eat them in this form, since this preserves the maximum amount useful elements, vitamin and minerals. But if the patient has related problems with the gastrointestinal tract (for example, inflammatory diseases), then all vegetables must be subjected to preliminary heat treatment.

It is extremely undesirable to fry vegetables or stew them with large amounts of butter and vegetable oil, as they absorb fat, and the benefits of such a dish will be much less than the harm. Fatty and fried foods not only disrupt the functional activity of the pancreas, but also often cause weight gain.

Vegetables cooked with excess oil are high in calories and can raise blood cholesterol levels.

Fruits

Some patients, after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, try to exclude all fruits from their diet, leaving only sour, green apples and sometimes pears. But this is not necessary, since most fruits have a low glycemic index and contain small amounts of carbohydrates and calories. All fruits and berries with a low and medium glycemic index are beneficial for diabetics, because they contain a lot of vitamins, organic acids, pigments and mineral compounds.

Patients can eat the following fruits and berries:

• apples;
• pears;
• tangerines;
• oranges;
• grapefruits;
• apricots;
• plums;
• currants;
• cherry;
• cranberries;
• raspberries

Fruits contain carbohydrates, so their amount in the diet should be limited. It is advisable to eat them in the first half of the day (maximum before 16:00) so that sugar does not turn into body fat. It is also better not to eat fruit before going to bed or on an empty stomach in the morning, as this can lead to irritation of the stomach lining and gain extra pounds. Forbidden fruits for type 2 diabetes are melon, watermelon and figs because they have a high glycemic index and contain a lot of sugar. For the same reason, it is undesirable for patients to consume dried fruits such as dates and dried figs.

Peaches and bananas can be present in a diabetic's diet, but it is advisable to eat them no more than once or twice a week. For daily use It is better to give preference to plums, apples and citrus fruits, because they help improve digestion and contain a lot of coarse fiber. They contain a lot of vitamins and minerals that are necessary for the coordinated, full-fledged functioning of the whole body. Fruits are healthy and tasty treat, with which you can overcome cravings for forbidden sweet foods. Patients who regularly eat fruit find it easier to stick to their diet and daily regimen.

Cereals and pasta

What can sick people eat from cereals and pasta? This list contains a lot of permitted products from which you can prepare delicious and healthy dishes. It is porridge and pasta that should be a source of slow carbohydrates, which the patient needs for brain function and energy. Doctor-recommended products include:

• buckwheat;
• unpolished rice;
• oats that require cooking (not instant oats);
• Bulgars;
• peas;
• durum wheat pasta;
• Wheat groats;
• millet.

It is highly undesirable for diabetics to eat white rice, semolina and instant oatmeal. These products are high in carbohydrates, calories and low in biologically valuable substances. By and large, these cereals simply saturate the body and satisfy the feeling of hunger. Excessive use Eating such cereals can lead to excess weight gain and problems with the digestive system.

But even permitted cereals need to be cooked and eaten correctly. It is best to cook porridge in water without adding oils and fats. It is preferable to eat them for breakfast, since carbohydrates should provide the patient with energy for the whole day. You should always remember these simple recommendations, since correctly selected and prepared cereals will only bring benefits and will not harm human health.

If you have type 2 diabetes, you need to eat smaller meals. It is advisable to break daily diet for 5-6 meals

What should you give up?

Patients with type 2 diabetes should completely exclude the following dishes and foods from their diet:

• sugar and products containing it;
• fatty dishes prepared using large amounts of vegetable or butter;
• smoked meats;
• semi-finished products and fast food;
• marinades;
• salty and spicy hard cheeses;
• bakery products made from premium flour.

You cannot make exceptions to the rules and occasionally use something from the prohibited list. With type 2 diabetes, the patient does not receive insulin injections, and the only chance to keep blood sugar at a normal level is to eat right, while following other recommendations of the attending physician.

Sample menu for the day

It is better to create a menu for the day in advance, calculating its calorie content and the ratio of fats, proteins and carbohydrates in dishes. Table 1 shows calorie content and chemical composition some foods that are allowed on diet No. 9. Guided by these data, the recommendations of your doctor and the composition, which is always indicated on the packaging of products, you can easily create a diet with optimal energy value.

Table 1.

A sample menu for the day might look like this:

• breakfast - oatmeal, a slice of low-fat cheese, whole grain bread without yeast;
• snack – nuts or apple;
• lunch - vegetable broth, boiled chicken breast or turkey, buckwheat porridge, berry juice;
• afternoon snack - allowed fruit and a glass of rosehip decoction;
• dinner – steamed fish with vegetables or low-fat cottage cheese, a glass of compote without sugar;
• snack before bed – 200 ml of low-fat kefir.

The diet of a person with type 2 diabetes can be truly varied and tasty. The lack of sweet foods in it is compensated by healthy fruits and nuts, and fatty meat is replaced dietary options. The big advantage of this menu is that it can be prepared for the whole family. Restriction in animal fats and sugar is beneficial even for healthy people, and for diabetes required condition to maintain normal health for many years.

Pancreas. The main reason for it is overeating and consuming large amounts of fats and carbohydrates. This forces the pancreas to “work to the limit,” which is subject to a “carbohydrate attack.” When sugar levels rise after a meal, the gland increases the release of insulin. The disease is based on disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: impaired absorption of glucose by tissues and its increased formation from fats and glycogen .

The most common is type 2 diabetes , developing more often in adults over 40 years of age and in the elderly. The number of patients especially increases after 65 years. Thus, the prevalence of the disease is 8% at the age of 60 years and reaches 23% at 80 years. In older people, reduced physical activity, decreased muscle mass, which utilizes glucose, and abdominal obesity aggravate existing insulin resistance. In old age, glucose metabolism is determined by the sensitivity of tissues to insulin , as well as the secretion of this hormone. Insulin resistance is more pronounced in overweight elderly people, and reduced secretion dominates in non-obese individuals, which allows for a differentiated approach to treatment. A feature of the disease at this age is asymptomatic until complications arise.

This form of diabetes is more common in women and the likelihood of developing it increases with age. The overall prevalence of the disease among women aged 56-64 years is 60-70% higher than in men. And this is due to hormonal disorders - the onset of menopause and a lack of estrogen activates a cascade of reactions and metabolic disorders, which is accompanied by weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and the occurrence of dyslipidemia.

The development of the disease can be represented by the following diagram: excess weight - increased insulin resistance - increased sugar levels - increased insulin production - increased insulin resistance. It turns out to be such a vicious circle, and a person, without knowing it, consumes carbohydrates, reduces his physical activity and gets fatter every year. Beta cells wear out, and the body stops responding to the signal sent by insulin.

The symptoms of diabetes are quite typical: dry mouth, constant thirst, urge to urinate, fast fatiguability, fatigue, unexplained weight loss. The most important characteristic of the disease is hyperglycemia - high blood sugar. One more characteristic symptom is a feeling of hunger in diabetes mellitus (polyphagia) and is caused by glucose starvation of cells. Even after having a good breakfast, the patient begins to feel hungry within an hour.

Increased appetite is explained by the fact that glucose, which serves as “fuel” for tissues, does not enter them. Responsible for the delivery of glucose into cells insulin , which patients either lack or the tissues are not susceptible to it. As a result, glucose does not enter the cells, but enters the blood and accumulates. Cells deprived of nutrition send a signal to the brain, stimulating the hypothalamus, and the person begins to feel hungry. With frequent attacks of polyphagia, we can talk about labile diabetes, which is characterized by a large amplitude of glucose fluctuations during the day (0.6 - 3.4 g/l). It is dangerous due to development ketoacidosis And .

At diabetes insipidus e, associated with disorders in the central nervous system, similar symptoms are noted (increased thirst, increase in the amount of urine excreted up to 6 liters, dry skin, weight loss), but the main symptom is absent - increased blood sugar levels.

Foreign authors tend to believe that the diet of patients receiving replacement therapy, should not limit simple carbohydrates. However, domestic medicine maintains the same approach to treating this disease. Proper nutrition for diabetes is a therapeutic factor in initial stage diseases, the main point in diabetes while taking oral hypoglycemic drugs and necessary for insulin-dependent diabetes.

What diet should patients follow? They are prescribed or its varieties. This dietary food normalizes carbohydrate metabolism (allows you to reduce blood sugar and stabilize it at a level close to normal, and prevents disorders fat metabolism. The principles of diet therapy of this table are based on a sharp limitation or exclusion of simple carbohydrates and the inclusion of complex carbohydrates up to 300 g per day.

The amount of proteins is within physiological norm. The amount of carbohydrates is adjusted by the doctor depending on the degree of increase in sugar, the patient’s weight and concomitant diseases.

Diet for type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes develops after age 40 and is usually associated with excess weight. One of the most important conditions effective treatment is self-monitoring, which allows you to maintain normal blood sugar levels. This reliable means prevention of diabetic complications. Treatment of type 2 diabetes begins with diet therapy, which helps normalize weight and control sugar levels.

What should be the diet for type 2 diabetics? Usually when normal weight is prescribed as a basic diet with a caloric intake of up to 2500 kcal and an amount of carbohydrates of 275-300 g, which is distributed by the doctor between bread, cereals and vegetables.

Preference is given to products with a minimal glycemic index, a high content of plant fibers and, preferably, uncooked or minimally processed. The main table is indicated for permanent use in type 2 diabetes light type and moderate severity in patients with normal weight.

Nutrition is of great importance in the presence of obesity, since weight loss has a positive effect on the course of the disease. For obesity, varieties are prescribed - reduced diets (with reduced calorie content) containing 225 g, 150 g or 100 g of carbohydrates per day.

First of all, the 9th diet for type 2 diabetes excludes the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates, which are quickly and easily absorbed (after 15 minutes), sharply increase sugar and do not create a feeling of satiety:

• sugar;
• jams, preserves, marmalade;
• confectionery;
• syrups;
• ice cream;
• White bread;
• sweet vegetables and fruits, dried fruits;
• pasta.

Limitation of use is provided:

• potatoes as a high starch product;
• beets, which have a high glycemic index;
• bread, cereals, corn, pasta and soy products.

To lose weight, the calorie content of the diet is reduced to 1700 kcal by limiting carbohydrates to 120 g per day, with protein (110 g) and fat (70 g) as normal. It is recommended to carry out fasting days. In addition to the above recommendations, highly excluded high-calorie foods:

• oils (butter and vegetable), sour cream, margarine, mayonnaise, spreads;
• lard, sausages, frankfurters, sausages, smoked meats, fatty meat and fish, chicken with skin, canned food in oil;
• fatty cheeses, cottage cheese, cream;
• nuts, seeds, baked goods, mayonnaise, alcoholic drinks.

The consumption of vegetables in the form of side dishes increases:

• eggplant;
• cucumbers;
• cauliflower;
• leafy greens;
• red salad pepper (high content of vitamins);
• turnips, radishes;
• pumpkin, zucchini and squash, which have a beneficial effect on carbohydrate metabolism.

The diet should be varied, but contain less calories. This is doable if higher-calorie foods (for example, sausages) are replaced with an equal amount of boiled lean meat, and the butter in the sandwich is replaced with cucumber or tomato. This way, your hunger is satisfied and you consume fewer calories.

For non-insulin-dependent diabetes, you need to reduce the consumption of foods that contain “hidden fats” (sausages, sausages, nuts, seeds, sausages, cheeses). With these products we will quietly get a large amount of calories. Since fats are very high in calories, even a tablespoon of vegetable oil added to a salad will ruin your weight loss efforts. 100 g of seeds or nuts contain up to 600 kcal, but we do not count them as food. A piece of high-fat cheese (more than 40%) is much higher in calories than a piece of bread.

Since carbohydrates must be present in the diet, it is necessary to include slowly absorbed carbohydrates with high content dietary fiber: vegetables, legumes, wholemeal bread, whole grain cereals. You can use sugar substitutes ( xylitol , stevia, fructose or sorbitol) and count them into the total amount of carbohydrates. Xylitol is equivalent to regular sugar in terms of sweetness, so its dose is 30 g. Fructose is enough for 1 tsp. for adding to tea. It is worth giving preference to the natural sweetener stevia.

It is very important for patients to know the glycemic index (GI) of all foods. When consuming foods with a high GI, hyperglycemia appears, and this causes increased production insulin . Products with medium and low GI break down gradually and almost do not cause an increase in sugar. You need to choose fruits and vegetables with an index of up to 55: apricots, cherry plums, grapefruits, lingonberries, cranberries, peaches, apples, plums, sea buckthorn, red currants, cherries, gooseberries, cucumbers, broccoli, green peas, cauliflower, milk, cashews, almonds , peanuts, soybeans, beans, peas, lentils, lettuce. They are allowed to be consumed in limited quantities (no more than 200 g of fruit per serving). It must be remembered that heat treatment increases GI. Proteins and fats reduce it, so the diet of patients should be mixed.

The basis of nutrition should be vegetables and low-fat foods. A sample diet includes:

• Salads from fresh vegetables, boiled or baked vegetables. Try to limit beets and potatoes (you can exclude them completely).
• Lean meat and boiled fish, since the calorie content of fried foods increases by 1.3 times.
• Coarse bread, moderate amount cereals (rice and wheat cereals are excluded).
• Low-fat fermented milk products.

Sugar is excluded when mild degree diseases, and against the background of insulin therapy for moderate and severe diseases, the consumption of 20-30 g of sugar per day is allowed. Thus, diet therapy by the doctor varies depending on the severity of the disease, weight, intensity of work of the patient and age.

Patients are also recommended to increase physical activity. Physical exercise mandatory because they increase tissue sensitivity to insulin, reducing insulin resistance, and also lower blood pressure and reduce atherogenicity of the blood. The exercise regimen is selected individually, taking into account concomitant diseases and the severity of complications. The most the best option for all ages there will be walks for an hour daily or every other day. Proper nutrition and an active lifestyle will help fight increased hunger.

Diet for type 1 diabetes

This form of diabetes is more common at a young age and in children, which is characterized by a sudden onset with acute metabolic disorders ( acidosis , ketosis , dehydration ). It has been established that the occurrence of this type of diabetes is not associated with a nutritional factor, but is caused by the destruction of b-cells of the pancreas, which leads to an absolute deficiency of insulin, impaired glucose utilization, and a decrease in the synthesis of proteins and fats. All patients require lifelong insulin therapy; if the dose is insufficient, ketoacidosis and diabetic coma develop. Equally important is that the disease leads to disability and high mortality caused by micro- and macroangiopathic complications.

Diet for type 1 diabetes is no different from normal healthy eating and it contains an increased amount of simple carbohydrates. The patient is free to choose a menu, especially with intensive insulin therapy. Now almost all experts believe that you can eat everything, with the exception of sugar and grapes, but you need to know how much and when you can eat. Strictly speaking, the diet comes down to correctly calculating the amount of carbohydrates in foods. There are several important rules: you can consume no more than 7 units of bread at a time and sweet drinks (tea with sugar, lemonade, sweet juices) are strictly excluded.

The difficulties lie in correctly counting bread units and determining the need for insulin. All carbohydrates are measured in bread units and their amount taken with food at one time is summed up. One XE corresponds to 12 g of carbohydrates and is contained in 25 g of bread - hence the name. A special table has been compiled for the grain units contained in different products and it can be used to accurately calculate the amount of carbohydrates consumed.

When creating a menu, you can change foods without exceeding the amount of carbohydrates prescribed by your doctor. To process 1 XE, you may need 2-2.5 units of insulin for breakfast, 1.5-2 units for lunch, and 1-1.5 units for dinner. When creating a diet, it is important not to consume more than 25 XE per day. If you want to eat more, you will need to inject additional insulin. Using short insulin the amount of XE should be distributed over 3 main and 3 additional meals.

One XE is contained in two spoons of any porridge. Three spoons of pasta are equivalent to four spoons of rice or buckwheat porridge and two pieces of bread, and all contain 2 XE. The more boiled the foods are, the faster they are absorbed and the faster the sugar rises. Peas, lentils and beans can be ignored, since 1 XE is contained in 7 tablespoons of these legumes. Vegetables win in this regard: one XE contains 400 g of cucumbers, 350 g of lettuce, 240 g of cauliflower, 210 g of tomatoes, 330 g fresh mushrooms, 200 g green pepper, 250 g spinach, 260 g sauerkraut, 100 g carrots and 100 g beets.

Before eating sweets, you need to learn how to take an adequate dose of insulin. Those patients who monitor their blood sugar several times a day, know how to count the amount of XE and, accordingly, change the dose of insulin, can indulge in sweets. It is necessary to monitor sugar levels before and after consuming sugary foods and evaluate the adequate dose of insulin.

Number Diets 9B indicated for patients with severe disease receiving large doses insulin, and it is characterized by an increased carbohydrate content (400-450 g) - more bread, cereals, potatoes, vegetables and fruits are allowed. The amount of proteins and fats increases slightly. The diet is close in composition to the general table, 20-30 g of sugar and sweeteners are allowed.

If the patient receives insulin in the morning and afternoon, then 70% of carbohydrates should be in these meals. After an insulin injection, you need to eat twice - after 15 minutes and after 3 hours, when its maximum effect is noted. Therefore, in insulin-dependent diabetes, fractional meals are given great importance: second breakfast and afternoon snack should be taken 2.5-3 hours after the main meal and it must necessarily contain carbohydrate foods (porridge, fruits, potatoes, fruit juices, bread, biscuits with bran). When administering insulin in the evening before dinner, you should leave some food overnight to prevent hypoglycemic reactions. The weekly menu for diabetics will be presented below.

Two major studies have convincingly proven the benefits of controlling carbohydrate metabolism in preventing the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications. If your sugar level long time exceeds the norm, then various complications develop: fatty degeneration liver, but the most formidable thing is diabetic nephropathy (kidney damage).

Authorized Products

• The basis of the diet is fresh vegetables: cucumbers, cabbage, tomatoes, eggplants, bell peppers, onions, herbs, mushrooms, lemons, cranberries, sauerkraut, garlic, green beans. Vegetables are used raw or stewed. Rarely do you need to choose boiled or baked potatoes with their skins as a side dish. French fries and croquettes are not acceptable because they are cooked with fat.
• Potatoes are allowed with restrictions and most often up to 200 g in all dishes. You need to remember the high carbohydrate content in carrots and beets and limit their inclusion in your diet. Sometimes you can introduce rice, legumes, pasta.
• Preference is given to products with a high fiber content (plant fibers reduce the ability of starch to increase sugar): bakery products made from wholemeal flour, grain bread and bran bread. Intended use rye bread and with bran up to 200 g per day. However, there is no difference between white and black bread. The same can be said about buckwheat, which is not much different from other cereals.
• The absorption of starch facilitates grinding, kneading and long-term processing, so its sugar-raising effect can be reduced if the products are not crushed or boiled. To do this, cook potatoes whole in their skins, and for porridges choose large grain cereals, do not overcook them.
• First courses can be cooked in meat or vegetable broth. Preference should be given to vegetable soups, okroshka, mushroom soup. Potatoes may be present in limited quantities in first courses.
• Lean meats and chicken are allowed. All meat dishes need to be cooked boiled or baked, which reduces the calorie content of the dishes. You need to choose from fish dietary varieties: pike perch, pollock, pike, cod, hake, navaga. Give preference to fish and seafood over meat.
• The amount of cereal is limited to the norm - usually 8-10 tablespoons. It can be buckwheat, pearl barley, barley, whole oatmeal. If you eat pasta (occasionally), then you need to reduce the amount of bread. Legumes (lentils) are allowed.
• Low-fat fermented milk drinks, milk and low-fat cottage cheese should be included in the diet daily. Cheeses with a fat content of no more than 30% can be consumed in small quantities; low-fat sour cream is added only to dishes. It should be noted that milk is also a carbohydrate-containing product (it contains milk sugar), but it does not cause such a pronounced increase in sugar, since the absorption of lactose is inhibited by the proteins and fats of milk.
• You can eat one egg per day (3-4 per week) - soft-boiled or as an omelet.
• Various vegetable oils in the amount of 1 tbsp. l. (for the whole day) should be added to prepared dishes.
• Fruits and berries contain simple carbohydrates, but at the same time contain fiber, which inhibits their absorption. They should be consumed raw, and not juices, which are absorbed very quickly. The recommended fruit is grapefruit. Apples, oranges, and tangerines are consumed to a limited extent. If you want to make compote, it is prepared without sugar; you can sweeten it with sorbitol. Sweet fruits should be avoided: grapes, pears, plums, and dried fruits.
• Drinks used are unsweetened or with sugar substitutes: coffee with milk, tea, vegetable juices. Herbal teas are useful, for which it is recommended to use blueberry shoots, bean pods, strawberry leaves, nettle, rose hips, hazel leaves, dandelion roots and leaves, or ready-made antidiabetic medicinal preparations.
• You can eat sweets, waffles, and cookies for diabetics. But even in this case, the norm should be 1-2 candies once or twice a week.

Table of permitted products

Fully or partially limited products

• Baked goods, sweet desserts, honey, confectionery, preserves and jams are excluded (preparations for xylitol ), sugar, ice cream, curd mass, sweet cheese, sweet juices, sweet drinks, beer.
• Products made from flour (dumplings, dumplings, pancakes, pies).
• Sweet fruits and dried fruits: raisins, dried apricots, bananas, dates, figs, grapes, pineapple, persimmon, apricot, melon.
• Semolina and pasta.
• You should not eat fatty broths and fatty meats, fatty sauces, smoked meats, lard, ham, sausages and cream. Liver, egg yolks, and honey are allowed in limited quantities.
• It is better to avoid fried foods, eating spicy and too salty foods, and hot sauces.

Limit:

• Potatoes, wheat cereal, white rice.
• Beets and carrots.
• The consumption of fats, even vegetable ones, is reduced as much as possible.

Table of prohibited products

* data is per 100 g of product

Menu (Power Mode)

The diet should include up to 60% carbohydrates, 25% fats and 25% proteins. The nutritional menu for diabetics should have an even distribution of carbohydrates, which is determined by the doctor for each patient individually. The daily menu needs to be adjusted taking into account the allowed amount of carbohydrates and calories that need to be counted daily.

The diet includes 5-6 small meals. This is explained by the fact that glucose-lowering drugs act for 24 hours, and to avoid hypoglycemia , you need to eat often and preferably at the same hours.

An approximate diet for each day may include: bread - 150 g, cereals - 50 g, potatoes - 70 g, other vegetables 550 g, meat - 110-130 g, eggs - 1-2 pcs., milk and fermented milk drinks 400-500 g, apples - 200 g, butter - 10 g, cottage cheese - 150 g, vegetable oil - 2 g, sour cream - 10 g, xylitol - 30 g. One serving of soup - 0.25 l.

Below is a menu based on generally accepted dietary recommendations. When creating a weekly menu for yourself, try to diversify it more and include your favorite vegetables and fruits, meat and fish dishes, allowed amount of sweeteners in jelly, drinks and casseroles. A menu for type 1 diabetes may look like this:

Recipes

Dietary meals should be low in calories and foods such as mushrooms, leafy greens, cabbage, cucumbers, radishes, lemons, grapefruits, bell peppers, eggplants, onions and garlic have almost no effect on sugar levels. Therefore, they can be included in food recipes for diabetes mellitus 2 type. Vegetables can be used to make puddings, cutlets, casseroles, cabbage rolls, cucumbers, tomatoes and zucchini can be stuffed with meat, eggs, spinach.

Considering that many have accompanying illnesses Gastrointestinal tract, most the best way Preparing dishes for patients will include steaming, boiling or baking. Since dishes should be lower in calories, frying and baking with oil is completely excluded. The taste of unsalted food can be improved with various seasonings: dill, cumin, marjoram, thyme, basil, onion, garlic, lemon juice.

First meal

Borsch with prunes and mushrooms

Mushroom broth, tomato paste, mushrooms, beets, cabbage, carrots, roots, onions, potatoes, herbs, prunes, salt.

Wash the dried mushrooms and leave for 3 hours to swell, then cook until tender. The broth is filtered and used to prepare borscht. Potatoes and white roots are dipped into the broth. Beets, carrots, and onions are sauteed with the addition of tomato paste and added to the potatoes. 5 minutes before readiness, add shredded cabbage and chopped mushrooms and salt. Separately, boiled prunes, sour cream and herbs are added to the plate.

Mixed vegetable soup

Broth, onions, carrots, vegetable oil, different types cabbage, potatoes, bell peppers, green beans, greens.

First, put the potatoes into the boiling broth, after 10 minutes add carrots, cabbage and green beans. In a frying pan with oil, sauté the onion and add it to the vegetables, bring to readiness. Sprinkle the finished soup with herbs.

Stewed cabbage with apples

Vegetable oil, onion, peeled apples, cabbage, 1 tbsp. lemon juice, salt, pepper.

To warm vegetable oil in a saucepan. Add onions, shredded cabbage and apples. Simmer until done, add salt and pepper and lemon juice at the end.

Hake baked in sour cream

Hake, vegetable oil, onion, sour cream, salt, herbs.

Cut the fish into portions and place on a baking sheet. Place onion rings on top, salt and pepper, sprinkle with oil and grease with a small amount of sour cream. Bake for 20 minutes. Serve with salad and tomatoes.

Dessert

Cottage cheese and pumpkin casserole

Pumpkin, cottage cheese, egg, sour cream, semolina, xylitol, butter.

Prepare the pumpkin by cutting it into cubes. Mix cottage cheese, butter, sour cream, egg, xylitol and semolina. After this add pumpkin. Place the curd and pumpkin mixture in a mold and bake in the oven.

During pregnancy and lactation

Stands out separately gestational diabetes , found during pregnancy. It does not develop in all pregnant women, but only in those who have genetic predisposition. Its cause is reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin (so-called insulin resistance) and is associated with a high content of hormones. Some ( , lactogen , ) have a blocking effect on insulin - this “counter-insulin” effect appears at the 20-24th week of pregnancy.

After delivery, carbohydrate metabolism most often normalizes. However, there is a risk of developing diabetes. Hyperglycemia is dangerous for mother and child: the possibility of miscarriage, complications during childbirth, pyelonephritis a woman has complications from the fundus of the eye, so the woman will have to strictly monitor her diet.

• Simple carbohydrates are excluded and complex carbohydrates are limited. It is necessary to exclude sugary drinks, sweets, pastries, cakes, white bread, bananas, grapes, dried fruits, and sweet juices. Eat foods containing large amounts of fiber (vegetables, unsweetened fruits, bran), which slows down the flow of glucose into the blood.
• Pasta and potatoes should be present in small quantities in a woman’s diet.
• Fatty and fried foods are excluded; it is recommended to avoid semi-finished products, sausages, and smoked meats.
• You need to eat every two hours (3 main meals and 2 additional ones). After dinner, if you feel hungry, you can drink 150 g of kefir or eat a small apple.
• You can steam, stew or bake food.
• Drink up to 1.5 liters of liquid.
• During the day, measure your sugar level after meals.

Compliance with these recommendations is necessary after childbirth for 2-3 months. After this, you should examine your blood sugar and consult an endocrinologist. If after childbirth, fasting sugar is still high, then diabetes mellitus is diagnosed, which was hidden and appeared for the first time during pregnancy.

Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus require specially selected nutrition. With diet you can achieve main goal- bring blood glucose levels closer to normal indicators. By following all the recommendations, the patient will improve his own health condition and avoid possible complications of the disease.

Dietary therapy is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes. It involves reducing the consumption of carbohydrates, but not completely eliminating them. “Simple” carbohydrates (sugar, sweets, white bread, etc.) should be replaced with “complex” carbohydrates (cereal-containing products).

The diet must be composed in such a way that the body receives all the necessary substances in full. Nutrition should be as varied as possible, but at the same time healthy.

Here are a few rules that patients with type 2 diabetes should follow:

• You need to eat food in small portions, but more often (about 6 times a day). The interval between meals should not exceed 3 hours;
• avoid feeling hungry. Eat fresh fruit or a vegetable (for example, carrots) as a snack;
• breakfast should be light, yet satisfying;
• stick to low calorie diet. Avoid products with increased content fat, especially if you are overweight;
• reduce salt content in the diet;
• eat foods containing fiber more often. It has a beneficial effect on the intestines and has a cleansing effect;
• drink at least 1.5 liters of water per day;
• do not overeat;
• The last meal is 2 hours before bedtime.

These simple rules will help you feel as comfortable as possible and maintain your health at the proper level.

Sample menu for the week

Monday

Breakfast: Oatmeal, bran bread, carrot juice.
Snack: Baked apple or a handful of dried apples.
Dinner: Pea soup, black bread, vinaigrette, green tea.
Afternoon snack: Light salad of prunes and carrots.
Dinner: Buckwheat with champignons, cucumber, 2 bran breads, a glass of mineral water.
Before bedtime: Kefir.

Tuesday

Breakfast: Cabbage salad, a piece of steamed fish, bran bread, unsweetened tea or with sweetener.
Snack: Vegetable stew, dried fruits compote.
Dinner: Borscht with lean meat, vegetable salad, bread, tea.
Afternoon snack: Curd cheesecakes, green tea.
Dinner: Veal meatballs, rice, bread.
Before bedtime: Ryazhenka.

Wednesday

Breakfast: Sandwich with cheese, grated apple with carrots, tea.
Snack: Grapefruit.
Dinner: White cabbage soup, boiled chicken breast, black bread, dried fruit compote.
Afternoon snack: Cottage cheese with low-fat natural yogurt, tea.
Dinner: Vegetable stew, baked fish, rosehip infusion.
Before bedtime: Kefir.

Thursday

Breakfast: Boiled beets, rice porridge, dried fruit compote.
Snack: Kiwi.
Dinner: Vegetable soup, skinless chicken leg, tea with bread.
Afternoon snack: Apple, tea.
Dinner: Soft-boiled egg, lazy cabbage rolls, rosehip infusion.
Before bedtime: Milk.

Friday

Breakfast: Millet porridge, bread, tea.
Snack: Unsweetened fruit drink.
Dinner: Fish soup, cabbage and carrot vegetable salad, bread, tea.
Afternoon snack: Fruit salad from apples, grapefruit.
Dinner: Pearl barley porridge, squash caviar, bran bread, drink with lemon juice, sweetener.

Saturday

Breakfast: Buckwheat porridge, a piece of cheese, tea.
Snack: Apple.
Dinner: Bean soup, pilaf with chicken, compote.
Afternoon snack: Cottage cheese.
Dinner: Stewed eggplant, boiled veal, cranberry juice.
Before bedtime: Kefir.

Sunday

Breakfast: Corn porridge with pumpkin, tea.
Snack: Dried apricots.
Dinner: Milk vermicelli soup, rice, bread, dried apricot compote, raisins.
Afternoon snack: Persimmon and grapefruit salad with lemon juice.
Dinner: Meat cutlet steamed, stewed zucchini with eggplant and carrots, black bread, tea with sweetener.
Before bedtime: Ryazhenka.

Diet recipes

Ingredients

• 250 g cottage cheese (not low-fat, otherwise the casserole will not hold its shape)
• 70 ml cow's or goat's milk
• 2 eggs
• lemon zest
• vanilla

Preparation

1. Combine cottage cheese with grated yolks lemon zest, milk, vanilla. Mix using a blender or a regular fork.
2. Beat the whites (preferably chilled) with a mixer until stiff foam, after adding a little salt to them.
3. Carefully fold the whites into the cottage cheese mixture. Place the mixture on a lightly greased baking sheet.
4. Bake for half an hour at 160 degrees.

Pea soup

Ingredients

• 3.5 liters of water
• 220 g dry peas
• 1 onion
• 2 large potatoes
• 1 medium carrot
• 3 cloves garlic
• bunch of parsley, dill

Preparation

1. Place the peas, pre-soaked for several hours, in a saucepan, add water, and place on the stove.
2. Finely chop the onion and garlic. Grate the carrots on a medium grater. Cut the potatoes into cubes.
3. Once the peas are half cooked (about 17 minutes after boiling), add the vegetables to the pan. Cook for another 20 minutes.
4. When the soup is cooked, add chopped herbs to it, cover with a lid, turn off the heat. Let the soup sit for another couple of hours.
TO pea soup You can make crackers from whole grain bread. Just cut the bread into small cubes and dry them in a dry frying pan. When serving the soup, sprinkle it with the resulting croutons or serve them separately.

Turkey meatloaf

Ingredients

• 350 g turkey fillet
• large onion
• 210 g cauliflower
• 160 ml tomato juice
• bunch of green onions
• salt pepper

Preparation

1. Grind the fillet in a meat grinder. Add onion (finely chopped), spices.
2. Lightly grease the baking pan. Place half of the prepared minced meat there.
3. Divide the cauliflower into small florets and place on a layer of minced meat in a mold.
4. Place the second half of the minced meat on top of the cauliflower layer. Press with your hands so that the roll holds its shape.
5. Pour tomato juice over the roll. Grind green onions, sprinkle on top.
6. Bake for 40 minutes at 210 degrees.

Pumpkin porridge

Ingredients

• 600 g pumpkin
• 200 ml milk
• sugar substitute
• ¾ cup wheat flour
• cinnamon
• several nuts and dried fruits

Preparation

1. Cut the pumpkin into cubes. Let it cook for 16 minutes.
2. Drain the water. Add wheat cereal, milk, sweetener. Cook until done.
3. Cool slightly and serve, sprinkled with dried fruits and nuts.

Vegetable vitamin salad

Ingredients

• 320 g kohlrabi cabbage
• 3 medium cucumbers
• 1 clove of garlic
• bunch of fresh herbs
• olive or flaxseed oil

Preparation

1. Wash the kohlrabi and grate it. Cut the cucumbers into long strips.
2. Chop the garlic as much as possible with a knife. Also finely chop the washed greens.
3. Mix everything, add salt, sprinkle with oil.
Mushroom soup diabetic

Ingredients

• 320 g potatoes
• 130 g mushrooms (preferably white)
• 140 g carrots
• 45 g parsley root
• 45 g onions
• 1 tomato
• 2 tbsp. l. sour cream
• bunch of greens (parsley, dill)

Preparation

1. Wash the mushrooms thoroughly, then dry. Separate the caps from the stems. Cut the legs into rings, the caps into cubes. Fry in pork fat for about half an hour.
2. Cut the potatoes into cubes, grate the carrots. Parsley root and onion chop with a knife.
3. Place prepared vegetables and fried mushrooms in 3.5 liters of boiling water. Cook for 25 minutes.
4. 10 minutes before readiness, add diced tomato to the soup.
5. When the soup is ready, add chopped dill and parsley. Let it brew for 15 minutes. Serve with sour cream.

Baked mackerel

Ingredients

• 1 mackerel fillet
• 1 small lemon
• salt, spices

Preparation

1. Rinse the fillet, sprinkle with salt and your favorite spices. Leave for 10 minutes.
2. Peel the lemon, cut into thin slices. Cut each circle in half.
3. Make cuts in the fish fillet. Place a piece of lemon in each of the cuts.
4. Seal the fish in foil and bake in the oven at 200 degrees for 20 minutes. You can cook this fish on the grill - in this case, you won’t need foil. Cooking time is the same – 20 minutes.

Vegetables stewed in sour cream sauce

Ingredients

• 400 g each of zucchini and cauliflower
• 1 cup sour cream
• 3 tbsp. l. rye flour
• 1 clove of garlic
• 1 medium tomato
• 1 tbsp. l. ketchup
• 1 tbsp. l. butter
• salt, spices

Preparation

1. Pour boiling water over zucchini, cut off the peel. Cut into cubes.
2. Divide the cauliflower into inflorescences. Simmer with the zucchini until done.
3. At this time, heat a dry frying pan and pour rye flour. Keep on low heat for a couple of minutes. Add butter. Stir and heat for another 2 minutes. A ruddy paste should form.
4. Add sour cream, spices, salt, ketchup to this mixture. You will get sauce.
5. Add chopped tomato and a clove of garlic through a press to the sauce. After 4 minutes, add cooked zucchini and cabbage to the pan.
6. Simmer everything together for another 5 minutes.

Festive vegetable salad

Ingredients

• 90 g green beans
• 90 g green peas
• 90 g cauliflower
• 1 medium apple
• 1 ripe tomato
• 8-10 lettuce leaves, greens
• lemon juice
• olive oil

Preparation

1. Boil cabbage and beans until tender.
2. Cut the tomato into thin rings. Apple - in strips. Immediately sprinkle the apple with lemon juice to preserve its color.
3. Place the salad in circles from the sides of the dish to the center. First, line the bottom of the plate with lettuce leaves. Place tomato rings along the sides of the plate. Further towards the center - beans, cauliflower. Place the peas in the center. Place apple straws on it, sprinkle with chopped fresh herbs.
4. The salad should be served with dressing from olive oil with the addition of lemon juice and salt.

Apple-blueberry pie